Workmen of Dimakuchi Tea Estate v. The Management of Dimakuchi Tea Estate

ll56 SUPRE;\'lE COURT REPORTS [HJJSj WORKMEN OF DIMAKUC!-Jl TEA ESTATE _Fcbntarz.1_ _4._ ~ .. THE MANAGEMENT OF DIMAKUCHI TEA ESTATE IS. R. DAs C. J.. S. K. DAS and A. K. SARKAR JJ.1 _IndustriaL_ _Dispute-Defi,-nition,_ _Interpretation_ _of-Test-_ _'tl1111_ pe·rs07t.'. _JVleaning_ _of-Industrial_ _Disputes_ _Act,_ lfl-17 _(Act_ _XIV_ _of_ 1947, _s._ 2(k). . The question for decision in this appeal was whether a dispute raised by the workmen relating to a person who was not a workman could be an industrial dispute as defined i:y s. 2{kj of .the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, as it stood before the amE:ndments of 1956. The appellants, v. [1] ho were the workmen of Dimakuchi Tea Estate, espoused the cause of one Dr. K. P. Banerjee, Assistant Medical Officer. \Vho had been dismissed unheard with a month's salary in lieu of notice but v.rho had accepted such payment and left the garden and the dispute raised was ultimately referred by the Government for adjudication under s. 10 of the Act. Both the Tribunal and the Appellate Industrial Tribunal took the vie\\' that as Dr. Banerjee was not a \Vorkman v.rithin the meaning of the Act, the dispute _v:as_ not an industrial dispute as defined by s. 2(k). _Held,_ (per Das, C.J., and S.K. Das, J., Sarkar J, dissenting) that the expression 'any person' occurring in s. 2 {k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, cannot be given its ordinary mean· ing and must be rr:ad and 1Jnderstood in the context of the Act and the object the Legislature had in viev.·. Nor can it be equated either with the \?Ord 'v,'orkn1an' or 'employee'. The two tests of an industrial dispute as defined by the section must, therefore, be-(1) the dispute n1ust be a real dispute, capable of being settled by relief given by one party to the other, and (2) the person in re~pect of whom the dispute is raised must be one in Vihose employment. non-employment, terms uf employment, or conditions of labo.ur (as the case may be). the parties to the dispute have a direct or substantial interest, and this must depend on the facts and circumstances of each particular case. Applying these tests, the dispute in the present case which \Vas in respect of a person \Vho \Vas not a workman and belonged to a different category altogether, could not be said to be a dispute within the meaning of s. 2(k) of the Act and the appeal must fail. ... _Narendra_ _Kuniar_ _Sen_ v. _A.U_ _India_ h1(lvstrial _Disputes_ _(Labour_ _Appellate)_ _Tribunal,_ 11~53) 55 Born. L.R. 125 approved. _Western_ _India Auto·mobile Association_ v. _The_ _Industrial_ _Tribunal,_ _Bombay,_ [1949.J 'F.C.R. 321, distinguished. S.C.R. SUPREME · COURT REPORTS 1157 Case-law discussed. Per Sarkar, J.-There is no reason why the words 'any person in s. 2(k) of the Act should not be given their natural meaning so as to include an employee who is not a workman within the meaning of the Act. Consequently, a dispute concerning a person who is not a workman may be an industrial dispute within that section. The primary object which the Act has in view is the preservation of the industrial peace. The Act does not make the interest of the workmen in the dispute a condition of the existence of an industrial dispute. Such interest is incapable of definition and ·to make it a condition of an industrial dispute would d.efeat the object of the Act. Western _India Automobile_ _Associ'<ition_ v. _The Industrial_ _Tribunal_ _of_ _Bombay,_ [1949] F.C.R. 321; _Narendra Kumar _Sen_ v. _The_ _All_ _India Industrial Disputes (Labour Appellate) Tribunal,_ (1953) 55 Bom. L.R. 125 _and United_ CommerCial _Bank_ Ltd. v. _Kedar Nath Gupta,_ (1952) 1 L.L.J., 782, referred _to._ Even assuming that the workmen must be interested in order that there can be an industrial dispute, the present case satisfies that test and falls within the purview of s. 2(k) of the Act. CIVIL APPELLATE JurusmcrION: Civil Appeal No. 297 of 1956. . _1958_ _·workmen_ _vj_ _of Dimakuchi_ _**Tea**_ _**E8!ate**_ v. _T!te Manago,,•nt_ _·"f_ _Dimaku.;hi_ _Tea_ _E•fatt_ ·Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated August 30, 1955, of the Labour Appellate Tribunal of India, Calcutta in Appeal No. Cal. 220 of 1954. C. _B. Aggarwala_ and _K._ _P._ _Gupta,_ for the appellants. _Purslzottam Tricumdas_ _for_ _N._ C. _Chatterjee,_ _P._ _K._ _Goswami,_ _S._ _N. Mukherjee_ and _B. N. Ghosh,_ for the respondent. 1958. Fabruary 4. The Judgment of Das, C. J., and S. K. Das, J., was delivered by S. K. Das, **J.** Sarkar, **J.,** delivered a ·separate Judgment. S. K. DAs J.-This appeal by special leave raises a ques- _s._ _K._ _Daa_ _**1.**_ tion of some nicety and of considerable importance in the matter of industrial relatioos in this country. The question is the true scope and effect of the definition clause in s. 2(k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (hereinafter referred to as the Act). The question has arisen in the following circumstan_ces._ 1158 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1958] _1968_ The appellants before us are the workmen of the Dima_Wor-_ _oJ_ kuchi tea estate represented by the Assam Chah Karmachari _TUI_ Dima~ _11,,,,,._ Sangha, Dibrugarh. The respondent is the management of T• the Dimakuchi tea estate, district Darrang in Assam. One Dr. ##### TM :J,=:;:" of K. P. Banerjee was appointed assistant medical Officer of the 2'11J _B-_ Dimakuchi tea estate with effect from November l, 1950. He _s._ _K.DaaJ._ was appointed subject to a satisfactory medical report and on probation for three months. It was stated in his letter of appointment: "While you are on probation or trial, your suitability for permanent employment will be considered. If during the period of probation you are considered unsuitable for employment, you will receive seven days' notice in writing terminating your appointment. If you are guilty of misconduct, You are liable to instant dismissal. At the end of the· period of probation, if you are considered suitable, you will be confirmed in the garden's service." In February 1951 Dr. Banerjee was given an increment of Rs. _5_ per mensum, but on April 21. Dr. Banerjee received a letter from one Mr. Boroth. manager of the tea estate, in which it was stated : "It has been found necessary to terminate your services with effect from the 22nd instant. You will of course receive one month's salary in lieu of notice." As no reas()llS were given in the notice of termination, Dr. Banerjee wrote to the manager to find out why his services were being terminated. To this Dr. Banerjee received a reply to this effect: "The reasons for your discharge are on the medical side, which are outside my jurisdiction, best kn~ to Dr. Cox but a main.reason is because of the deceitful manner in which you added figures to the require ments of the last medical indent· after it bad been signed by Dr. Cox, evidence of which is in my hands." The cause of Dr. Banerjee was then espoused by the Mangaldai Circle of the Assam Chah Karmachari Sangha and the secretary of that Sangha \vrote to the manager of the Dima kuchi tea estate, enquiring about the reasons for Dr. Banerjee's discharge. The manager wrote back to say that Dr. K. P. Banerjee was discharged on the ground of incompetence in The cause of Dr. Banerjee was then espoused by the Mangaldai Circle of the Assam Chah Karmachari Sangha and the secretary of that Sangha \vrote to the manager of the Dima S.C.R. SUPREME COUHT REPOR'rS 1159 his medical duties and the chief medical officer <Dr. Cox) had _19_ _&&_ found that Dr. Baner1'ee was incompetent and did not have _Wmkm<11_ _of_ Dimakwt.4i sufficient "knowledge of simple everyday microscopical and _Tea Eetcl4_ laboratory work which befalls the lot of every assistant medi- •· ., _The_ MGnagtn~nl _of_ cal offi.cer 111 tea garden practice." lt was further stated that Dimat..,oM Dr. Banerjee gave a faulty. inexpert and clumsy quinine in- _Tea_ _Eetot•_ jection to one Mr. Peacock. an assistant in the Dimakuchi _s._ _K._ _D114_ _J._ te<l estate, which produced an extremely acute and severe illness very nearly causing a paralysis of the patient's leg. The reasons given by the manager for the termination of the services of Dr. K. P. Banerjee did not satisfy the appellants herein and certain conciliation proceedings, details whereof are not necessary for our purpose. were unsuccessfully held over the question of the termination of the service of Dr. Banerjee. The matter was then referred to a Board known as the tripartite Appellate Board consisting of the Labour Commissioner, Assam, and two representatives of the Assam branch of the Indian Tea Association and the Assam Chah Kannachari Sangha respectively. This Board recommended that Dr. Banerjee should be reinstated with effect from the date of his discharge. After the recommendation of the Board, the respondent he.rein appears to Ii.ave offered a sum equal to 28 month's salary and° allowances in lieu of re-instatement; to this, however. the appellants did not agree. In the meantime, Dr. K. P. Banerjee received' a sum of Rs. 306-1-0 on May 22, 1951 and left the tea garden in question. Then, on December 23, 1953. the G•wernment of Assam published a notification in which it was staled that whereas an industrial dispute had arisen between the appellants and the respondent herein and whereas. it was expedient that the dispute should be referred for ad-' judic:11ion to a Tribunal constituted under s. 7 of the Act, the Governor of Assam was pleased to refer the dispute to Shri U. K. Gohain. Additional District and Sessions Judge. under d. k) _of_ sub-s. (I) of s. IO of the Act. The dispute which was thus referred to the Tribunal was described in these terms: ?'1'c;rkr11t;'1~ _**of**_ Dim [1] ik.~telii _**Te"**_ !:_Ns~te v. _TJ1e_ __,\la11r19.;mcnt_ Di1m~/.,'11.chi _'J'ui_ _FhtaW_ 1160 SUPREME COURT REPOHTS trn5s] "(i) Whether the management of Dimakuchi Tea Estate was justified in dismissing Dr. K. P. Banerjee. A. M. O.? (ii) If not. is he entitled to re-instatement or any other relief in lieu thereof?" _of_ Both parties filed written statements before Mr. Gohain and ihe respondent took the pica that Dr. K.P. Banerjee was not a "workman·· within the meaning of the Act; therefore. there was no industrial dispute in the sense in which that exprc.<Sion was defined in the Act and the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to make an adjudication on merits. Mr. Gohain took up as a preliminary point the question if Dr. Banerjee was a "workman" within the meaning of the Act and came to a conclusion which may be best expressed in his own words: "Dr. rlauerjee being not a 'workman', his case is not one of an "industrial dispute" under the Industrial Disputes Act and his case is therefore beyond the jurisdiction of this Tribunal and the Tribunal has therefore _no_ jurisdiction to give any relief to him." There was then an appeal to the Labour Appellate Tribunal of India, Calcutta. That Tribunal affirmed the finding of Mr. Gohain to the effect that Dr. Banerjee was not a workman within the meaning of the Act, The Appellate Tribunal then said: "A dispute between the employers and employees to be an industrial dispute within the meaning of section 2(k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, must be between the employers and the workmen. There cannot be any industrial dispute between the employers and the employees who are not work**men."** The appeal was accordingly dismissed by the Labour Appellate Tribunal. The appellants herein then moved this Court for special leave and by an order dated March 14, 1956. special leave was granted, but was "limited to the question whether a dispute in relation to a person who is not a workman falls within the scope of the definition of industrial dispute contain ed ins. 2 (k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947." It is clear from what has been stated above that the S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1161 question whether Dr. K. P. Banerjee is or is not a workman _1958_ within the meaning of the Act is no longer open to the parties _Workmen_ _of_ and we must proceed on the footing that Dr. K. P. Banerjee Dlmakuelii ###### was not a workman within the meaning o.f the Act and then Toa :itaU decide the question if the dispute in relation to the termination _Tlit_ Ma...;,gen~;11 _of_ of his service still fell within the scope of the definition of the _D;maktl/e!,_ expression "industrial dispute" in the Act. "" - • We proceed now to read the definition clause the inter- _s._ _K. Da•J._ pretation of which is the only question before us. That definition clause is in these terms: "S. 2 (k): "Industrial dispute" means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between em ployers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen. which is connected with the employment or non-employment or the terms of employment or with the conditions of labour. of any person;" It must be stated here that the expression "workman" is also defined in the Act, and the definition which is relevant fon our purpose is the one previous to the amendments of t 956; therefore, in reading the various sections or' the Act, we shall read them as they stood prior to the amendments of 1956 and refer to the amendments only when they have a bearing on the question before us. The definition of 'workman' as it stood at the relevant time stated: "S. 2(s): "Workman" means any person employed (including an apprentice) in any industry to do any skilled or unskilled manual or clerical work for hire or reward and includes, for the purposes of any proceedings under this Act in relation to an industrial dispute, a workman discharged during that dispute, but does not include any person employed in the naval, military or air service of the Government." Now, the question is whether a dispute in relation to a person who is not a workman within the meaning of the Act still falls within the scope of the definition clause in s. 2(k). If we analyse the definition clause it falls easily and naturally into three parts: first, there must be a dispute or difference; second, the dispute or difference must be between employers and employers. or between employers and J,·l'(D)3SCT--9 "S. 2(s): "Workman" means any person employed (including an apprentice) in any industry to do any skilled or unskilled manual or clerical work for hire or reward and includes, for the purposes of any proceedings under this Act in relation to an industrial dispute, a workman discharged during that dispute, but does not include any person employed in the naval, military or air service of the Government." Now, the question is whether a dispute in relation to a person who is not a workman within the meaning of the Act still falls within the scope of the definition clause in s. 2(k). If we analyse the definition clause it falls easily and naturally into three parts: first, there must be a dispute or difference; second, the dispute or difference must be between employers and employers. or between employers and ll62 SUPREME COURT REPORTS Ll958 _1968_ workmen or between workmen and workmen; third, the dis_w_ .,.hoeio _af_ pute or difference must be connected with the employment or m ... h<Ai ##### T"' •- non-employment or the terms of employment or with the ., "· _of_ conditions l>f labour, _of_ _any person._ The first part obviously #### 2'Ao m::::::" refers to the factum of a real or substantial dispute; the second ##### 2'• •- part to the parties to the dispute; and the third to the subject _8._ _x._ _Dru_ _J._ matter of that dispute. That subject matter may relate to any of two matters-(i) employment or non-employment, and (ii) terms of empll>yment or conditions of labour, of any person. On behalf of the appellants it is contended that the conditions referred to in the first and second parts of the definition clause are clearly fulfilled in the present case, because there is a dispute or difference over the termination of service of Dr. K. P. Banerjee and the dispute or difference is between the employer, namely, the management of the Dimakucbl tea estate on one side. and its