Waman Shriniwas Kini v. Ratilal Bhagwandas & Co.

### (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 217 #### W AMAN SHRINIW AS KINI _v._ RATILAL BHAGWANDAS & CO. (JAFER IMAM, S. K. DAS and J. L. KAPUR, JJ.) _Landlord and_ _Tenant-Ejectment-Agreement_ _of_ _lease_ _allow-_ _ing sub-letting-Sub-letting prohibited_ _by_ _statute-Landlord's suit_ _for_ _ejectment-Right of ejectment under_ _statute-Equal_ _participant_ _in illegality-Plea of Waiver-Agreement_ _to_ _waive_ _an_ _illegality-_ _Bombay Hotel and Lodging Houses Rates Control Act, r947 (Bom._ _57_ _of r947),_ _ss._ _r3(r)(e),_ _r5-Jndian Contract Act, r872_ (9 _of r872),_ _s._ _23._ The appellant was a tenant originally iri the old building but after it was purchased by the respondent he vacated it and became a tenant under the respondent in the new premises. In the old building the appellant had sub-tenants, who shifted to the new premises along with the appellant when the latter occupied those premises. One of the terms of the lease which were contained in a letter dated June _7,_ 1948, written by the respondent to the appellant provided: "In the shops in the old chaw] which are with you, you have kept sub-tenants. We are permitting you to keep sub-tenants in the same manner, in this place also." On April 20, 1949, the respondent brought a suit for ejectment against the appellant on the ground, inter alia, that s. 15 of the Bombay Hotel and Lodging Houses Rates Control Act, 1947, prohibited_sub-letting and under s. 13(1)(e) of the Act the landlord has the right to evict -the tenant on account of sub-letting. The appellant's -defence was (1) that s. 15 of the Act was confined to" any other law", that it did not apply to contracts between the landlord and tenant and therefore.it did not preclude an agreement between the parties as to sub-letting, (2) that the parties were _in pari delicto_ and therefore the respondent could not succeed, and (3) that the right of the respondent to sue for ejectment on the ground of sub-letting being a personal right for his benefit, he must be taken to have waived it as he had allowed the appellant to sub-let and, consequently, he could not evict him under s. 13(1)(e) of the Act. _Held:_ (1) that the _non-obstante_ clause "Notwithstanding anything contained in any Jaw" ins. 15 of the Bombay Hotel and Lodging Rates Control Act, 1947, applies to contracts also as they would fall under the provisions of the law relating to contracts; (2) that the respondent was entftled to sue for ejectment, though the agreement recognised sub-letting, as the suit was brought not for the enforcement of the agreement but to enforce _the right_ of eviction which flowed directly from an infraction of the provisions of s. 15 of the Act and for which the Act itself 28 _1959_ _February I6._ 218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. _z959_ provided a remedy. The section is based upon public policy, and where public policy demands, even an equal participant in _Waman_ an illegality is allowed relief by way of restitution or rescission, _**Shriniwas**_ _**Kini**_ **though not on** **the contract; and,** v.. (3) .that the plea of waiver which the appellant relied on _**Ratilal**_ **cannot be** **sustained because as a result of giving effect to that** _Bhagwandas_ & _Co._ plea the court would be enforcing an illegal agreement and thus **contravene** **the** **statutory** **provisions of** **s.** **IS of** **the** **Act.** **An** agreement to waive an illegality is void on grounds of public policy and would be unenforceable. Case law reviewed. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 674 of 1957. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated August 10, 1955, of the Bombay High Court in C. R. Application No. 1213 of 1953, arising out of the judgment and decree dated April 25, 1953, of the Assistant Judge, Thana, in C. A. No. 97 of 1952, against the judgment and decree dated January 31, 1952, of the Court of the Civil Judge, J. D. Kalyan, in Suit No. 153of1949. _PurBhottam TricumdaB, RameBhwar Nath_ and _S._ _N._ _Andley,_ for the appellant. #### H.J. Umrigar, Ratnaparkhi Anant Govind and W. P. Oka, for the respondent. 1959. February 16. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by _Kapu1_ _]._ #### KAPUR, J.-This is an appeal by special leave against the judgment of the High Court of Bombay confirming the order of ejectment passed by the Assis#### tant Judge, Thana. The tenant who was the de fendant in the suit is the appellant and the landlord who was the plaintiff is the respondent. The facts giving rise to this litigation shortly stated are that the appellant was a tenant for about 20 years in the premises known as " Fida Ali Villa "in Kalyan. This building was purchased by the respondent who gave notice to the appellant to vacate, as he wanted to construct a new building on the site of the old building. The appellant agreed to vacate and the respondent let to him a portion of his new building which (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 219 #### was not far from "Fida Ali Villa". The appellant had four sub.tenants, three of them