Union of India v. Maj. I. C. Lala (and others)

UNION OF INDIA _v._ MAJ. I. C. LALA ETC. ETC. _March_ 29, 1973 [A. ALAGIRISWAMI, I. D. Dl!A AND C. A. VAID!ALINGAM, JJ;} _Indian Penal Code (Act 45_ _of_ 1860), _Ss._ I2()B, 420 _and_ 511, _Preven·_ _tion_ _of_ _Corruption_ _Ac;_ (2 _of_ 1947), _s._ 5(1)(d), _5(2)_ _and 5A, Criminal_ _law_ _Amendment Act,_ 1952 _Ss._ 6 _and_ 7(3) _Code_ _of_ _Criminal Procedure_ _Act 5_ _of_ 1898), _Ss. 196A,_ 235 _and_ _239-0fjence committed at more than_ _one_ _place-Order_ _of_ _which magistrate necessary--Cognizable and non-_ _cognizab/e offences-Crit'erion-Jurisdiction to try non-Government_ sel'~ _vant_ _with Governnient servants._ _Practice-Duty_ _of_ _court_ _to_ _decide on genuineness_ _of_ _sanctfion._ Two army officers and a businessman were put up for trial before the Special Judge under the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952. They \\·ere all charged with offences of conspiracy under s. J 20B, I.P.C. read with s. 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act and s. 420 I.P.C. The businessman was charged under s. 42() and ss. 420 and 511, l.P.C. The two army officers were also charged with the offences under s. 420 I.P.C. read withs. 5(1J(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. After some \\'itnesses were examined· by the prosecution, on a petition by the three accused, the High Court quashed the charges and the proceedings on the grounds. ( 1) that the officer who investigated the case was not competent to do so; (2) that the offences were non-eognizable and hence the Special Judge could not take cognizance of them without sanction under s. 196A. Cr.P.C.; and (3) in view of the enormous length of time that elapsed between the date the registration of the case and the examination of the \\'itness~s (about 4! years), to proceed further with the case would be an abuse of the process of Court causing harassment to the accused. Allowing the appeal to this Court, HELD; (I) (a) Under s. _5A_ of the Prevention of Corruption Act, before it was amended in 1964, no officer below the rank of Deputy Supe~ rintendent of Police could investigate into .offences punishable under Ss .. 161, 165, 165A l.P.C., or under s. _5_ of the Prevention of Corruption Act, without the orders of a Presidency Magistrate or the Magistrate First Class. Where an offence is committed in more than one place the order of every Magistrate within \Vhose jurisdiction the offence or part of the offence was committed was not necessary to enable the investigation to be carried on. All that is necessary is that the ~fagistrate who makes the order under s. _5A_ should have territorial jurisdiction over the place where any part of the offence took p1ace. In the present case; the offence of conspiracy was aileged to h.ave been committed both at Tejpur as well as at Gauhati and the Inspector concerned had obtained the order Of the First Class Magistrate, Tejpur. [821H; 822A-C] _Chinnappa_ v. _State_ _of_ _Mysore,_ A.LR. 1960 Mysore 242, _Chatterjea_ v. _Delhi Special Police_ _Establish111ent_ I.L.R. 1969 Assarn and Nagaland 275 and _Union_ _of_ _India_ v. _B._ _N. Ananthdpadn1anabbiah,_ A.LR. 1971 S.C. 1836, referred to. (b) The High Court expressed doubt whether the order of the Magis· trate of Tejpur was a genuine one. If he had any such doubt it was the Juty of the Judge to have gone into the matter thoroughly and satisfied 818 A B ###### c D F G H A B ###### c **•D** UNION _v._ I. c. LALA _(Alagiriswami,_ _J.)_ 81!} **himself whether the order· was** **genuine or not, and given a** **categorical** finding on the matter. There should have been no room allowed for any **doubt, or** **5uspicion** **of any underhand** **dealing or unfair conduct, in · a** matter of _this_ kind. [823A-Cj (2) Under Schedule II of the Criminal Procedure Code offences under Ss. 161 to 165, I.P.C. and offences punishable with imprisonment for life **or impri"onment** **o'f** **7** **years and up\vards are shown as cognizable offences.** Under s. 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act the sentence may ex**tend** **to** **7 years.** **Therefore,** **an** **offence under s. 5** **of** **the Prevention** **of** **Corruption Act is a cognizable offence.** **The words 'notwhhstanding any·** **thing .contained in the Code** **of Criminal** **Procedure",** **in· the section merely** **carve out a limited exemption from the provisions** **of** **Criminal Procedure** **Code in** **so** **far** **as** **they limit** **the- class** **of_ persons who** **are** **competent to** **investigate, and to arrest without a warrant.** **The** **mere fact that under** **·the Act** **certai,n** **restrictions are placed** **as** _**to**_ **the officers who** **are** **competent** **to investigate into the offences mentioned in s.