workmen on the other. even taking the expression "workmen" in the restricted sense in which that expression is defined in the Act. The real diffi. culty arises when we come to the third part of the definition clause. Leai:ned counsel for the appellants has submitted that the expression "of any person" occurring in the third part of the definition clause is an expression of very wide impl)rt and there are no reasons why the words "any person" should be equated with "any workman", as the Tribunals below have done. The argument is that inasmuch as the dispute or difference between the employer and the workmen is connected with the non-employment of a person called Dr. K. P. Banerjee (even though he was not a workman). the dispute is an industrial dispute within the meaning of the de finition clause. At first sight, it does appear that there is Cl>nsiderable force in the argument advanced on behalf of the appellants. It is rightly pointed out that the definition clause does not contain any words of qualification or restriction in respect of the expression "any person" occurring in the third part, and if any limitations as to its scope are to be imposed. they must be such as can be reasonably inferred from the definition clause itself or other provision of the Act. ::>CR SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1163 A little careful consideration will show, however, that _1968_ the expression "any person" occurring in the third part of the _Wore.en_ _of_ _Dimafcuclt_ i definition clause cannot mean anybody and everybody in this _'l'fa_ _Eatau_ wide world. First of all, the subject matter of dispute must . l ("") f _T' 11e_ _ma....,....U_ 11 ["· ] _o_ _[1 ]_ _,_ _1_ relate to (1) employment or non-emp oyment or n terms o _Di1na"1<CM_ . employment or conditions of labour of any person~ these ne- _Tea Ealalt_ cessarily import a limitation in the sense that a person in _:;._ _K. Du•_ _J._ respect of whom the employer-employee relation _never_ _existed_ or _can never possibly exist_ cannot be the subject mat· ter of a dispute between employers and workmen. Secondly, the definition clause must be read in the contex of the subject matter and scheme of the Act, and consistently with the objects and other provisions of the Act. It is well settled that " the words of a statute. when there is a doubt about their meaning are to be understood in the sense in which they best harmonise with the subject of the enactment and the object which the Legislature has in view. Their meaning is found not so much in a strictly grammatical or etymological propriety of language, nor even in its popular use, as in the subject or in the occasion on which they are used, and the object to be attained." (Maxwell, Interpretation of Statutes, 9th Edition, p. 55). It is necessary, therefore, to take the Act as a whole and examine its salient provisions. The long title shows that the obje.ct of the Act is "to make provision ·for the investigation and settlement of industrial disputes, and for certain other purposes." The preamble states the same object and s. 2 of the Act which contains definitions states that unkm there is anything repugnant _in_ the subject or context, certain expressions will have certain meanings. Chapter 11 refers to the authorities set up under the Act, such as, Works Comm;ttees, Conciliation Officers. Boards of Conciliation. Courts of Enquiry, and Industrial Tribunals. The primary duty of a Works Committee is to promote measures for securing and preserving amity and good relations between the employer and his workmen and. to that end, to comment L,'P(D)it''WT-H( a) 1164 SUPREME COURT REPOUTS [1958] _1968_ upon matters of their common interest or concern and en· ##### w.,...,_ of deavour to compose any material difference of opinion in _Di...kuMi_ _Tea_ _E..,,._ respect of such matters, Conciliation Officers are charged v. with the duty of mediating in and promoting the settlement _'1'111_ _MBMgem••• of_ . . - C ·1· - 1 be _Di""'kuc/>i_ of mdustnal disputes. A Board of onc1 iat10n may a so _Tto_ _E.,,,.._ constituted for the same purpose, namely, for promoting the _s._ _K._ _IJa•_ _J._ settlement of an industrial dispute. A Court of Enquiry may be appointed for enquiring into any matter which appears to be connected with or relevant to an industrial dispute. Section 7 of the Act empowers the appropriate Government to constitute one or more Tribunals for the adjudication of industrial disputes in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Chapter III ~ontains provisions relating to the reference of industrial disputes to Boards of Conciliation. Courts of Enquiry or Industrial Tribunals, and the reference in the present case was made under s. 10 of that Chapter. Under s. IO(c) of the Act where an appropriate Government is of opinion that any industrial disputes exist or are apprehend· ed, it may. at any time, by order in writing, refer the dispute or any matter appearing to be connected with or relevant 1tl the dispute to a Tribunal for adjudication. Chapter IV of the Act deals with procedure. powers and duties of the au· thorities set up under the Act. Where an industrial dispute has heen referred to a Tribunal for adjudication, s. 15 re· quires that the Tribunal shall bold its proceedings expeditiously and shall as soon as practicable on the conclusion thereof submit its award to the appropriate Government. Section 17 lays down _inter alia_ that the award of a Tribunal shall within a period of one month from the date of its receipt by the appropriate Government be published in such manner as it thinks fit. Section 17-A lays down that the award of a Tribunal shall become enforceable on the expiry of thirty days from the date of its publication under s. 17; it also contains certain other provisions which empower the appro· priate Government to modify or reject the award. Section 18 is important for our purpose, and in so far as it relates ta awards it states that an award which has become enforce· able shall be binding on S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPCRTS 1165 (a) all parties to the industrial dispute; _J9S3_ . _Wo•hlM_ _of_ (b) all other parties summoned to appear in the pro- _Di111aheAO_ ceedings as parties to the dispute, unless the Tribuna 1 re- _T«i_ .,. B~ cords the opinion that they were so summoned withoitt pro· The~ _el_ per cause; _T111_ _Biia#_ (c) where a party referred to under clause (a) or Clause _8· K_ _Dtu_ _J._ (b) is an employer, his heirs, successors or assigns in respect of the establishment to which the dispute relates; and (d) where a party referred to in clause (a) or clause (b) is composed of workmen, all persons who are employed in the establishment or part of establishment as the case may be, to which the dispute relates on the date of the dispute and all persons who subsequently beoome employed in that establishment or part. Section 19 lays down the period of operation of settlements and awards and states _inter_ _alia_ that aiI1 award shall, subject _to the provisions of the section, remain in operation for a period of one year. Chapter V of the Act deals with strikes and lock-outs, Chapter V-A with lay-off and retrenchment, Chapter VI with penalties and Chapter VII with miscellaneous ma.tters. It is important to note that tpough in the defi nition of "lock-out", s. 2 (1) of the Act, and "strike", s. 2(q). of the Act, the expression 'any person' has been used, in ss. 22(2) and 23 of the Act which deal with 'look-out" and "strike", only the word 'workmen' has been used. Section 33 provides that during the pendency of any conciliation proceedings or any proceedings before a tribunal of any industrial dispute, no employer shall (a) alter to the prejudice of the _workmen_ concerned, the conditions of their service etc. or (b) discharge or punish by dismissal or otherwise any _work-_ ###### man concerned in the dispute. Section 33 A, however, uses the word 'employee', but read with s. 33, the word employee must mean there a w,orkman. Section 36 which deals with representation of parties ha:s some bearing on the question beft>re us. It lays down that a workman who is a party to a dispute shall be entitled to be represented in any proceeding under the Act by 1166 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1958] _1968_ (a) an officer of a registered trade union of which he is ##### w..- •! a member; # ~ (b) an officer of a federation of trade unions to which fl< _Ma;;,__ the trade union referred to in clause (a) is affiliated; and _01_ _D;...ahM._ _Tw_ _E..;._ (c) where the worker is not a member of any trade union, by an officer of any trade union connected with, or _&.K.Da•J._ th . . hi by any o er workman employed m the industry m w ch the worker is employed and authorised in such manner as may be prescribed. An employer who is a party to a dispute shall be entitled to be represented in any proceedings under the Act by (a) an officer of an association of employers of which he is a member; (b) an officer of a federation of associations of employers to which the association referred to in clause (a) is affiliated; and (c) where the employer is not a member of any association of employers, by an officer of any association of em ployers connected with, or by any other employer engaged in, the industry in which the employer is engaged and authorised in sudh manner as may be prescribed. Sub-section (3) of s. 36 states that no party to a dispute shall be entitled to be represented by a legal practitioner in any conciliation proceedings under the Act or in any proceedings before a court. Sub-section (4) states thirt in any pro ceeding before a Tribunal a party to a dispute may be represented by a legal practitioner with the consent of the other parties to the proceeding and with the leave of the Tribunal The point to note is that there is no particular provision for the representation of a party other than a workman or an employer, presumably because under the second part of the definition clause the parties to an industrial dispute can only be employers and employers, employers and workmen or workmen and workmen. Thus, an examination of the salient provisions ·of the Act shows that the principal objects of the Act are s.c.R. SUPR.EME COURT REPORTS U67 (1) the promotil:>n of measures for securing and preserv- _196&_ ing amity and good relations between the employer and Worhaca o/ workmen; ~-= (2) an investigation and settlement of industrial disputes, The .If~ _of_ between employers and employers, employers and workmen, Di~ ###### or workmen and wl:>rkmen, with a right of representation by Tea "'* a registered trade union or federation of trade unions or as- _s._ _K._ _Dae_ _J._ sociation of employers or a federation of ass1:>ciatio!l8 of emloyers; (3) prevention of illegal strikes and lock-outs; (4) relief to workmen in the matter of lay-off and retrenchment; and (5) collective bargaining. The Act is primarily meant for regulating the relations of em ployers and workmen-past, present and future. It draws a distinction between 'workmen' as such and the managerial or supervisory staff, and confers benefit on. the former only. It is in the context of all these provisions of the Act that the definition clause in s. 2(k) has to be interpreted. It seems fairly obvious to us that if the expression "any person" is given its ordinary mea!ning, then the definition clause will be so wide as to become inconsistent not merely with the ob jects and other provisions 1:>f the Aot, but also with the other parts of that very clause. Let us see how the definition clause works if the expression "any person" occurring therein is given its ordinary meaning. The workmen may then raise a dispute about a person with whom they have no possible Cl:>mmunity of interest; they may raise a dispute about the employment of a person in another industry or a different establishment..;....a dispute in which their own employer is not in a position to give any relief, in the matter of employment or non-employment or the terms 1:>f employment or conditions of labour of such a person. In order to make our meaning clear we may take a more obvious example. Let WI assume that for s1:>me reason or other the workmen of a particular industry raise a dispute with their employer about the employment or terms of employment of the District Map trate or District Judge of the district in which the industry 1168 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _1958_ is situate. It seems clear to us that though the District Mugis-· _Work...,._ _of_ trate br District Judge undoubtedly comes within the ex ~;:;.z: pression "any persbn" occurring in the definition clause, a v. dispute a!bout his employment or tenns of employment is not ## Ta. :i::z:;.f of an industrial dispute; firstly, because such a dispute does not _Tea_ _EJ...,,_ come within the scope of the Act, having regard to the defi_s. K. Da•_ _J._ nition of the words "emplllyer", "industry", and ·'workman" and also to other p~ovisions of the Act; secondly, there is no possible community of interest between the District Magistrate or District Judge on the bne hand and the disputants, employer and workmen, on the other. The absurd results that will follow such an interpretation have been forcefully expressed by Chagla C. J., in his decision in _Narendra Kumar_ _Sen_ v. _All_ _India Industrial Disputes (Labour Appellate) Tri-_ _bunal('):_ "If "any person" were to be read as an expression without any limitation and qualification whatsoever, then we must not put even. any territorial restriction on that expression. In other words, it would be open to the workmen not only to raise a dispute with regard to the tenns of employment of persons employed in the same industry as themselves, not only to raise a dispute with regard to the tenns of employment in corresponding or similar industries, not only a dispute with regard to the tenns of employment of people em ployed in our country, but the terms of employment of any workman or any labourer anywhere in the world. The proposition has only to be stated in order to make one realise how entirely untenable it is." "If "any person" were to be read as an expression without any limitation and qualification whatsoever, then we must not put even. any territorial restriction on that expression. In other words, it would be open to the workmen not only to raise a dispute with regard to the tenns of employment of persons employed in the same industry as themselves, not only to raise a dispute with regard to the tenns of employment in corresponding or similar industries, not only a dispute with regard to the tenns of employment of people em Take, for example, anbther case where the workmen raise an objection to the salary or remuneration paid to a Manager or Chief Medical Officer by the employer but without claiming any benefit fur themselves, and let us assume that a dispute or difference arises between the workmen on one side and the employer on the other over such an objection. If such a dispute comes within the definition clause and is referred to an industria 1 tribunal for adjudication, the parties (r) [1953] 55 Born. L.R. 125, 129, 130. S.C.