Virsa Singh v. The State of Punjab

s.c.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1495 explai11 when it is deemed to have taken place outside 19 [58 ] any State whatsoever that State ma)'.· be. I am there- _M. P._ _v._ _Sundara-_ fore unable to see that the Explanation has any facet _ramier_ _&_ _co._ showing what would be a sale inside Andhra. v. The conclusion that T reach is that the Sales Tax _The State oJ_ Act with which these cases are concerned does not _Andhra Pradesh_ authorise the taxing of a sale under which goods are _Sarkar_ _J._ delivered in Andhra but the property in them passes in Madras. In this view of the matter I do not think it necessary to discuss the various other grounds on which the respondent's right to tax these sales was also challenged. In the result I would allow these petitions. BY COURT : In view of the opinion of the majority, the petitions are dismissed. The parties are to bear their own costs. _Petitions dismissed._ 1958 VIRSA SINGH _v._ THE STATE OF PUNJAB (JAFER IMAM, GAIENDRAGADKAR and VIVIAN BOSE JJ.) _Criminal Trial-Culpable homicide amounting to_ _murder-_ _Prosecution to prove-Presence and Nature_ _of Injury-Intention_ _to cause that Particular Injury, which_ _was_ _118<1_ _accidental_ _or_ _un-_ _intentional and was sufficient to cause death_ _in_ _the ordinary course_ _of nature-Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of_ 1860), _s._ 300, _3rdly._ The accused thrust a spear into the abdomen of the deceased. This injury caused his death. In the opinion of the doctor the injury was sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature. It was found by the Sessions Judge that the accused intended tc cause grievous hurt only. In his opinion however the third clause of s. 300 Indian Penal Code applied. He accordingly convicted and sentenced the accused under s. 302 Indian Penal Code. The High Court upheld the conviction. It was argued that the third clause of s. 300 Indian Penal Code did not apply as it was not proved that the accused intended to inflict a _March_ II. 1496 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] 1958 bodily injury that was sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature as s. 300 lndim Penal Code third clause states, _Virsa_ _Singh_ "If it is done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any v. person and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient _Tlie_ _**State of Punjab**_ **in the ordinary course of nature** **to** **cause death"** : _Held,_ that the prosecution must prove the following before it can bring a case under s. 300 Indian Penal Code third clause. (1) It must establish, quite objectively, that a bodily injury is present. (2) The nature of the injury must be proved; these are purely objective investigations. ( 3) It must be proved that there was an intention to inflict that particular injury, that is to say, that it was not accidental or unintentional, or that some other kind of injury was intended. ( 4) It must be proved that the injury of the type just described made up of the three elements set out above was sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature. This part of the enquiry is purely objective and inferential and has nothing to do with the intention of the offender. The third clause of s. 300 Indian Penal Code consists of two parts. Under the firsi part it must be proved that there was an intention to inflict the injury that is found to be present and under the second part it must be proved that the injury was sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. The words "and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted" are merely descriptive. All this means is, that it is not enough to prove that the injury found to be present is sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature; it must in addition be shown that the injury found to be present was the injury intended to be inflicted. Whether it was sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature is a matter of inference or deduction from the proved facts about the nature of the injury and has nothing to do with the question of intention. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 90...of 1957. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated November 21, 1956, of the Punjab High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 326 of 1956 arising out of the judgment and order dated June 26, 1956, of the Court of the Sessions Judge at Ferozepore in Sessions Case No. 8 of 1956. _Jai Gopal Sethi_ and _R. L._ _Kohli,_ for the appellant. _N._ S. _Bindra_ and _T._ _M. Sen,_ for the respondent. 1958. March 11. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by .. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1497 BOSE J.