State of U.P. v. Atar Singh and Ors.

_1_ _, A ## STATEOFU.P. _v._ ATAR SINGH AND ORS. ## NOVEMBER, 2007 B ## [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT AND D.K. JAIN,JJ.] ~ ,..,. _Penal Code, 1860-ss. 302, 323 and 324rlw149, 147and148 and 452-Murder 452-Murder and injury caused-Three eye-_ c _witnesses-Conviction by trial court-Acquittal by High Court on the grounds interalia that motive not proved, prosecution case not corroborated by independent witnesses, independent eye-witness not trustworthy and non-explanation of injury on one of the accused creating doubt about prosecution case-On appeal, held: .Acquittal_ D _[justified ][in ][view ] of[cumulative effect ] of[the circumstances ] of[the ] caseHowever non-explanation of the injury on the accused, in the facts, would not affect veracity of the prosecution case._ _Criminal Trial-Non-explanation of injury on the accused-_ E _[Effect ][of-On ][prosecution case. ]_ --4 ; _Practice and Procedure-Criminal appeal-Against order of acquittal-Review of evidence-Permissibility._ _Appeal-Appeal against ac:quittal-lnte1jerence with-Scope of_ F Respondents-accused were prosecuted for having caused death of on person and causing injuries was that sister of five of the respondents had been abduct_ed by brother-in-law of PW-1, six months prior to the incident. On the day of the incident exchange of hot words and abuse took place between PWl and father of five of G[the accused ]['D" ][in conneeti.on with the abduction. ][On ][intervention ] of two persons, PW, 1 went to his house. Thereafter, 'D' alongwith the appellants-accused entered the house of PWl. Two of the appellants were armed with spears while rest were armed with lathis. They assaulted he deceased, PW 1and3 and mother of PW-1 and 1018 H .,~ 1· y-< 1019 STATE _v._ ATARSINGH "~ 3. Incident was also seen by PW-2. When Police reached the spot, A he found the deceased and PWs 1and3 and their mother in inured condition. Statement of the deceased was recorded by the Police. Deceased died after 3 days of the incident accused 'D' died after few days of the incident. Trial Court, convicted the respondents u/s 302, 323 and 324 r/w 149 and 452. Five of the accused were further B convicted u/s 147 IPC and the rest two were further convicted u/s 148 IPC. High Court acquitted the respondents. Acquittal was on the grounds that the motive was not proved; that witnesses to the exchange of hot words between 'D' and PW-1, were not examined C to as to indicate the origin of incident; that prosecution version is not corroborated by independent witnesses; evidence of PW-2 is not trustworthy as his presence at the place of incident was not established; that few persons whose names appeared in FIR as witnesses were not examined; that statement of the deceased D recorded by Investigating Officer would be a statement u/s 161 Cr.P.C. and the same could not be treated to be the dying declaration; that no explanation was offered as to why the dying declaration was not recorded in the presence of Magistrate even though the deceased died 3 days after the incident; and that non-explanation E · of injuries on the person of one of the accused cast a doubt about the actual time, place, number of assailants and weapons. Hence the present appeal. ,.... '>- Dismissing the appeal, the Court F HELD: 1.1. There is no embargo on the appellate Court reviewing the evidence upon which an order of acquittal is based. Generally, the order of acquittal shall not be interfered with because the presumption of innocence of the accused is further strengthened by acquittal. The golden thread which runs through the web of G administration of justice in criminal cases is that if two views are possible on the evidence adduced in the case, one pointing to the guilt of the accused and the other to his innocence, the view which is favourable to the accused should be adopted. The paramount consideration of the Court is to ensure that miscarriage of justice is H 1020 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 11 S.C.R. ~ .... A prevented. A miscarriage of justice which may arise from acquittal of the guilty is no less than from the conviction of an innocent. In a case where admissible evidtoce is ignored, a duty is cast upon the appellate Court to re-appreciate the evidence where the accused has been acquitted, for the purpose of ascertaining as to whether any of