State of Orissa and Ors. v. Harinarayan Jaiswal and Ors.

784 STATE OF ORISSA AND ORS. _v._ HARINARAYAN JAISWAL AND ORS. _March_ 14, 1972 (l(. S. HEGDE AND P. JAGANMOHAN REDDY, JJ.] _Bihar and_ _Orissa_ _Excise Act,_ 1915 "" _amended upto October_ 6; 1970, _Ss._ 22 _and_ _29-Scope_ _of--Order made under_ _s._ 29 _giving_ _power to_ Governmen~ _to_ _accept or reject bid without assigning any retJSon-1/_ _violative_ _of_ _Arts._ 14 _and_ 19(1) _(g)-Power_ _of_ _Government_ lo _sell_ _the_ _privi'fege_ _of_ _selling country liquor_ _by_ _private negotiation-Scope_ _of.-_ The first respondellt was carrying on business of selling country liquor. In exercise of the powers conferred by s. 29(2) of the Bihar and Orissa Excise Act, 1915, the appellant issued an Order and in pursuance of that Order a date was notified for selling by public auction the exclusive privilege of <oiling by retail,. country liqudr in 8 ~hops. The respon. dent was tl1' highest bidder but his bid was rejected because the Gov· ernment was of the view that inadequate prices had been offered as a result of collusion between the bidders. Thereafter, tenddrs were called for and the appellant accepted the tender in respect of one shop and rej!cted the others a• it was o.gain of the opinion that the price offered was inadquate. Thereafter, the remaining 7 shops were sold by private negotiation for substantially higher prices. A writ petition filed by .the respondent in tho High Court was allowed mainly on the ground that the power confered on the Goveirnment by cl. (vi) of the Order, that no sale sh"11 be deemed to be !Ina! unless confirmed by tho State who shall be at liberty to accept or rejjoct without assigning any reason, was an unguided power violative of Arts. 14 and 19(1) (g). Allowing the apP''"l to this Court, HELD : (I) Section 22 of tht Act confers power on thi: Govern· ment to grant to any person on such cpnditions and for such period as it J11ay think fit the exclusive privilege of selling in retail country liquor; afld s. 29 empowers the Govemi:nent to accept payment in consijeration of the grant either by calling. teiiders or by auction _or other-_ _,vise_ _as_ _it_ _may_ _by_ _general order direct._ The powers conf,erred on the State Governmen.t by ss. 22 and 29 are absolute. The Government Cannot be said to have conferred on itself arbitmry power under cl. (vi) of its Order,/assed under s. 29(2), because, the power that the Government ·reserve for itself under th.at clause is nothing more than what was conferred on it by the Legislature under the sections. Since the validity of the sections was not challenged the validity of the Order could not also be challenged. [792 B·FJ (2) Even otherwise, one of the important purposes of selling the exclusive right to §ell liquor in wholesale or ~tail· is to raise revenue; and excise revenue forms an important part of every State's reVenue. The Government is a guardian of the finances of the Stale and is expected to protect its financial interests. The fact that the prices fetched by the sale of the privilege to sell country liquor is an· excise revenue does not change the nature of the right in the G<>Vemment. Therefore, the A B # c D E F G B II ## c D E F G H ORISSA _v._ HARi NARAYAN _(Hegde,_ _J.)_ 785 legislature has empowered the Government to se~ that there is no leakage in the revenue. It was for the Government to OOcide whether the price offered in an auction is a<k!quate and the conclusion readhed by ihe Government does not affect anyone's rights. [793 D-F; 794 F-0] (3) Public auctions are held to get the best possible price and there is no completed contract till the bid is accepted. There is, therefore, no basis for contending that the owner of the privileges who had offered to sell them cannot decline to accept the highest bid if he thinks that the price offered' is inadequate, and, it makes no difference that the Government was the seller. [.793 G-H; 794 AJ ( 4) If the Government is exclusive owner of the privileges, the respondent could not rely on Art. 14 and 19{1)(g), because; citizens cannot have any fundamental right to trade or carry on business in the properties or rights belonging to Government, nor can there be any infringement of Aft. 14 if Oovernment tries to ~t the best available price for its valuable rights. Further there is no inherent right in a citizen to sell intoxicating liquor by retail. [793 A; 794 A-Bl _Coverjee B. Bharucha_ v. _The Excise Commissioner and the Chief_ _Commissioner, Ajmer and_ _Ors.,_ .[1954] S.C.R. 873 and _Union_ _of_ _India_ _and_ _O>S._ v. _M/s. Bhimsen Walaiti Ram,_ [I970] 2 S.C.R. 594, followed. ( 5) Assuming that the question of arbitrary or unguided power can be raised it should be remembered that the power to accept or reject the highest bid is given to the highest authority in the State, n=Iy, the Govel1lment, which is expee'/;ed to safuguard the finances of the State and it is not a case of delegated power but of pawer conferred by the Legislature. While accepting or rejecting a bid Government is per· forming an executive function and the correctness of its conclusion is not open to Judicial review where the power is not used for any colla· teral purpose. [793 F; 794 C-El ( 6) The real conclusion of the Government was that the price fixed \.