-The appellant Virsa Singh has been 1958 sentenced to imprisonment for life under s. 302 of the Indian Penal Code for the murder of one Khem Singh. _Vlrsa Singh_ He was grant~d ~p~cial leave to appeal by this Court _The 8101;·01 Punjab_ but the leave is limited to "the question that on the finding accepted by the _Bose_ _J._ Punjab High Court what offence is made out as having been committed by the petitioner." # - [I ] ### ' ######,. The appellant was tried with five others under ss. 302/149, 324/149 and 323/149 Indian Penal Code. He was also charged individually under s. 302. The others were acquitted of the murder charge by the first Court but were convicted under ss. · _3i6,_ 324 and 323 read with s. 149, .Indian Penal Code: On appeal to the High Court they were all acquitted. The appellant was convicted by the first Court under s. 302 and his conviction and sentence . were upheld by the High Court. There was only one injury on Khem Singh and both Courts are agreed that the appellant caused . it. It was caused as the result of a spear thrust and the doctor who examined Khem Singh, while he was still alive, said that it was The incident occurred about 8 p. m. on July 13, 1955. Khem Singh died about _5_ p. m. the following day. The doctor who conducted the post-mortem described the injury as "an oblique incised stitched wound 2f on the lower part of left side of belly, 1!" abov~ the left inguinal ligament. The injury was through the hole thickness of the abdominal wall. Peritonitis was present and there was digested food in that cavity. Flakes of pus were sticking round the small intestines M2SC (Part X)/61-10 "a punctured wound 2" x r transverse in direction on the left side of the abdominal wail in the lower part of the iliac region just above the inguinal canal. He also said that "Three coils of intestines were coming out of the wound." 1498 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958 19ss and there were six cuts ........... at various places, and digested food was flowing out from three cuts." _Ylrsa Singh_ The doctor said that the injury was sufficient to cause _The_ Stat;~! _Punjab_ death in the ordinary course of nature. The learned Sessions Judge found that the appel_Bose_ _J._ !ant was 21 or 22 years old and said "When the common object of the assembly seems to have been to cause grievous hurts only, I do not suppose Virsa Singh actually had the intention to cause the death of Khem Singh, but by a rash and silly act he gave a rather forceful blow, which ultimately caused his death. Peritonitis also supervened and that hastened the death of Khem Singh. But for that Khem Singh may perhaps not have died or may have lived a little longer." Basing on those facts, he said that the case fell under s. 300, 3rdly and so he convicted under s. 302, Indian Penal Code. The learned High Court Judges considered that "the whole affair was sudden and occurred on a chance meeting." But they accepted the finding that the appellant inflicted the injury on Khem Singh an<l accepted the medical testimony that the blow was a fatal one. It was argued with much circumlocution that the facts set out above do not disclose an offence of murder because the prosecution has not proved that there was an intention to inflict a bodily injury that was sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature. Section 300, 3rdly was quoted : "If it is done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any person and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death . " It was said that the intention that the section requires must be related, not only to the bodily injury inflicted, but also to the clause, "and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death." This is a favourite argument in this kind of case but is fallacious. If there is an intention to inflict an injury that is sufficient to cause death in the ordinary .. ## S.C.R. SBPREME COURT REPORTS 1499 course of nature, then the intention is to kill and in 19ss that event, the "thirdly" would be unnecessary because the act would fall under the first part of the _Vlrsa Singh_ section, namely- TlieStat;~f _Pun}ob_ "If the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death." _Bose 1._ Jn our opinion, the two clauses are disjunctive and separate. The first is subjective to the offender : "If it is done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any person." It must, of course, first be found that bodily injury was caused and the nature of the injury must be established, that is to say, whether the injury is on the leg or the arm or the stomach, how deep it penetrated, whether any vital organs were cut and so forth. These are purely objective facts and leave no room for inference or deduction : to that extent the enquiry is objective; but when it comes to the question of intention, that is subjective to the offender and it must be proved that he had an intention to cause the bodily injury that is found to be present. Once that is found, the enquiry shifts to the next clause " and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death." The first part of this is descriptive of the earlier part of the section, namely, the infliction of bodily injury with the intention to inflict it, that is to say, _if_ _the_ _circumstances justify_ _an inference_ that a man's inten tion was only to inflict a blow on the lower part of the leg, or some lesser blow, _and it can be shown_ that the blow landed in the region of the heart _by accident,_ then, though an injury to the heart is shown to be present, the intention to inflict an injury in that region, or of that nature, is not proved. In that case, the first part of the clause does not come into play. But once it is proved that there was an intention to inflict the injury that is found to be present, then the earlier part of the clause we are now examining M2SC (Part X)/61-11 1500 SUPREME COURT REPORTS {1958] 19ss "and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted" is merely descriptive. All it means is that it is not _Vlr1a_ _Singh_ enough