Sukhnandan Singh v. Jamiat Singh & ors.

784 SUKHNANDAN SINGH ETC. _v._ JAMIAT SINGH & ORS. _Februar,y_ 18, 1971 [I. D. DUA AND V. BHARGAVA, JJ.J P~e-e111p1i~11--:-Suit _for--Co/lusion-;-Suit by_ _son.<_ _of_ _Vendors_ _for_ _pre-_ _1"fnP!'?n7Pla1n!it1s_ _c.n_d_ _vendors_ _residing_ _and .messing_ _l!Ogether_ _altd expenset;_ _.of_ _/1,1ga11on_ _being pwd by vendor.<-!/ mfjicient to_ _e.<tab/ish_ _col/usirm,_ _Limitation_ _Act_ _1908-Article_ _10--Suit for_ _Pre-emption-Limitdtion-_ _Purt_ _of_ _the /anti sold_ i11 _tJie_ _hands of tenants-Starting point of /i111itrztion-_ _":Physicn/_ _pos.ression",_ _1neaning._ In a suit for pre-emption by. the sons of the vendors of cerlain land ·1hc vendees pleaded collusive nature of' the suit and limitation. The trial court found that the vendors and the plaintiffs resided and messed together .1Jnd the expenses of the litigation were paid by the vendors. From this it was concluded that the suit had been filled by the plaintiffs at the instance 10f and in collusion _with_ the vendors and therefore the plaintiffs were held lto be estopped from exercising their right of pre-emption. On th~ question of \vere in possession limitation the trial court held that- the vendorsof the land sold, that possession 1 and not their tenants. of the land was delivered to the vendees on the date of the sale and therefore th\! suit wa5 barred by limitation. The first appellate Court reven;ed the finding of the trial court on both the pleas. In regard to the plea of limitation it held that a part of the land sold was· in possession of tenants and, therefore, it did not admit of physical possession which meant immediate pcr-;oital pos session. In that view of ~he matter, under Section 10 of the limitation _,,er, 1908 the _terminus a quo_ was the date of registration of the "11e deed .and therefore within the one year limitation under Article 10. T'io High •Court affirmed this decision. In appeal to this Court, HELD : dismissing the appeal, (I) On the facts of the present case there was absolutely no material ''" which the plaintiffs could be held to have lost their right of pre· emption Qn the ground of collusion. Merely because the v•ndors,'the fathers of the plaintiffs, were helping their sons to exercise the statutory right con· fcrrcd on the sons could not without more, deprive them of the right to be substituted for the vendees" in exercise of their right of pre-emption. [788 FJ (ii) On the finding of the Disltict Judge and the High Court physical possession of the whole of the property sold was not taken by the vendees ·On the date of sale. Therefore the first part of Article 10 of tho Limita·tion Act docs not apply. The second part of Article 10 covers ca;cs where the subject of the sale,_ which means the whole of the proper!\' <old, does not admit of physical possession and that would be so where a part of the land in the possession of tenants. The argument that use of the c<Press1on ";uhject to the sale" suggests that this Article would apply only if the ;intire ond not only a part of the land is in the po<Session of the tenant', lS not .acceptable. [789 Cl " Jn the present ease the pr~perties in I.he .~and.s of tenants ha'<, to be hold to be incapable of "Physical possession which means per.on«I and ·immediate possession. A. B ##### c D E F G H SUKHNANDAN _v._ JAMIAT _(Dua._ _J.)_ 785 A B~tul _Begam_ v. _Mansur Ali Khan,_ I.L.R. 24 All.17 and _G/lulum_ Mustaf~ v. _Shaltabuddin,_ 49 P.R. 1908, referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JuR1so1cnoN: Civil Appeal No. 1729 of 1967. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated B October 17, 1967, of the Punjab and~ Haryana High Court 111 ### ... ' ##### c D E **F** G H **Dua,** J. In this appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree of a learned single Judge of the P~jab and Haryan:i Regular Second Appeal No. 822 of 1965. _K._ _L._ _Gosain_ and _Nmmit_ _Lal,_ for the appellants. _Purushottam Chatterjee_ and _D. D. Sharma,_ for the respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by **Dua,** J. In this appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree of a learned single Judge of the P~jab and Haryan:i High Court arising out of a i;>re-emption suit only two questions were raised by the learned counsel for the appellants who were vendees-defendants in the trial court. The suit was instituted by the three sons of three vendors who were real brothers, and the two points canvassed in this Court challenge the decisio.ns of the High Court and of the court of the District Judge on issues 6 and 7. Those issues are : "6. Is the suit collusive? If so, its . effect. 