\'as inadequate and hence High Court erred in thinking that the Gov· emment was bound to satisfy the Court that ·there was collusion between the bidders. [794 E-F] _Barrium Chemicals Ltd._ _a11d_ _Anr._ v. _Co1npany Law Board and Ors._ [1966] Supp. S.C.R. 311 and _Rohtas Industries Ltd._ v. _S._ _T._ _Agarwal,_ [1969] I S.C.C. 325 referred to. _(1)_ The Government was not precluded, having had recourse to the auction method once, from either calling for tende'rs or selling by n"gotiations. Once the Government declines to ·accept the highest bid or the tender price offered, the government was free to have recourse to other methcxls. The power given to the Government to seU in such other manner as it thinks fit is a very wide and unrestricted power and inc]udes wit 1~in it the power to sell the privilege by private negotiation. [795 A-BJ (8) The Government is not required by s. 29(2) (a) to make an order thal the privilege will be sold by private negoitation, since, it makes no sense to require Government to first make an .order that it is going to negotiate. The section only s.ays that the State Government 'm-:iy by general or special order direct' and the direction contemplated is one to subordinate officials and not to itself. [795 D-F] CNIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 2024 _ and 2025 of 1972. 786 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1972] 3 S.C.R. C. _K._ _Daphtary, R._ C. _Misra,_ Advocate-General for the State **A** of Orissa, _Santosh Chatterjee_ and _G._ S. _Chatterjee,_ for the appellants (in both the appeals). _M._ C. _Setalvad_ and _Vinoo Bhagat,_ for respondent No. 1 (in C.A. No. 2024 of 1971). 8 _Vinoo Bhagat,_ for respondent No. I (in C.A. No. 2025 of 1971). The Judgment _oi_ the Court was delivered by **Hegde,** **J.** These appeals by certificate raise common questions ## of law for decision. The questions of law arising for decision c can be more conveniently brought out if the material facts are first set out. It is sufficient, if we refer to the facts in Civil Appeal No. 2024 of 1971. .The 1st respondent in Civil Appeal No. 2024 of 1971 is carrying on the business of selling country liquor. In pursuance of the order made by the State of Orissa, the Excise Commissioner notified **D** on January 8, 1971 that the exclusive privilege of selling by retail the country liquor in the eight specified shops in the Cuttack Dis· trict for the period from April 1, 1971 to March 31, 1972'will be sold by public auction on February 15, 1971 and on the following days. The auction was accordingly held oil the notified day. The 1st respondent was the highest bidder for those eight shops. His E bids were provisionally accepted by the Collector su1Jject to confir. mation by the Government. The Government rejected those bids being of the view that inadequate price had been offered as a result of collusion between the bidders. It ordered the Excise Commissioner to call for tenders in respect of those shops. .After the tenders were duly received, the Government accepted the tender in respect of one shop and rejected the other tenders as it was again F of the opinion that the price offered was inadequate. Thereafter it sold the seven shops by negotiating with some of the tendeters. The price ultimately' fetched was substantially more than that offered either at !he auction or as per tenders. Thereafter the 1st respondent moved the High Court of Orissa _**G**_ under Art. 226 of the Constitution for a direction to the Govern· ment to confirm his bids and cause the necessary licences to be issued to him. Various pleas were taken in support of the relief asked for. Such of them that were pressed before us . will be referred to later. The Government resisted that application. 'l1le High Court came to the conclusion that the Government had no **H** power to refuse to confirm the bids of the highest bidders except on good grounds and the ground that had commended itself to the Government for refusing to confirm the bids were irrelevant. It ORISSA _v._ HARi NARAYAN _(Hegde,_ J.) 787 A also opined that the absolute power conferred on the Government to confirm or refuse to confirm the highest bids with.out giving any reason was an unguided power and consequently violative of Arts. 14 and 19 ( 1 ) ( g) of the Constitution. The High Court was further of the opinion that monetary considerations were irrelevant for deciding the question whether the highest bid should be confirmed JI or not. Aggrieved by that decision, the State of Orissa has come up in appeal. Before proceeding to pronounce on the co.ntentions advanced at the hearing, it is convenient