The Nagpur Electric Light and Power Co., Ltd. v. Shreepathi Rao

###### • ' ~.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 463 THE NAGPUR ELECTRIC LIGHT _ANI)_ POWER CO., LTD. & OTHERS _v._ K. SHREEPATHIRAO (S. R. DAS c. J., VENKATARAMA AIYAR, s. K. DAS, GAJENDRAGADKAR and VIVIAN BosE JJ.) _Termination of_ Service-Co~pany _E,;,,ployee-Standing_ _Orders_ _-Construction-Employees_ ~nd _workmen-Distinction._ The services of the respondent, an ·employee of the appellant compaf1y, were terminated in accordance with the Standing Orders of the company, approved by the appropriate authorities under the provisions of the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946, and the Central Provinces and Berar Industrial Disputes Settlement Act, 1947· Standing Order No. 2(a) defined " employees" as "all persons ... employed in the Office or Mains Department or Stores or Power House or Receiving Station of the Company.~.whose names and ticket numbers are included in the departmental musters ". The Standing Orders also· defined the term "workman " and provided that every workman should have a ticket. No ticket had been issued to the respondent by the company, and consequently his ticket number. was not included n the departmental muster. The respondent challenged the validity of the order terminating his services by an application made before the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution on the grounds, inter alia, that the Standing Orders in question were confined to those employees only to whom tickets were issued, and that as no ticket was issued to him he wa·s not an employee within the meaning of the Standing Orders which did not therefore apply to him and, consequently, the termination of his services under Standing Order No. 16(1) was illegal: _Held,_ (1) that the words "whose names.and ticket numbers are included in the departmental musters" occurring in Standing Order No. 2 (a) should be read as "whose names and .tick€t numbers, if any, are included in the departmental musters"; ' _Cortis_ v. _The Kent Water Works Company,_ (1827) 7 B. & C. 314; 108 E. R. 741 anq _Perumal Goundan_ v. _The· Thirunittla-_ _rayapuram_ _J_ _ananukoola Dhanasekhara Sangha Nidhi,_ (1918) I.LR. 41 Mad. 624, applied. (2) that under the Standing Orders, in which a distinctionis made between ' employees' and 'workmen', while e,very workman must have a ticket, there may be employees who may have no tickets the possession of which is riot an essential characteristic of an employee; and, (3) that the Standing Orders apply to all employees for whose benefit they !)ave been made . _April_ _II._ ##### • 464 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959) Accordipgly, the Standing Orders were applicable to the **respondent and the termination** **of** **his service in accordance with** _The_ _Nagpur_ _Iilec·_ Standing Order No. 16(1) was valid and, therefore, the application _**tric Light and Power**_ **made** **by** **hiin to the High Court must fail.** _Co., Ltd.,_ v. _**Shrlepathi**_ _**J?ao**_ Cn1L APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5 of 1958. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated September 26, l!l56, of the former Nagpur High Court in Letters Patent Appeal No. 66 of 1956, arising out of the judgment and order dated April 14, 1956, of the said High Court in Misc. Petition Ng. 6 of 1956. _M._ _C._ _Setalvad, Attorney-General of India, B. Sen,_ _D. B._ _Padhya_ and _J._ _N._ _Shroff,_ for the appellants. _ll._ _V._ _S._ _J1 ani,_ for the respondent . 1958. April **11.** The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ###### • s _R._ _Das_ _J._ S. K. DAS J.-This is an appeal by special leave., .The appellants before us are the Nagpur Electric Light and Power Co. Ltd. (hereinaftc1' referred to as the Company), a public limited company having its registered office at Nagpur in Madhya Pradesh, its Manager, and Assistant Manager. The respondent, Shreepathi Hao, joined the service of the Company as a typist on a salary of Its. 30 per month in .July, 1936. He rose in rank from time to time and was appointed Deputy Head Clerk in 1947 in the grade of Rs. 120-10-225. Since 1952 he has been receiving a basic sa!My of Rs. 245 per month. On Xovember 28, 1955, an ex plan a ti on was called for from him with regard to the issue of certain bills to consumers of electricity called "high tension consumers.", without having certain "notes for the information of consumers" printed at tlre back of the bills. The respondent submitted his explanation on the next clay, marking a copy thereof to one of the directors of the Company. On December 2, 1955, he was again asked to 0xplain why he marked a copy of his explanation to one-of the directors. The respondent submitted an explanation in respect of this matter also. On the same date, he I .; _1_ was again' asked to explain as to how and why certain "double adjtistments" had been made in the accounts _The Nar;pur Elec-_ of 1954 relating to the consumers' department _oftricLightandPower_ the Company, the allegation being that a sum of _Co., Ltd.,_ Rs. 1,05,894-7. 