** _**SA**_ **would not make those** 1 **offences any the less cognizable. Therefore, the offences under** **s_** **161,** _165_ and _165A_ of the l.P.C. and s. _5,_ Prevention of Corruption Act, are **·cognizable** **offence!;i** **and** **there** **is no question** **of_ their being** cognizab~ **i'_[** **'investigated·** **by- a Deputy ·Superintendent** **of** **Police** **and** **non-cognizable** **\\·hen investigated by an· Inspector** **of Police; nor can there** **be** **any question** **of** **these offences being cognizable** _**if**_ **--investigated** **under** **s.** **156, Cr.P.C.** **but** **not when investigated under** **s_** _**SA,**_ **Prevention** **of** **Corruption** **Act** **. It** **is** **illogical to say that offences would be cognizable in certain circums-** **tances and nori-cognizable in certain other circumstances. Therefore, the** need for a sanction under s. 196A, Cr.P.C. does not arise. [824A-H; _815A-D;_ 827] _Uni.on_ _of India_ v. _B._ _N._ _AnanthapadmGnabhiah,_ A.I.R . .1960 Mysore 242, _Uni@n_ _of_ _India_ v. _Mahesh Chandra,_ A.I.R. 1957 Madhya Bharat E 43 and _Public Prosecutor_ v. _Sheikh Shariff,_ A.LR. 1965 A.P. 372, referred to. ' _Taj_ _Khan_ v. _The_ _Stare,_ A.I.R .. 1956 Rajasthan 37, _Ram_ _Bijhuma/_ v. _The State,_ A.LR. 1958 Bombay 125 and _Gulabsingh v. State,_ A.I.R. 1962 Bombay 263, approved. - . · · . • . _G._ _K._ _Apte._ v. U~io~ _of: India,_ _A.I:R._ 1970. Assam & Nagal~~d ·43, F disapproved. - ." . **(3)** **The need to order re-investigation or to begin the** **trial° again after** **the sanction u:ider** **s_** **196A is** **_·obtained,** **and the consequent inordinate** **<lelay** **and harassment** **of the officers concerned; do not arise** **at** **all. Hence,** there is no questi~n of quashing the charges on that ground. [827G-H] · (4) Under s. 6 and 7(3) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952, and Ss. 235 and 239, Cr.P.C. ·the businessman (private individual) ·and the two army officers, (public servants) could be tried together. [829ACC] _The_ _State_ _of_ _Andhra_ _Pradesh_ v. _Kandimalla Suhbaiah_ & _Anr._ [19621 1 S.C.R. 194, followed. . - . . CRIMINAL APPELLATE JuRISDSCTION: Criminal Appeals.Nos. 161 to 163 of 1970. __ - . . . Appeals by certificate from the judgment and order dated May 23, 1969 of the Assam and Nagaland High Conrt at Ganhati in Cr. Rev. Nos. 36, 39 and 46 of 1968. #### • G H ### .lL·_ ·_ . 1!20 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973] 3 S.C.?.. _D._ _Mookherjee, A vtar Singh,_ G. _Das,_ _S._ _P._ _Nayar_ and _R._ _N._ _Sachthey,_ for the appellant. _Nuruddin Ahmad_ and _N. N. Keswani,_ for the respondent. _Harbans Singh,_ for the respondents. A _V. M. Tarkunde,_ _A._ _L. Arora_ and _D. D._ _Sharma,_ for the res- B pondent. The Judgment of the Coul"l was delivered by ALAGIRISWAMI, J.-Two o,f the appellants, Major Lala and Lt. Col. Khanna are Army officers and the appellant in the 3rJ .appeal, Gupta, is a businessman of Gauhati. All of them were put up for trial b.,fore 1he Special Judge appointed under tl:~ Criminal Law Amendment Act 1952. One charge which WJ-' common to all the three of them was that between June 1962 and January 1963 all of them agreed to commit or cause to be committed offences under section 5(2) of the Prevention of Cor ruption Act, and of chealing punishable under section 420 of the Indian Penal Code, and 1hese offences having been committed in pursuance of a conspiracy were punishable under section 120B o.f the Indian Penal Code read with section 5 (2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act and section 420 I.P.C. Mr. Gupta. the businessman was charged under section 420 I.P.C. as well as section 511 read with section 420 I.PcC The two Army officers were al'o charged with offences under section 420 read with section 5 (I) _(_ d) Qf the Prevention of Corruptioll Act. The case was filed before !he Special Judge on 28-6-1963 and the charge was framed on 13-2-65. After about 18 out of the 52 witnesses cited by the prosecution had been examined the three respondents filed pe1itions under section 56JA read with section 439 of Code of Criminal Procedure before the High Court of Assam & Nagaland on 28-3-68, 1-4-68 and 10-4-68 respectively lor quashing the charges. A learned Single Judge allowed these petitions on 23-5-1969 and q11ashed the charges and the proceedings before !he learned Spedal Judge. He did this on three ,grounds : (I) that the officer who investigated the case was not competent to do so; (2) that the offences that were ¢ing tried were,non ###### c D E F G H cognizable and the Special Judge could not have taken cognizance of them without sanction under section 196A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and ( 3 ) tha1 in view of the enormous length of time bet 'Yeen 2-2-63, the date on which the case was UNION _v._ I. c. LALA _(Alagiriswami,_ I.) 821 A B ###### c D E F G H Code or under section _5_ of the Prevention of Corruption Act without the order of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of the First Class. In this case the Inspector concerned had obtained the order of the First Class Magistrate of Tezpur. The