Voltas Limited v Its Workmen

_**Voltas**_ _**Limited**_ v. _**Its**_ _**Workmen**_ _**Wanchoo**_ _]._ _**December 1a.**_ **174** SUPREME COURT REPORTS **[1961)** Out of this, the tribunal has allowed five months' basic wages as bonus to the respondents which works out at Rs. 16.80 la.cs. In the circumstances it cannot be said that the award of the tribunal is not justified. We do not think that we would be justified in giving anything more than what the tribunal has a.warded, because the appellant has to provide for a fund for gratuity, for it is a new concern which took over the old employees of another concern when it was started and has thus a greater liability towards gratuity than otherwise would be the case. We are therefore of opinion that the tribunal's award of five months' basic wages as bonus for the year in dispute should stand. We therefore dismiss both the appeals. In the circumstances we pass no order as to costs: _Appeals dismissed._ SETH JAMNADAS DAGA AND OTHERS _v._ COMMISSIONER OF TNCOME-TAX, SOUTH 'BOMBAY **(J.** L. KAPUR, **M.** HIDAYATULLAH and **J.** c. SHAH, JJ.) _Income-tax-Two firms registered and another unregistered-_ _focome from unregistered firm,_ _if can_ _be_ _set off against_ _loss_ _from_ _registered_ _firms-Losses_ _of the registered firm,_ _if can_ _be_ _carried_ _forward_ _in subsequent_ _year-Indian_ _Income-tax Act,_ _19zz_ (II _of_ _19aa), ss. 14(a),_ 16(r)(a) _and_ 24(r). The appellants were partners of two registered firms and another firm which was unregistered. Their profit and loss for the assessment year I948-49 were as follows:-From registered firms Rs. n,902 loss, I,265 loss, total loss Rs. x3,167. Income from the unregistered firm Rs. 26,no profit, other income Rs. 262. The income of the unregistered firm was taxed on the firm. In assessing the amount of Rs. 262 the Income-tax Officer first determined the total income of each of the appellants by setting off their share of the profits of the unregistered firm against their share of the loss of the registered firm. The appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner being unsuccessful appeals ###### ;#### \ ' ## I # ( ##### _f_ ### l i ,.~ ... 3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 175 were taken to the Tribunal which relying on the decisions in _1960_ _Commissioner_ _of Income-tax_ v. _Ratanshi Bhavanji,_ [1952] 22 I.T.R. 82, held that just as loss in an unregistered fiun could not be _Seth ]am11adas_ set off against profits from a registered firm, the profits in an _Daga_ ©- _Others_ unregistered firm could not be set off against the loss from a regis- v. tered firm. On a reference being made to it the High Court _Commissioner of_ differed from the decision of the Tribunal. and held that the pro· _Income-tax,_ _South_ fit from the unregistered firm could be set off against the loss _Bombay_ from the registered firms to find out the rate applicable to Rs. 26~ which was other income of the assessees. • The High Court further held that the assessees could not carry forward the loss of the registered firms to the following year, because such loss must be deemed to have been absorbed in the profits of the unregistered firm. On appeal with a certificate of the High Court, _Held,_ that the view of the High Court that under ss. 14(2) and 16(1)(a) the profit and loss had to be set off against each other to find out the total income, and that although the share of a partner in the profits of an unregistered firm is exempt trom tax, it is included in his total income for the purpose of rate only, was correct but the High Court erred in holding that the losses suffered by the registered firms could not be carried forward because they had been absorbed by the profits of the unregisttred firm. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 516of1959. Appeal from the judgment and order dated September 3, 1957, of the Bombay High Court in Incometa.x Referenoe No. 49 of 1957. _J._ _M._ _Thakar, S. N. Andley,_ _J._ _B. Dadachanji,_ _Rameshwar Nath_ and _P. L. Vohra,_ for the appellants. _A. N. Kripal_ and _D._ _Gupta,_ for the respondent. 1960. December 12. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by HIDAYATULLAH, J.-The three appellants appeal _Hidayatulld_ /. against the judgment and order of the High Court of Bombay answering, in the affirmative, the following question: "Whether the share income of the a.ssessees from the unregistered firm (which is separately taxed), namely, Rs. 26,110 can be set off against their share loss from registered firms, namely, Rs. 13,167?" The facts a.re a.s follows: Two of the appellants a.re 176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1961 J _'9_ _[60 ]_ brothers, and the third appellant is the widow of a _Seth_ _Jamnadas_ third brother, who died during the pendency of the _Daga_ & _Others_ appeal after certificate had been granted by the High v. Court. The three brothers were partners in two regis_Commissioner_ _of_ tered firms and one other firm, which was unregistered. _Income-tax,_ _South_ The assessment years for the purposes of the appeal _Bombay_ are 1948-49 and 1949-50. For the assessment year _Hidayatullah_ ;. 