7 which represented the amount of bills _Shreep:;!ti Rao_ of the Central ]{ailwav had been deducted twice in the accounts. The resp01;dent submitted an explanation _s._ _J<._ _Das_ _J._ on December 3, 1955, in which he said that the charge was vague and that_. after 1949, he was not in any way concerned with the preparation of summaries and annual statements of accounts of the consumers' department. On December 5, 1955, an order of susper:sion was made agaimt the respondent which stated that the order was to take immediate effect and to remain in force until further orders, pending some investigation. against the respondent. Two clays later, on December 7, 1955, a memorandum was served on the respondent terminating his services with effect from January 31, 1956. The memorandum, so far as it is relevant for our purpose, read S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 465 " We hereby give you notice under Standing Order 16(1) that your services will stand terminated as from 31st January, 1956.· The. Company's Managing Director is satisfied that it is not in the interests of the business of the Company to disclose reasons for termina.ting your services." On December 19, 1955, a notice was served ou the Company on behalf of the. respondent whe,rein it was stated that the order of suspension dated December 5, 1955, a.nd the order of termination dated December',7, 1955, were illegal and _ultra vire8_ and a request was made to withdraw the said orders and reinstate the respondent within 24 hours, failing which the respondent said that he would take legal actimt int.lie rnatter. On December 26, 1955, the Company sent a reply to the notice denying the allegations, and the Company further stated that it had no desire to enter into a disc.vssion with the respondent as to the propriety of the orders passed. On J anuarY. 2, 1956, the respomlent filed a petition under Art. 226 of the Co.nstitution in. the High C<1urt 466 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] _'95_ _[8 ]_ at Nagpur in which he prayed for the issue of appro _The Naffp'"_ _Etec-_ pria~e writs or di~ecti_ons quashing the orders of sus_tric Light and Power_ pons10n and termmat10n dated· December 5, 1955, and _co.,_ _Ltd.,_ December 7, 1955, respectively and asking for certain v. other reliefs. This petitio.n was heard by a learned _Shreepatizi Rao_ single Judge on certain preliminary objections raised _s._ _K._ _Das_ _J._ by the present appelfants, and, by an order dated April 14, 1956, he upheld the preliminary objection'S and dismissed the petition. The preliminary objections taken were these: ·it was urged that· the service of the respondent was terminated in accordance with the Standing Orders of the Company, a:pproved by the relevant authorities.under the provisions of the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 (XX of 1946), hereinafter referred to as the central Act, and also under the provisions of the Central Provinces and Berar Industrial Disputes Settlement Act, 1947 (0. P. and Berar Act XXIII of 194 7), hereinafter called the local Act ; and if the respondent had any grievance against the said Standing Orders, his only remedy was, to get the Standing Orders amended as provided for in the relevant Act, but he had no right to move the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution for quashing the orders passed against him or for reinstatemC'ut, etc. Alternatively, it was urged that if the. Standing Orders did not apply in the case of the respondent as was the respondent's case, then the ordinary law of master and servant applied, and the only remedy of the respondent was to sue the Company ·in damages for wrongful di1nnissal. On these prelimi na~-y objections the learned Judge held (1) that the respondent was not an employee within the meaning of the Stqnding Orders and therefore his case was not governed by the Standing Orders ; (2) that the relationship between the appellants and the respondent was contractual and not statutory and the remedy of the respondent was to sue the Company in damages for wrongful dismissal; and (3) as for amendment of the Standing Orders so as to include the respondent and persons in his category, the only remedy open tel' the respondent was to take action under the relevant Act by approaching a recognised union to move in the matter. . ## . _(_ .; ... ' S.C.lt. SUPREME COURT 1tinPORTS 467 On the dismissal of his petition, the respondent _Ig58_ pre.ferred .an appeal under cl. lO of the Letters ~a~e.nt. _The_ _Nau_ _ur Elec-_ Th1s appeal was heard and allowed by a D1v1s10n _tric_ Ligh;~ndpower Bench on September 26, 1956, on the findings that (1) _co. ua .._ the Standing Orders did not apply to the. respondent, v. though he was an employee within the meaning of _Shmpathi_ _Rao_ that expression in s, 2 (1) of the local Act ; (2) the' cond'itions of the respondent's service were governed by _s._ _!