-R SUPR.EMB COURT REPORTc 116!1 to the dispute will be the employer on one side and his work- _1958_ men ·on the other. The Manager or the Chief Medical Officer _ll'<wlomen of_ cannot obviously be a party tb the dispute, ecause e b h is [· ] not _Tea Vimakuchi Elllat•_ a 'workman' within the meaning of the Act and there • 1 is no • _Th_ e: _111_ - _"·_ _**anagement o;**_,, dispute between him and his employer. That bemg tlie pos1- _Dimak.ichi_ tion, the award, if any, given by the Tribunal will be bind- _Tea Eatatt_ ing, under cl. (a) of s. 18, on the parties to the dispute and,9, _K._ _Das_ _J._ not on the Manager or the Chief Medidal Officer. It is extremely doubtful if in the circumstances stated. the Tribunal can summon the Manager or the Chief Medical Officer as a party to the dispute, because there is no dispute between the Manager or Chief Medical Officer on one side and his emloyer on the other. Furthermore, s. 36 of the Act does not provide for representation of a person who is ·not a party to the dispute. If, therefore, an award is made by the Tribunal in the case which we have taken by way of illustration, that award, though binding on the employer, will not be binding on the Manager or Chief Medicat Officer. It should be obvious that the Act could not have contemplated an eventuality of this kind, which does not promote any of the objects of the Act, but rather goes against them. When these difficulties were pointed out to learned counsel for the appellants, he conceded that some limitations must be put on the width of the expression "any person" oc• curring in the definition clause. He formulated four such limitations : (1) The dispute must be a real and substantial one in respect of which one of the parties to the dispute can give relief to the other; e.g., when the dispute is between workmen and employer, the employer must be in a position to give relief to the workmen. This, according to learned counsel for the appellants, will exclude those cases in which the workmen ask for something which their employer is not in a position to give. It would also exclude mere ideological differences or controversies. (2) The industrial dispute if raised by workmen must relate to the particular establishment or part of establishment 1170 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19118] _19SB_ in which the workmen are employed so that the definition ###### w.,.,,,,,. .. •/ clause may be consistent with s·. 18 of the Act. _Dimaku<lu_ _Tea E1tate_ (3) The dISpute must relate to the employment, non-em _'l'he Man;g.,..nt of_ ployment or the terms of employment or with the conditions Dimal:troAi of labour of any person, but such person must be an em _Tea E8tate_ ployee discharged or in service or a candidate for employ_s._ _K. D .. J._ ment. Aocording to learned counsel for the appellants, the person about whom the dispute has arisen need not be a workman within the meaning of the Act, but he must answer to the description of an employee, discharged or in service, or a candidate for employment. (4) The workmen raising the dispute must have a nexus with the dispute, either because they are personally interested or because they have taken up the cause of another per,;on in the general interest of labour welfare. The further argument of learned counsel for the appellants is that even imposing the aforesaid four limitations on the width of the expression "any person" occurring in the definition clause, the dispute in the present case is an industrial dispute within the meaning of s. 2 (le) of the _Aot,_ because (1) the employer could give relief in the matter of the termination bf service of, Dr. K.P. Banerjee, (2) Dr. K.P. Banerjee belonged to the same establishment, namely, the same tea garden, (3) the dispute related to a discharged employee (though not a workman) and (4) the workmen raising the dispute were vitally interested in it by reason of the fact that Dr. Banerjee (it is stated) belonged to their trade union and the dismissal of an employee without the formulation of a charge and without giving him an opportunity to meet any charge was a matter of general interest to all workmen in the same establishment. We now propose to examine the question whether the limitations formulated by learned counsel for the appellants are the only true limitations to be imposed with regard to the definition clause. In doing so we shall also consider what is the true scope and effect bf the definition clause and what are the correct tests to be applied with regard to it. We think that there is no real difficulty with regard to the first S.C.R.. SUPR~ME COURT REPORTS 1171 two Jimitations. They are, we think, implicit in the definition _1958_ clause itself. It is obvious that a dispute between employers _Workmen of_ _JJimak'UCki_ and employers, employers and workmen, or between work- _Tea Eslale_ men and workmen must be a real dispute capable of set- _The_ ;~nagement _of_ tlement or adjudication by directing one of the parties to the ~!~i dispute to give necessary relief to th'e other. It is also obvi. b dir tl L. _8. K. Das_ _J._ ous that the parties to the dispute must e ec y or suustantially interested therein, so that if workmen raise a dispute, it must relate to the establishment or pa:rt of establish.men in which they are employed. With regard to limitation (3), while we agree that the expression 'any person' cannot be completely equated with 'any workman' as defined in the ·Act, we think that the limitation formulated by learned counsel for the appellants is much too widely stated and is not quite correct. We recognise that if the expression 'any person' means 'any workman' ·within the meaning of the Act, then it is difficult to understa11d why the Legislature instead of using the expression 'any workman' used the much wider expression 'any person' in the third part of the definition clause. The very circumstance that in the second part of the defini· tion clause the expression used is "between emyloyers and workmen or between workmen and workmen" while in the third part the expression used is "any person" indicates that the expression "any person" cannot be completely equated with 'any workman'. The reason for the use of the expression "any person" in the definition clause is, however, not far to seek. The word 'workman' as defined in the Act (before the amendments of 1956) included, for the purposes of any proceedings under the Act in relation to an industrial dispute, a workman _discharged during the dispute._ This definition corresponded to s. 2 (j) of the old Trade Disputes Act, 1929 except that the words "including an apprentice" were inserted and the words "industrial dispute" were substituted for the words "trade dispute". It is worthy of note that in the Trade Disputes Act, 1929, the word 'workman' meant any person employed in any trade or industry to do any skilled 117:! SUPREME COUR1' REPORTS [1948) _1958_ or unskilled manual or clerical work for hire or reward. It is _iv_ orkm•~ _of_ clear enough that prior to I 956 when the definition of 'work· _Dimakuchi_ _Tea_ _E•tate_ man' in the Act was further widened to include a person dis. _The_ .Ma~·,,,..nt _•!_ missed, discharged or retrenched in connection with, or as a _Dimai11chi_ consequence of the dispute or whose dismissal, discharge or _Tt.aEWite_ - retrenchment led to the dispute, a workman who had been du;. _8• K. Das_ J. charged earlier and not during the dispute was not a work man within the meaning of the Act. If the expression. "any person" in the third part of the definition ctause were to be strictly equated with 'any workman'. then there could be no industrial dispute, prior to 1956, with regard to a workman who had been discharged earlier than the dispute, even though the discharge itself had led to the dispute. That seems to be the reason why the Legislature used the expression 'any person' in the third part of the definition clause so as to put it beyond any doubt that the non-employment of such a dismissed workman was also within the ambit of an industrial dispute. There Wll'S a wide gap between a 'work man' and an 'employee' under the definition of the word 'workman' in s. 2(s) as it stood prior to 1956; all existins workmen were no doubt employees; but all employees were not workmen. The supervisory staff did not come within the definition. The gap has been reduced to some extent by the amendments of 1956; part of the supervisory staff (who draw wages not exceeding five hundred rupees per mensem) and those who were otherwise workmen but were discharged or dismissed earlier have also come within the definition. If and when the gap is completely bridged. 'workmen' will be synonymous with 'employees', whether engaged in any skilled or unskilled manual, supervisory, technical or clerical work, etc. But till the gap is completely obliterated, there is a distinotion between workmen and non-workmen and that distino tion has an important bearing on the question before us. Limitation no. (3) as formulated by learned counsel for the appellants ignores the distinction altogether and equates 'any person' with 'any employee'-past, present or future: this S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1173 we do not think is quite correct or consistent with the other _1958_ provisions of the Act. The Act avowedly gives a restricted _work""" of_ meaning to the word 'workman' and almost all the provi- f.~':'1.":};; sions of the Act are intended to confer benefits on that class v. . . f - k 7' _It;;_ _llfonagenumt of_ of persons who genera ly answer l to the escr1pt1on o d wor - _n;,,,,,/,1tclii_ men. The expression 'any person' in the definition clause · _'fea 8-'_ _[10]_ _''_ means, in our opinion, a person in whose employment, or _8._ K. .Tia.~ .1. non-employment, or terms of employment, or conditions of labour the workmen as a class have a direct or substantial interest-with whom they have, under the scheme of the Act, a community of interest. Our reason for so holding is not merely that the Act makes a distinction between workmen and non-workmen, but because a dispute to be a real dispute must be one in which the parties to the dispute have a direct or substantial interest. Can it be said that workmen as a class are directly or substanti~lly interested in the employment, non-employment, terms of employment or conditions of labour of persons who belong to the supervisory staff and are, under the provisions of the Act, non-workmen on whom the Act has conferred no benefit, who cannot by themselves be parties to an industrial dispute and for whose representation the Act makes no particular provision? We venture to think that the answer must be in the negative. Limitation (4) formulated by learned counsel for the appellants is also too generally stated. We recognise that solidarity of labour or general interest of labour welfare may furnish, in some cases, the necessary nexus of direct or substantial interest in a dispute between employers and workmen, but the principle· of solidarity of the labour movement or general welfare of labour must be based on or correlated to the principle of community of interest; the workmen can raise a dispute in respect of those persons only in the employment or non-employment or the tenns of employment or the conditions of labour of whom they have a direct or substantial interest. We think that Chagla CJ .. correctly put the crucial test when he said in _Narendra Kumar Sen_ v. _All India Indus-_ _trial Disputes (Labour Appellate) Tribunal(')._ ( ') [195~] 55 Born. "L.R. 125. 129, 130. 1174 SUPRE~IE COURT REPORTS [1958] _1968_ "Therefore, when s. 2 (kJ speaks of the employment or _Wor'lom.n of_ non-employment or the terms of employment or the condi Dimaku~Tii _Tea E""'"_ hons o ·fib a our o any person, It can o y mean t e emp oy- f - nJ h I v. ment or non-employment or the terms of employment or the _Tiu!_ _**.Management**_ _of_ . . _Dimal .. chi_ cond1hons of labour of only those persons m the employment _Tea E&ate_ or non-employment or the terms of employment or with the _s._ _K._ _n .._ _J._ conditions of Jabour of whom the workmen themselves are directly and substantially interested. If the workmen have no direct or substantial interest in the employment or non-employment of a person or in his terms of ·emplt>yrnent or his conditions of labollr, then an industrial dispute cannot arise with regard to such person." We reach the same conclusion by approaching the question from a somewhat different standpoint. Ordinarily, it is only the aggrieved party who can raise a dispute; but an 'industrial dispute' is put on a _collective basis,_ because it is now settled that an individual dispute, not espoused by others of the class to which the aggrieved party may belong, is not an industrial dispute within the meaning of s. 2 (k), As Isaacs J. observed in the Australian case of _George Hud-_ _son Ltd._ v. _Australian Timber Workers' Union('):_ "The very nature of an 'industrial dispute' as distinguished from an individual dispute, is to obtain new industrW conditions, not merely for the specific individuals then working from the specific individuals then employing them, and not for the moment only, but for the _class of employees_ from the _class_ _of employers ......................._ . It is a battle by the claimants, not for themselves alone." Section 18 of the Act supports the aforesaid observations, in so far as it makes the award binding not merely on the parties to the dispute, but where the party is an employer, on his heirs, successors or assigns and where the party is composed of workmen, on all persons employed in the establishment and all persons who subsequently become employed therein. If, therefore, the dispute is a _collective dispute,_ the party raising the dispute must have either a direct interest in the subject matter of dispute or a substantial interest therein in the sense that the class to which the aggrieved party be (') 32. C.L.R. 413, 441. S.C.R. SUPRElVIE COURT REPORTS 1175 longs is substantially affected thereby. It is the _community of_ _interest_ of the class as a whole-class of employers or class Jr°'"'""" _of_ of workmen-which furnishes the real nexus between the dis- _Dimak1tclli TeaEstaie_ pute and the parties to the dispute. We see no insuperable v. , b ., . f h' _The_ _M11nage111t11t_ _-Of_ diffi c ul ty m t e practica I application o t 1s test. In a case _r1im.a.kwlii_ where the party to the dispute is composed of aggrieved work- _l'ea Estak_ men themselves and the subject matter of dispute relates to _S.K. Da$_ _J._ them or any of them, they clearly· have a direct interest in the dispute. Where, h'owever, the party to the dispute also composed of workmen, espouse the cause of another person whose employment, or non-employment, etc., may prejudicially affect their interest, the workmen have a substantial in· terest in the subject matter of dispute. In both such cases, the dispute is an industrial dispute. Learned counsel for the appellants has also drawn our attention to the definition of a 'trade dispute' in the Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926. That definition is also in the same terms, but with this vital difference that the word 'workmen' means there "all persons- employed in trade or industry whether or not in the employment of the employer with whom the trade dispute arises." It is obvious that the very wide definition of the word 'workmen' determines the ambit of the definition of a 'trade dispute' in the Trade Unions Act, 1926. The provisions of that Act have different objects in view, one of which is the expenditure of the funds of a registered Trade Union 'on the conduct of trade disputes on behalf of the Trade Union or any member thereof. We do not think that that definition for the purposes of an Act like the Trade Unions Act is of any assistance in construing the definition in the Act with which we are now concerned, even though the words employed are the same; for, one thing, the meaning of the word 'workman' completely changes the ambit of the definition clause, and for another, the objects, scheme and purpose of the two Acts are not the same. For the same reasons, we do not think that with regard to the precise prob· Iem before us much m;sistance can be obtained by a detailed 1176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS f19118] _19ii8_ examination of English, American or Australian decisions _Workm1m of_ given with regard to the terms of the statutes in force in _Din•rtJ•uchi r,,,_ _Estate_ t ose countries. h - E h A ac . ct must be mterpret • ed on its own · ,._ tenns-p~cularly when the definition of a 'workman' varies _T!1s:_ _J.fa11ngcmrnt_ _(lf_ f - h - d' · fr _Dimahchi_ rom statute to statute and, wit changmg ct>n ttJons, om _Th<_ ~sta.te time to time. and country to country. _S._ _K._ Da~ _J._ The interpretation of s. 2(k) of the Act has been the subject of consideration in various Indian decisions frt>m different points of view. Two recent decisions of this Court considered the question if an individual dispute of a workman was within the definition of an industrial dispute. The decisitm in C. _P._ _Transport Services Ltd._ v. _Raghunathl'),_ related to the C. P. and Berar Industrial Disputes Settlement Act (No. XXIII of 1947) and the decision in _Newspapers Ltd._ v. _State_ _Jndu,-trial_ _Tribunal,_ _U._ P.