argument before the High Court, which was accepted by the learned Judge, was that as the offences of conspiracy were alleged to have Geen committed both at Tezpur as well as at Gauhati, the investigation based on the order of the Tezpur Magistrate alone was not a proper one. In other words, the.. argument was thut unless the Inspector had been authorized to investigate not only by the First Class Magistrate of Tezpur but also by the First Class Magistrate of Gauhati district, he could not have done so. The learned Judge referred to and relied upon the decision in _Chin-_ _nappa_ v. _State_ _of Mysore(')._ It was decided in that case that any First Class Magistrate appoirrte\I in a district can issue orders under section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act for investigation of a case. From this the learned Single Judge drew the conclusion that in respect of an offence said to have been committed at Gauhati as well as at Tezpur the order _oi_ the Tezpur Magistrate was noti enough. He also relied upon the decision of the High Court of Assam and Nagaland in _Chatterjee_ v. _Delhi Special_ _Police Establishment(_ _[2]_ _),_ This decision has been upheld by this Court in _Union_ _of India_ v. _B._ _N._ _Ananthapadmanabhiah(_ _[8]_ _)._ But that was a case of a Delhi Magistrate sanctioning an investigation of offences committed in Assam and it was held that such an order was not valid. That decision is no authority for the propositiorr that where an offence is committed in more than one place the order of every Magistrate within whose jurisdiction the offence or part of the offence was committed was necessary in order to· registered and 1-4-68, upto which date some witness had been examined, the last witness hav ing been examined on 15-1-67, it entailed undue harassment to the accused persons and the .. proceedings have to be quashed to prevent fur: ther harassment, abuse of the process of the court and vexation to the accused persons. These three appeals have, therefore, been filed by the Union of India by certificate grantd by the High Court. We shall first _oi_ all deal with the question whether the officer who investigated into these cases was not properly authorized to do so. The officer was an Inspector of the Delhi Special Police Establishment. Under section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption A~t, btefore it was amended in 1964, no officer below the rank of the Deputy fpperintendent of Police could investigate into offences punishable under sections 161, 165 and 165A of the Indian Penal (1) A. I. R. 1960 Mysore 242. (2) J. L. R. 1969 Assam & Nagaland 275. _())_ A. I. R. 1971 S. C. 1836. 822 SUPREME COURT REl'OR TS [1973] 3 s.c.R. enable the investigation to be carried on. All that is necessary is that the Magistrate who makes the order under section 5A should A B ###### c D E F G H ~ave territorial,iurisdiction over the place where any part of the ingredients of the offence took place. That criterion is amply satisfied in this case. On principle also such a contention seems to be devoid of any. substance. The offence o.f conspiracy or fo:· that matter any ather offence might consist of a series of 11cts and incidents spread over the whole country. Very often one conspirator or one of the offenders might not have even met the other cons pirator or offender. To accept this contention would be to hold that the Police should go to every Magistrate within whose juris diction some part of the conspiracy or one of the ingredients of the offence has taken place. We have no hesitiition in rejecting it. He also seemed to have had some doubt as to wtiether the order of the Magistrate of Tezpur produced before him was a genuine one. To say the least, the attitude of the learned Judge is most surprising. To put it in his own words : "It does not appear that any order of a Magistrate form part of the record. But at the time of hearing, such an order was placed before me on behalf of the Prosecution. The application on which the order is said to have been passed by the Magistrate appears to have l*en addressed to the Court of the Magistrate first class at Te2'Pur, wherein it was stated that for preoccupation of the Deputy Superintendent of Police, th~ investigation was sought to be made by an Inspector of Police. The petition is unnumbered undated. What appears curious is that although the application was made before a Magistrate of the first class, the order passed is supported by a seal of the District Magistrate, Darrang. The order of ##### the Magistrate runs as follows : He also seemed to have had some doubt as to wtiether the order of the Magistrate of Tezpur produced before him was a genuine one. To say the least, the attitude of the learned Judge is most surprising. To put it in his own words : "Paper and F.I.R. seen. Shri H. B. D. Baijal, Inspector is permitted to investigate the case." There is an illegible signature with date 4-2-63 and below the signature the official designation