(._ _Das_ _f._ the provisions of the local Act and on a breach thei'eof, the respondent had a right to move the High Court for appropriate orders under Art. 226 of the Constitution; and (3) as 'the termination of the service of the respondent was without statutory authority, it must be vacated. The Division Bench accordingly allowed the appeal, quashed the orders of suspension and termination.of service and declared that the respondent continued to be an employee of the Company on terms which were applicable _to him on the date of his suspension, namely, December 5, 1955. There was also a direction to the Company to pay back wages to the respondent. The appellants herein then moved this Court and obtained special leave to appeal from the order of the Division Bench, dated September 26, 1956. The present appeal has been broaght in pursuance of the order granting special leave to the appellants. The first and foremost question which arises for decision in this appeal is whether the Standing Orders of the Company apply to the respondent. We have already stated-and it is not in dispute_:.that the Standing Orders were approved by the certifyililg officer under the provisions of the central Act and by the Labour Commissioner under s. 30 of the local Act. It is necessary to explain here the general scheme of the provisions of the two Acts under which the Standing Orders were approved. Under the central Act, the expression " Standing Orders " means rules relating to matters set out in the Schedule, and s. 3 requires that within six months from the date on which the central Act l'!ecomes applicable to an industrial establishment the employer shall submit to the certifying officer five copies of the draft Standing Orders proposed by him ###### . . . # . 468 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] _z958_ for adoption in his industrial establishment. Sub-sec. tion (2) of s. 3 lays down that provision shall be made _The_ _Nagpur_ _Elco-._ I [ ft r t • l c• h d l _**tric Light and**_ _Power_ **111** **sue** **l** **c.** **ra** **iOl'** **ever)' matter set ou** **111** **t** **lO** 1:")0 **e u e** _ca.,_ _Lid._ which nrny be applicable to the industrial establish v ment and where model Standing Orders have be0n _ShmpatM_ _Rao_ prescribed, the draft shall be, SO far as practicable, in conformitv with such model. The Schedule refers to _s._ JC _D'"_ _J._ the matt~rs which are to be provided by Standin~ Orders, rmd item 8 of the Schedule relates to "termination of employment, and the' notice thereof to be given by employer and workman". We nrny state here that the central Act contains a definition of "workman" which, at the material time in this case, meant any person employed in any industrial establishment to do any skilled or unskilled, manual m· clerical, 1'1bour for hire or reward, but did not include anv member of the armed forces. Sections 4 to IO of th.e central Act deal with (a) conditions for certification of Standing Orders, (b) certification of Standing Ordern, (c) appeals, (d) date of operation of Standing Orders, (e) register of Standing Orders, (f) posting of Standing Orders and (g) duration and modification of Standing Orders. There are similar provisions in the local Act, Chapter IV of which deals with .Standing Orders. Sub-section (1) of s. 30 of the local Act lays down " Every employer, in respect of any industry to which this Act has been made applicable under subsection (:3) of section 1, shall, within two months of the date of such notification, submit to the Labour Commissioner for approval, in such manner as may be prescribed, a copy of the Standing Orders concerning the relations between him and his employees with regard to all industrial matters mentioned in Schedule I. " Item 8 of Sc:hepnle I of the local Act is again " termination of employment, notice to be given by employer and employee". The other sub-sections of s. 30 lity down the procedure to be followed for the approval of Standing Oeders by the