State of Tamil Nadu v. Sitalakshmi Mills

I ###, E G II ·· HELD : (I) (a) There is no reason to hold that s. 8(2)(b) _is_ bad for the reason that it \iolates art. 301. ·If Prevention of evasion of tax is a measure in the public intercst there can be no doubt that Parliament is competent to make a provision for that purpose under art.. 302 even if the provision would impose restrictions on the interstate trade or commerce. [7 A, DJ (b) it canflot be presur;;d !hat bcCausc the rate of tax ~as 10 pcr·cc~t at the - material time on this class of transactions or the rate fixed by the appropriate State in respoct of intra·Statc sales, whichever is higher, the imposition of this rate was not in the public . interest. (7 q ~ Therefore, in any view of the matter, Parliament was competent to enacts. 8(2)(b) of the Act.- . . . . · . ·. - - . . (2) There is no merit in the contention that s.8(2)(b) of. the Act offend:; the provisions of art. 303(1). In _N. K. J;ataraja_ _},Juda/jar's_ case the coui:t held that the existence of dHfcrcnt rates of tax on the sale of the same or similar commodity in different States by itself would not be discrim,inatory as the flow of trade docs not nccess.irily depend upon the rates of sales·tax ; it depends upon a variety of factor such as the source of supply, place of consumption~ existence of trade channels~ the rate of freight, trade faciliti~ availability of efficient transport and other facilities for carrying on the. trad~. (7_ ~ A B STATE OF. TAMIL NADU, ETC. _v._ sr~ALAKSHMI MILLS, ETC . _December_ 21, 1973 [A.,N. RAY, C. _1.,_ H. R; Kl!A.''NA, K. K. MATHEW, A. ALAGIRISWAMI, AND P. N. BllAGWATI, JJ.) . . _Central Sales Tax A<t-S, 8(2)(b}-lfviolatire of arts._ 30I, 302 _and_ 303(1) _of_ _the Constitution._ Clause (b) of s. 8(2) of the Central Saks-tax Act, 1956 enacts that in the case of goods other· -than declared - goods sold to persons other than- registered dealers or eovcmment, sates-tax shall be cak:ulated at the rate of 10 per cent or at the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appro c priate State. whichever is higher. Art. 301 pro\ddcs that, subject to the other pro \"ision.s of Part XIII, trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory - of India shall be free. Article 302 provides that Parliament may. by Jaw,. impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intcrcourso bern·een one State and another or within any part of the territory of_ India as may be required in the public interest. Art. 303. (1) provides that notv.ithstandin: aD)'thin: in art. 302 neither Parliament nor the Legislature of a State shall have po\ver to make any Jaw gh··ing or authorizing the giving of any preference to one State o· o\·er another or making or authorizing the making of, any discrimination. between c to make any Jaw gh··ing or authorizing the giving of any preference to one State o\·er another or making or authorizing the making of, any discrimination. between one State and another by virtue of any entry re1atin: to trade and commerce in any of the Lists in the Seventh Schcdnk. The respondents claimCd (i) that they weCe not liable to be taxed at the higher rate prescribed ins. 8 (2)(b) of the Central Sales-tax Act, 1956 on the turnover of their sales in . the course. of interstate trade to goyernmcnt on the ground that s.8(2)(b) is \'iolativc of arts. 301 and 303{1) of the Constitution and, therefore void ; (ii) that there "'ill be varying rates of tax on interstate sales in different States depending upon their ·rates of sales·tax for intra.-state sales and - that that m11 lead to the imposition of dissimilar tax on the sale of the same or similar commodities and so the section. i! violative of art. 303{1). _Star. of Madras_ v. _N. K. Nataraja Muda/iar,_ [1968] 3 S.C.R. 829 followed. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos .. 2547-2549 of 1969. · . . The High Court allowed the writ petitions. Allo'Yini the appeaIS to this Court by the State, Z-'.\U5~ Sup Cl/74 SUPREME COURT REPORTS l 19741 3 s.c.R. ## .. From the judgment and order dated the 1st March_ 1968 of tile ~Iadras High Court at .Madras in Writ Petition Nos. S-4 and 2356 of 1967 aotl Tax Xo. 228 of 1964. CIVJJ. APPEAL Nos. 105·106 'op 1970. From :he Judgment ·.and. Order, dated the 1st March, and 1st April 1968 of the .Madras. High O>urt in Writ Petition Nos. 983 and 687 of 1967. - . S. _V. Gupte_ and _A._ _V. Rangam,_ for th" appellants (in C.A. Nos. 2457-49/69 and 105 & 106170) _ _B._ _Sen,_ S. _D._ _Sharma_ and _S._ _P._ _Nayar,_ for respondent No. 2 (in 2547/69 105 & 106170) and respondent no. 3 (in 105/70) • A B . c. _B._ _Aggarwala_ and _Saroja Gopdlakrisfman,_ for respondent no; 1 c <in 2547 /69 & 105170). - - _N.·-Natua1i,_ _V._ _Nataraj_ and _D._ _N._ _Gupta,_ for respondent · Nci. 1 (in 106170). · · - · . . _0._ _P._ _Rana,_ for respondent no. 5 (in 105170). ·. - . The Judgment of the Court was delivered by 1\:LUHEW J.