has not .been stated. It appears that no order-sheet of the Magistrate has been produced in this regard and in above circums tances, it cannot be unequivocally said that this document was obtained in due course of business in compliance with section SA of the Prevention of Corruption Act. Even assuming that the order is free from doubt, learned counsel appearing for the petitioners has urged before me that since the venue of the offences has been clearly stated in the charge, the pennission given by the Magistrate for investigation of the offences at Gauhati is not valid." -..: A B ###### c D E F G H UNION _v._ I. c. LALA _(Alagiriswami,_ J.) 823 If he had any doubts about the genuineness of the order of sanction it was his duty to have gone into 'the matter thoroughly and satisfied himself whether the order was genuine or not. It was his duty to have given a categorical' finding regarding the matter. There should have been no room allowed for any doubt or suspicion of any ·underhand dealing and unfair conduct in a matter _ol_ this kind. It was even alleged on behalf of the respondents that an order was produced for the first time before the learned Judge and it was taken back by the prosecution. If that was so it proves a woeful lack of care on the part of the learned Judge. He should have retained th~ order on file and called for the necessary records and information in order to find out whether the order was a genuine one or not. We have 1*[ore us the order_ of the Superin tendent of the Special Police Establishment dated 2-2-63 entrusting the inve~tigation to Inspector Baijal and directing him to obtain the necessary permission from a competent Magistrate for doing so. We have also been shown the papers relating to the prosecution, papers given •to the accused under section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Item 71 of those papers relates to the order of san~tion dated 4-2-1963 given by the Magistrate of Tezpur authorizing the Inspector of the S.P.E. to investigate. Thus, there is no doubt at all that Inspecor Bai.ial had been authorized to in· vestigale into this case. It only shows rather superficial way the learned Judge chose to deal with this matter. The next question is whether offences under section 161, 165 and 165A of the Indian Penal Code and section 5(2) _ol_ the Prevention of Corruption Act are cognizable or non-cognizable offences. This becomes important for the purpose of deciding whether a sanction under section 196A is necessary. The sanction necessary under section 6 of the Prevention of Corruption Act and section 197 of ·the Code of Criminal Procedure has been accorded by the Government of India. What was contended by the respondents before the High Court and was accepted by that Court was that these offences being non-cognizable offences a sanction under section 196A(2) is necessary and that prosecution without such sanction is bad. Cognizable offence is defined in ~ection 4(1)(f) of the Code of Criminal Procedure as an offence for which a police officer, within or without the presidency towns, may in accordance with the second schedule, or under any law for the time bieing in force, arrest without warrant. The argument which appealed to the learned Judge of the Higli Court was that as under section SA of the Prevention of Corruption Act no officer below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police could investi gate or make any arrest without a warrant in respect of offences punishable under section 161, 165 or 165A I.P.C. and section 5 of the Prevention _ol_ Corruption _Act,_ they were not offences for which any police officer can arrest without warrant, and therefore, **824** SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 3 S.C.R. they are not cognizable offences. The same argument was repeated before this Court by Mr. Tarkunde, emphasising that "a police officer" means "any police officer" and as any police officer cannot, under section _SA_ of the Prevention of CorruJl'lion Act, arrest wilhout warrant but only offipers of and above ~he rank of Dy. Superintendent, the offences mentioned in that section are noncognizabj.e offences. If we pursue the same line of argument and look at the definition of non-cognizable offence in section 4( 1 )(n) which defines non-cognizable offence as an offence for which a police officer, within or withoU't a Presidency-town, may not arrest without warrant, H might mean that as these are cases where a police officer of the rank of Dy. Superintendent and above can arrest without warrant these are not non-cognizable offences either. How can there be a case which is neither cognizable nor-cogniz able ? It was sought to be argued tha! these offences would be cognizable offences when they are investigated by the Deputy Superintendents of Police and suprior officers and non-cognizable when they are investigated blY officers below the rank of Deputy Superintendents. We fail to see how an offence would be cognizable in certain