('). to the U. P. Industrial Disputes Act (No. XXVIH of 1947). Both these decisions considered s. 2(k) of the Act. but with reference to a different problem. The definition clause in s. 2(kl was considered at some length by the Federal Court in _Western India_ _Automobile Association_ v. _The Industrial Tribunal,_ _Bom·_ _bayC)._ and learned counsel for the appellants has placed great reliance on some of the cbservations made therein. The question which fell for dec.ision in that case was whether "industrial dispute" included within its ambit a dispute with regard to re-instatement of certain dismissed workmen. It was held that re-instatement was connected with non-employment and, therefore, fell within the words of the definition. It appears that the finding of the Court from which the appeal was preferred to the Federal Court was that the workmen whose re-instatement was in question were discharged during the dispute and were. therefore, workmen within the meaning of the Act. Therefore. the problem of interpretation with which we are faced in this oase was not the problem before their Lordships of the Federa:I Court. The observations on which learned counsel for the appellants has relied are these: "The question for determination is whether the defini( ') [1956] S.C.R. 956. (') A.LR. (1957) S.C. 532. (') (1949] F.C.R 321. 329-330. 346~147. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1177 tion of the expression "industrial dispute" given in the Act _1968_ includes within its ambit, a dispute in regard to re-instate- _Wor.l:tmn of_ .ment of dismissed employees ......... The wor s o d f th e d e fin 1-. [. ] _Di'1114lc!Wii Te.a Estate_ tion may be paraphrazed thus: "any dispute which has con-, _ _M_ v _,, nection with the workmen bemg m, or _ - out of service or emp-. _p,.., Dimalcucki anagemtnl o_ _1_ loyment". "Non-employment" is the negative of "employ· _Tea_ ~state ment" and would mean that disputes of workmen out of ser· _s.K. Das J._ vice with their employers are within the ambit of the defini· tion. It is the positive or the negative act of an employer that leads to employment or to non-employment. It may relate to an existing employment or to a contemplated employment, or it may relate to an existing fact of non-employment or a contemplated non-employment. The following four illustrations elucidate this point: (l) An employer has already employed a person and a trade union says "Please do not employ him". Such a dispute is a dispute as to employment or in connection with employment. (2) An employer gives notice to a union saying tha:t he wishes to employ two particular persons. The union says "no". This is a dispute as to employment. It arises out of the desire of the employer to employ certain persons. (3) An employer may dismiss a man, or decline to em· loy him. This matter raises a dispute as to non-employment. (4) An employer contemplates turning out a number of people who a!I'e already in his employment. It is a dispute as t~ contemplated non-employment. "Employment or non-em. ployment" constitutes the subject matter of one class of in· dustrial disputes, the other two classes of disputes being those connected with the terms of employment and the conditions of labour. The failure to employ or the refusal to employ are actions on the part of the employer which would be covered by the terms "employment or non-employment". Re-instatement is connected with non-employment and is therefore within the words of the definition." ##### ................................................... •- ........ ' ............... . "It was contended that the re-instatement of the discharged workmen was not an industrial dispute because · if the LJP(D)3SCl-10 ll78 Slil'RE:ME COUilT REl'ORT::; [J 958] fr _o-rktrteu_ _uj_ union represented Lhe discharged employees, they were not workmen within the definition of that word in the Industrial 1;;'.;"';~~~; Disputes Act. This argument is unsound. We see no difficulty v. in the respondents (unionl taking up the cause of the dis_Tf,,· Jbuwocu•wl_ _of_ l km d th d' b · till - d "al _fh"mahudii_ c 1arged Wbr en an e 1spute emg s an m ustrt _2"•a Eetak_ dispute between the employer and the workmen. The non_s.K. D"' J._ employment "of any persott" can amount to an industrial dispute between the employer and the workmen, falling imder the definition of thM word in the Industrial Disputes Act. It was argued that if the respondents represented the undischarged employees, there was no dispute between them and the employer. That again is fallacious, because under the definition of industrial dispute. it is not necessary that the parties to the proceedings can be the disoharged workmen only. The last words in the definition of industrial dispute, viz., "any person" are a complete answer to this argument of the appellants." It is true that two of the illustrations~ Nos. (2) and (3)-given in the aforesaid observations seem to indicate that there can be an industrial dispute relating to persons who are not strictly speaking "workmen"; but whether those persons would answer to such description or what community of interest the workmen had with them is not stated and in any view we do not think that illustrations given to elucidate a different problem can be taken as determinative of a problem which was not before the court in that case. A reference was also made to the decision of this Court in _D._ _N. Banerjee_ v. _P._ _R._ _Mukherjee(')._ The question there was whether the expression "industrial dispute" included disputes between municipalities and their employees in branches of work analogous to the ca'Trying on of a tarde or business . . More in point is the decision of the Full Bench of the Labour Appellate Tribunal in a number of appeals reported in 1952 Labour Appeal Cases. p. 198. where the question now before us arose directly for decision. The same question arose for decision before the All India Industrial Tribunal <Bank Disputes) and the majPrity of members (Messrs. K. _C._ (') [1953] S.C.R. 302. 8.C.R. SUPREME COURT R.EPOHT8 1179 Sen and J. N. Majumdar) expressed the view that a dispute _w;s_ between employers and workmen might relate to employ- _WMkmw of_ ment or non-employment or the terms of emplt>yment or con- ¥';:E":f:.{~i ditions of labour of 'persons who were not workmen, and the, v. . . . . - I . _'I he_ _Man<J{feme11I_ _of_ words 'any person·· used m the defi111t1on clause were e, ast1c _Dimal:uchi_ enough to include an officer, that is, a member of the super- _Pea_ _E•talc_ visory staff. The majority view will be found in Chap. X of _s.K._ _Das_ _J._ the Report. The minority view was expressed by Mr~ N. Chandrasekhara Aiyar, who said: "It is fairly clear to my mind that "any person" in the - Act means· any- one who belongs to the employer class or the workmen class and the cases in whose favour or against whom can be said to be adequately presented by the group ot category of persons to which he belongs. As stated already it should be remembered that the cases relied upon for the view that 'any person' may mean others also besides the workmen were all cases relating to workmen. They were discharged or dismissed workmen and when their cases were taken up by the Tribunal the point was raised that they had ceased to be workmen and were therefore outside the sebpe of tbe Act. This argument was repelled. In my opinion, there is no justification for treating such cases as authorities for the wider proposition that a valid industrial dispute can be raised by workmen about the employment or non-employment of somC4:)ne else who does not belong and never belonged to their class or category. My view therefore is that the Act does not apply to cases of non-workmen, or officers, if they may be so ca>Iled." Both these views as also other decisions of High Courts and awards of Industrial Tribunals, were considered by the Full Bench of the Labour Appellate Tribunal and the Chainnan of the Tribunal (Mr. J. N. Majumdar) itcknowledged that his earlier view was not correct and expressed bis opinion, con· curred in by all the other members of the Tribunal, at p. 210 1180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _1968_ "l am, therefore, of opinion that the expression 'any _Workmen of_ person' has to be interpreted in terms of 'workmen'. The _Dimakm:hi_ words 'any person' cannot have, in my opinion, their widest _Tea_ _E8'au_ amplitude, as that would create incongruity and repl!gnancy _Th• .Jlan:;,,.., .. of_ in the provisions of the Act. They are to be interpreted in a ~~ima~i manner that persons, who would come within that expression, _JwE8'ae_ can at some stage or other, answer the description of work· _s.K. v .. J._ man as defined in the Act." It is necessary to state here that earlier a rnntrary view had been taken by the Calcutta High Court in _Bir/a Brothrrs,_ _Ltd._ v. _Modak('),_ by Banerjee J. in _The Dalhousie Jute_ _Co._ _Ltd._ v. _S._ _N._ _Modak('),_ and by the Industrial Tribunal, Madras, in _East India Industries_ _(Madras)_ _Ltd._ v. _Their Work·_ _men(')._ It is necessary to emphasise here two considerations which have generally weighed with some of the learned Judges in support of the view expressed by them; these two - considerations are that (!) normally workmen will not raise a dispute in which they are not directly or substantially in· terested and (2) Government will not make a reference unless the dispute is a real or substantial one. We think that these two considerations instead of leading to a strictly grammatical or etymological interpretation of the expression "any pers1>n" occurril)g in the definition clause should lead, on the contrary, to an interpretation which, to use the words of Maxwell, is to be found in the subject or in the occasion on which the words aJre used lllld the object to be attained by the statute. We are aware that anybody may ·be a potential wt>rkman and the concept of "a. potential workman" introduces an element of indefiniteness and uncertainty. We also agree that the expression "any person" is co-existensive with any workman, potential or otherwise. We think, however, that the crucial test is one of community of interest and the person regarding whom the dispute is raised must be one in whose employment, non-anployment, terms of employment or conditions of labour (as the case may be) the parties to the (1) I.L.R. (1948) 2 Cal. 209. (") [19111) 1 IL.J. 145. (') [1952] L.L . .J. 122. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1181 dispute have a direct or substantial interest. Whether such direct or substantial interest has been established in a particular case will depend on its facts and circumstances. _195S_ _Workmonof_ cular case will depend on its facts and circumstances. _'l'da DiMku.eM_ _J!Jstak_ Two other later decisions have also been brought to our _The_ M~~gemen~ _o_ notice: _Prahlad_ _Rai_ _Mills_ v. _State of Uttar Pradesh(')_ in _lj,imaEkuchi_ - ~ea _#al•_ which Bhargava J. expressed the view that the expression 'any person' in the definition clause did not mean a work- _B.K. Da•?J_ man and the decision in _Narendra Kumar Sen_ v. _All India_ _Industrial Disputes (Labour Appellate) Tribunai(2),_ rt'ing the .decision of Chagla C. J. and Shah J: from which we have already quoted some extracts. An examination of the decision referred to above undoubtedly discloses a divergence of opinion: two views have been expressed, one based on the ordinary meaning of the expression 'any person' and the other based on the context, with reference to the subject of the enactment and the objects which the legislature has in view. For the reasons which we have already given, we think that the latter view is correct. To summarise. Having regard to the scheme and objects of the Act, and its other provisions, the expression 'any person' in s. 2(k) of the Act must be read subject to such limitations and qualifications as· arise from the context; the two crucial limitations are (1) the dispute must be a real dispute between the parties to the dispute (as indicated in the first two parts Of the definition clause) so as to be capable of settlement or adjudication by one party to the dispute giving necessary relief to the other, and (2) the person regarding whom the dispute is raised must be one in whose employment, nonemployment, terms of employment, or conditions of labour (as the case may be) the parties to the dispute have a direct or substantial interest. In the absence of such interest the dispute cannot be said to be a real dispute between the parties. Where the workmen raise a dispute as against their employer, the person regarding whose employment, non-employment, terms of employment or conditions of labour the dispute is raised need not be, strictly speaking, a 'workman' "thin the (') A.I.R. (1955) N.U.C. Allahabad 664. ( [2] ) (1953) 55 Born. 1 R. 125. _J!lJS_ _JY orl'fneti of_ _DitMk1l-chi_ _T_ _e-1i._ _Elt<lte_ v. _Tlie_ .Marutg [1] ~1r~nt _of_ _JJim,alatcl1i_ _Tv.i._ E~late _S.K. /Jo,J._ 1182 SU.PHE.ME COURT H.EPORTS [1958] meaning of the Act but must be one in whose employment, non-employment, terms of employment or conditions of labour the workmen as a class have a direct or substantial interest. Jn the case before us, Dr. K. P. Banerjee was not a 'workman'. He belonged to the medical or t_echnical staffa different category altogether from workmen. The appellants had no direct, nor substantial interest in his employment or non-employment, and even assuming that he was a member of the same Trade Union, it cannot be said, on the tests laid down by us, that the dispute regarding his termination of service was an industrial dispute within the meaning of s. 2(k) of the Act. The result. therefore, is that the appeal fails and is dismissed. In the circumstances of this case there will be no order for costs. SARKAR J.--On November 1, 1950, Dr. K. P. Banerjee was appointed the Assistant Medical Officer of the Dimakudhi Tea Estate, whose management is the respondent in this appeal. On April 21, 1951, the respondeni .terminated Dr. Banerjee's service with effect from the next day and he was offered one month's salary in lieu of notice. He accepted this salary and later left the Tea Estate. The workmen of the Tea Estate raised a dispute concerning the dismissal of Dr. Banerjee. On December 23, 1953, the Government of Assam made an order of reference for adjudication of the dispute by the Industrial Tribunal under the provisions of s. 10 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. The order of reference was in the following terms Whereas an industrial dispute has arisen in the matters ·specified in the schedule below between: (!) The workmen of Dimakuchi Tea Estate. P.O. Dimakuchi, District Darrang, Assam represented by the Secretary, Assam Chah Karmachari Sangha, I.N.T.U.C. Office, P.O. Dibrugarh, Assam and, (2) The management of Dimakuchi Tea Estate, P.O. Dimakuchi, District Darrang, Assam whose agents are Messrs. Williamson Magor and Company Limited, Calcutta. RC.