-Before· the High Court of Madras, the respondents cl~imed that they were not liable.to be taxed at the higher rate prescribed ins. 8(2) (b) of the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 (hereinafter called the Act) on the turno\•er of their sales in the course of inter-State trade .. to government or unregistered dealers even though they had not obtained ###### 'C' or 'D' forms, as the. case may be, for the reason that s. 8(2)(b) is . E r violative of articles 301 and 303(1) of the Constitution and was, therefore, bad. The High Court accepted the claims by a colllmonjudgment. These appoals are preferred against the judgment on the basis of· certificates granted by the High Court and they raise the common question,. namely, whether s.8(2)(b) of the Act is bad for the reason that the provisions_.thereof offend articles 301.and 303(1) of the Constitution. In _Larsen_ _a11d_ _Toubro Ltd._ v. _Joint Commercial_ _Tax_ _Officer_ (i). . F the High Court of Madras held that sub-sections (2), (2A) and (5) of s. 8 of the Act were bad for the reason that they violated the provisions cif articles 301 and 303(1) of the Constitution This was on . the basis that the different rates of tax and exemptions in the sales tax law of the various States placed an unequal burden on the sale of same or similar goods which imp:ded their free flow and movement in inter- . State trade and commerce. In the appeal preferred from the decision, G this Court set aside the decision of the High Court (see _State_ _of_ _Jladras_ v. _N._ _K._ _Nataraja .Muda/iar_ (2)). The question whether s.8 (2) (b} is violative of the provisions ofarticle 301 or 303(1) was not sp;:cifically considered in either the- majority judgment delivered by Shah, J. or. in the concurring judgment of Bachawat, J. Hegde, J., '" however, made certain observations in his judgment that s. 8(2)(b) was enacted to check evasion of sales tax and the restriction imposed I l by it· was in lhe ·public interest. OJ 20 S.T.C. 150; (2) [1968]3 S.C.R. l!29. A B C· ; D E ##### ' F II TA~llL :>;ADU 1•. SITALAKSH~!I 1!ILLS _(lllathew,_ _l,)_ - 3 # - -Sales tax has been _one of the most important sources of rewnue· for the States. The framers of the Constitution realised that this power of taxation was being exercised by the States in a manner prejudicial to the free flow of trade and commerce throughout the country as each State, rel}ing upon some ingredient of sale which had a terri" torial nexus; le\ied the tax \\hich led to multiple taxation of interstate sales. This multiple taxation increased the burden on the consuming public. The Constitution-makers, therefore, \\bile retaining sales tax as- a source of revenue for the States, imposed restrictions on the taxing power of the States. Article 286 of the Constitution was one of the articles enacted for that purpose. As framed, the article sought to put restraints upon the legislative power of the States ; but the language in which the article and particularly the Explanation was couched, instead of clarifying the intention of the Constituent Assembly, only darkened it. The scope of article 286 was considered by this Court in _Tlze State of Bombay_ v. _United J\Jotors_ _(h1dia) Ltd._ (1) in an appeal to this Court in which the validity of the provisions of the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1952; was challenged. _The majority of the judges who heard the appeal held that article 286(l)(a) prohibited taxation of sales or purchases involving inter-State clements by all States except the State in which the goods were actually delivered for the purpose of consumption therein and that the effect of the Expla**nation thereto** **\Vas** **to conyert inter-State transactions into intra-** State transactions and to remove them from the operation of clause 2. This interpretation of article 286 was not accepted by a larger Bench of this Court which heard and. decided _Tlze_ _Bengal Immunity Company Limited_ v. _The State of Bihar and Otlzers(2) ._ . That case held that the ban imposed by article 286 of the Comti1u1ion on the taxing powers of the States were independent and separate and each one of them' had to be got over before. a State legislature could impose tax on transactions of sale or purchase of goods. The case further held that the Explanation to article 286(l)(a) determined by the legal fiction created therein the _situs_ of the sale in the case of transactions coming within that category and that once 'it is determined by the application of the Explanation that a transaction -is outside the State, it followed that the State, with reference to which the transaction can thus be predicated to be outside it, can never tax the transaction. The Constitution was thereafter amended, Expla. nation I of article 286 was deleted and clauses (2) and (3) thereto were "Parliament may by law formulate principles for determining,\·hen a sale or purchase of goods takes place in the course **of inter-State trade or commerce".