Labour Commissioner, apJ)eal · by an aggrieved person, etc. Sections 31 and 32 lay down the procedure for an amendment of the Standing Orders either at the instance of the employer or at the . ## . . . S.C.R. SUPRE~1E COURT REPORTS 460 instance of a representative of employees. It is worthy _r958_ of note that sub-s. (1) of s. 30 requires every employer _Tl_ h L b C - · f th _ie_ _Nftgp11r Elec-_ t 0 su b m1t [· ] to t e a our omm1ss10ner a copy o · e _tric Light and Power_ Standing Orders concerning the relations between him _co.,_ _Ltd.,_ and his employees with regard to all industrial matters v. mentioned in Schedule I. The local Act defines the _Shreepathi_ _Rao_ expression "employee" and, at the relevant time, it mfant any person employed by an employer to do any _s._ _K._ _Das_ _f._ tract skilled or unskilled, or hire or reward manual 0 in any or industry. clerical work for con- It is worthy tract or hire or reward 0 in any industry. It is worthy of note that the definition of " employee " in the local ~!\ct corresponds more or less to the definition of " workman " under the central Act. There are some minor differences in the definition of the two expressions in the two Acts, but with those differences we are nQt concerned in the present case. The Standing Orders with which we are concerned in the present case came into force on November 14, 1951, 1111d it is convenient at this stage to refer to the rele vant Standing Orders. Standing Order no. 2 defines certain expressions used in the Standing Orders. It states " In these Orders, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context :(a) " employees" means all persons, male or female, employed in the Office or Mains Department or Stores or Power House or Receiving Station of the Company, either at Nagpur or at Wardha whose names and ticket numbers are included in the departmental musters. (b) "The Manager" means the person appointet'l. as such and includes the Assistant Manager and in relation to \Vardha establishment :•the Resident Engineer ". ( c) "Ticket" includes a ;Card, pass o_; token. (d) "·workman" means such categories ofetnployees as may from time to time be declared to be " \Vorkman " by the Management ". Standing Order no. 3 classifies employees into certain categories and Standing Order no. 4 deals with tickets. In substance, it says that every workman, permanent 0 60 .• 470 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] _r958_ or temporary, shall have a ticket or card, and an _Xhe_ _Nagpur_ _El_ "- [apprentice ] - [shall ] d [have ] h ll b [an ][apprentice ] d [card; ] [the ] [tickets ] _frw,LightandPaw,,or_ cards issue s. a e surren ered when the workf:,"· _Ltd.._ man is discharged or ceases to belong to the class of v. employment for which the card or ticket is issued. It _Shmpathi, Rao_ is to be noticed that under the definition clause" work man" means such categories of employees as may ;;. _K._ _Das_ _J._ from time to time be declared to be workmen by the management and Standing Ord~r no. 4 makes it clear that every workman, permanent or temporary, will have a ticket. " Standing Order no. lG deals with termination of employment, and cl. (I.) thereof, relevant fo:r: our purpose, must be quoted in full-. "J<'or terminating the employment of a·pcrmanent employee, a notice in writing shall be given either by the employer or - the employee, giving one caJ.endar nionth's notice. The reasons for the termination of the services ·will be 'cop:tmunicated to the employee in writing, if he so desires at _the time of discharge, unless such a communication, in the opinion of the Management, may directly or indirectly fay the Company and the Management .or the person signing the communication open to criminal or civil proceedings at the instance of the employee, or the Company's Managing Director is satisfied that it is not in the interests of the i.msiil.es's' _ot'_ the Company to disclose the reasons and so orders' in wdtin'g. " ~ow, it is 'i1ot 1i'ri dispute that the respondent is a ' workman '. with!n the ineaning of the Central Act and an 'employee ' as defined in the local Act: The eontroversy before us is as. to. whether .. he is an '.employee' within the meaning oftHe Standing \:)rders . .l\drp'.ittedly,'h~ ticket has been issued' .to the respoi;l: dent' 'by the Company; his_ ti_cket number mprnot, therefore, oo included in the departmental_ rµ11ster: The learfied Judges of the High Court held tji.at the inclusion' df the name and tick.et number in the depart; mental mu'ster was an essential characteristic of a·n ' employee ' as defined for the purp6se of the St!J:nding Orders, and the ·mere fact of employnierlt [1] in