1948-49, the income of the three brothers was the same, and it was as follows: From registered firms ... Rs. ll,902 loss l,265 loss Total loss Rs. 13,167 Income from the unregistered firm Rs. 26,110 profit Other income Rs. 262 The income of the unregistered firm was taxed on the firm and not in the hands of the partners, as was possible under the provisions of cl. (b) of sub-s. (5) of s. 23. In assessing the amount of Rs. 262, the Income. tax Officer first determined the total income of each of the appellants by setting off their share of the profits of the unregistered firm against their share of the loss of the registered firms. The appellants contended that, inasmuch as tax had already been assessed on the unregistered firm, this could not be done, and that as there was loss in the business of the registered firms, no tax was demandable on Rs. 262. They also contended that they were entitled to carry forward the Joss amounting to Rs. 12,905 to the succeeding year under s. 24(2) of the Income-tax Act. These contentions were not accepted by the Income-tax Officer, to whose order it is not necessary to refer in detail. The assessment for the assessment year 1949-50 was also done on similar lines. The appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner' was unsuccessful, and six appeals were taken to the Tribunal by the three appellants three for each assessment year. These appeals were disposed of by a common order. The Tribunal held, relying upon the second proviso to s. 24(1), that just as loss in an unregistered firm could not be set off against profits ###### i I \ 3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 177 from a registered firm under that proviso, the profits _r96o_ in an unregistered firm could not be set off against _Seth ] amnadas_ the loss from a registered firm. It relied upon a deci- _Daga_,s, _Others_ sion of the Madras High Court in _Commissioner_ _of_ v. _Income-tax v. Ratanshi Bhavanji_ ('), which it purported _Commission"_ _of_ to follow in preference to a decision of the Punjab _lncom•-1 ..._ _South_ High Court in _Banka Mal Niranjandas v. Oommissio-_ _Bombay_ _ner of Income tax(')._ The same reasoning was applied _H"d_ ~ _h_ 1 _1_ to the assessment year 1949-50, and in the result, all ' _•ya_ " • the six appeals were allowed. The order of the Tribunal involved, in addition to the point set out above, certain other questions, which were asked by the assessees to be referred to the High Court for decision under s. 66(1). The Commissioner ·also asked for a reference in respect of the decision, substance whereof has been set out above. The Tri bunal referred two questions at the instance of the assessees and one question, which we have already quoted, at the instance of the Commissioner. In the High Court, the assessees abandoned the two questions, and the High Court accordingly expressed its opinion in the judgment and order under appeal, on the remaining question. The High Court differed from the decision of the Tribunal, and held that the profit from the unregistered firm could be set off against the losses from the registered firms to find out the rate applicable to Rs. 262, which was other income of the assessees. The High Court also held that the asseBBees could not carry forward the loss of the registered firms to the following year, because .such fo11 must be deemed to have been absorbed in the profits of the unregistered firm. It, however, certified the case as fit for appeal to this Court, and the present appeal has been filed. In our opinion, the High Court correctly answered the question referred to it, but was in error in holding that the losses of the registered firms could not be carried forward, because they must be deemed to have been absorbed in the profits of the unregistered firm. Inasmuch as we substantially agree with the High (1) (1952] •2 I.T.R. 82. •3 178 SUPREME COURT REPO}tTS [1961] Court on the first part of the case, it is not necessary _Seth_ _Jamnadas_ to examine closely or in detail the reasons on which _Daga_ & _Othm_ the decision of the High Court proceeds. In our opi v. nion, the matter is simple, and can be stated within a. _Commissioner_ _[0]_ _1_ narrow compass. Under s. 3 of the Income-tax Act, 1 Incom~· •;· _South_ income-tax is chargeable for an assessment year at _om_ _•y_ rate or rates prescribed by an annual Act in respect _Hidayatullah_ _J._ of the total income of the previous year. Section 14 (2)(a), before its amendment in 1956, provided that the tax shall not be payable by an assessee, if a partner of an unregistered firm in respect of any portion of his share in the profits and gains of the firm, computed in the manner laid down in cl. (b) of sub-s. (1) of s. 16 on which the tax had already been paid by the firm. The section thus gave immunity from tax to the share of the assessee as a partner in an unregistered firm in respect of the share of profits received by him from the unregistered firm and on which the unregistered firm had already been taxed. Section 