7. Is the suit within time?" Both these issues were decided by the trial court against the plaintiffs but the District Judge on appeal reversed the decision _of_ the trial court on both the issues and the High Court on second appeal affirmed the decision of the first appellate court. The relevant facts may now be stated in brief. Kartar Singh, Bachan Singh and Sardara Singh, sons of Sohel Singh, claiming to be co-sharers, agreed on September 19, 1961, to sell 193· _kanals_ and 15 _.mar/as_ of land to Sukhnandan Singh, Sukhrninder Singh and Balkar. Singh sons Gurdev Singh in equal shares, I /3rd share, Gurminder Singh and Gurpakh Singh sons of Teja Singh in equal shares, I/3rd share. Gurdas Singh son of Angrez Singh, I /3rd share at the rate of Rs. 840/- per _bigha._ A sum of Rs. 7,000/- was received in cash as earnest money. Qn December 6, 1961 a formal sale deed was executed with some variations in sh'ares and also with addition of Smt. Chand Kaur, wife of Sardar Inder Singh as one more co-vendee. The sale price was stated to be Rs. 32,550/- Possession of the land sold was stated to have been delivered and it was also recited th.at consolidation proceedings under s. 21 (1) of the Consolidation Act had been completed but further proceedings in favour of the vendees would be taken after the proceedings which might be taken under 78.6 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [197113 S.C.R. s, 21(2). This sale deed was duly registered on .March 9; 1962. The suit for pre-emption by the three sons of three vendors was instituted on March 6, 1963. It was contested by the vendees. The pleadings of the parties gave rise to several issues but we are only concerned with the issues relating to the pleas of collusive nature of the suit and limitation. The trial court dis, posed of the issues nos. 5 and 6, relating respectively to waiver of the right of pre-emption by the plaintiffs and to the collusive ,. . nature of the suit by dealing with .them together. Photographs - . showing the. plaintiffs and the vendors being together along with . libe plaintiffs' counsel in the court compound during the course ., · "(.of this litisation were produced as evidence in the case. Exhibit _1_ ·).1-2 a certified copy of the Register of Consolidation Proceedings, . 'Produced by the plaintiffs in evidence showed that this copy .. had :. been prepared at the instance of Kartar Singh, one of the ve.ndors and .father of J amiat Singh, plaintiff. According to the trial court there was also evidence that the plaintiffs and the vendors resided and mes~ed together. On consideration of this material the trial court held that the vendors and the pre-emptors resided and messed together and the expenses of the litigation were paid by the 'vendors. From this it concluded that the suit had been filed by the plaintiffs at the instance of and in collusion with the vendors. The right of pre-emption being a priratical right, according to the trial court, to quote its own words "it is necessary that the pre-emptors must not act in collusion with vendors or act in oad faith." The plaintiffs were on this reasoning held to be estopped from exercising their right of pre,emption. On the question of lin1itation the trial court. held that the vendors and not. their tenants were in possessioo of he land sold, which had been allotted to them in the consolidation proceedings and the possession of that land was delivered to the veindees on the date of the sale. The suit was accordingly held to be barred by time. The suit was dismissed for all these reasons. A B ###### c ## • D E F G On appeal by the plaintiffs the District Judge reversed the conclusion of the trial court both on the point of estoppel or ·collusion and of limitation. Accordii:tg to that court in order to prove collusion the defendant ha~ to prove that the suit was being fought for the wndor's benefit, the normal presumption being that the plaintiff .1ues for his· o.wn benefit. In support of this view several decisioms were relied upon by the District Judge. ·In the present case, according to the learned District Judge, the plaintiff Jamiat S£ngh had clearly stated that he was pre-empting the present sale with his own earnings .and the learned District Judge found no rebuttal to this assertion. Neither the fact thafBx: p;2 had been obtained by one of the vendors nor the fact that the vendors were present in the court coml??und with the plaintiffs and their counsel during . the course of htigation indicated that the present suit had necessarily H -·?"<-·~ SUKHNANDAN _V._ JAMIAT _(Dua,./.)