B the accused really committed any offence or not. [Para 10) [1025-G; 1026-A, B, CJ _Bhagwan Singh and Ors._ v. _State of Madhya Pradesh,_ (2002) 2 Supreme567, relied on. C 1.2. The principle to be followed by appellate Court considering the appeal against the judgment of acquittal is to interfere only when there are compelling and substantial reasons for doing so. If the impugned judgment is clearly unreasonable and relevant and convincing materials have been unjustifiably eliminated in the process, it is a compelling reason for interference. D [Para 10) [1026-C, D) _.... _Shivaji Sahabrao Bo bade and Anr._ v. _State of Maharashtra,_ AIR (1973) SC 2622; _Ramesh Babula! Doshi_ v. _State of Gujarat,_ (1996) 4 Supreme 167; _Jaswant Singh_ v. _State of Haryana,_ (2000) 3 Supreme E 320; _Raj Kishore Jha_ v. _State of Bihar and Ors.,_ (2003) 7 Supreme 152; _State of Punjab_ v. _Karnail Singh,_ (2003) 5 Supreme 508; _State of Punjab_ v. _Pohla Singh and Anr.,_ (2003) 7 Supreme 17; and V~ _Ratheesh_ v. _State of Kera/a,_ [2006] 10 SCC 617, relied on. 2.1. In isolation the circumstances highlighted by the High F Court may not be sufficient to direct acquittal. Considering the cumulative effect of circumstances which have weighed with the High Court to direct acquittal, it cannot be said that the view taken by the High Court is not a plausible view. Hence, the order of acquittal is not interfered with. [Paras 11and14) [1026-F; 1029-B, C) G 2.2. However, it cannot be said that in each and every case where prosecution fails to explain the injuries found on some of the accused, the prosecution case should automatically be rejected, without any further probe. Any non-explanation of the injuries on the accused by the prosecution may affect the prosecution case. But such a non .. H explanation may assume greater importance where the defence G _J_ i STATE v.ATARSINGH 1021 gives a version which competes in probability with that of the A prosecution. But where the evidence is dear, cogent and creditworthy and where the Court can distinguish the truth from falsehood the mere fact that the injuries are not explained by the prosecution cannot by itself be a sole basis to reject such evidence, and consequently the whole case. Much depends on the facts and B circumstances of each case. [Para 12] [1028-B, C] _Lakshmi Singh and Ors._ v. _State of Bihar,_ [1976] 4 SCC 394 and _Vijayee Singh and Ors._ v. _State of UP.,_ AIR (1990) SC 1459, relied on. c _Mohar Rai and Bharath Rai_ v. _The State of Bihar,_ [1968] 3 SCR 525, ref erred to. _I_ 2.3. Non-explanation of injuries by the prosecution will not affect prosecution case where injuries sustained by the accused are minor and superficial or where the evidence is so clear and cogent, D so independent and disinterested, so probable, consistent and creditworthy, that it outweighs the effect of the omission on the part of prosecution to explain the injuries. In the case at hand, trifle and superficial injuries on accused are of little assistance to them to throw doubt on veracity of prosecution case. E E [Para 13] [1028-D, E; 1029-B] _Ramlagan Singh_ v. _State of Bihar,_ AIR (1972) SC 2593; _Hare krishna Singh and Ors._ v. _State of Bihar,_ AIR (1988) SC 863; and _Surendra Paswan_ v. _State of Jharkhand,_ (2003) 8 Supreme 476, relied F on. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 54of2001. From the final Judgment and Order dated 13.04.2000 of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Criminal Appeal No. 2124of1980. G Ratnakar Dash, Sanjay Singh and Anuvrat Sharma for the Appellant. Kusum Chaudhary for the Respondents. TI1e Judgment of the Court was delivered by H ~ [2007] 11 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1022 _--(_ _, A **DR. ARIJIT** PASAYAT, **J.** 1. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment rendered by a Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court which by the impugned judgment acquitted the respondents and set aside the conviction recorded.by the learned Additional Sessions Judge in .Sessions Trial No.316of1979. Each of the accused had been convicted B[by ][the ][trial ][court ][and ][sentenced ][to ][life ][imprisonment ][under ][Section ][302 ] of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the 'IPC') read with Section 149 IPC, three months RI under Section 323 read with Section 149 IPC, six months RI under Section 324 IPC read with Section 149 IPC and two years RI under Section 452 IPC. Accused Jai Singh, Atar Singh, c[Mohan Singh, Beer Singh ][and ][Baburam ][were ][further ][convicted under ] Section 14 7 IPC and sentenced to nine months RI. Accused Ramesh and Lal Singh were however convicted under Section 148 IPC and sentenced to one year's RI. All the sentences were directed to run concurrently. The High Court reversed the judgment and directed acquittal in the appeal D[filed ][by ][the ][accused ][persons. ] 2. Prosecution version as unfolded during trial is as follows: One Ram Murti (hereinafter referred to as 'deceased') lost his life ' in the incident whereas three others namely, Shyam Pal (PW 1), Sohan E[Pal ][(PW ][3) ][and ][Katori ][Devi ][sustained ][injuries. ][The ][incident ][took ][place ] on 4.5.1979 at about 6.30 P.M. in village Balli Nagla, Police Station Qadarchowk, District Budaun. The report of the incident was lodged by Shyam Pal (PW 1) on 5.5.1979 at 3.15 A.M. The distance of police -station from the place of occurrence is 8 kms. The accused-respondents F[Lal ][Singh ][and ][Ramesh ][were ][allegedly ][armed ][with ][spears ][whereas ][rest ] had lathis. The accused-respondents Jai Singh, Atar Singh, Lal Singh, Mohar Singh and Beer Singh are the sons of Dallu who also allegedly participated in the incident but died after few days of the ir{cident. About 6 months before this incident, Durgapal-brother-in-law ofShyam Pal (PW 1) had abducted Dhika daughter of Dallu. Accused-respondents began G to l:iear ill will against him and his family members on this account. On 4- 5-79 at about 6.30 P .M., exchange of hot words and abuses took place between Shyam Pal (PW 1) and Dallu at the Chaupal ofNek Ram in connection with abduction of Dhika Some persons intervened in the matter and Shyan1 Pal went to his home. A little later, all the accused-respondents ~ ·~ _-4,_ ~ - -~ _/_ --·' _r-1_ H _f t_ STATE v.ATARSINGH [PASAYAT,J.] 1023 along with Dallu entered the house of Shyam Pal. As mentioned earlier, A Lal Singh and Ramesh were armed with spears whereas rest had lathis. Dallu asked the other accused persons to teach a lesson to Shyam Pal and his family members for defaming him. All the accused-respondents then started assaulting Shyam Pal (PW 1) and his brothers Sonpal and Ram Murti who were present there. When their mother Katori Devi came B to their rescue, she was also beaten up. Nathu Singh (PW 2), Ulnfat Irfan, Prem Pal and others also arrived there. Sh yam Pal (PW 1 ), Ram Murti, Sohan Pal (PW 3) and their mother Katori Devi sustained injuries. Shyam Pal (PW 2) with his nephew Prempal went to ftie police station and lodged a report by oral narration on 5 .5 .1979 at 3 .15 A.M. which was taken C down by head constable Baburam (PW 4). Investigation was undertaken and on completion thereof, charge sheet was filed. Accused persons pleaded innocence. In order to further accusations, prosecution examined eleven witnesses. Learned trial Judge recorded conviction primarily relying on the evidence of injured witnesses. D 3. It was firstly noticed by the High Court that the motive assigned by the prosecution agallt;t the accused respondents did not stand the test oflogic. The incident of kidnapping and abduction of Dhika daughter of Dallu by Durgapal-brother-in-law of Shyam Pal (PW-1) had taken place about six months before. Even no FIR had been lodged against Durgapal E from the side of accused persons regarding that incident. It was admitted by PW-1 that even no Panchayat was convened. Further Shyam Pal (PW-1) had admitted that at the time of exchange of hot words with Dallu at the Chaupal ofNek Ram, two persons namely, Nek Ram and Urman Singh were there who had intervened. None of them was produced by F the prosecution to indicate the origin of the incident. Dallu himself was a T.B. patient and the High Court found it hard to believe that after alleged exchange of hot words at the Chaupal ofNek Ram, he with all his sons, brother and nephew would have appeared in the house of PW-1 to assault him and his family members. According!y, it was held that even there was G no immediate motive for the alleged occurrence. 