also shifted to the new _I959_ _Waman_ premises which were let to the appellant by the res. _Shriniwas Kini._ pondent. Although it was disputed, the courts below v. #### have found that they occupied the same. position qua Ratilal the appellant. The 4th, a Bohri, was fixed up by the _Bhagwandas_ & Co. respondent in some other place. There was some dispute as to the date when these new premises were let _Kapur]._ to the appellant, the appellant alleging that they were let on July 1, 1948, and the respondent that they were #### let on June 1, 1948. The trial Court found that they were let on June 1, 1948. The terms of the lease are contained in a document dated June 7, 1948, which is a letter in Marathi written by the respondent to the appellant and contains the following terms as to sub-tenancy: _Kapur]._ ### "In the shops in the old chawl which are with you you have kept sub-tenants. We are permitting you to keep sub-tenants in the same manner, in this place also ". The parties were not agreed as to the correctness of the translation of this term. The submission of the #### appellant was that the word 'sub-tenant' should be in the plural and of the respondent that it should be in the singular but whether it is in the singular or plural it does not make any difference to the principal argument advanced in this Court. On January 3, 1949, the respondent gave notice to the defendant to vacate the premises on the ground of non-payment of rent and sub-letting which it was alleged had resulted · in the termination of the tenancy. On April 20, 1949, the respondent brought a suit for ejectment on the grou~d of non-payment of rent and sub-letting of the premises. The defence of the appellant was that under the terms of the lease he had the right to sub-let the premises. As to the claim on the ground of non-payment of rent be deposited the arre#### ars of rent in court. The trial Court held that sub letting was lawful in spite of s. 15 of Bombay Hotel and Lodging Houses R,ates Control Act, 1947 (Born. 57 of 1947)~ He also held that the appellant did not occupy he premises on the same terms and conditions #### on whic he occupied the old premises in "Fida Ali 220 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. _'959_ Villa". He passed a decree for Rs. 445 on account of rent remaining due and dismissed the respondent's _**Waman**_ #### Sh.iniwas J{ini suit for ejectment. On appeal the Assistant Judge at v. Thana reversed the decree holding that s. 15 of the _Ratilal_ Act com.pletely prohibited sub-letting and under _Bhagwandas_ & _Co._ s. 13(l)(e) of the Act the landlord had the right to _evict_ - the tenant on account of sub-letting. The appellant _I<apur_ _j._ h t en went in revision to the High Court of Bombay, but it affirmed the order of ejectment. The appellant has come to this Court by special leave. #### Counsel for the appellant urged that there was no new tenancy after the coming into force of the Act #### and therefore ss. 13(l)(e) and 15 of the Act did not apply; (2) that the tenant had not sub,let the premises to the sub-tenants and they were merely licensees of the landlord; (3) that no new sub-tenancy had been created; (4) that s. 15 was confined to 'any other law'; #### it did not apply to contracts between the landlord and tenant and therefore it did not preclude an agreement between the parties as to sub-letting; (5) that the par#### ties were in pari delicto -and therefore the plaintiff-res pondent could not succeed. He also raised a new ground which had not been raised in the courts below or in the grounds of appeal or in the statement of case in this Court, that the. respondent had waived his right in regard .to the prohibition against sub-tenancy and the provision in s. 13(l)(e) was for the protection of his rights which he was entitled to waive. The courts below have held that the tenancy by the letter of June 7, 1948, was a new tenancy and not a continuation of the old and that the sub-tenants were tenants of the appellant and not licensees of the respondent and in this Court no serious argument was addressed on these points. The previous tenancy was #### of a different building called 'Fida Ali Villa' which came to an end when the appellant vacated those premises and entered into a new agreement of lease in regard to the premises in dispute. There was no privity between the respondent and the sub-tenants of the appellant and they could not be termed his licen sees. These contentions are without substance and have rightly been rejected. (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 221 ### It was then argued that under s. 15 of the Act there '959 is no prohibition against a contract of sub-letting, the _Waman_ _non-obstante_ clause being confined to other laws. The _Shriniwas_ _Kini_ section when quoted runs as follows :- v. "Notwithstanding anything contained in any law _Ratilal_ it shall not be lawful after the coming into operation _Bhagwandas_ & _Co._ of this Act for any tenant to sub-let the whole or any _Kapur_ _J._ part of the premises let to him or to assign or transfer in any other manner his interest therein : Provided that the (State) Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, permit in any area the transfer of interest in premises held under such leases or class of leases and to such extent as may be specified ill the notification". This section prohibits sub-letting and makes it unlawful for a tenant to assign or to transfer his interest in the premises let to him. The _non-obstante_ clause #### would mean that even if any other law allowed sub letting, e. g., s. 108 of the Transfer of Property Act, the sub-letting would, because of s. 15, be unlawful. This would appy to contracts also as all contracts would fall under the provisions of the law relating to contracts, i.e., Contract Act. An agreement contrary to the provisions of that section (s. 15) would be unenforceable as being in contravention of the express provision #### of the Act which prohibits it. It is not permissible to any person to rely upon a contract the making of which the law prohibits (s. 23 of the Contract Act). Counsel for the appellant contended that the view of the Bombay High Court in _P._ _D._ _Aswani_ v. _Kava-_ _shah Dinshah Mulla_ (1) was erroneous and that the correct rule was laid down by that Court in _Cooper_ v. _Shiavax Cam.batta_ { [2] }.· That was a case under s. 10 of Bombay Rents, Hotel Rates and Lodging Houses Rates (Control) Act (Born. VII of 1944) which in express terms allowed sub-letting as follows: " Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law for the time being in force, a tenant may sublet any portion of his premises to a sub-tenant, provided be forthwith intimates in writing to his landlord (1) (1953) 56 Born. L.R. 467. (2) A.LR. I949 Born. 131. 222 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959) Supp. _1_ _959_ the fact.of his having so sub-let the premises and also #### ;,;;;;'an the rent at wb'ich t4ey have.been sub-let". ### It was contended tliat the non-obstante clauses in s.10' v. of Act VII of 1944 and of s. 15 of the Act being simi_Ralilal_ lar in language must be similarly interpreted. The ### Shdniwas_Kini It was contended tliat the non-obstante clauses in s.10' Bh~gwanaas & _Co.non-obstante_ clause has to be read in conjunction --with _Kapur;._ the rest of the section. Section 10 of the Act of 1944 - - ---permitted sub-letting on certain conditions. By s. 9 of #### tnat Act provision was made for a contract between the landlord ·and the tenant prohibiting sub-letting and in _Cooper_ v. _Shiavax·Oam_batia_ (') the 'two provisions were reconci!Efd by saying that a contract under s. 9 · #### prevailed over the permission.given-by s. 10. Buts. 15 expressly prohibits sub-letting and therefore a contract to the contrary cannot neutralise its prohibitory effect. The _non-obstante_ clause of the two sections, s. 10 of the Act of 1944 and of s. 15 of the Act there- · fore cannot be ·said to have the same effect. The respondent's suit for ejectment was brought unaer s. 13(l)(e) whiqh provides: "Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act (but subject to the provisions of section 15), a land-, lord shall be erttitled to recover possession of any premises if the Court is satisfied # ................................................................. '· # ...................... ~ ........................ · .................. . #### (e) that the tenant has, since the coming into operation of this Act, sub-let the whole or part of the premises or assigned or transferred in any other manner his interest therein ; ". ## It was contended that s. 13(l)(e) had to be read separately and not in conjunction with s. 15 of the Act. #### The section itself makes it quite clear that it is sub ject to the provision of s. 15 and the two sections must therefore be read together. The appellant pleaded #### that -under the agreement between him and the res pondent he was entitled to sub-let the premises. Such an agreement, in our opinion, is void because of the provisions of s. 15 of the Act ands. 23 of the Contract Act and enforcement of the agreement would produce the (1) A.I.R. 1949 Bom. 131. (2) S.C.lt. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 223 very result which the law seeks to guard against and _I959_ to prevent and by sustaining the plea of the appellant _Waman_ the Court would be enforcing an agreement which is _Shriniwas_ _Kini_ prohibited and. made illegal. v. The appellant relied on the maxim _in_ _pari delicto_ _Ratilal_ #### potior est conditio posidentis to support his plea that Bhagwandas & Co. the respondent could not enforce his right under s. 13 (l)(e). But this maxim "must not be understood as _Kapur_ _]._ meaning that where a transaction is vitiated by illegality the person left in possession of goods after its completion is always and of necessity entitled to keep #### them. Its true meaning is that, where the circum stances are such that the Court will refuse to assist either party, the consequence must, in fact, follow #### that the party in possession will not be disturbed". (Per Du Parcq, L. J., in _Bowmakers Ltd._ v. _Barnet_ _Instruments Ltd._ ( [1] ). The respondent in the present case did not call upon the Court to enforce any