** 0) [1953] S.C.R. !069. · (2) [1955) 2 S.C.R. 603. altered by the amendment. Simultaneously, item 92A was incorporated in· List I of the Seventh Schedule authorising Parliament to legislate _(or_ Je,ying tax on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase took place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce and item 54 of List JI was amended to . exclude taxation of inter-State sales from the competence of the State legislatures. -Article 269, clause l(g) was also amended by clause 3 _ to that artide and after the amendment it reads : 4 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1974] 3 S.C.R. The effect of these amendments made by the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956, was to invest the Parliament with exclusive authority to enact laws imposing tax on sale or purchase of goods where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of int.er-State trade or commerce, and the tax collected by the States was to be 111Signed in the manner provided by clause (2) of article 269 to the States within which the tax was leviable. In exercise of authority conferred upon the Parliament by article 286 and article 269, clause 3, Parliament enacted the Central -Sales Tax Act (74 of 1956). By Chapter 3 of the Act, detailed pro visions were made for imposing liability to pay tax on inter-State sales, for registration of dealers, fixing rates of tax and for levy and collection of tax and for imposing penalties for breach of the provisions of the Act relating to levy and collection of inter-State sales tax. By s. _5,_ every dealer was made liable to pay tax on all sales effected by him in the course of inter-State trade .or commerce. The material part of s. 8 provides : "8 (l) Every dealer, who in the course of inter-State trade or trade or commerce(a) sells to .the Government any goods ; or (b) sells to a registered dealer other than the Government goods of the description referred to in sub-section (3) ; sball be liable to pay tax under this Act, which shall be three per cent of his turnover. (2) The tax payable by any dealer on his turnover in so far as the turnover or any part thereof relates to the sale of goods in the course of i11ter-State trade or commerce not falling within sub-section (1)(a) in the case of declared goods, shall be calculated at ihe rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State ; and (b) in the case of goods other than declared goods, shall be calculated at the rate of ten per cent or at the rate appli cable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the ' appropriate State, whichever is higher; and for the purpose of making any such calculation any such dealer shall be deemed to be a dealer liable to pay tax under the sales tax law of the appropriate State, notwithstanding that he, in fact, may not be so liable under that law." A B c D E F G ' Thus, the transactions in goods which were !llade subject to tax in the course of inter-State trade or commerce fall into three broad classes : (1) transactions falling within s.8(1) _i.e._ all sales to Government and sales to a registered dealer other than the Government H of goods referred to in sub-section (3) of s. 8; (2) transactions falling within s. 8(2)(a) _i.e._ sales in respect of declared goods ; and (3) tran A B c D E F G H TAMIL NADU _v._ SITALAKSHMI MILLS _(Mathew,_ _I.)_ 5 sactions falling within s.8(2)(b)i.e. sales (not falling within (l)) in res· pect of goods other than declared goods. Sales of goods in category (I) were declared exigible to a tax of 3 per cent on the turnover. On sales of declared goods, tax was to be calculated at the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State. On turnover of sale of goods not falling within categories (l) and (2), the rate was ten por cent or the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State, whichever was higher. Article 301 provides : "Subject to the other provisions of this Part (Part XIII), trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free". The freedom of trade so declared is against the imposition of barriers or obstructions within the State as well as inter-State: all restrictions which directly and im'llediately affect the movement of trade are declared by article 301 to be ineffective. In other words, article 301 imposes a general limitation on all legislative power in order to secure that trade, commerce and intercourse in the territory of India shall be free. That general limitation is relaxed in farour of Parliament by article 302 which provides: **"Parliament may** **by** **law impose such