circumstances and non-cognizable in certain other circumstances. The logical consequences of accej>ting this argument would be that if the offences are investigated by Deputy Superintendents of Police and superior officers no sanction under section 196A(2) would be necessary but sanction would be necessary if they are investigated by officers below the rank of Deputy Superintendents o.f Police. One supposes the argument also implies that the fact that an officer below the rank of a Deputy Superintendent is authorized by a Magistrate under the provisions of section _SA_ would not make any difference to this situation. We do not consider that this is a reasonable interpretation to place. Under Schedule II of the Code of Criminal Procedure offences under sections 161 to 165 of the Indian Penal Code are shown as cognizable offences. At the end of that Schedule offences punishable with death, imprisonment for lite or imprisonment for 7 years and upwards are also sh6wn as cognizable offences. Under section 5 (2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act the sentence may extend to seven years. Therefore, an offence under section 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act is according to the provision in Schedule 1I to the Code _o(_ Criminal Procedure a cognizable offence. Therefore,· the mere fact that under the Prevention of Corruption Act certain restrictions are placed as to the officers who are competent to investigate into offences mentioned in section 5A would not make those offences any the less cognizable offences. The words "notwithstanding anything corrtained in the Code of Crimi· nal Procedure" found at the beginning of section SA( 1) merely carve out a limited exemption from the provisjons of the Code of Crir.1inal Procedure in so far as they limit the class of persons who A B ###### c **D** E F G H A B ###### c D E F G H UNION _v._ I. c. LALA _(Alagiriswami,_ _/.)_ 825 are competent to investigate into offences mentioned in the section and to arrest without a warrant. It does not mean that the whole of. the Code of Criminal Procedure, including Schedule Inhereof, is made inapplicable. Under section 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure all offences under the Indian Penal Code shall or> investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the provisions therein contained. Also, all offence> und;ir any other law (which would include the Prevention of Corruption Act) shall be investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the same provisions but subject to any enactment for the time hieing in force regulating the manner or place Cl[ inwstigating, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with such offences. Section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act should be related to this provision in section 5 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which limits the application of the provisions Of that Code to be subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with such offences. TI1e only change which section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act makes is with reisard to officers competent to investigate and arrest without warrant, in all other respects the Code of Criminal Procedure applies and, therefore, there is no doubt that all offences mentioned in section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act are cognizable offences. The Assam High Court seem~ to have taken a line of its own in this matter. In G. _K._ _Apte_ v. _Union_ _of_ _India('_ _[1]_ _)_ curiously enough the Bench, of which the learned Judge who dealt with this case was a member, took the view that though an offence under section 161 is a cogni:z:able offence, if investigations were made under section 156 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. there would be no need for a sanction under section 196A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and there can be a conviction under section 161 of the Indian Penal Code, but if the investigation is mad~ under section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act it will b~ an investigation into a non-cognizable offence and there should be a sanction under section 196A for the trial following such investigation. For this conclusion the decision of this Court in _H._ _N._ _Rishbud_ & _Inder Singh_ v. _The State_ _of Delhi(')_ was relied upon. We can see nothing in that case to support this conclusion. Nor are we able to see how if the investigation into an offence of misconduct punishable under section 5 (2) is done by a police officer of high rank the offence is cognizable and if inves'tigated by an officer of a lower rank it is non-cognizable. That cannot be a proper criterion for deciding whether an offence is cognizable or non-cognizable. Unless there are clear and compelling reason> (I) A.I. R.1970 Assm & Nagaland 43. 5-L 797Sup.C. I. /73 (Cl A. I. R. 1965 S. C. 196. 