4. It was also noted that there was no corroboration to _the_ prosecution version by any independent witnesses. Nathu Singh (PW-2) was resident of another village who claimed to be present at the place of H l \ 1024 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 11 S.C.R. A occurrence. He stated that he had come to the village to meet his relative. According to him the house of Raj pal was situated at a distance of 1516 paces from the place of incident. The High Court noted that the existence of Rajpal's house in the vicinity of place ofoccurrence had not been shown in the site plan. The High Court found that some parts of his B statement could not he re-conciled with other parts eg. that he had reached the village of incident at 6.30 a.m. and was present at the time of incident which took place about 12 hours later. His statement was to the effect that he had gone to his son.,. in-law Rajpal as the latter was about to go to his father-in-law's house and he wanted to send some cows to his C father-in-law. He wanted to send this information to his father-in-law but his cousin-in-law was not available. He also stated that after some time he had returned to his village. The High Court found his presence to be not established. The High Court also noted that Sohan Pal (PW-3) who claimed to be an eye witness was the brother of PW-I. ## D 5. The High Court noted that even though in the FIR names of some other persons have been noted as witnesses, none of them had been examined. The High Court was of the view that statement of the deceased recorded by the investigating officer under Section J.61 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the 'Cr.P~C. ') cannot be treated to E be the dying declaration. The investigating officer (PW-11) noted that when he reached the spot in the morning of 5.5.1979 subsequent to the lodging of the FIR at about 3. l 5 a.m. he had found ·the deceased, Sohan Pal and Katori to be lying there in injured condition. He recorded the statement of the deceased {Exh.Ka. 20). The High Court referred to the F bed head ticket of the deceased in which it was stated that his general condition was noted low when he was admitted in the hospital on 5.5 .1979. The High Court also noted the admitted position that the investigating officer did not follow the instructions contained in Rule 115 of the U.P. Police Regulations relating to recording of dying declaration. Reference G was made to a decision of this Court in _Palak Ram_ v. _State of UP.,_ AIR (1974) SC 2165 wherein it was noted that it would not be prudent to base conviction on a dying declaration made to the investigating officer which is not signed by the persons making it and has not been taken in the presence of two witnesses. H _}-_ STATE _v._ ATARSINGH[PASAYAT,J.] 1025 _1_ ~- ,. ~ 6. The High Court also noted that there was no explanation offered A as to why the dying declaration was not recorded in the presence of the Magistrate which is the usual course, though he died on 7 .5.1979 at about 4.00 p.m. Therefore, the High Court treated the same to be a statement recorded in terms of Section 161 of Cr.P.C. which cannot be treated to be a dying declaration. ,B ,..__ /'-\ 7. The High Court also noted another factor which according to it was significant, i.e. the presence of large number of injuries on accused Mohar Singh for which no explanation was offered. This according to the High Court cast a genuine doubt about the actual time, place, number of assailants and weapons for the injuries. The High Court noted that injuries[c ] on accused Mohar Singh were not superficial and some of them were even incised wounds. The investigating officer had admitted that Mohar Singh was ruTested on 6.5.1979. The High Court found it rather unusual that he was produced for medical examination before a Doctor Shiv Kumar Saxena (PW-5) on 5.5.1979 at 5.20 p.m. by a constable of the[D ] Police Station. Therefore, the High Court noted that if there was no explanation offered as to why he was not arrested on 5.5.1979, the FIR was claimed to have been lodged at 3.15 a.m. on that day. The High Court noted that though PW-1 and PW-3 were stated to be injured witnesses in the background facts the prosecution version was highly E improbabilised. The evidence of PW-2 was found to be not truthful. As a cumulative result of the discussions the High Court found that the prosecution has not been able to substantiate its version. 