the Office, Mains Department;!Stores, Power House·br l{eceiving ., ~ow, it is 'i1ot S~ation of the Compa.iry was not, enough to make a #### . . S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 471 person so employed an '·employee ' within the mean- _I95_ _[8 ]_ ing of th? Sta:rrdirig Or~et,s; '~~d. as the r~spon~ent did _The_ _Nagpur_ _Elec-_ not fulfil the necessary 9ond1t10n of ha vmg his name _tric Light and Power_ and ticket number incli1d.ed ' in:' ~he departmental _co.,_ _Ltd.,_ muster, he was not an 'employee' as' 'ilefined for the v. Standing Orders, which did not therefore apply to him. _Shreepathi Rao_ On behalf of the appellants, it is contended that regard beti;ig had to the context and the entire body of the s. K~ _Das_ _f._ Standing Orders, the aforesaid view of the High Court is not correct, and on a proper construction, inclusion of . the name and ticket number in the departmental lnuster is not an essential characteristic of an ' employee' as defined for the Standing Orders. It is rightly pointed oub that if.the possessionof a ticket and a ticket number is taken as an essential characteristic of an ' empJ..oyee ', then there is hardly any difference between an 'employee' and a 'workman' as defined in the Standing Orders; because a 'workman' ineans such categories of employees as may from time to time be declared to be workmen, and under Standing Order no. 4 all workmen must have tickets. If a person employed by the company must have a ticket before he can be an employee, and if workmen are ·such catego-· ries of employees as have tickets, the distinction between the two disappears andjt is difficult to under-· stand why two definitions were necessary. . On a consideration, however, of the subject o( context of the Standing Orders, read in their entirety and in harmony with one another, it becomes at once clear why two definitions are necessary and what is the disti1iction between the two classes-' employees• and 'workmen '-in the "Standing Orders. The ex-· pression 'employee'. denotes a larger group-namely, all persons, male or female, who are employed in the Office, Mains Department, Stores, Powe.i House, or Heceiving Station of the Company, either at Nagpur or, \Vardha. ' \V orkmen ' denotes a smaller group, viz., such categories of employees as have been declared ·to be workmen, and who must have a ticket. Such a· distiml'tion is dearly intelligible in an industrial. establishment, where for security and other reasons a system of tickets or passes is necessary for .thos~ wbJJ· ###### . . . \ ~ 472 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] _1_ _958_ work in the Power House or Mains Department or other _Th_ " _P_ _L··i_ - places where essential machinery is installed while _**tricLightandPowcrot**_ ' _"ag_ "' - " h **ers, sue** h **as** **t** h **e c er1ca** 1 · 1 **sta** ff" **,** **111a)** **[7 ]** **'vor r** l . **i11** **an** _co.,_ _Lid.,_ office building where security demands are either non. v. existent or much less insistent. This distinction means _Slmepathi_ _llao_ that all 'workmen ' are 'employees', but all 'em ployees' are not ' workmen' for the purpose of the _s._ _I<._ _D"as_ _J._ Standing Orders, and the inclusion of ticket numbers in the departmental musters will be applicab.le to those t>mployces only to whom tickets have been issued; but such inclusion is not an essential charac- . teristic of an employee. Let us now sec if such a distinction is consistent with the Standing Orders as a whole. Standing Order no. 3, which classifies employees, defines a probationer ' in cl. (c) and says that a probationer means an _em;iloyee_ who is appointed in a·clear vacancy on probation for a period not exceeding twelve months, etc. Standing Order no. 4 does not require the issue of _n_ ticket to a probationer; yet a probntioner is an employee. It is thus obvious that the Standing Orders do make a distinction between 'employees' and ' workmen', and there may also be employees who lrn _ve_ no tickets. Some of the Standing Orders apply to workmen only, c. g., Standing Orders 12, 13, 14 and 15. Other Slnnding Orders apply to all employees, whether they are workmen or not. Standing Order no. 16 falls in the latter category; it applies to all employees. Standing Order no. 8 (b), we think, makes the position still more clear. It says " Any employee, who after marking his at.tenclance or presenting his ticket, card, or token, as the case may be, is found absent from his proper place of work during working hours without permission or without an" sufficient reason, shall be liable to be treated as absent for the period of his absence." lf every employee has to have a