to set out the relevant provisions of law as well as the orders passed by the Government under s. 29 C of the Bihar a.nd Orissa Excise Act, 1915 (as amended upto October 6, 1970) (to be hereinafter referred to as the Act). The preamble to the Act reads : D E F G H "Whereas it is expedient to amend and re-enact the law in the Province of Bihar and Orissa relating to the import, export, transport, manufacture, possession, a.nd sale of certain kinds o{ liquor and intoxicating drugs; And whereas the previous sanction of the Governor. General has been obtained, under section 5 of the Indian Councils Act, 1892, to the passing of this Act; It is hereby enacted as follows : " Section 22 deals with the grant of exclusive priviJege of manufacture and sale of country liquor or intoxicating drugs. To the extent it is material for our present purpose, it reads : "The State Government may grant to any person, on such conditions and for such period ·as it may think fit, the exclusive privilege (a) (b) (c) (d) ( e) of manufacturing and supplying wholesale and selling retail, any country liquor or intoxicating drug within any specified local area : Provided that public notice shall be given of the intention to grant any such exclusive privilege, and that a.ny objections made by any person residin~ within the area affected shall be .considered before · an exclusive 788 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1972] 3 S.C.R. privilege is granted." Sub-s. (2) says : ''No grantee of any privilege under sub-s. ( 1) shall exercise the same unless or until he has received a license in that behalf from the Collector or the Excise Commissioner." Section 29 deals with payment for grant of exclusive privilege. It reads : " (I) Instead of or in addition to, any duty leviable under this Act, the State Government may accept payment of a sum in consideration of the grant of any exclusive privilege under section 22. (2) The sum payable under sul:i;-s. (1) shall be determined as follows : (a) by calling tenders or by auction or otherwise as the State Government may, by general or special order direct; a.nd (b) by such authority and subject to such control as may be specified in such order." Excise revenue is defined in s. 2(9) : " **"Excise-revenue" means revenue derived or deriv-** able from any duty, fee, tax, payment other than a fine imposed by a Criminal Court or confiscation imposed or ordered under this Act or any other law for the time being in force relating fo liquor or intoxicating drugs 11Ild includes any payment to be made to the State Government under s. 29." In exercise of the powers conferred by s. 29(2) of the Act, the State Government issued an order on January 6, 1971 directing that any sum payable under the aforesaid section for grant of the exclusive privilege of manufacturing and selling 1:fy retail of country liquor shall, unless otherwise directed by the State Government, in any particular case or cases for any reason, be determined by auction to be held in accordance with the procedure specified below : " ( i) the dates and centres for the auction shall be fixed and notified by the Excise Commissioner with the prior approval of Government and the Collector shall then issue notice for auction and give wide publicity to the same in such manner as he considers necessary, 15 days before the date fixed for commencement of the auction; (ii) the auction shall determine tlie ·amount of monthly consideration money and shall ordinarily B ## c D E F G H ORISSA _v._ HARi NARAYAN _(Hegde,_ J.) 789 A B ## c D E ### r G H be conducted by tbe Collector and in his absence by tbe Additional District Magistrate; Provided that tbe State Government may depute an officer from head-quarters to aid and advise the officer conducting such sales; (iii) the officer conc4icting the auction may satisfy himself as to the solvency of any bidder and may not allow a person of doubtful solvency or a person to whom grant of a licence for retail sale of any intoxicant is prohibited under Orissa Excise Rules, 1965 to offer bids in the auction; (iv) the officer conducting tbe auction shall be at liberty to close the auction if he is satisfied that tbere has not been sufficient or fair compeiition in which case he may publicly adjourn the auction to a specified hour on the followtng day or on some other convenient day to be notified by him in the auction hall; ( v) the highest bid in an auction shall ordinarily be accepted provisionally by tbe Collector subject to confirmation 1:fy the State Government and in case where the officer conducting the auction refuses to accept the highest bid a's offered, he' shall record the reasons for such non-acceptance and shall repori forthwith tbe same to the Excise Commissioner for further action after receipt of advances from the highest bidder; (vi) when any bid in an auction for an exclusive privilege or privileges is provisionally accepted by the Collector, the bidder shall deposii two