8. As noted above, the State has questioned correctness of the F conclusions recorded by the High CoUI1. With reference to the evidence of injured witnesses, PW-1 and PW-3 it is stated thatthey are injured witnesses and their version was to be taken as credible and cogent. There was no reason as to why the injured person would falsely implicate the i1mocent person. G 9. None appeared for the respondents when the matter was called. ,, 10. There is no embargo on the appellate Court reviewing the evidence upon which an order of acquittal is based. Generally, the order of acquittal shall not be interfered with because the presumption of H 1026 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 11 S.C.R. ,< _--{_ --< A[innocence ][of ][the ][accused ][is ][further ][strengthened ][by ][acquittal. ][The ][golden ] thread which runs through the web of administration of justice in criminal cases is that if two views are possible on the evidence adduced in the case, one pointing to the guilt of the accused and the other to his innocence, the view which is favourable to the accused should be adopted. The B[paramount consideration ][of ][the ][Court ][is ][to ][ensure that miscarriage ][of ] justice is prevented. A miscarriage of justice which may arise from acquittal of the guilty is no less than from the conviction of an innocent. In a case where admissible evidence is ignored, a duty is cast upon the appellate Court to re-appreciate the evidence where the accused has been c[acquitted, ][for ][the ][purpose ][of ][ascertaining ][as ][to ][whether ][any ][of ][the ][accused ] really committed any offence or not. [See _Bhagwan Singh and Ors._ v. _State of Madhya Pradesh,_ (2002) 2 Supreme 567]. The principle to be followed by appellate Court considering the appeal against the judgment of acquittal is to interfere only when there are compelling and D[substantial reasons ][for ][doing ][so. ][If ][the impugned judgment ][is ][clearly ] unreasonable and relevant and convincing materials have been unjustifiably eliminated in the process, it is a compelling reason for interference. These aspects were highlighted by this Court in _Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade and Anr._ v. _State of Maharashtra,_ AIR (1973) SC 2622, _Ramesh Babula!_ E _[Doshi ]_[v. ] _[State ][of ][Gujarat, ]_[(1996) 4 Supreme ][167, ] _[Jaswant Singh ]_[v. ] _State of Haryana,_ (2000) 3 Supreme 320, _Raj Kishore .!ha_ v. _State of Bihar and Ors.,_ (2003) 7 Supreme 152, _State of Punjab_ v. _Karnail Singh,_ (2003) 5 Supreme 508 and _State of Punjab_ v. _Pohla Singh and Anr.,_ (2003) 7 Supreme 17 and _VN Ratheesh_ v. _State ofKerala,_ [2006] 10 sec 617)]. ## F 11. As is rightly contended by learned counsel for the appellate-State in isolation the circumstances highlighted by the High Court may not be sufficient to direct acquittal. Two important factors which have been noted by the High Court are (i) non explanation of injuries on accused Mohar G[Singh ][and ][(ii) the reason ][for ][his non arrest ][on ][5.5.1979 when ][he ][had ] appeared before the police officers and had been sent for medical examination. 12. We shall first deal with the question regarding non-explanation of injuries on the accused. Issue is if there is no such explanation what H ~ --- _.... ... --(~ _r"_ STATE _v._ ATARSINGH[PASAYAT,J.] 1027 _t_ '~ would be its effect? We are not prepared to agree with the learned counsel A for the defence that in each and every case where prosecution fails to explain the injuries found on some of the accused, the prosecution case should automatically be rejected, without any further probe. In _Mohar Rai and Bharath Rai_ v. _The State of Bihar,_ [ 1968) 3 SCR 525, it was observed: B B " .. .In our judgment, the failure of the prosecution to offer ahy explanation in that regard shows that evidence of the prosecution witnesses relating to the incident is not true or at any rate not wholly true. Further those injuries probabilise the plea taken by the appellants." C In another important case _Lakshmi Singh and Ors._ v. _State of Bihar,_ [1976] 4 SCC 394, after referring to the ratio laid down in _Mohar Rai 's_ case (supra), this Court observed: "Where the prosecution fails to explain the injuries on the D accused, two results follow: (1) that the evidence of the prosecution witnesses is untrue; and (2) that the injuries probabilise the plea taken by the appellants." It was further observed that: E "In a murder case, the non-explanation of the injuries sustained by the accused at about the time of the occurrence