ticket, it is difficult to understand why this Standing Order should make a distinction between an employee _who marks his r;ttend-_ _ance and another who presents his t·iclcet,_ _carrl_ _or_ _token._ Such a distinction is easily understandable when some e111ployees do .not posses~ a ticket, card or token,, _(_ "' S.O.R. SUPHEME COUBT HEPORTS 473 so that they merely mark their attendance; while _z95B_ those who possess a ticket, card or token present it. _Tit•_ _Nagpur_ _Etec-_ It has been suggested that Standing Order no. 4 _iStricLight and Power_ not exhaustive in the matter of issue of tickets; it _Co., Ltd.,_ talks of an issue ofa ticket to every permanent work- v. ) _Shreepathi Rao_ man, a car· d to every _b dl a_ i [· ] wor ;;:man, a temporary t~clrnt. to every temporary workman, and an apprcn- _s._ _K. Vas_ _1._ tice card to every apprentice. It does not prescribe the issue of a pass or token, though the definition of a 'ticket' includes a pass or token. The suggestion further is that Standing Order no. 2 (a) itself authorises the issue of tickets to other employees, so that there may be one kind of tickets issued to workmen under Standing Order no. 4 and another kind of tickets to other employees under Standing Order no. 2 (a). On this.view, it is suggested that the alternatives mentioned in l::ltanding Order no. 8 (b) really amount to an option given to an employee either to mark his attendance or present his ticket. lt i8, however, difficult to understand the necessity of an option of this kind when every employee must have a ticket, particularly when the exercise of such an option is likely to defeat the very purpose for which tickets are issued in an industrial establishment. \Ve do not, however, think that the case of the respondent is in any way strengthened by holding that Standing Order no. 2 (a) itself authorises the issue of tickets to employees other than workmen. Even on that construction, the failure of the. Company to issue tickets under Standing Order no. 2 (a) will not deprive the employees of their real status as employees and of the benefit 'of the Standing Orders. The direction for the issue of tickets will, in that view of the Standing Order, be an enabling provision only and not an essential characteristic of an employee. Further, Stttnding Order no. 4 provides for the surrender of tickets issued thereunder but Standing Order no. 2 (a), if it is construed as enabling the Company to issue tickets, makes no pro1~sion for the surrender of tickets when the em. ployee ceases to be an employee. This absence of any provision for surrender applicable to such tickets 474 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] _r9s_ _[8 ]_ clearly implies that issue of tickets is not contem, n, _Nagpi"_ Uec-plated by the ·Standing Order.no. 2 (a) itself.·· - . _tricLightandPower_ On·behalf of the· )'espondent, howBver,· the· mam _Co.,_ _Ltd.,_ argument has been of a different character. It has v. been argued that there need not be one set of Stand_Shmpothi_ _llao_ ing Orders for all emphoyees, and·the Standing Orders s. _H. Das_ _J._ in question being confinecl to. those employees to whom tickets had heen issued, the respondent who had ntJ ticket was outside their purview and the result was 1 that the Company had committed a breach of tha statutory· provision in s. 30 of the local Act in the sense that no Standing Orders had been made in re,spect of the respondent and employees like him to whom tickets had not been issued. It has been argued that, therefore, no action. could be taken against the respondent either under the Standing Orders or ~ven under the ordinary law. of master and servant. We .ire unable to accept this argument as correct. We lrnve pointed out that th" Standing O,rders themselves make a distinction between ' employees ' and 'workmen', and there nrny also be employees who have no tickets. To hold that the Standing Orders apply to those employees only to whom tickets have been issued will make employees synonymous with workmen-a result negatived by two separate definitions given in Standing Order no. 2. The central Act as well as the local Act contemplate the making of Standing Orders for all employees in respect of matters which are required to be dealt with by Standing Orders. The Standing Orders in question were not objected to as being defective or incomplete by workmen, and they have been approved by the appropriate authority and they must be construed with reference to their subject or context. ln the absence of compelling reasonE> to the contrary, it should be held that they apply to all employees for whose benefit they have been made. Vv e see no compelling reasons for holding that the Standing Orders do not apply to the. respondent. In our view, and having regard to the subject or context of the Standing Orders, the wtirds "whose names and ticket numbers arc included in the dep,ftrtmental musters" in Standing Order no. 2 (a) do #### . . S.0.:R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 475 not lay down any essential characteristic of an em- _r958_ ployee and are applicable only in cases where tickets have been issued to an employee. The essential _The_ _Nagpur_ _Elec-_ f 1 - 1 _Irie Light a1'd Power_ content o t e e f [. ] [h d ] [f" ] imt1011 [· · ] - an emp oyee is emp oyment _Co.,_ _Ltd .