restrictions** **on** **the** freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest". In _Atiabari Tea Co.Ltd. v. The State of Assam and Others_ (1) Gajendragadkar, J. speaking for himself Wanchoo and Das Gupta, JJ. obser-. ved: " .... We think it would be reasonable and proper to hold that restrictions, freedom from which is guaranteed by article 301, would be such restrictions as directly and immediately restrict or impede the free flow or movement of trade." In _Automobile Transport_ _(Rajasthan)_ _Ltd._,, . _The_ _State of Rajasthan_ _and Others_ (2), the Court practically agreed with the view of the majority in _Atiabari_ _Tea_ _Co._ _Ltd.'s_ case but added a clarification that a regulatory measure or a measure imposing a compensatory tax for the using of trading facilities would not come within the purview of restrictions contemplated by article 301. Normally, a tax on sale of goods does not directly interfere with the free flow or movement of trade. But a tax can be such that because of its rate or other features, it might operate to impede the free movement of goods. The majority judgment delivered by Shah, J. in _State_ _of Madras_ v. _N._ _K._ _Nataraja_ _Mudaliar_ (supra) proceeds on the basis that tax under the Central Sales (I) (1961) l S·C.R. 809. _(2)_ [1963) Supp. 2 S.C.R. 435. 6 SUPREME COVRT REPORTS [ 1974 J 3 S.C.R. Tax Act is in its essence a tax which encumbers movement of trade - and commerce. but the tax imposed in the case in question was saved by the other provisions of Part XIII. The Court then said that the exercise of the power to tax would normally be presumed to be in the public interest and as Parliament is competent under article 302 to impose restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest, the tax was saved. Bachawat, J. in his judgment in the case said that if a tax on intraState sales does not offend article 301, logically, a tax on inter-State sales also cannot do so, that a tax does not operate directly or immedi· ately on the free flow of trade or the free movement or transport of goods from one part of the country to the other, that the tax is on sale, and that the movement is incidental and a consequence of the sale. He observed further that even assuming that the Central Sales Tax is within the mischief of article 301, it is certainly a law made by Parliament in the public interest and is saved by article 302. As already stated, s. 8(2) (b) deals with sale of good5 other than declared goods and it is confined to inter-State sale of goods to persons other than. registered dealers or governments. The rate of tax prescribed is ten T'<'r cent or the rate of tax imposed on sale or purchase of goods inside the appropriate State, whichever is higher. The report of the Taxation Inquiry Committee would indicate that the main reason for enacting the provision was to canalize inter-State trade through registered dealers, over whom the appropriate government · has a great deal of control and thus to prevent evasion of tax: A B c D E _!_ F G _'y_ H "Where transactions take place between registered dealers - in one State and unregistered dealers or consumers in another, this low rate of levy will not be suitable, as it is likely to encourage avoidance of tax on more or less the same scale as the present provisions of article 286 have done. If this is to be prevented, it is necessary that transactions of this type should be taxable at the same rates which exporting States impose on similar transactions within their own territories. The unregis tered dealers and consumers in the importing State will then find them-sel res unable to secure any advantage over the con sumers of locally purchased articles; nor of course will they, under this system, be able to escape the taxation altogether, as many of them do at present" (1). In other words. it was to discourage inter-State sale to un-registered dealers that Parliament provided a high rate of . tax, namely 10 percent. But· even that might not serve the . purpose if the rate applicable to intra-State of such goods was more than 10 percent. The rate of 10 percent would then be favourable and they would be at an advantage compared to local consumers. It is because of this that Parliament provided, as a matter of legislative policy that the rate of tax shall be 10 percent or the rate applicable to intra-State sales whichever is higher. (!) see Report of tho Taxation Enquiry Cvmmission, 1953-54, Vol. 3, p, _S7._ TA~lli NADU I', S!TALAKSllMI l\IJLLS _(Mathew,_ /.) 7· A ll c D \ E F G _"r._ H was 10 percent at the material time on this class of transaction or the rate fixed by the appropriate State in respect of intra-State sales, whichever was higher, the imposition of this rate was not in the public interest. Therefore, in any view of the matter. Parliament was competent to enacts. 