826 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 3 S.C.R. to hold otherwise the division of offences given in the Code of Criminal Procedure as cognizable and non-cognizabje should be given effeot to. When the same Code makes sanction und~r s. 196A necessary for trial of non-cognizable offences it clearly contemplates non-cognizable offences as defined in the Code. Ther~ is no justification for relying upon extraneous considerations mid far-fe_tched vmons. • • l· reasoning in order to get over !he effect of these pro We may now refer to certain decisions oJ' various High Courts on this point. In _Taj Khan_ v. _The State(')_ it was held : "The fact that the power to investigate or to arrest without warrant has been circumscribed by certain conditions (which conditions were clearly provided for the purpose of safeguarding public servants from harassment at !he hands of subordinate police officers) under the proviso to S. 3 of the said Act cannot lead to the conclusion that such offence ·is non-cognizable." In _Ram_ _Rijhumal_ v. _The State(')_ it was held : "The provisions of S. 3, Prevention of Corruption Act can only have one meaning, and the meaning is that an offence under S. 16SA of the Penal Code has to be deemed to be a cognizable. offence for the purpose of 'the Code of Criminal Procedure. It is only (1ecause the Legislature enacted S. S-A of the Prevention of Corruption Act that, so far as the Presidency town of Bombay was concerned, no police officer below the rank of a Superintendent of Police could in the case cif an offence under S. l 6S· A of the Penal Code, investigate it without the order of a Presidency Magistrate. There is nothing in the language of S. S-A which would suggest that an offence under S. 16S-A oJ' the Penal Code is not to be treated as a cognizable offence." In _Gulabsingh_ v. _State(')_ it was held that: "Offencjl under S. 161, I.P.C. is a cognizable offence. Its nature is not affected by either S. 3 or S. SA of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The requirement that in a cognizable offence, a police officer should be able to arrest without warrant, is without any limitation and section SA cannot be split up to mean that an offence can be cognizablle in reference to one officer and nO! in reference to another." ( 1) A. I .R. 1956 Rajasthan 37. (2) A. I .R. t958 Bombay 125. (3) A. I .R. 1962 Bombay 263. A B ###### c D E F G H **A** **B** ###### c **D** **E** F **G** **H** UNION _v._ I. c. LALA _(Alagiriswami,_ **J.)** 827 **The** learned Judges specifically dissented from the decision in _Union_ _of_ _India_ v. _Mahesh_ _Chandra(_ _[1]_ _)._ In _Public_ _Prosecutor_ v. _Shaik_ _Sheriff(')_ it was held that "these offences cannCYt be treated as non-cognizable offences when investigated by an officer below the rank of Del?uty Superintendent of Police simply on the ground that such investigation cannot be done without the order of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of th~ First Class. In the same way, offences under section 5 of the Act cannot be treated as non-cognizable even when investigated by a low rank officer. Thus, the provision .in S. SA is of the nature of a special provision which applies to offences specified therein which are cognizable offences including 1hose under section S under all circumstances." They also referred to the deciSion in _Union_ _of_ _India_ v. _Mahesh_ _Chandra_ (supra) to the effect that an offence under S. 161 l.P.C. and under sub. s. 2 of S. S, Prevention of Corruption Act is cognizable so far as officers of the rank of a Deputy Superintendent o4' Police and above are concerried, but so far as the officers .below the rarik of Deputy Superintendent of Police are concerned the said,11Iences are non-cognizable in so far as they cannot investiga1e them without the permission of a Magistrate of the Fil ;t Class, and held that : "the learned Judges only intended to emphasise the provision in S.S-A and chose to refer to it as a noncognizable aspect _of_ the offences comprise.ct in the Act and to describe that aspect also as non-cognizable for the limited purpose of the provision in S. S-A." Thus, the preponderance of opinion. of the various High CouPts is in favour of the view we are taking. We are, therefore, clearly of opinion that the offences under sections 161, 16S and 16SA of the Indian Penal Code and section 5 of 1he Prevention of Corruption Act are cognizable offences and there is no question of their being cognizable if investigated by a Deputy Superintendent of Police and non-cognizable when investigated by an Inspector of Police. Nor can there be any question of those offences being cognizable if they are investioated under section 1S6 of the Cr. P.C. but not when investigated in accordance with the provisions of section SA of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The question, therefore, of the need for a sanction under section 196A does not arise. Consequently, the need to order re-investigation or to begin the trial again after the sanction under section 196A is obtained, and the consequent inordinate delav and harassment of the officers concerned, reasons that weiihed with the learned Single Judge for quashing the charges, does not arise. It may incidentally be mentioned that the respondents took nearly three years before they moved the High (1) A. I. R. 1957 Madhya Bharat 43. (2) A. I. R. 1965 A. P. 372. 