•_ in the Office, Mains Department, eto., of the Company v. either at Nagpur or W ardha, and that of a workman _ShreepathiRao_ the necessary declaration by the Company which would entitle him to a ticket under Standing Order _s_ _](._ _Das_ _]._ no. 4. ·There is also another relevant consideration which must be borne in mind in construing the Standing Orders in question. Section 30 of the local Act imposes a statutory obligation on the employer to make - Standing Orders in respect of all his employees and a breach of the statutory obligation involves a criminal liability. That ~eing so, the court would be justified, if it can reasonably d9 so, to construe the Standing Orders so as to make them consistent with the compliance of the said statutory bbligation. We are not unmindful of the ptihciple that in construing a statutory provision or rule,·_ every word occurring therein must b.e given its -prop'er meaning ana 'wE;iight. Th_e necessity of such an interpretation is all the more "important in a definition clause. 'But even a defii:iition clause must derive its meaning frorn the context or subject. In _Cortis_ v. _The_ _Kent_ _W ate!f:_ _works Company_ (1), the question for consideration was the interpretation of the appeal dlause in an Act for Paving, Cleansing, Lighting, etc., Of the Town and Plirish of vVoolwich (47 Geo. III, Sess.'2~ cap. CXI). By the "16th section of the statute, "the commission<irs are to .make rates upon all and every the person or persons who (fo or . shall hold, occupy' possess, etb:' any land within "tlie p:;i.rish ". The statute also gave a tight of appeal to anj r:Jerson or persons-. aggtieved by any rate, but the appeal clause required tHe person or perl sons appealing against' 'a rate to 'enter in't'6'd'recognis" ance; the question was if this req'l'.lirement w'as intended -to exclude corporations' f'r611f the purview of· the appeal "clau~e, as corporations, it' «·a·s urged, cannot ettt~r ititb 'a recbgnisande. In interpreti:iig the appeal cla u~~; Bayley · _J._ observed- . - - . . .. .. 1 (1) (1827) _7_ J3. &; C. 3M i lOS E. 'R. 741. 1 ' 476 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [Hl59] _r95S_ "But assuming that they cannot enter into a _Th_ _**e Hap·**_ _["-P ]_ **'/IJ'** _[El ]_ _ec-_ rceoguizance, _---:_ _•_ vet _[1 ]_ if thev _**J**_, n.re j)ersons car)able . of being '-' _tdcLighia>ulPowuaggnevPd_ by and appealmg agamst a rate, I should _co.,_ _ua.,_ say that that part of the clause which gives the appeal v. applies to all persons capable of appealing, and that _Shmpathi_ _Rao_ the other part of the clause which requires a recognizance to be enkred into applies only to those persons _**S.**_ _**K.**_ _**Das].**_ bl "·ho are capa e of entering into a recognizance, hnt is inapplicable to those who are not." The same principle of interpretation was applied in _Perumal Gounclan_ v. _1'he 1'hiruinala.ra.yapuram Jana .._ _nukoola. Dhanasekha.ra Sangha Niclhi_ ('), in construing the Explanation to 0. XXXIII, r. 1, of the Code of Civil Procedure, which says _intei· alia_ that "a person is a pauper ............ whcn he is not. entitled to property worth one hundred rupees other than his nece~sary wearing apparel and the subject matter of the suit". The que.~tion was if the aforesaid provision applied to companies. It was held that it would be wrong to construe the provision to mean that 011ly persons who possess wearing apparel can sue as paupers. v\' e. are of the view that the same rule of construction should apply in the present case, and the words "whose names ai1cl ticket numbers are included· in the department.al musters" occurring in Standing Order no. 2(a) should be read as "whose names and ticket numbers, if any, are included in the departmental musters" and should apply in the case of those employees only who possess tickets and whose ticket nnmbern are capable of being entered in departmental musters; they are not intended to exclude employees who do not possess tickets or to whom tickets have not been issued and consequently whose names only are so entered. The learned **J** uclges of the High Court were influenced hy the. circumstance that in an earlier case _D._ _0. Dungore_ v. _S._ _S._ _Danclige_ (Miscellaneous Petition No. 134 of 1954 decided by the same High Court on September 23, 1955) the Company took np the stand that the Standing Orders applied to employees to whom tickets had been issued-a stand different from and inconsistent with that taken in the present case. _**S')**_ (1917) I.L.R. 4•1 Mad. 624. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT R.EPORTS 477 It may be pointed out, however, that D. C. Dungore _r958_ of the earlier case was not an employee within ·the " - _El_ . . . ' 7, _11e_ _Naupur_ _, _ec-_ meanmg of the relevant Act, and there could be no _tric_ _Li_ _0ah; and Power_ Standing Orders in respect of his co1iditions of service. _c_ _0_ _[.• ]_ _[Ltd., ]_ ,. i~portant questions, but 1rn do not think that we are caUed upon to decide them in this case. Lastly, it has been urged on behalf of the responr dent that even if we hold that the Standing Orders apply to the respondent, we should remand the case to the High Court for a decision on merits of other points raised by the respondent, because .the question whether the Standing Orders apply or not was treated - as a preliminary issue by the High Courb and no decision was given on other points. Vile asked learned Advocate for the respondent what other points remain for det:ision on his writ application, once it is held that the Standing Orders apply to the respondent .and _0_ _[.• ]_ _[Ltd., ]_ Moreover, in the matter of construction of a stp,tutory v. provision no (1uestion of estoppel arises, and the learn- _Shrupathi_ _Rao_ eel Judges had pointed out that the respondent himself thoug h t t l lat t e h otan 0 d" mg 0 re l ers app 1 d ie · to a em- 11 _s._ _J(._ _na>_ _I_ ployees. vVe have rested our decision as to the applicability of the Standing Orders not Oil what the appelhnts or the respondent thought at one time or another, but on a true construction of the Standing Orders thcm;;el ves, including the definition clause in Standing Order no. 2(a). We take the view that the Standing Orders apply to th~ respondent. This is really decisive of the appeal, because. if the Standing Orders apply _to_ the respondent and his service has been terminated in accordance with Standing Order no. 16(1), the writ application which the respondent made to the High Court must fail. The learned Attorney-General appearing for the appellants addressed us on the scope and ambit of Art. 226 of the Constitution, and he contended that even if the respondent had been wrongfully dismissed by his pri va,tc employer, the proper remedy was by means of a suit and not by invoking the special writ jurisdiction of the High Comt. These contentions raise o• 478 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] _I958_ his service has been terminated in accordance with Standing Order no. 16(1). Learned Advocate then _The_ _Nagpur dP Elec-_ re1erre,. d' us o t St an d' mg 0 d r er no. 18, w h" 10 h prov1 es "d #### t ricigianower.r: [. ] [L' ] 11 I"'· b" _co.,_ _Ltd.,_ ior pena. ties for nnsconduct, and su m1tted that the v. provisions thereof have not been complied with by the _.Shmpathi_ _Rao_ appellants. He particularly referred to cl. (c) of Stand ing Order no. 18 and submitted that the order of sus_s._ _I<._ _Das_ _J._ pension passed against the respondent was in violation of the safeguards mentioned therein. The short answer to this argument is th:it no penalty for misconduct has been imposed on the respondent under Standing Order no. 18. The Company paid his salary to the respondent from the date of suspension to January 31, 1956, which also showed that no order was passed by way of punishment for misconduct. The Company chose to terminat<? the service of the respondent in accordance with Standing Order ifo. 16, and did not think fit to proceed against the respondent for any alleged misconduct, and it was open to the Company to do so. So far as Standing Order no 16. is concerned, all the requirements thereof have been complied with. That being the position, no other point remains for decision in the present case. The result, therefore, is that the appeal succeeds and is allowed. The judgment and order of the High Court dated September 26, 1956, are set aside and the writ petition of the respondent is dismissed. In view of the stand which the appellants had taken in the earlier case with regard to the Standing Orders, we think it proper to say in this case that the parties l]ll\St bear their own costs throughout. _Appeal allowed ._ ### .. • !