_ 787 \' A B ##### c D E •.. been instituted for the benefit of the vendors. On this reasoning the decision on the collusive nature of the suit which must result in .its disip.issal was reversed. In regard to the limitation also the· learned District Judge concluded, in disagreement with the trial court, that a part of the land sold was in possession of tenants and, therefore, ii did not admit of physical possession, which means immediate personal possession. In that view of the matter under Art. 10 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1908 the _terminus_ _a_ On second appeal a learned single Judge of the Pun.jab and HaryQna High Court held that there was no clear and reliable evi dence that the vendor and their son were united in mess and estate. The other two circumstances, namely, that the vendors and the plaintiffs along with their counsel were seen together in court compound and that Ex. P-2 had been obtained by one of the vendors one day before the institution of the suit, were not considered sufficient to establish the collusive nature 'Of the suit. In regard to the stateffifnt of Jamiat Singh the High Court undoubtedly felt unimpressed by his statement but we do not think it was open to that court on second appeal to appraise the credibility of the testimony which was believed by the final court of fact when there was no illegality in the appraisal of the testimony by the District Judge and it was open to him to take the view he did. Jamiat Singh had stated that he was separated from his father since about three years and that he was spending on the litigation from what little amount he earned. The matter was not pursued in cross-examination as to what was the source of his earniings. Even after feeling unimpressed by the statement of J amiat Singh, the High Court came to the conclusion that it was for the vendees to establish the collusive nature of the plaintiffs' suit. On the evidence produced the District Judge having come to the conclusion that they had failed to discharge this onus this conclusion was one of fact and not being vitiated by and error of law it was held binding on second· appeal. The cootention that the District Judge was wrong in holding that a part of the land sold was in possession of the tenant at the time of the sale was also repelled. The conclusion of the District Judge that field no. 24/21 out of the suit land was under the cultivation of Bahadur Singh, a tenant at will, as was clear Ex. X-4, a copy of Khasra Girdwari relating to Rabi 1962 and Kharif 1962 was also held to be a finding of fact binding on second appeal. This documertt was not shown to have been misread by _quo_ was the date of registration of the sale deed. The suit was thus held to have been instituted within one year from the date of registration and, therefore, within limitation under Art. 10. The judgment and decree of the trial court was reversed and the suit aecreed. ; F G H 788 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1971]'3 s.c:R. the first appellate court. ·on this finding Art. 10 of the Indain Limitation Act, 1908, and 1not S. 30 of the Punjab Pre-emption Act. was held applicable a.nd the suit was thus considered to be within limitation. For this view reliance was placed on two decisions of the Punjab Chief Court and a Bench decision of the Nagpur High Court. The appeal was, however, partly accepted by raising the pre-emption money by an additional sum of Rs. 4, 133.50. In this Court again the learned cot1insel for the appellantvendees-pressed the points of collusion and limitation. We are, however, 11nable to find merit in either of them. So far as the question of collusion is concerned it was not clarified by the learned counsel how the plaintiffs could be held to have Jost their 'fight of pre-emption merely becauses their fathers either came to the court with them, which they did openly1 or allowed their sons as plaintiffs to use in court, copy of a public document procured by the father of one of the plaintiffs. Collusion in judicial proceedings is,normally associated with secret arrangement between two persons that the one hould institute a suit against the other in order to obtain· the decision of a judicial tribunal for some sinister purpose. In scuh a proceeding the claim put forward is fictitious, the contest feigned or unreal and the final adjudication a mask. designed to give false appearance of a genuine judicial <letermination, and this is generally done with the object of confounding third parties. In such a proceeding the contest is a mere sham. In the case of pre-emption it is open to the plaintiff to find financial aid from any source he likes. He has a statutory right to pre-empt the sale and it is no concern of the ve.ndees whether he ·borrows moqey from someone or otherwise arranges for finances for pre-empting the sale. It is true that it is a persnoal right and is not capable of being transferred. And the right of pre-emption being a right of substitution the vendor also canttot-in the garb of a _benamidar_ pre-empt his own sale. **But** merely because the vendors who are the fathers of the plaintiff preemptors are helping their sons to exercise the statutory right conferred on the sons cannot, without more, deprive them of the right to be substituted for the vendees in exercise of their right of preemption. The property pre-empted. if they were successful, will belong. to them and not to their fathers who ·were the vendors. Even in the wider sense of the word "collusion" which suggests a deceitful agreement or compact between two or more persons to do soine act In order to prejudice a third person or for some im· proper purpose, would not apply to the present case so as to operate as estoppel against the plaintiffs. Whether or not a preeptor-plaintiff _whd_ is a _benamidar_ for the vendor or some o~er party loses his right because of being a _benamiliar_ is a qu~f!OIT which does not concern us in this case and we express no op1mon thereon. On the facts of the present case there is absolutely no A **B** #### _c_ **D** E **F** G **H** A B ##### c D E F # G H SUKHNANDAN _v._ JAMlAT _(Dua,_ /.) 