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1183 And whereas it is considered expedient by the Govt. of _1958_ Assam to refer the said dispute for adjudication to a Tri.bunal _Worktnµi_ _of_ _IXmalDuchi_ -constituted under section 7 of the Industrial Disputes Act, _Tea Estate_ 1947 (Act XIV of 1947) Th6Ma~emenlof Now. therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by ~':;; -clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 10, as amended, of _the Industrial Disputes Act <XIV of 1947), the Governor of Assam is pleased to refer the said dispute to Sri Uma Kanta Gohain, Additional District and Sessions Judge (retired) who has been appointed to constitute a Tribunal under the provisions of the said Act. _Sarkar_ _J._ SCHEDULE (i) Whether the management of Dimakuchi Tea Estate was justified in dismissing Dr. K. P. Banerjee, A. M. O.? ·(ii) If not, is he entitled to re-instatement or any other relief in lieu thereof? The Tribunal held that Dr. Banerjee was not a workman :as defined in the Act and, therefore, the dispute referred was · not an industrial dispute and consequently it had no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon such a dispute. Tb'e workmen pre· ferred an appeal. to the Labour Appellate Tribunal. · That Tribunal dismissed the appeal holding that Dr. Banerjee was not a workman within the definition of that term in the Act and as the dispute was connected with his employment or non-employment, it was not an industrial dispute, and was therefore beyond the jurisdiCtion of the Industrial Tribunal. From that decision ·the present appeal by the workmen of the Tea Estate arises with leave granted by this -Court under Art. 136 of. the Constitution~ In granting the leave this Court limited it to the question whether a dispute in relation to a person who is not a workman, falls within the scope of the definition of "Industrial Dispute" contained in s. 2(k) of the Act. That, therefore, is the only question before us. Section 2(k) is in these terms: "Industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers or between employers and **Jf** _**orkmtn of**_ _**IJimakueki**_ **Pee** _**EMle**_ v. ###### _Tl" Jf•·••u- of_ _**J}r'm.nkuehi**_ 1184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1958 workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or. non-employment or **the** terms of employment or with the conditions of labour, of **any person."** The. dispute that was raised was between an employer, the respondent in this appeal and its workmen, the appellants before _us_ and concerned the employment or non·employment of Dr. Banerjee, a person employed by the same employer but who was not a workman. The question that we have to decide has arisen because of the use of the words "any person" in the definition. These words are quite general and very wide and according to their ordinary meaning include a person who is not a workman. If this meaning is given to these words, then the dispute that arose concerning Dr. Banerjee's dismissal would be an industrial dispute because the dispute would then be clearly within s. 2(k). This indeed is not disputed. Unless there are reasons to the contrary these words have to be given their ordinary meaning. In _Bir/a_ _Brothers Ltd._ v. _Modak(')_ and in _Western India Automobile_ _Association_ v. _Industrial Trilnmal_ _of_ _Bombay(')_ it was held **that** **the** **\vords** **Hany** **person"** **Y.'ere** **not meant to refer only** to workmen as defined in the Act but were wide and general and would include others who were not such workmen. In _The Dalhousie_ _lute_ _Co. Ltd._ v. _S._ _N._ _Modak('),_ Banerjee **J.** said, "Any person means whatever individual is chosen. I see no reason to restrict the meaning of the word 'person'." The same view was expressed in _East India Industries_ _(Madras) Ltd._ v. _Their Workmen('),_ which was the decision of an Industrial Tribunal. There is then some support for the view that the words 'any person' should have no restriction put upon them. It is pointed out on behalf of the respondent that it is not its contention that the words 'any person' should be understood as referring only to a "workman" as defined in the Act but that those words should include all persons of (') I.L.R. (1948) 2 Cal. 209. (') [1949] F.C.R. 321. (') [1951] 1 L.L.J. 154. (') [1952] 1 L.L.J. 122. _**1-·ea**_ _**Edak**_ _**So-rkar**_ _**J.**_ S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1185 the workman class and so they would include discharged _1956_ workmen. It is then stated that the first two of the cases men• _w orlmim of_ #### tioned above were concerned with a dispute regarding dis· f.':E=i charged workmen and did not therefore decide that the Y. - - _'l'hs M anagemuit of_ words 'any person' included all. It is no doubt true that _IXmak<uchi_ these cases were concerned with a dispute regarding discharg· _Te" E•lal<_ cd workmen but I do not understand the decision to have _Sarkar_ _.1._ proceeded on that basis. Sen _1._ said in _Birla Brothers_ case(') (p 213) that, "It cannot be argued that workmen dismissed prior to the Act are not 'persons' ". Anfi in the _Western_ _India Automoble Association case('),_ it was said (p. 346-7). "It was contended that the reinstatement of the dis· charged workmen was not an industrial dispute because if the union represented the discharged employees, they were not workmen within the definition of that word in the Indus· trial Disputes Act. This argument is unsound. We see no difficulty in the respondents {union) taking up the cause of . . the discharged workmen and the dispute being still an indus trial dispute between the employer and the workmen. The non-employment "of any person" can amount to an indus· trial dispute between the employer and the workmen, falling under the definition of that word in the Industrial Disputes Act. It was argued that if the respondents represented the undischarged employees, there was no dispute between them and the employer. That again is fallacious, because under the definition of industrial dispute, it is not necessary that the parties to the proceedings can be the discharged workmen only. The last words in the definition of industrial dispute, viz., "any person", are a complete answer to this argument of the appellants." The last two of the cases mentioned earlier were not how· ever concerned with any dispute regarding discharged work· men. In _The Dalhousie Jute_ _Co._ case(') the dispute was with regard to the employment of persons who sought employment as workmen and in the _East India Industries (Madras) Ltd._ case('} the dispute concerned the dismissal of a member of (') I.L.R. (1948) 2 Cal. 209. ("). [1949] F.C.R. 321, (') [1951] 1 L.L.J. 145. (4) [1952] 1 L.L.J. 122. 1186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958) 1~68 the supervisory staff, that is, another employee of the same _wori,..,. of_ employer who was not a workman. It is however said that Di~i in none of these cases the arguments that are now advanced _Tea E.,,,,._ appear to have been advanced and they were not consider-ed _Tlle .Ma,.:g.,..,., of_ in the judgments. This comment is justified. I shall there _n;....-;_ fore lay these cases aside in deciding the question that has _Tt11_ _E"°"_ arisen . _**8irkar J.**_ - Are there then good reasons for not giving to the words "any persons" their plain meaning? Several have been advanced and I shall examine them a little later. I wish now . to discuss how it is· proposed to restrict the meaning of these words,. I have already stated that the contention is that the words are not confined to a workman but refer only to a person of the workman class. This, I confess, I do not fol - low. The word "workman" is a term defined in the Act. Outside the definition it is impossible to say who is a workman and who is not. That being so, the words "workman dass" would be meaningless unless they meant all persons who were workmen 'as defined in ·the Act. So read the words "any ·person" would niean only a workman. But it is .conceded that this is not so. And, of course, it cannot be so, for, if that was intended, there was no reason for the legisla ture not to have used the words "any workman" instead of the words "any person". Again if this was the intention, then a dispute concerning the dismissal of a workman would not be an industrial dispute for a dismissed workman was not a workman within the definition of . that word in the Act as it stood in 1953, that being the Act with which we life concerned. Such a result is against all conceptions of industrial disputes laws. It is indeed not contended that a dispute concerning the dismissal of a workman would not be an industrial dispute. It therefore seems to me that the words "any person" cannot be said to refer only to persons of the workman cl.ass. If they cannot be restricted as being understood to refer only to a person of the workman class, it is not suggested that they can be restricted in any other manner. It is then said that the words refer to "workmen". dis S.O.R SUPRE~IK COURT H.EPOl-nS 1187 missed as well as in employment as also those, who in future, _1958_ become "workmen"'. Again I am in difficulty. So under- _ll'orl,mon of_ - l d h ks _JJimalmcl1i_ stood the words wou l d not me u e a person w o see em- . _7.'ea l!Jatat•_ ployment as a workman because he has not become a work- v. - . - . _'Plw .illam.aae11ient_ _<U_ man tdl he is employed. That bemg so, it would have to be _Dimakucki_ said that a dispute raised by workmen in employment when _1'rnEstatc_ new workmen are to be appointed, that only those of the _Sirkar_ _J._ candidates as agree to join their union should be appointed and others should not be, would not be an industrial dispute. That again seems to me to be against all conceptions of industrial dispute laws. Furthermore, I am wholly unable to appreciate what is meant by a dispute concerning a person, who is not at the time the dispute arises, a workman but in future becomes one. When is. such a person to become a workman? I find no answer. Again, is it to be said that whether a dispute is an industrial dispute or not may have to depend on future circumstances for there is no knowing whether the person concerning whom the dispute arises will later become a workman or not? .If he becomes one, there can be no dispute concerning him referable to a point of time before he became one, and, if he does not, he cannot be one who in future becomes a workman. It is said that the words "any person" were used instead of the word workffian because it was intended to include within them persons who had been dismissed before the dispute arose and who were not within the definition of workmen in the Act as it stood in 1953. If that was the reason, why could not the legislature use the words "workmen and dismissed workmen?" There was nothing to prevent that being done. In fact the definition of "workman" has been amended in 1956 to include workmen discharged in consequence of an industrial dispute or whose discharge has led to that dispute. So, as the definition now stands, it includes persons dismissed before the dispute arose. Yet the words "any person" have been !aft untouched in s. 2 (k) .and not been replaced by the word workman. This, to my mind, _1968_ _IVM/cmeno/_ _Dimak"""i_ 1188 SUPREME COURT REPORT [1958] shows that it was not the intention to confine the words "any person" to workmen in employment or discharged. _Tea E<taJ•_ But it is said that the words "any person" were left in _p/,._ Ma~,.,...,.1 _of_ the Act because it was intended to include not only workmen _Dimakuchi_ in employment and dismissed workmen but also persons _Tea_ _E•tate_ who in future become workmen. It is said that, that this is _BirkarJ._ so appears from s. 18 of the Act. I shali presently consider this section but I desire to observe now that this argument much weakens the argument noticed in the preceding paragraph, for if the words "any person" were used so that persons who in future become workmen might be included in them, they could not have been used to avoid such dismissed workmen as were not workmen as defined in the Act being excluded from them. It seems to me that if it is argued that the words "any person" were used so that persons who in future become workmen may be included in them, it cannot be argued that those words were used instead of the word "workman" because it was intended to include within them certain dismissed workmen who were not workmen within the definition of that term in the Act as it stood in 1953. Coming now to s. 18 it is in these terms: A settlemem arrived at in the course of conciliation proceedings under this Act or an a ward which has become enforceable sha II be binding on ( a) all parties to the industrial dispute; (b) all other parties summoned to appear in the proceedings as parties to the dispute, unless the Board or Tribunal, as the case may be, records the opinion that they were so summoned without proper cause; (c) where a party referred to in clause (a) or clause (b) is an employer, his heirs, successors or assigns in respect of the establishment to which the dispute relates; (d) where a party roferred to in clause (a) or clause (b) is composed of workmen, all persons who were employed in the establishment or part of the establishment, as the case may be, to which the dispute relates on the date of the dispute and all persons who subsequently become employed in that establishment or part. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1189 I entirely fail to see how that section assists at all in finding _1958_ out who were meant to be included in the words "any per- _Workmen_ _of_ son". Is it to be said that s. l8(d) by making the award -';;:.::;: binding on those who become in future employed in the - v, km - d' h h _The Management of_ estab lis [. h ] ment as wor en, 1n icates t at sue persons are _Dimakuchi_ treated in the same. way as workmen in actual employment _Tea Estate_ and therefore it must have been iq.tended to include them _Sirkar_ _J__ within the words "any person" along with present and dismissed workmen. I am wholly unable to agree. The object of s. 18(d) is quite clear. The Act is intended to compose a dispute between an employer and his workmen by a settlement or an award brought about by the machinery provided in it and the period during which an award or a settlement is to remain in. force is also provided. The idea behind s. 18 is that whoever takes up appointment as a workman in the establishment to which the dispute relates · during the time when the award or settlement is in force, would be bound by it. If it were not so, the award or settlement would have little effect in settling a dispute, for any newly recruited work· men could again raise the dispute. Any one - having any experience of industries knows that workmen are largely a shifting population and that the need for replacement of the workmen leaving and for addition to the strength of the workmen employed, is not infrequent. To meet the exigency arising from this need and to make the award or settlement effective it was necessary to enact s. 18(d). Its object was not to place workmen in em]11.oyment and, workmen recruited in future in the same position for all purposes of the Act. On the. same reasoning, in view of s. 18(a), it has to be said that it was the intention of the Act to give the heirs, successors or assignees of an employer the same position for all purposes of the Act as that of the employer. But that would be absurd. Section 18(d) deals with a person who in future becomes employed. The section does not say employed as a workman but I will assume that that is what is meant. I do not understand what is meant by saying that such a person is within the words "any person" in s. 2(k). What is the point of time that 1190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _1968_ has to be considered? If it is after he has become employed, _Workma" of_ then he is a workman and admittedly within the words "any _DiflllJh<hi_ person". Is it to be said that before such employment also _TCJJvEBlate_ he is within the meaning of those words. But it is difficult to _Th• Ma':fi:• of_ follow this. It is conceivable that any person whatsoever ~ima i may in future be employed as a workman for there is noth<• _EBla••_ ing in the quality of a human being that marks him out as a _Birkar_ _J._ workman. In this way the words "any person" would include all. That, however, is not meant, for it will defeat the very argument based on s. 18(d). Is it to be said then, only such future workmen are meant as apply for jobs as such? But the section makes no reference to such people at all and can not therafore be of any assistance in showing that it was intended that such applicants would be included within the words "any person". I am therefore wholly unable to accept the argument that s. 18(d) shows that future workmen were intended to be included within the words "any person". I wish also to say this. Assume that s. 18(d) shows that it was intended to include within the words "any person" one who in future becomes a workman. But where is the reason for saying that the words do not also include others? Section 18 provides none. I proceed now to discuss the reasons advanced for restricting the generality of the words "any person". They were· put as follows : l. In certain sections of the Act the words "any person" have been used but there the rwerence is to worknien, and therefore iri s. 2(k) the words "any person" should mean persons of the workman class. 