16(l)(a), however, provided that in computing the total income of an assessee, any sum exempted under sub-s. (2) of s. 14 shall be inchided. The combined effect of those two sections was stated by the High Court to be, "that although the share of a. partner in the profits of ari unregistered firm is exempt from ta.x, it is included in his total income for the purpose of rate only." We agree that this is a. correct analysis. The Tribu. nal relied upon the second proviso to s. 24(1), which read a.s follows: "Provided further tha.t where the assessee is an unregistered firm which ha.a not been assessed under the provisions of clause (b) of sub-section (5) of section 23 ... any such loss shall be set off only a.ga.inst the income, profits and gains of the firm a.nd not \lgainst the income, profits and gains of a.ny of the partners of the said firm; a.nd where the assessee is a registered firm, a.ny loss which cannot be set off a.gains~ other income, profits and gains of the firm shall be apportioned between the partners of the · firm and they alone shall be entitled to have the amount of the loss set off under this section." 3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 179 The Tribunal came to the conclusion that, _1_ _960_ " ... J·ust as a partner in an unregistered firm which _**Seth**_ _**J**_ _**amnadas**_ has suffered loss will not be allowed to set off his _Daga_,s. _Others_ share loss in the unregistered firm against his v. income from any other source, so it stands to reason _Commissioner_ _of_ that his loss from other sources .cannot also be set _Income-tax,_ _South_ off against his aha.re income from an unregistered _Bombay_ firm." _**HidayatuUah**_ _]._ The decision of the Tribunal was not based upon any specific provision of the Income-tax Act but upon a parity of reasoning, by which a specific provision about loss was held to apply the other way round also. The High Court correctly pointed out that all that s. 14, sub-s. (2), did was to save the profits of an unregistered firm from liability to tax in the hands of the partners. It did not affect the computation of the total income to determine the rate applicable under s. 3, in the light of s. 16(l)(a). Indeed, s. 16(l)(a) clearly provided that any sum exempt under s. 14(2) was to be included in computing the total income of an assessee, and in view of this specific provision, the converse of the second proviso to s. 24(1) which .we have quoted above, hardly applied. To this extent, the order of the Tribunal was incorrect. The error was pointed out by the High Court, and the question thus raised was properly decided. We see no reason to differ from the High Court on this part of the case. The question, however, arose before the High Court as to whether in view of this decision, the assessees could carry forward loss from the registered firms in the subsequent year or years. The High Court came to the conclusion that they could not carry forward the loss. Indeed, the Tribunal had earlier stated that if the profits from the unregistered firm were to be set off against the losses of the registered firms, such losses would not be carried forward to the following year, and that that would be contrary to s. 24. The High Court rejected this ground in dealing with the question as to the rate applicable to the. other income, and pointed out-and in our view, rightly, that under ss. 14(2) and 16(l)(a) the profits and losses had to be set off against each other, to find out the total income. 180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS **[1961]** _z96o_ The High Court, however, held that once losses were set off against profits, they were to that extent absorb_**Seth Jamnadas**_ d d th th h" _c_ d T _Doga_ & _Others_ e, an at ere was not mg to carry iorwar . his v. conclusion does not follow. Section 24 provides for _Commissioner_ _of_ a different situation altogether; it provides for the _Jn,ome-ta<, South_ carrying forward_ of a loss in business to the sub_Bombay_ sequent year or years till the loss is absorbed in _H_ _·a_ --;-; _h_ profits, or till it cannot be carried forward any further. 1 _1_ 1 ' _aya"_ - - That has little to do with the manner in which the total income of an assessee has to be determined for the. purpose of finding out the rate applicable to his income, taxable in the year of assessment. To read the provisions of ss. 14(2) and 16(l)(a) in this extended manner would be to nullify in certain cases s. 24 altogether. Neither is such an intention expressed; nor can it be implied. In our opinion, though the decision of the High Court on the main issue and on one aspect of the question posed for its opinion was correct, it was in error in deciding that the losses of the registered firms could not be carried forward because they had been absorbed by the profits of the unregistered firm. To this extent, the judgment and order of the High Court will stand modified. Subject to that modification, the appeal will be dismissed. In the circumst.ances of the case, there will be no order as to costs. _Appeal dismissed with modification._