to prove that the injury found to be present _77ie_ s1.,;~, _Punjab_ is sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of _ na,ture; it must in addition be shown that the injury _Bose_ _J._ is of the kind that falls within the earlier clause, namely, that the ·injury found to be present was the injury that was intended to be inflicted. Whether it was sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature is a matter of inference or deduction from the proved facts about the nature of the injury and has nothing to do with the question of intention. In considering whether the intention was to inflict the injury found to have been inflicted, the enquiry necessarily proceeds on broad lines as, for example, whether there was an intention to strike at a vital or a dangerous spot, and whether with sufficient force to cause the kind of injury found to have been inflicted. It is, of course, not necessary to enquire into every last detail as, for instance, whether the prisoner intended to have the bowels fall out, or whether he intended to penetrate the liver or the kidneys or the heart. Otherwise, a man who has no knowledge of anatomy could never be convicted, for, if he does not know that there is a heart or kidney or bowels, he cannot be said to have intended to injure them. Of course, ·that is not the kind of enquiry. It is broadbased and simple and based on commonsense : the kind of enquiry that "twelve good men and true" could readily appreciate and understand. To put it shortly, the prosecution must prove the following facts before it can bring a case under s. 300, "3rdly"; _(_ First, it must establish, quite objectively, that a bodily injury is present; Secondly, the nature of the injury must be proved; These are purely objective investigations. Thirdly, it must be proved that there was an intention to inflict that particular bodily injury, that is to say, that it was not accidental or unintentional, or that some other kind of injury was intended. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1501 #### -- [•, ] Once these three elements are proved to be present, 19ss the enquiry proceeds further and, Fourthly, it must be proved that the injury of the _Virsa_ _Singh_ type just d~scribed. made up of the th~ee elemen~s set _The_ Stat:~! _Punjab_ -0ut above is sufficient to . cause death m the ordinary _ -course of nature. This part of the enquiry is purely _Bose_ _J._ objective and inferential and has nothing to do with the intention of the offender. Once these four elements are established by the prosecution (and, of course, the burden is on the prosecution throughout ) the offence is murder under s. 300, 3rdly. It does not matter that there was no intention to cause death. It does not matter that there )Vas no intention even to cause an injury of a kind that is sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature (not that there is any real distinction between the two). It does not even matter that there is no knowledge that an act of that kind will be likely to cause death. Once the intention to cause the bodily injury actually found to be present is proved, the rest of the enquiry .is purely objective and the -only question is whether, as a matter of purely objective inference,. the injury is sufficient in the -ordinary course of nature to cause death. No one has a licence to run around inflicting injuries that are sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature and claim that they are not guilty of murder. If they inflict injuries of that kind, they must face the consequences; and they can only escape if it can be shown, or reasonably deduced that the 'injury was accidental or otherwise unintentional. We were referred to a decision of Lord Goddard in _R._ v. _Steane_ (') where the learned Chief Justice says that where a particular intent must be laid and charged, that particular intent must be proved. Of course it must, and of course it must be proved by the prosecution. The only question here is, what is the extent and nature of the intent that s. 300 3rdly requires, and how is it to be proved ? The learned counsel for the appellant next relied on a passage where the learned Chief Justice says that : (1) [1947] 1 All K R, 813, 816. 1502 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1958) 1958 _**Virsa Singh**_ Vo _Tiie Stale of_ _Punjab_ _**Bose**_ _**J.**_ "if, on the totality of the evidence, there is room for more than one view as to the intent of the prisoner, the jury shoul~ be directed that it is for the. prosecution to prove the intent to the jury's satisfaction, and if, on a review of the whole evidence, they either think that the intent did not exist or they are left in doubt as to the intent, the prisoner is entitled to be acquitted." We agree that that is also the law in India. But so is this. We qoute a few sentences earlier from the same learned judgment : "No doubt, if the prosecution prove an act the natural consequences of which would be a certain result and no evidence or explanation is given, then a jury may, on a proper -direction, find that the prisoner is guilty of doing the act with the intent alleged." That is exactly the position here. No evidence or explanation. is given about why the appellant thrust a spear,into the abdomen of the deceased with such force that it penetrated the bowels and three coils of the intestines came out of tl;le wound and that digested food