2. The scheme anlt the purpose of the Act generally and the object of .the Act specially being to benefit workmen, the words "any person" should be confined to people of the workman class. 3. The word "dispute" in s. 2(k) itself indicates that the person raising the dispute must be interested in the dispute and therefore since the dispute must concern the employment, non-employment, terms of employment or the conditions of labour of a person, that person must be of the workman class. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1191 The first reason, then, is that in certain sections, the _19.;t_ Act uses the words "any person". I will assume that by the use of these words only workmen are intended to be referred to in these sections. But the question arises why is such intention to be inferred? Clearly, because the context requires it. I will refer to some of these sections to make my point clear. Section 2(1) defines a lock-out as "the closing of a place of employment, or the suspension of work, or the refusal by the employer to continue to employ any number of persons employed by him". Section 2(q) defines a strike as "a cessation of work by a body of persons employed in any industry acting in combination, or a concerted refusal, or a refusal under a common understanding, of any number · _Workmen_ _of_ _Dimakuch>_ _Pea Eslate_ v. _7'1•e_ _Management of_ _Di11111kuc1'i_ _Pea Eslate_ _Sirlcar_ _j,_ of persons who are or have been so employed to continue to work or to accept employment." Lock-outs and strikes are dealt with in ss. 22. 23 and 24 of the Act. Section 22(2) says that no employer carrying on any public utility service shall lock-out any of his workmen except on certain condi~ tions mentioned in the section. Section 23 says that no employer of any workman employed in any industrial establish ment shall declare a lock-out during the periods mentioned ##### in the section. Section 24 states that a strike or a lock-out shall be illegal if commenced or declared in contravention of s. 22 or s. 23. The definitions of lock-outs and strikes are for the purposes of ss. 22, 23 and 24. There are other sections in which lock-outs and strikes are mentioned but they make no difference for our present purpose. The lock-outs and strikes dealt with in ss. 22(2), 23 and 24 are lock-outs of and strikes by. workmen. It may hence be said that in s. 2(1) and (q1 by the word person a workman is meant. Therefore it is these sections, viz., 22(2), 23 and 24, which show what the meaning of the word 'person' in the definitions is. I would like lo point out in passing that s. 22(1) says that no person employed in a public utility service shall go on strike except on certain conditions and there is nothing in the Act to show that the word "person" in s. 22(1) means only a workman. Proceedin~ however with the· point we are concerned with, 1192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _1958_ the question is, is there any provision in the Act which _wo,kman of_ would show that the words "any person" in s. 2(k) were 1;.':::'l:!'~ meant only to refer to persons of the workman class. I have v. not been able to find any and none has been pointed out. _**Tli.e**_ _**Management**_ _of_, . _Dimakuchi_ Therefore the fact that m s. 2, sub-ss. (]) and (q) the word _Tw Estak_ ''persons" means workmen is no reason for concluding that _Sarkar J._ the same word must be given the same restricted meaing in s. 2(k). The position with regard to s. 33A, in which the word ernploye~ has to be read as meaning a workman because of s. 33, is the same and does not require to be dealt with specially. I may add that if it has tq be said that because in certain other sections the word "person" has to be understood as referring to a workman only, in s. 2(k) also the same word must have the same meaning, then we have to read the words "any person" in s. 2(k) as meaning only a workman as defined in the Act. This however is not the contention of the learned counsel for the respondent. I may further say that it was not contended that the word "person" in s. 2, sub-ss. (1) and (q) and the word employee in s. 33A has to be read as including not only a workman in employment but also a discharged workman and a person who in future becomes a workman, and it seems to me that such a contention would not have been possible. I proceed now to deal with the second group of reasons based on the object and scheme of the Act. It is said that the Act makes a distinction between employees who are workmen and all other employees, and that the focus of the Act is on workmen and it was intended mainly for them. This was the view taken in _United_ _Commercial Bank Ltd._ v. _Kedar Nath Gupta(')._ I will assume all this. It may also be true that the Act is not much concerned with employees other than workmen. But I am unable to see that all this is any reason for holding that the words "any person" must mean a person of the workman class. The d(lfinition in s. 2(k) would be fully concerned with workmen however the (') [1952] 1 L.L.J. 782. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1193 words "any person" in it may be understood because the dis- _1968_ pute will be one to which a workman is a party. Is it to be _Workmen of_ said that the Act would cease to be mten e · d d f or wor km en _Dimakuchi Tea E/JlaU_ or the focus of it displaced from workmen or that the distinc- v. . . _The Management of_ t10n between workmen and other· employees would vamsh _Dimakuehi_ if a dispute relating to the dismissal of one who is not a _ea Estate_ workman is held to be an industrial dispute, even though _Sarkar_ _J._ the dispute is one to which workmen are parties? I am unable to subscribe to such art argument. But it is said that in such a case the workmen would not be interested in the dispute, the dispute would not really be with them and they would not be in any real sense of the word parties to it. So put the argument comes under the last of the three reasons earlier stated, namely, that in order that there may be an indus trial· dispute the workmen must be interested in that dispute. This contention I will consider later. It is also said in the _United Commercial Bank Case(')_ that the main purpose of the Act is to adjust the relations between employers and workmen by securing for the latter the benefit provided by the Act. It is really another way of saying that the workmen must be interested in the dispute, for if they are not interested no benefit .can accrue to them from an adjustment o1 it. This, as I have said, I will discuss. later. It is also said that the Act is for the benefit of workmen and therefore if a dispute concerning a person who is not a workman, is an industrial dispute capable of being resolved by adjudication under the Act, then, if the award goes in favour of the workmen raising it, a benefit would result to a person whom the Act did not intend to .benefit. So it is said, an industrial dispute cannot be a dispute concerning one who is not a workman. But the benefit resulting to the person in such a case would only be incidental. The workmen themselves would also be benefited by it at the same time. To adopt this argument would be to deprive the workmen of this benefit and there is no justification for doing so. How the workmen would be benefited would appear later when I discuss the question of the workmen's interest in the dispute. ( [1] )[1952] 1 **L.L.J.** 782.· L/P(fl)3SCI-ll ll94 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1958J _1968_ I will show later that if the workmen were not interested in _ll'Mkmeno/_ the dispute so that they could get no benefit under it, there _Di....w.hi_ would be no. reference by the Government and there would _'1'et(E81Dl<_ ... be no benefit to a person who was not a workman. Further. _'1'1"'_ _AfJt::::s::::M' of_ I am unable to agree that the Act is intended to confer _'1'"' Estate_ benefit on workmen. Its object is admitted by all to pre _Barkor_ _J._ serve industrial peace. It may confer some benefit on workmen but at the same time it takes away their power and right to strike and puts them under a disadvantage. We were referred' to the note of dissent to the award of the majority of tbe _All India Industrial Tribunal (Bank Dis-_ _putes),_ dated July 31, 1950. This note was by Mr. Chandra Sekhar Aiyer who later became a Judge of this Court. In that note he expressed the view that "any person" in s. 2(k) means any one who belongs to 'the employer class or the workmen class and the cases in whose favour or against whom, can be said to be adequately represented by the group or category of persons to which he belongs. I have already stated my difficulties in agreeing that the words "any person" mean only persons of the workman class. I will presently deal with the reasoning on which Mr. Aiyer bases his view but I wish to say now that it seems to me that the words "any person" cannot refer to anyone belonging to the employer class becl'use the dispute must be in connection with the employment, non-employment, or terms of employment or the conditions of labour of any person and it is not possible to conceive of any such thing in connection with a person in his capacity as an employer. Mr. Aiyar first stated that a necessary limitation to be put on the words "any person" is that the person should have something to do with the particular establishment where the dispute has cropped up. He said that it could not be that the workmen in Bank A could raise a valid and legitimate industrial dispute with their employer because some one in Bank B had not been treated well by his employer. Assume this is so. But it does not follow that an industrial dispute must be one concerning a person of the workman class alone, for a person having something to do with an establishment S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORT 1195 need not necessarily belong to the workman class. An officer _1968_ in an establishment where the dispute crops up would be as _Wor'lerMnoJ_ much a person having something to do with that establish· ~!='11:':: ment as a workman there and, therefore, even assuming that v. the limitation suggested by Mr. Aiyar applies, there would _The ff.':::fueri;:.m_ _of_ be nothing in it to prevent an industrial dispute concerning _Pea Ealale_ him arising. The question is not whether the person con- _SarkarJ._ cerning whom an industrial dispute may arise. has to be employed in the establishment where the dispute arises, but whether he must belong to what has been called the workman class. The decis~on of the former question which has not arisen in ttis case, is of no help in deciding the question that has arisen and I do not therefore feel called upon to express any opinion with regard to it. Mr. Aiyar next referred to a case where workmen of a Bank raise a dispute with that Bank about an employee of the Bank who was not ai workman, for example an officer who had been dismissed. He assumed that the Bank and the officer had no dispute as between themselves. In his view, if in such a case the dispute was an industrial dispute and could be made the subject matter of an award by an Industrial Tribunal, the award would not be binding on the officer because he had no concern with the dispute. According to him, it would be absurd to suggest that the Bank was under an obligation to give effect to the award. Therefore, in his view, such a dispute would not be an industrial dispute. Now, whether the award would be binding on the officer or not, would depend on whether he could be made a party to the dispute under s. 18(b). It is not necessary to discuss that question now. But assume that the award was not binding on the officer. Why should not the Bank be under an obligation to give effect to the award in so far as it lay in its power to do so? If the dispute was an industrial dispute; the award would be binding on the Bank and it must give effect to it. Then the argument comes to this that the dispute is not an industrial dispute because the award 1196 SUPREl\iE COURT REPORTS [1958] _1968_ would not, as assumed, be binding on the officer concerning _W""k""'••f_ whom the dispute arose. I cannot accept this view. Take _**Dimaltui/ti**_ h" A 1 - _TG<t_ _Esia"'_ t is case. n emp oyer d1sm1sses five of his workmen. The v. workmen dismissed make no grievance. Three months later _**T/1e .1.,!ana(fement of**_ . . . . _1Jimakuc1'i_ the employer d1sm1sses twenty five more and again neither _Tea Esia"'_ the dismissed workmen nor the workmen in employment _Sarkar_ _J._ raise any dispute. Two months after the second dismissal the employer dismisses fifty workmen. These workmen make no complaint and leave. The workmen in employment now begin to take notice of the dismissals and think that the employer is acting on a set policy and raise a dispute about all the dismissals. The dispute is then referred for adjudication and an award is made in favour of the workmen. Assume that all the dismissed workmen could be made parties to the adjudication proceedings but for one reason or another, were not made parties. This award would· not be binding on the dismissed workmen and certainly not on those who had been dismissed on the two earlier occasions. They would not be covered by any of the provisions of s. 18. Is it to be said that for that reason the dispute is not an industrial dispute? I am wholly unable to agree. Such a dispute would be entirely within the definition even on the assumption that the words "any person" mean only persons of the workman class. It follows, therefore, that in order to decide whether a dispute is or is not an industrial dispute, the question whether the award would be binding on tbe person concerning whose employment the dispute was raised, is no test. I therefore find nothing in the minute of dissent of Mr. Aiyar to justify the putting of any restriction on the plain meaning of the words "any person" in s. 2(k). As I shall show later, if certain disputes concerning foremen who are not workmen and who I will assnme would not be bound by the award, are not to be industrial disputes, the object of the Act would clearly be defeated. I cannot therefore agree that the fact that an award is not binding on one affords a reason for holding that there cannot be an industrial dispute concerning him. The matter was put from another point of view. It is S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1197 ~aid that if workmen could raise an industrial dispute with _1958_ their employer concerning the salary of a manager, who wa~ _Wurk"ie" of_ - h _Dimakucki_ not a workman, an d an awar was ma e 1rectmg t e d d d [. ] em- _Tea_ _Bstaie_ ployer to pay a smaller salary to the manager, the employer v.,, _Tlie_ _Manageme1tt o_ _1_ would be bound by the award but not the manager. Then _Dimakuchi_ it is said, suppose the employer had made a contract with _Tea E•tat•_ the manager to employ him at the higher salary for a number _SarkarJ._ of years. It is pointed out that in such a case the awarr· being binding on the employer, he would be compelled to commit a breach of his contract and be liable to the manager in damages. It is said that it could not have been the intention of the Act to produce a result whereby an employer would become liable in damages and therefore such a dispute cannot be an industrial dispute. But I do not agree that the employer would be liable in damages. The award being binding on him under the Act, the performance of his contract with the manager would become unlawful after the award and therefore void under s. 56 of the Contract Act. The employer would not, by carrying out the award, be committing any breach of contract nor would he be liable in damages. To hold that the dispute contemplated is an industrial dispute, would not produc.:: the absurd result suggestecl. The reason suggested for not holding that dispute to be