8(2) (b) of the. Act. In other words, even if it be assumed that the tax at the higher rate imposed. under s.8(2) (b) places restrictions. on the freedom of trade and commerce throughout the territory of India, <LS Parliament is competent to impose restrictions on that freedom in the public interest and as the imposition of a tax is normally to be presumed in the public interest, we see no reason to hold that s. 8(2) (b) is bad for the reason that it violates article 301. As regards the contention that s.8(2) (b) is viola.five of article 303{1) in that there will be varying rates of tax on inter-State sales in different States depending upon their rates of sales tax for intra-State sales and that that will lead to the imposition of dissimilar tax on the sale of same or similar commodities, it is enough. to state that this. question bas been considered by this Court in _State_ _of Madras_ "· _N._ _K. Nataraja Mudaliar_ (supra) and the Court has rejected the contention. The Court said that the existence of different rates of tax on the sale of the same or similar commodity in different States by itself would not be discriminatory as the flow of trade does not necessarily depend upon the rates of sales tiix; it depends, according to the Court, upon a variety of factors such as the source of supply, place of consumption. existence of trade channels, the rates of freight, trading facilities, availability of efficient transport and other facilities for carrying ~n the trade. The Court referred to the observations of Isaacs, J. in _King_ _v._ _Barger_ (I) and said : "; ... The Central Sales tax though le,ied for and collected in the name of the Central Government is a part of the salestax levy imposed for the benefit of the States. By leaving it to the States to levy sales-tax in respect of a commodity on intraState transactions no discrimination is practised; and by au tho. rising the State from which the movement of goods commences. to levy on transactions of s.ale Central sales-tax, at rates prevailing in the State; subject to the limitation already set out, in our - judgment, no discrimination can be deemed to be practised." - If prevention of evasion of tax is a measure in the public interest, there can be no doubt that Parliament is competent to make a provision for that purpose under article 302, even if the pro,ision would impose restrictions' on the inter-State trade.or commerce;· . . . ",. But quite apart from thi.s, the majority judgment in _State_ _of_ _Madras_,._ _N. K. Nataraja Mudaliar_ (supra) bas categorically stated that "the exercise of the power to tax may, normally be presumed to, be in the public· interest": We do .·not think it . necessary to. go into the question whether it is. open to th.c Court to conduct an enql,liry whether the levy of a tax is the imposition of a· restriction on the freedom of trade and commerce - in. the public interest. It cannot be presumed, because the rate of tax . As regards the contention that s.8(2) (b) is viola.five of article 303{1) in that there will be varying rates of tax on inter-State sales in different States depending upon their rates of sales tax for intra-State sales and that that will lead to the imposition of dissimilar tax on the sale of same or similar commodities, it is enough. to state that this. question bas been considered by this Court in _State_ _of Madras_ "· _N._ _K. Nataraja Mudaliar_ (supra) and the Court has rejected the contention. The Court said that the existence of different rates of tax on the sale of the same or similar commodity in different States by itself would not be discriminatory as the flow of trade does not necessarily depend upon the rates of sales tiix; it depends, according to the Court, upon a variety of factors such as the source of supply, place of consumption. existence of trade channels, the rates of freight, trading facilities, availability of efficient transport and other facilities for carrying ~n the trade. The Court referred to the observations of Isaacs, J. in _King_ _v._ _Barger_ (I) and said : (I) (t908) 6 C. L. R. 41, at 108. 8 SUPREME-COURT REPORTS ( 1974 I 3 S.C.L We think there is no merit in the contention that s.8(2) (b) of the Act offends the provision of article 303(1). We, therefore, set aside the decision of the High Court and hold thats. 8(2) (b) doe~ not offend articles 301 and 303 and is valid. Civil Appeals No, 2547-2549 .of 1969 are allowed with costs. In Civil Appeal~ No. 105-106 of 1970, the respondents submitted that they have raised other contentions before the High Court and that those contentions were not considered by the High Court and will have now to be considered by it. We allow these appeals with costs and remit the cases to the High Court for consideration of the other questions raised. One hearing fee. P.B.R _Appeals_ _al/aired._ B