or in the co·Jrse of altercation is a very important circumstance from which the Court can draw the following inferences: F ( 1) that the prosecution has suppressed the genesis and the origin of the occurrence and has thus not presented the true version; (2) that the witnesses who have denied the presence of the injuries on the person of the accused are lying on a most material G point and, therefore, their evidence is unreliable; (3) that in case there is a defence version which explains _the_ injuries on the person of the accused assumes much greateF importance where the evidence consists of interested or inimical H SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 11 S.C.R. 1028 _-(_ ~ ~ witnesses or where the defence gives a version which competes in probability with that of the prosecution one." A In _Mohar Rai 's_ case (supra) it is made clear that failure of the prosecution to offer any explanation regarding the injuries found on the accused may B[show ][that the evidence related ][to ][the incident ][is ][not ][true ][or ][at ][any ][rate ] not wholly true. Likewise in _Lakshmi Singh 's_ case (supra) it is observed that any non-explanation of the injuries on the accused by the prosecution may affect the prosecution case. But such a non-explanation may assume greater importance where the defence gives a version which competes in c[probability ][with ][that ][of ][the ][prosecution. ][But ][where ][the ][evidence ][is ][clear, ] cogent and creditworthy and where the Court can distinguish the truth from falsehood the mere fact that the injuries are i:ot explained by the prosecution cannot by itself be a sole basis to reject such evidence, and consequently the whole case. Much depends on the facts and circwnstances of each case. These aspects were highlighted by this Court D in _'Vijayee Singh and Ors._ v. _State of UP.,_ AIR (1990) SC 1459. ~ • ....( ~ 13. Non-explanation of i~juries by the prosecution will not affect prosecution case where injuries sustained by the accused are minor and superficial or where the evidence is so clear and cogent, so independent E[and ][disinterested, ][so ][probable, consistent ][and ][creditworthy, that it ] outweighs the effect of the omission on the part of prosecution to explain the injuries. As observed by this Court in _Ramlagan Singh_ v. _State of Bihar,_ AIR (1972) SC 2593 prosecution is not called upon in all cases to explain the injuries received by the accused persons. It is for the F[defence ][to ][put ][questions ][to ][the ][prosecution ][witnesses ][regarding ][the ][injuries ] of the accused persons. When that is not done, there is no occasion for the prosecution witnesses to explain any injury on the person of an accused. In _Hare krishna Singh and Ors._ v. _State of Bihar,_ AIR ( 1988) SC 863, it was observed that the obligation of the prosecution to explain G[the ][injuries ][sustained ][by ][the ][r<ccused ][in ][the ][same ][occurrence ][may ][not ][arise ] in each and every case. In other words, it is not an invariable rule that the prosecution has to explain the injuries sustained by the accused in the same occurrence. If the witnesses examined on behalf of the prosecution are believed by the Court in proof of guilt of the accused beyond H[reasonable ][doubt, ][question ][of ][obligation ][of ][prosecution ][to ][explain ][injuries ] _J__ -' _y-(_ t STATE v.ATARSINGH[PASAYAT,J.] 1029 sustained by the accused will not arise. When the prosecution comes with A a definite case that the offence has been committed by the accused ~d proves its case beyond any reasonable doubt, it becomes har~ly necessary for the prosecution to again explain how and under what circumstances injuries have been inflicted on the person of the accused. It is more so when the injuries are simple or superficial in nature. In the B case at hand, trifle and superficial injuries on accused are oflittle assistartce to them to throw doubt on veracity of prosecution case. (See _Surendra Paswan_ v. _State of Jharkhand,_ (2003) 8 Supreme 476). 14. Considering the cumulative effect of circumstances which have weighed with the High Court to direct acquittal, it cannot be said that the C view taken by the High Court is not a plausible view. That being so, we are not inclined to interfere with the order of acquittal. The appeal deserves to be dismissed which we direct. K.K.T. Appeal dismissed. D ,'!