oozed out from cuts in three places. In the absence of evidence, or reasonable explanation, that the prisoner did not intend to stab in the stomach with ·a degree of force sufficient to penetrate that far into the body, or to indicate that his act was a regrettable accident and that he intended otherwise, it would be perverse to conclude that he did not intend to inflict the injury that he did. Once that intent is established (and no other conclusion is reasonably possible in this case and in any case it is a question of fact), the rest is a matter for objective determination from the medical and other evidence about the nature and seriousness of the injury. The learned counsel for the appellant referred us to _Emperor_ v. _Sardarkhan Jaridkhan_ (')where Beaman J. says that "Where death is caused by a single blow, it is always much more difficult to be absolutely certain what degree of bodily injury the offender intended." With due respect to the learned Judge he has linked {<) (1917) LL.R. 41 Born. 23, 29. 1958 _Virsa Singh_ v. _Tile State of_ _Punjab_ _Bose_ _J._ ##### -- [> ] S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1503 up the intent required with the seriousness of the injury, and that, as we have shown, is not what the section requires. The two matters are quite separate and distinct, though the evidence about them may sometimes overlap. The question is not whether the prisoner intended to inflict a serious injury or a trivial one but whether he intended to inflict the injury that is proved to be present. If he can show that he did not, or if the totality of the circumstances justify such an inference, then, of course, the intent that the section requires is not proved. But if there is nothing beyond the injury and the fact that the appellant inflicted it, the only possible inference is that he intended to inflict it. Whether he knew of its seriousness, or intended serious consequences, is neither here nor there. The question, .so far as the intention is concerned, is not whether he intended to kill, or to inflict an injury of a particular degree of seriousness, but whether he intended to inflict the injury in question; and once the existence of the injury is proved the intention to cause it will be presumed unless the ~idence or the circumstances warrant an opposite conclusion. But whether the intention is there or not is one of fact and not one of law. Whether the wound is serious or otherwise, and if serious, how serious, is a totally separate and distinct question and has nothing to do with the question whether the prisoner intended to inflict the injury in question. It is true that in a given case the enquiry may be linked up with the seriousness of the injury. For example, if it can be proved, or if the totality of the circumstances justify an inference, that the prisoner only intended a superficial scratch and that by accident his victim stumbled and fell on the sword or spear that was used, then of course the offence is not murder. But that is not because the prisoner did not intend the injury that he intended to inflict to be as serious as it turned out to be but because he did not intend to inflict the injury in question at all. His intention in such a case would be to inflict a totally different injury. The difference is not one of law but 1958 _Virsa Singh_ v. _The Stale of_ _**Punjab**_ _**Bose**_ _**J.**_ 1958 _March_ 19. 1504 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] one' of .fact; and whether the conclusion should be one way or .the ~the~ is a matter of pr~of, where necessary, by ca,lling Ih aid all reasonable mferences of fact in the absence of direct testimony. It is not one for guess-work and fanciful conjecture. The appeal is dismissed. _Appeal dismissed._ BALA SUBRAHMANYA RAJARAM _v._ B.C. PATIL AND OTHERS (JAFER IMAM, SUBBA RAo and VIVIAN BOSE JJ.) _Wages-If_ _include bonus awarded by Industrial_ _Court-Pay-_ _ment of Wages_ _Act (/J1of1936), s._ _2(vi),_ _JJ._ The Industrial Court, Bombay, awarded bonus equal to 4! months' wages to the operatives of the Tata Mills Ltd. and directed that those operatives who were no longer in the service of the Mills should be paid the bonus in one lump sum by a fixed date and in such cases claims in writing should be made to the Manager of the Mills. The operatives who made a claim before the date fixed were duly paid but payment was r.efused to operatives who applied after that date. The operatives who had been refused payment made applications to the Authority under the Payment of Wages Act. The Mills contended that the Authority had no jurisdiction to entertain the application, but the contention was rejected. The Mills filed a writ petition before the Bombay High Court which was dismissed by a Single Judge and an appeal against that decision was also dismissed by a Division Bench: _Held,_ that the bonus awarded by the Industrial Court was not wages within the meaning of s. 2 (vi) of the Payment of Wages Act and as such the Authority had no jurisdiction to entertain the application made to it under s. 15 of the Act. Though such ·bonus was remuneration it was not remuneration payable on the fulfilment of the terms of the contract of employment, express or implied, as required by s. 2 (vi). _F._ _W. Heilgers_ cl _Co._ v. _N._ C. _ChalSJ·avarthi,_ [1949] F.C.R 356, followed. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 35 & 36 of 1954. .... '