828 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 3 S.C,R. Court for quashing the charges and are, thus, to a considerable extent responsible for the delay. On hlehalf of Mr. Gupta it was argued that he cannot be tried along with the two Anny officers. Under section 6 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1952 the Special Judge may try any conspiracy to commit or any attempt to commit or any abetment of any of the offences punishable under section 161, 165 or 165A of the Indian Penal Code or sub-section ( 2) of section 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, and under sub-section ( 3) of section 7 of the same Act a special judge, when trying any case, may also try a.ny offence other than an offence specified in section 6 with which the accused may, under the Code of Criminal Proce· dure, 1898, be charged at the same trial. Under section 235 of the Code of Criminal Procedure if in one series of acts so connected together as to fonn the same transaction, more offences than one are committed by the same person, he may be charged with, and tried at one trial for, every such offence, and under section 239 persons accused of the same offence committed in the course of. the same transaction, as well as persons accused of an offence and persons accused of abetment, or of an attempt to commit such offence may be charged and tried together. In _The State of_ _Andhra Pradesh_ v. _Kandimalla Subbaih_ & _Anr.(_ _[1]_ _),_ this Court observed : "No doub.t, the offence mentioned in charge No. 1 is alleged to have been committed not by just one person but by all the accused and the question is whether aJI these persons can be jointly tried in resoect of all these offences. To this kind of charge s. 239 would apply. This section provides that the following persons may be charged and tried together. namely : ( 1 ) persons accused of the same offence committed in the course of the same transaction; (2) persons accused of an' offence and persons accus· ed of abetment or an attempt to commit such an offence; (3) persons accused of different offences committed in the course of the same transaction. Clearly, therefore, all the accused persons could be tried together in respect of all · the offences now comprised in charge No. 1." In that case the first accused was a public servant and the other accused were private individuals to whom the first accuoed was alleged to have sold transport permit books intended to be issued (I) [1962] I S. C. R. 194. B ##### c D E F G H Ul<ION _v._ I. c. LALA _(Alagiriswami,_ _I.)_ 829 B D E to Central Excise Officers for granting permits to perSQns applying _bona_ _fidie_ for licences to transpoit to1*tcco. This Coun also pointed out that "sub-s. (3) of s. 7 provides that when trying any case, a special judge may also try any offences other than an offence specified in s. 6 with which the accused may under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 be charged at the same trial, and clearly, therefore, accused no. 1 could be triec;I by the Special Judge for offences under s. 12()B read with ss. 466, 467 and 420 I.P.C., and similarly the other accused who are said to have abetted these offences could also be tried by the Special Judge." There is, therefore, no objection to Mr. Gupta being tried along with the two Army officers. Though in the revision petitions filed before the _High Court the question as to whether on the evi<!ence produced before the Special Judge the offences with which the respondents had been charged coulq be said to have been _prima facie_ established, was raised, the learned Single Judge has not dealt with that question apparently because it was not argued before him. We do not, therefore, propose to say anything about the merits of the case. It is not necessary to refer to the decision in _Madan Lal_ v. _state of Punjab(_ _[1 ]_ _)_ and _Bhanwar Singh_ v. _Rajasthan(_ _[2 ]_ _)_ which are relied upon on behalf of the appellants in the view that we have taken that all the offences with which the accused are charged are cogn.izable offences, and therefore, the question whether charges which requ.ire sanction under s. 196A could be tried alongwith charges which- did not require such sanction and the entire charges are vitiated for want of sanction, as held by the learned Single Judge, does not arise. #, The appeals are allowed and the order of the learned Single Judge is set aside. The Special Judge will now proceed to deal with the cases aiid dispose of them as expeditiously as possible as the matter has been pending for a long time. V.P.S. _Appeals allvwed._ (I) [1967] 3 S. C. R. 439. (2) [1968] 2 S. C. R 528. G H