months' consideration money as an advance deposit which will bie refunded in case the provisional accept ance is not confirmed by the State Government. No sale shall be deemed to be final unless confirmed by the State Government who !!l\all be at liberty to accept or reject any bid without assigning any reason therefor; (vii) no licence for any exclusive privilege shall be granted until acceptance of the bid is confirmed by the State Government; (viii) when any bid in an auction for any exclusive privilege is provisionally accepted but the advance deposit is not paid, the exclusive privilege shalf 7.90 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1972] 3 S.C.R. be put to reauction as soon as possible at the A risk and loss of the defaulter; (ix) all bids in an auction shall be offered by the bidder in person or by his agent legally authorised for the purpose." As mentioned earlier in pursuauice of the above order the B Collector held an auction in respect _oi_ the shops mentioned ei:rlier. The highest bidder had made the necessary deposits. But the Government did not accept his bids. On March 7, 1971, the Gover.nment issued the following order : "Whereas for' determining the s'ums payable for the grant of exclusive privilege of manufacturing and selling by retail of country liquor auction had been held in the district of Cuttack in accordauice with the procedure laid down in the order of the Government of Orissa in the Excise Department No. S.R.O. 12/71, dated the 6th January 1971; Whereas due to collusive bids among the bidders at the said auction it is not possible to determine the said sums in the aforesaid manner; Now, therefore, in exercise _oi_ the powers confer~ed by sub-section (2) of Section 29 of the Bihar and Orissa Excise Act, 1915 (Bihar and Orissa Act 2 of 1915) read .with the Order No. S.R.0. 12/71, dated the 6th January, 1971, the State Government do hereby direct that the procedure for determining the aforesaid sum in respect of the gra,nt of exclusive privilege of manufacturing and selling by retail of country liquor in the local areas specified in the Sch~ules I for the year 1971-72 shall be as laid down in' Sehedule Ir hereof SCHEDULE I SCHEDULE II 1. The sum payable under sub-section (1) of Section 29 of the said Act for grant of exclusive privilege of manufacturing and selling by retail of country liquor in the aforesaid local areas shall be determined by the -:Excise Canunissioner by cailing tenders which may be ## c D E F G H ORISSA _v._ HARi NARAYAN _(Hegde,_ _J.)_ 791 A B ## c D E p G H for individual local area or for lots of such area as the Excise Commissioner may consider proper; 2. Tender notice shall be issued by the Excise Com· missioner and published in the Notice Board of his office the Cuttack Collectorate and the offices of Sub Divisional Officers in that district and shall also be widely published in such manner as the Excise Commissioner considers necessary. 3. The tender notice shall, among other things, mention that it is open to the State Government not to accept any tender or to order for calling fresh tenders or otherwise for such reason as they deem proper in the public interest; 4 to 8: 9. The Excise Commissioner shall prepare a list of all the tenders received and submit the list with his recommendations of any particular tender with sufficient reasons alongwith the tender papers to the State Govern· . ment for approval. The tenderers whos~ tenders have been recommended for acceptance shall deposit two month's consideration money as an advance deposit which will be refunded in case their tenders are not approved by Government. 10. " As mentioned earlier, the Government accepted the tender in respect of only one shop and sold the exclusive privilege to sell country liquor in other shops by negotiation. Before us the writ petitioners did not challenge the validity of any of the provisions in the Act; possibly in their own interest. They are not interested in raising any contention which might vitiate the auctions held. The contentions urged on behalf of the writ petitioners have to be examined in the background that the provisions of. the Act are not contended to be invalid. One of the contentions taken on behalf o[ the writ petitioners was that the power retained b!y the Government "to accept or to reject any bid without assigninJ!: any reason therefor" in cl. ( 6) of the order made by/1he Government on January 6, 1971 in exercise of its powers under s. 29(2) of the Act was an arbitrary power and therefore it is violative _ol_ Arts. 14 and 19(1 )( g). This contention lras been upheld by the High Court. It was urged on behalf of the writ petitioners that they have a fundamental right to carry on trade or business in country liquor. That right can 792 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ( 1972 J 3 S.C.R. be regulated only by imposing reasonable restrictions in the interest o_f the general pupli~. Restrictions imposed by the