agreement at all. When the instrument of lease was executed and possession given and sub-letting done it received its full effect ; no aid of the Court was required to enforce it. The respondents' suit for ejectment was not brought for the enforcement of the agreement which recognised sub-letting but he asked the Court to enforce the right of eviction which flows directly from an infraction of a provision of the Act (s. 15) and for which the Act itself provides a remedy. There is thus a manifest distinction between this case where the plaintiff asked the Court to afford him a remedy against one who by contravening s. 15 of the Act has made himself liable to eviction and those cases where the Court was called upon to assist the plaintiff in enforcing an agreement the object of which was to do an illegal act. The respondent is only seeking to enforce his rights under the statute and the appellant cannot be permitted to assert in a Court of justice any right founded upon or growing out of an illegal transaction. _Gibbs_ _&:_ _Sterr et Manufacturing Co._ _Kapur_ _]._ #### v. Brucker (2). In our opinion s. 15 of the Act is based on public policy and it has been held that if public ### policy demands it even an equal participant in the (I) [1945] I K.B. 65, 72. (2) (1884) III U.S. _5'!J7 i_ 28 L. Ed. 534• #### 224 SUP:REM:ln COtJR'r REPORTS [1959] Supp. _z959_ illegality is allowed relief by way of restitution of rescission, though not on the contract. ### Waman It was next contended that s. 13(1)(e) is a provision _**Shriniwas J(ini**_ v. for the protection of private rights of the landlord and _Ratilal_ unless there is in the Act itself any provision to the _Bhagwandas_ & _ca._ contrary such rights as far as they were personal rights may be parted with or renounced by the land#### Kapm f. lord. In other words the right of the respondent to sue for ejectment on the ground of sub-letting being a personal right for his benefit, the landlord must be. taken to have waived it as by an express contract he had allowed the tenant to sub-let and consequently he could not evict the appellant under s. 13(1)(e) of the Act. The plea of waiver was taken for the first time in this Court in arguments. Waiver is not a pure question of law but it is a mixed question of law and fact. This plea was neither raised nor considered by the courts below and therefore ought not to be allowed to be taken at this stage of the proceedings. But it was· argued on behalf of the appellant that according to the law of India the duty of a pleader is to set up the facts upon which he relied and not any legal inference to be drawn from them and as he had set up all the circumstances from which the plea of waiver could be #### inferred he should be allowed to raise and argue it at this stage even though it had not been raised at any previous stage not even in the statement of case filed in this Court and he relied upon _Gouri Dutt Ganesh Lal_ _l!'irm_ v. _Madho Prasad_ { [1] ). Assuming that to be so and proceeding on the facts found in this case the plea of waiver cannot be raised because as a result of giving effect to that plea the Court would be enforcing an illegal agreement and· thus contravene the statutory provisions of s. 15 baseq on public policy and produce the very result which the statute prohibits and #### makes illegal. In Surafinull Nargoremull v. Triton _Insurance_ _Go._ ('), Lord Sumner said: #### "No Court can enforce· as valid that which com petent enactments have declared shall not be valid, nor is obedience to such an enactment a thing from (1) A.I.R. 1943 P. C. 147. (2) (1924) L.R. 52 I. A. 126. #### (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 225 which a Court can be dispensed by the consent of the _I959_ P [arties, or ][by ][a failure to plead or ][to ][argue ] [the ] [point ] _Waman_ #### at the outset: Nixon v. Albion Marine Insurance Go. (1). Shriniwas Kini ### The enactment is prohibitory. It is not confined to v. affording a party a protection of which he may avail _Ratilal_ ### himself or not as he pleases. It is not framed solely for Bhagwandas &- Co. the protection of the revenue and to be enforced solely #### at the instance of the revenue officials, nor is the pro- Kapur]. hibition limited to cases for which a penalty is exigible ". #### In the instant case the question is not merely of wai _Kapur]._ ver of statutory rights enacted for the benefit of an individual but whether the Court would aid the appellant in enforcing a term of the agreement which s. 15 of the Act declares to be illegal. By enforcing the contract the consequence will be the enforcement of an illegality and infraction ofa statutory provision which cannot be condoned by any conduct or agreement of #### parties. Dhanukudhari Singh v. Nathima Sahu ( [2] ). In Corpus Juris Secundum, Vol. 92, at p. 1068, the law as to waiver is stated as follows:#### " ............ a waiver in derogation of a statutory right is not favoured, and a waiver will be inoperative #### and void. if it infringes on the rights of others, or would be against public policy or mo'rals ............ ". #### In Bowmakers Limited v. Barnet Instruments Ltd. ( [3] ) the same rule was laid down. Mulla in his Contract #### Act at page 198 has stated the law as to waiver of an illegality as follows: "Agreements which seek to waive an illegality are void on grounds of public policy. Whenever an illegality appears, whether from the evidence given by one side or the other, the disclosure is fatal to the case. A stipulation of the strongest form to waive the objection would be tainted with the vice of the original contract and void for the same reasons. Wherever the contaJDination reaches, it destroys". This, in our opinion, is a correct statement of the law #### and is supported by high authority. Field, J., in \l) \1867) L.R. 2 Ex. 338. (2) (1907) n C. W. N. 848, 852. (3) [1945] 1 K.B. 65, _72._ 29 226 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. _I959_ _Oscanyan v. Winchester Arms Company(')_ quoted with approval the observation of Swayne, J., in _Hall_ _v._ _**Waman**_ # Shriniwas ]{ini Coppell(') :v. " The principle is indispensable to the purity of #### Ratilat its administration. It will not enforce what it has _Bhagwandas_ <~Co.forbidden and denounced. The maxim _Ex dolo_ _malo_ _I959_ _]{apur_ _j._ _non oritur actio,_ tion. The proposition to is limited the· by contrary no such qualifica-strikes us as hardly worthy of serious refutation. Wherever the illegality appears, whether the evidence comes from one side or the other, the disclosure is fatal to the case. No consent of the defendant can neutralise its effect. A stipulation in the most solemn form, to waive the objection; would be taiuted with the vice of the original contract, and void for the same reasons. Wherever the contamination reaches, it destroys ". Waiver is the abandonment of a right which normally every body is at liberty to waive. A waiver is nothing ### unless it amounts to a release. It signifies nothing more than an intention not to insist upon the right. ### It may be deduced from acquiescence or may be implied. Chitty on Contract, 21st Ed., p. 381 : _Stack-_ _house_ v. _Barnston_ ('). But an agreement to waive an illegality is void on grounds of public policy and would be unenforceable. #### In Mytton v. Gilbert ( [4] ) Ashurst, J., said: "Besides, there is still further reason why the trustees should not be estopped ; for this is a public Act of Parliament, and the Courts are bound to take #### notice that the trustees under this Act had no power to mortgage the toll-houses. This deed therefore cannot operate in direct opposition to an Act of Parliament, which negatives the estoppel ". #### Vaughan Williams, L. J., in Norwich Corporation v. _Norwich Electric Tramways Company(')_ said :-. " The case is not like that of a provision in an agreement which is for the benefit of one of the parties and which he may waive. This is a provision in an Act of Parliament, wh_ich, though to some extent (1) (1881) 103 U.S. 261; 26 L. Ed. 539. (2) _7_ Wallace 542. (3) (1805) 10 Ves. 453; 32 E.R. 921. (4) (1787) 2 T.R. 171; 100 E.R. 91. (5) [1906] 2 K.B. II9, 124. (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 227 it may be for the benefit of the parties to the differ- _I959_ ence, must be regarded as inserted in the interest of the public also". _Waman_ _Shriniwas_ _Kini_ #### In that case there was a provision made by the Legis- v. lature that disputes mentioned in the section of the Ratilal Act were to be determined by an Expert nominated by _Bhagwandas_ & _Co._ the Board of Trade and it was contended that though _Rapur_ _J._ not in the strict technical sense estoppel, it was a waiver of the provisions introduced into the Statute #### for the benefit of private rights. No doubt that was a case which proceeded on a question of jurisdiction but the judgment proceeded on the principle of waiver of a statutory provision inserted in public interest. Thus the plea of waiver is unsustainable. #### In our opinion, therefore, the judgment of the High Court is sound and the appeal must therefore be dismissed with costs. _Appeal dismissed._ M/S. RAMAN & RAMAN LTD. #### _v._ THE STATE OF MADRAS & OTHERS (JAFER IMAM, A. K. SARKAR and SuBBA RAo, JJ.) _Motor Vehicles-Legislation empowering State Government_ _to_ _issue orders and_ _directions-Interpretation-Nature_ _of jurisdiction_ _conj erred-Such orders and directions,_ _if law_ _regulating rights_ _of_ _parties-Motor_ _Vehicles (Madras Amendment) Act, z948_ _(XX of_ _I948),_ _s._ _43A._ The appellant and the fourth respondent along with others were applicants for a stage carriage permit. The Regional Transport Authority after hearing the applicants granted the permit to the appellant. On appeal by the fourth respondent, the Central Road Traffic Board set aside the order of the Regional Transport Authority and granted the permit to the fourth respondent. The appellant moved the State Government in revision but to no effect. He thereafter moved the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution for a writ of certiorari quashing the orders of the Central Road Traffic Board and the State Government. The single Judge who heard the matter quashed _I959_ _February_ _xB._