an industrial dispute, therefore, fails. Take another case. Suppose there was a dispute between two employers A and B concerning the wage to be paid by B to his workmen, A complaining that B was paying too high wages, and the dispute was referred for adjudication by a Tribunal and an award was made that B should reduce the wages of his workmen. Assume the workmen were not parties to the dispute and were not made parties even if it was possible to do so. The award would not be binding on the workmen concerned under s. 18. None the less it cannot be said that the dispute was not an industrial dispute. It completely satisfies the definition of an industrial dispute even on the basis that the words 'any persons" mean only workmen. So again it would appear that the 1198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1958] _1968_ _1968_ words may include one on whom the award would not be _**Workmen.of**_ binding. _**Dim.akuchi**_ _**Tea**_ _**Es'416**_ v. I may add here, though I do not propose to decide the _Th<_ .M~nagem•'!' _o/_ question it being wholly unnecessary for the case before us _**D•makucln**_ . ' _Tea EBlaJ•_ that 1t seems to me that when a dispute concerns a person whe_80,,,,,,_ _J._ ther a workman or not, who is not a party to the dispute, he can, under s. 18(b), be properly made a party to appear in the proceedings arising out of that dispute. I find nothing in that section to prevent such a course being adopted. If he is made a party, there is no doubt that the decision, whichever way it went, would be most satisfactory to all concerned. If this is the right view, then all arguments based on the fact that the words "any person" can only include one on whom the award would be binding would disappear, for on being made a party the award would be binding on that person. It would on the contrary show that it was intended that the words "any person" should include one who is not a party to the dispute, and therefore not in the workman class. An argument based on s. 33 was also advanced. That is this. The section provides that during the pendency of conciliation proceedings or proceedings before a Tribunal in respect of an industrial dispute the conditions of service of workmen concerned in the dispute cannot be changed by the employer, nor such workmen dismissed or otherwise punished by him except with the permission of the Board or Tribunal. It is said that this section shows that it was intended to protect only workmen and therefore the words "any person" in s. 2(k) should be understood as meaning workmen only. I do not follow this argument at all. Section 33 gives protection to workmen concerned in the dispute which can only mean workmen who are parties to the dispute. A workman concerning whom a dispute arises may or may n:ot be a party to the dispute. The object of the section is clear. If workmen could be punished during the pendency of the proceedings, then no workman would raise a dispute or want to take part in the proceedings under the Act concerned with its adjudication. Further, such punishment would surely give S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1199 rise to another dispute. AU this would defeat the entire object of the Act which is to compose disputes by settlement or adjudication. Section 33 gives protection to workmen who are parties · to the dispute and does not purport to concern itself with the person concerning whom the dispute arises. Such being the position, the section can throw no light on the meaning of the words "any person" in s. 2(k). Suppose a workman was dismissed and thereupon a dispute arose between the employer and the other workmen in employment concerning such dismissal. Such a dispute would be undoubtedly an industrial dispute. And it is none the less so, though no protection can be given to the dismissed workman under s. 33 for he is already dismissed. _1968_ _Workmen of_ _.Dima!tucM_ _TtaEetau_ v. _The Managemind_ _tf_ _Dima!tucM_ _P.aEatala_ _Sarkar J._ - Reference was also made to s. 36 which provides for the representation of the parties to a dispute in a proceeding arising under the Act out of such dispute. Sub-section (1) of s. 36 provides how a workman, who is a party, shall be represented and sub-section (2) provides bow an employer who is likewise a party, shall be represented. The section does not provide for representation of any other person. It is said that this shows that the words "any person" must mean only. a workman, because they must mean an employee, past, present or future and only such employees as are workmen can be parties to the dispute under the definitibn. I am unable to agree. Section 36 provides for the representation of workmen besides employers and of no one else, because no one but a party need be represented in the proceedings and under the definition, a party to an industrial dispute must either be an employer or a workman. This section has nothing to do with the person concerning whom the dispute arises. If, however, he is also a party to the dispute, then the section makes a provision for his representation in the proceedings arising out of that dispute as such a party and not as one concerning whom the dispute has arisen. I have . earlier said that there may be a case in which though the person concerning whom the dispute arises is a workman, still he may not be a party to it. The fact that besides an 1200 SUPREl\fE COURT REPORTS (1968} _1958_ employer, the Act makes provision for the representation in _Workmeno/_ the proceedings arising out of an industrial dispute of work 1i-~-;a;::;:;; men alone does not show that an industrial dispute can only v. arise concerning a workman. In my view, therefore s. 36 _Ph<Managemtnto/_ . f . . fi d" h . f h d _Dim•l:uchi_ 1s - no asst.stance m n mg out t e meamng o t e wor s _**PeaE#alt**_ **"any** **person".** _Sarkar J,_ I come now to the last of the reasons advanced for restricting the natural meaning of the words "any person". It is said that the word dispute in the definition shows that the person raising it must have an interest in it and therefore since the dispute must concern the employment, non-employment, terms of employment or conditions of labour of a person that person must be a workman. I confess I do not follow the reasoning. It is said that this is the view expressed by a Bench of the Bombay High Court consisting of Chagla C. J. and Shah J. in _Narendra Kumar Sen_ v. _The_ _All_ _India Industrial Disputes (Labour Appellate) Tribunal(')._ I have some difficulty in seeing that this is the view expressed in that case. What happened there was that certain workmen raised a dispute against their employer which includ·ed a demand for fixing scales of pay and for bonus not only for themselves but also for the foremen and divisional heads under the same employers who ·were not workmen and this dispute had been referred by the Government for adjudication by the Industrial Tribunal. The Tribunal refused to adjudicate the dispute in so far as it concerned the pay and bonus of persons who were not workmen as, according to it, to this extent it was not an industrial dispute. The workmen then applied to the High Court for a writ directing the Tribunal to decide the dispute relating to the claims made for the pay and bonus of the persons who were not workmen. The- High Court held that the dispute was not an industrial dispute and refused the writ. Chagla C. J. expressed himself in these words (p. 130): "A controversy which is connected with the employment or non-employment or the terms of employment or with the conditions of labour is an industrial controversy. But it is not enough that it should be an industrial contro (') (1953) 55 Born. L.R. 125. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1201 versy; it must be a dispute; and in my opinion it is not every _1958_ controversy or every difference of opinion between work- _Workmen of_ men and employers which is constituted a ispute or 1 · d' d' ff er- _Dima1'uchi Tea E8tate_ ence within the meaning of s. 2(k). A workman may have v. t 'd l · l d'ff eo og1ca 1 erences wit · h h' is emp oyer; a wor man may l k _The Managcmenl Dimal-uchi_ _ot_ feel sympathetic consideration for an employee in his own in- _Tea Estate_ dustry gr in other industry; a workman may feel seriously _Sarkar_ _J._ agitated about the conditions of labour outside our own country; but it is absurd to suggest that any of these factors would entitle a workman to raise an industrial dispute within the meaning of s. 2(k). The dispute contemplated by s. 2(k) is a controversy in which the workman is directly and substantially interested. It must also be a grievance felt by the workman which the employer is in a position to remedy. Both the conditions must be present; it. must be a grievance of the workman himself; it must be a grievance which the employer as an employer is in a position to remedy or set right." Then he said \p. 131): "It is only primarily in their own employment, in their own terms of employment, in their own conditions of labour that wcrkmen are interested and it is with regard these that they are entitled to agitate by means of raising an industrial dispute and getting it referred to a Tribunal by the Govern ment under s. 10." I find some difficulty in accepting all that the learned Chief Justice said. But assume he is right. How does it follow that because an industrial dispute is one in which workmen must be interested it must be concerning themselves? I do not see that it does. Neither do I find Chagla C. J. saying so. In the case before him the dispute concerned persons who were not workmen and he found on the facts before him that the workmen were not interested in that dispute and thereupon held that the dispute was not an industrial dispute. But that is not saying that an industrial dispute can only be a dispute concerning workmen. Even the observations that I have read .from p. 131 of the report would not support this view. It is not difficult to conceive 1202 SUPRE~IE COURT REPORTS [1958] _1958_ _**Workmen**_ _**oJ**_ of a dispute concerning the employment of a person who is not a workman which at the same time is one which affects n;~:~~~ the conditions of labour or terms of employment of the v. workmen themselves. I shall give examples of such disputes 1'Ae _Manag.,..nt of_ _DimaL.,,.,.i_ 1 ater. Wh at I WIS · h now to pomt out · IS · h t at even 1 "f an m · d us _Ten Estai._ trial dispute has to be one in which workmen are interested, _Sarkar_ _J._ that would be no reason for saying that it can only be a dispute concerning workmen and that therefore the words "any person" in s. 2(k) must mean only workmen. I also think it right to say now that this argument is not really open to the respondent, for the contention of the learned counsel for the respondent is, as I have earlier stated, that the words "any person" do not mean a workman only but mean all persons of the workman class, or past, present and future workmen. Now I find nothing in the judgment of Chagla C. J. to show that workmen can be interested in the workman class or in past or future workmen. On the contrary he says that workmen are interested primarily-and by the word "primarily" I think he means, directly and substantially -only in their own employment, terms of employment or conditions of labour. Reliance on the judgment of the Bombay High Court will therefore land the respondent in contradiction. I find great difficulty in saying that it is a condition of the existence of an industrial dispute that workmen must be interested· in it. The Act does not say so. But it is .said that the word dispute in the definition implies it. No doubt. one does not raise a dispute unless he is interested in it, and as the Act must be taken to have in contemplation normal men it must have assumed that workmen will not raise a dis·pute unless they are interested in it. But that is not to my mind saying that it i~ a condition of an industrial dispute as contemplated by the Act that workmen must be interested in it. So to hold would, in my opinion, lead to grave difficulties and might even result in defeating the object of the Act. This I will endeavour to show presently. What I have to say will also show that even assuming that an industrial dispute S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1203 is one in which workmen have to be interested, the dispute _1968_ that we have in this case concerning Dr. Banerjee's dismissal _Workmenof_ is an industrial dispute for the appellant worlanen are ~~r;;:;;:;; directly and substantially interested in it. v. _The Managemenl of_ The question that first strikes me, is what is the interest _Dimakuehi_ km h ? I fi d . . 'bl d fi _TeaEstate_ w h1c [. h ] wor en must ave. n 1t 1mposs1 e to e ne that interest. If it cannot be defined, it cannot of course be _Sarkar_ _J._ made a condition of the existence of an industrial dispute, for we would then never know what an industrial dispute is. Now, "interest", as we understand that word in courts of law, means the well-known concepts of proprietary interest or interest in other recognised civil rights. Outside these the matter becomes completely at large and well nigh impossible ·Of definition. To say that the interest that the -workmen must have is one of the well-known kinds of interest mentioned above is, to my mind, to make the Act largely infructuous. We cannot lose sight of the fact that the Act is not dealing with interest as ordinarily understood. It cannot be kept in mind too wel! that the Act is dealing with a new concept, namely, that of the relation between employer and ·employed or to put it more significantly, between capital .and labour, a concept which is undergoing a fast and elemental change from day to day. The numerous and radical amendments made in tne Act since it came on the Statute book not so long ago, testify to the fast changing nature of the concept. Bearing all these things in inind, I find it almost impossible to define adequately or with any usefulness .an interest which will serve the purposes of the Act. I feel that an attempt to do so will introduce a rigidity which will work harm and no good. Nor does it, to my mind, in any manner help to define such interest by calling it direct and :Substantial. I will illustrate the difficulty that I feel by an example or two. Suppose a workman was dismissed by the employer and the other workmen raised a dispute about it. Such a dispute comes completely within the definition even assuming that the words "any person" only refer to persons of the 1204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _1958_ workman class, as the respondent contends. There is there _Workmen of_ fore no doubt that such a dispute is an industrial dispute. 1?