789 material on which the plaintiffs can be held to have lost their right of pre-emption on the ground of collusion. The next point relates to the plea of limitation. Article 10 o[ the ~cond Schedule cf the India Limitation Act provides a period of one year to enforce a right of pre-emption whether founded on law or general usage or on special contract, the _terminus_ _a_ _quo_ being the date when the purchaser takes under the sale. sought to be pre-empted, physical possession of the whole of the property sold or where the subject of the sale does not admit of physical possession, the date when the instrument of sak is registered. Section 30 of the Punjab Pre-Emption Act applies only when the cases does not fall within Art. 10. On the finding of the District Judge and of the High Court it is obvious that physical possession of the whole of the property sold was not tu.ken by the vendees, on the date of sale. Therefore, the first part of article does not apply. According to the appellants' counsel the land sold does admit of physical possession and if a part of the land has been taken into possession by the vendees thein Art, 10 would be inapplicable and S. 30 of the Punjab Pre-emption Act would be attracted. In that case the _terminus a quo·_ according to Shri Gosain would be the date on which the vendees took under the sale physical possession of any part of such land. The argument in our view in misconceived. The second part of Art. 10, in our opinion, cove~ cases where the subject of the sale, which means the whore i>f the property sold, does not admit of physical possession and that would be so when a part of the land is in the possesion of the tenants. The argument that use of the expression "subject of the sale" suggests that this artcile would apply only if the, entire and not only a part of the land is in the possession of the tenants is not acceptable. The expressbn "physical 1possession" came wp for construction before the Privy Council in _BatuT_ _Begam_ v. _Mansur_ _Ali Khan(')_ Lord Robertson speaking for the Judicial Committee said : "What has ·to be considered is as the High Court accurately formulated, the question, does the property admit of physical possession? . The word_ "physical" is of itself a strong word, highly restrictive of the kind of possession indicated; and when it is found as is pointed out by the High Court, that the Legislature has in suc cessive enactments about the limitation of such suits gone on strengthening the language used,-first in 1859 prescribing "possession" then in f871 requiring "actual possession" and finally in 1877 substituting the word "physical" and "actual", it is seen that that word has (I) 1.L.R.C4 All. 17 ##### ..•. 790 SUPREME COURT REPORTS, [1971]3 S.C.R. been very deliberately chosen and for a restrictive purpose. Their Lordships are of opinion that the Higll Courts are right in the conclusion they have stated. Their Lordships consider that the expression used by Stuart, C.J., in regard to the words "actual possession" is applicable with stil! more certainty to the words "physical possession" and that what is meant is a "personal and immediate" possession." This view has evec since then been followed by the High Courts in India. No decision holding to the contrary was brought to our notice. Indeed, Shri Gosain virtually conceded that there was none to his knowledge. The properties in possession of tenants have on this reasoning to be held to be incapable of physical possession which means personal and immediate possession. . It was so held in _Ghulam Mustafa_ _v._ _Shahabuddin(_ _[1]_ _)._ In that case the Full Bench of the Punjab Chief Court approved of some of its earlier decision overruling the dictum is one of the earlier decisions of that Court. This view has consistently held the field ·in the Punjab and we do not find any cogent reason for disagree· ing and upsetting it. If the date of registration of the sale deed. be the _terminus a quo_ then indisputably the suit must be held to be within limitation. These being the. only two points agitated before us this appeal must fail and is dismissed with costs. R.KP.S. ' _Appeal dismissed._ (I) ~~49~~ ~~P.R. 1908 (F.B.).~~ A B ##### c _D_