~':";:;! The question then is what interest have the disputing work v. men in the reinstatement of the dismissed workman if they _'l'he_ _Management of_ h . ? . . _Dimakuchi_ must ave an interest. The reinstatement would not in any _Tea Esiate_ way improve their financial condition or otherwise enhance _Sarl:ar_ _J._ any interest of theirs in any sense of the term, in common use. The only interest that I can think of the workmen having for themselves in such a dispute is the solidarity. of labour. It is only this that if the same thing happens to any one of them, the others would rally round and by taking up his cause prevent the dismissal. Apart from the Act how would the workmen have prevented the dismissal from taking effect? They would have, if they wanted to prevent the dismissal, gone on strike and thereby tried to force the employer's hands not to give effect to 'the dismissal. That would have destroyed the industrial peace which the object of the Act is to preserve. It is in order to achieve this object that the Act recognises this dispute as an industrial dispute and provides for its settlement by the methods of conciliation or adjudication contained in it and preserves the industrial peace by preventing the parties being left to their own devices. If what I have described as solidarity of labour is to be considered as direct and substantial interest for the purposes of an industrial dispute, as I conceive is not disputed by any one, then it wilt appear that we have embarked on a new concept of interest. I will now take another case which in regard to interest is the same as the previous one. Suppose the employer engages some workmen at a low rate of wages and the other workmen raise a dispute demanding that the wages of these low paid workmen be increased. This case would be completely within the definition of an industrial dispute even according to the most restricted meaning that may be put upon the words "any person", namely that they refer only to workmen as defined in the Act, because the dispute concerns the terms of employment of such a workman. So this has admittedly to be S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1205 held to be an industrial dispute. What then is the interest _1958_ of the workmen in this dispute? The increase in the wages _Workmen of_ - l _DimakucM_ claimed would not in any manner improve the financia con- _Tea Estale_ dition of the disputing workmen, nor serve any of their _T'_ _M_ v.,, . _tie_ _anagemenl o1_ interest as ordinarily understood. It would however help _Dimakucl!i_ - - h h · d _Tea Estate_ t e wor men m seemg t at t elf own wages h k were not re need by preventing the employer from being able to engage _Barkar_ _J._ any low paid workman at all. .Apart from this I can think of no other interest that the disputing workmen may have in the dispute. If therefore it is essential that the disputing workmen must have an interest in the dispute, this must be that interest, for, as already stated, the dispute is undoubtedly an 'industrial dispute. If this is sufficient interest to constitute an industrial dispute I fail to see why the workmen have no sufficient interest in a dispute in which they claim that a foreman who is particularly rude and brutal in his behaviour should be removed and they should have a more human foreman. This is surely a matter in which the workmen raising the dispute have a personal and immediate interest and not, as in the last case, an interest in the prevention of something happening in future, which conceivably may never happen at all. Such an interest is plainly nearer to the ordinary kinds of interest than the interest in solidarity of labour or in the prevention of future harm which in the preceding paragraphs have been found to be sufficient to sustain an industrial dispute. The dispute last imagined would undoubtedly be an industrial dispute if the foreman was a workman for then it would be entirely within the definition of an industrial dispute. · Now suppose the foreman was not a workman. Can it be said that then the dispute would not be an industrial dispute? Would the interest of the workmen in the dispute be any the less or in any way different because the foreman whose dismissal was demanded was not a workman? I conceive it impossible to say so. Therefore if interest is the test, the dispute that I have imagined would have to be _1958_ _**Workmen. of**_ 1206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958J held to be an industrial dispute whether or not the foreman concerned was a workman. ~;:"i Now assume that the dispute did not arise out of a _Th<_ _Ma,.;;;..,,111_ _of_ demand for the dismissal of a foreman but against his dis Dimakuchi missal on the ground that he was a particularly kind and _TeaEatate_ h . d h km sympat et1c man an t e wor en were happy to work _**Sarkar**_ _**J.**_ under him. In such a case the interest of the workmen in the dispute would be the same as their interest in the dispute demanding the foreman's dismissal. They would be demanding his reinstatement in their own interest; they would be demanding it to make sure that their work would be easy and smooth and that they would be happy in the discharge of it Such a dispute therefore also has to be held to be an industrial dispute, and as in the last case, it would make no difference for this purpose· that the foreman concerned was not a workman. If this is right, as I think it is, then similarly the dispute concerning the dismissal of Dr. Banerjee would be an industrial dispute for the workmen have sufficient personal and immediate interest in seeing that they have a doctor of their liking to look after them. It is indeed the case of the workmen that by his devotion to duty and good behaviour Or. Banerjee became very popular with the workmen. Whether the contention of the workmen is justified or not and whether it would be upheld by the Tribunal or not, are who!Jy different matters and do not affect the question whether in an industrial dispute the workmen must l)e interested. It is enough to say that I find no reason to think that the appel· lant had no interest in the dispute concerning the dismissal of Dr. Banerjee. Therefore, I would hold that even if it is necessary to constitute an industrial dispute that workmen must have an interest in it, the dispute before us is one in which the appellants' have a direct and substantial interest and it is an industrial dispute. For myself however I would not make the interest of the workmen in the dispute a condition of the existence of an industrial dispute. The Act does not do so. I repeat that S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1207 it would be impossible to define such interest. In my view, such a condition would defeat the object of the Act. It is said that otherwise the workmen would be able to raise disputes in which they were not interested. Supposing they did, the Government is not bound ·to refer such disputes for ad )~dication. Take a concrete case. Suppose the workmen raise a dispute that the manager of the concern should have a higher pay. It would be for the Government to decide whether the dispute should be referred for adjudication or not. The Government is not bound to refer. Now, how is the Government to decide? That must depend on the Government's evaluation of the situation. That this is the intention is clear from the object that the Act has in view. I will here read from the judgment of the Federal Court in _Western India Automobile Association case(')_ what the object of the Act is. It was said at pp. 331-332. _1968_ _Workmen of_ _DimaL'UChi_ _Tea_ _Estate_ v. _Tke Managem•11t_ _of_ _Dimal,ucki_ _TeaEalale_ _SarkarJ._ "We shall next examine the Act to determine its scope. The Act is stated in the preamble to be one providing for the investigation and settlement of industrial disputes. Any industrial dispute as defined by the Act may be reported to Government who may take such· steps as seem to it expedient for promoting conciliation or settlement. It may refer it to an Industrial Court for advice or it may refer it to an Industrial Tribunal for adjudication. The legislation substitutes for free bargaining between the parties a binding award by an impartial tribunal. Now, in many cases an industrial dispute starts with the making of number of de. mands by workmen. If the demands are not acceptable to the employer-and that is what often happens-it results in a dismissal of the leaders and eventually in a strike. No machinery for reconciliation and settlement of such disputes can be considered effective unless it provides within its scope a solution for cases of employees who are dismissed in such conditions and who are usually the first victims in an industrial dispute. If reinstatement of such persons cannot be ( [1] ) [1949] F.C.R. 321. _1958_ _Workmen oj_ _Di11lllkuchi_ _Tea Estate_ 1208 SUPREi\fE COURT REPORTS [1958] brought about by conciliation or adjudication, it is difficult, if not impossible, in many cases to restore industrial peace which is the object of the legislation" .. _Tl1'_ _Man!;'""'"' of_ This is the view of the object of the Act that is accepted !j:,_'"'!;~'(.~;• by all including the decisions in _Narendra Kumar Sen's_ _case(')_ and _United Commercial Bank_ _case(')._ In _Narendra_ _Sarkar J,_ _Kumar_ _Sen's case(')_ Chagla C. J. said· at p. 130: "The Industrial Disputes Act was enacted, as Mr. Desai rightly says, to bring about industrial peace in the country, to avoid conflicts between employers and labourers, to prevent strikes and lock-outs, to see that the production in our country does not suffer by reason of constant and continuous labour troubles". Therefore in deciding whether to refer or not, the Government is to be guided by the question whether the dispute is such as to disturb the industrial peace and hamper production. I find· no difficulty in thinking that the Government would realise that there was no risk of the peace being disturbed or production being hampered by the dispute raised by the workmen demanding a higher salary for the manager, for being normal men the workmen were not likely to suffer the privations of a strike to enforce their demand for a cause of this nature. The Government must be left to decide this primary question for itself, and therefore the Government must be left to decide in each case whether the workmen had sufficient interest in the dispute. If Government thought that the workmen had no such interest as would lead them to disturb industrial peace by strike or otherwise if the dispute was not ended, the Government might not in its discretion refer the dispute for adjudication by a tribunal. It must be left free to decide as it thinks best in the interest of the country. It is not for the Court to lay down rigid principles of interest which interfere with the Government's discretion, for that might defeat the object of the Act. If the Government feels that the dispute is such that it might lead to the disruption of industrial peace, it is the policy of the Act that it should exercise its powers under it to prevent (') (1953) 55 Born. L.R. 125. (') [1962] 1 L.L.J. 782. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1209 that. Assume a case in which the workmen raised a dispute _1958_ without having what the court considers sufficient interest to _Workmen of_ ma k e it an m ustna [· ] - d - 1 d' 1spute an d h t ere f ore, on t e matter h _lJimal:uchi Tea Estate_ c~min~ to the court the dispute was held not. to be an indus- _Tlie_ Jlla~~Y'T'•'"'' trial dispute. Upon that the Governments hands would JJim"''"c1,; be tied and it would not be able to have that dispute resolv- ~!.'ea _E•tate_ ed by the processes contemplated in the Act. Suppose now _Sarkar_ _J._ that, the workmen then go on strike and industrial peace is disturbed aad production hampered. The object of the Act would then have been defeated. And why? Because it was said that it was not a dispute in which the workmen were interested and therefore not a dispute which was capable of being adjusted under the provisions of the Act. It would be no answer to say that the workmen would not go on strike in such a case. If they would not, neither would the Government refer the dispute for adjudication under the Act and it would not be necessary for the court to decide whether the workmen were interested in the dispute or not or whether the dispute was an industrial dispute or not. Therefore, I think that it is not necessary to say that a dispute is an industrial dispute within the meaning of the Act only when workmen are interested in it. Such a test of an industrial dispute would niake it justiciable by courts and also introduce a rigidity in the application of the Act which is incompatible With the fast changing concepts it has in view and so defeat the object of the Act. It is enough to assume that as normal men, workmen would not raise a dispute or threaten industrial peace on account of it unless they are interested in it. I wish however to make it.clear, should any doubt exist as to this, that I do not intend to be understood as saying· that the question whether a dispute is an industrial dispute or not is never justiciable by courts of law and that a dispute is an industrial dispute only if the Government says so. Such a larger question does not arise in this case. All that I say is that it is not a condition of an industrial dispute that workmen must be interested in it and 110 question of interest 1210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _JDss_ falls for decision by a court if it can be called upon to decide _Workm'" of_ whether a dispute is an industrial dispute or not. The ques_I>i1n,tkuchi_ _r,,,,._ _E,101,_ t10n - - mterest can on y be o pract1ca value m that f · J f - J - it helps ###### 7 [,"·' ] [>l•n:g,wnt ] [of ] [the Governmen_t ] ['? ] ~ecide whether a dispute should be _ni_ _[0]_ _nuk«chi_ referred for ad1ud1cahon or not. _1',·t:_ J~'J;lrtle Then it is said that if workmen were allowed to raise a dispute concerning a person who was not a workman, then it would be possible" for such a person to have his dispute with the employer adjudicated through the workmen. This case was put. Suppose the. manager wanted his salary to be increased but could not make the employer agree to hi~ demand, he could then instigate the workmen and make them raise a dispute that his salary should be increased and if such a dispute is an industrial dispute and the award goes in favour of the workmen then the result would be that the Act could be used for settling disputes between the manager and his employer, a dispute which the Act did not intend to concern itself with. So it is said that the words "any person" in s. 2(k) cannot include an employee who is not a workman. I am unable to agree. First, in interpreting an Act, the Court is not entitled to assume that persons would use its provisions dishonestly. The words in the Act cannot have a different meaning than their natural meaning because otherwise there would be a possibility of the Act being used for a purpose for which it was not meant. The remedy against this possibility is provided· in the Act, in that it has· given complete freedom to the Government not to refer such a dispute. It is .not necessary to meet a somewhat remote apprehension that the Act may be used for purposes other than those for which it was meant, to construe its language in a manner different from that which it plainly bears. Lastly, in doing this many cases like those earlier mentioned including the present, which are dearly cases of industrial disputes would have to be excluded in the attempt to prevent by interpretation a remote app1ehension of a misuse of the Act. This would do more harm than good. S.C.R. SUPRKl\m COUHT H.EPOR'l'S 1211 I have therefore come to the conclusion that a dispute concerning a person who is not 1l workman may be an industrial dispute within s. 2(k). As it has not been said that the dispute with which we are concerned is for any other reason not an industrial dispute, I hold that the Industrial Tribunal had full jurisdiction to adjudicate that dispute and should have done so. I would therefore allow the appeal and send the case back to the Industrial Tribunal for adjudication in accordance with Jaw. ORDER OF THE COURT In view of the opinion of the majority, the appeal is dismissed-: But there will be no order as to costs. _Appeal dismissed._ SANTOSH KUMAR _v._ BHAI MOOL SINGH (S. R. DAIS C. J., VENKATARAMA AIYAR, A. K. SARKAR and VIVIAN BOSE JJ.) Negotiable _Instruments-Summary_ _Suit on_ _dishonoured_ _cheque-Application_ _for_ _leave to defend-Triable issue-Failui-e_ _to produce documentary_ _evidence-If_ _11enders_ _defence_ _va.gue_ _and not bona fide-Grant of conditional leave-Discretion of_ _Court, Interference_ _with-Code of Civil Procedure,_ 0. _XXXVII,_ _rr._ 2 _and_ 3. The respondent filed a suit against the appellant under 0. XXXVII of the Code of Civil Procedur·e on the basis of a cheque for Rs. 60,000 drawn by the appellant in favour of the respondent which, on presentation to the Bank, had been dishonoured. The appellant applied under r. 3 of 0. XXXVII for leave· to appear and defend the suit on the ground that the cheque had been given only as a collateral security for the price of goods supplied, that the goods had been paid for by cash payments and by other cheques 11nd that therefore the cheque in question had served its end and was without consiL/S4SCI-2(a) _1958_ _JYorkmen_ _of_ _Dimakuelfi_ _Tea._ _Estate_ v. _Tl1e .lla1wgem•.nt uf_ _JJimakuchi_ _2'ea_ _EstaJe_ _**Sutkar**_ ./. _1958_ _Fr-bruury_ _5._