order in quesl!on cannot be considered as reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general pubilic. It was further urged that the power ;etained by the Government to accept or to reject the highest bid without assignin,g any reason is an unguided power and hence it is violative of Art. 14. These contentions were accepted by the High Court. _To_ us, none of these contentions appear to be well founded. As seen earlier s. 22 of the Act confers power oo the Government to grant to any person on such conditions and for such period as it may think fit the exclusive privilege _of_ selling in retail any country liquor. Section 29 empowers the Government to accept payment of a sum in consideration for the grant of any exclusive privilege under s. 22 either by calling tenders or by auction or otherwise as it may by general or special order direct. The powers conferred on the State Government by s. 22 and s. 29 are absolute powers. As seen earlier, the validity of those provisions has not been challenged before us. Under s. 29(2) the Government had power to dispese of any of the exclusive privileges mentioned in s. 22 either by calling for tenders or by auction or otherwise as it may by general or special order direct. That ~ing the amplitude of the power of the Govermnent, we tail to see how the Government can be said to have conferred on itself arbitrary power under clause (6) of its order made on January 6, 1971, when it pmvided that : "No sale shall be deemed to be final unless confirmed by the State Government who shall be at liberty to accept or reject any bid without assigning any reason therefor." The power that the government reserved for itself under that clause is nothing more than what was conferred on it by the legislature under s. 22 and s. 29 of the Act. It is not possible to challenge the validity of the order made without challenging the validity of s. 29 itself. It is true that this Court has ruled that the right to trade in intoxicating drugs is also a right to carry on any trade or business within the meaning of Art,,L9(1)(g)-see _Krishna Kumar Narula_ v. _Jammu Kashmir State and ors(')._ At the same time, it was held by this Court ln _Cooverjee_ _B._ _Bharucha_ v. _The Excise Com-_ _missioner and the Chief Commissioner, Ajmer and ors.(')_ that for determining reasonable restrictions within the meaning of Art. 19(6) of the Constitution on the ri~ht given under cl. 19(1)(g~, regard must !::¢ had to the nature of the business and the conditions prevailing in a particular trade; State has power to prohibit trades which are illegal or immoral or injurious to the health and (I) [1967] 3 S.C.R. 50. (2) [1954] S.C.R. 873. A B ## c D E F G H ORISSA _v._ HAR! NARAYAN _(Hegde,_ J.) 793 welfare of the public and there is no i.nherent right in a citizen to sell intoxicating liquors by retail. In that .case the court held that the provisions in ti\e Excise Regulation I of 1915 purporting to regulate trade in liquor in all its different spheres are not invalid. It was fuvther held in that case that the charge of licence fee by public auction is more in the nature of a tax than a licence fee though it is described as a licence fee. One .of the purposes of the Regulation is to raise revenue. Revenue is collected by the grant of contracts to carry on trade in liquor and these contracts are sold by auction. The grantee is given a licence on payment of the auction price. The Regulation specially authorises this. The decision in _Lala Harichand Sarda_ v. _Mizo District_ _Council_ _and_ _anr._ (1) relied on by the writ petitioner does not bear on the point under consideration. It deals with power to gra.nt or refuse to grant licence to trade in some ordinary commodity under Lushai Hill Distt. Regulation. A B ## c D E F G H Even apart from the power conferred on ·the Government under ss. 22 and 29, we fail to see how the power retained by the Government under cl. (6) of its order dated"' January 6, 1971 can be ·considered as unconstitutional. As held by this Court in _Cooverjee Bharucha's_ case (supra), one of the important purpose of selling the exclusive right to sell liquor in wholesale or. retail is to raise revenue. Excise revenue forms an important part of every State's revenue. The Gove11IlUlen~ is the guardian bf the finances of the State. . It is expected to protect ·the financial interest of the' State. Hence quite naturally, the legislature has empowered the Government to see that there is no leakage in its revenue. It is for the Government to decide whether the price offered in an auction sale is adequate. ~While accepting or rejecting a bid, it is merely performing an executive function. The correctness of its conclusion is lllOt open to judicial review. We fail to see how the plea of contravention of Art. 19(1) (g) or Art. 14 can arise in these cases. The Government's power to sell the exclusive privileges set out in s. 22 was not denie4. It ## was also not d1spu,, . .. s cou~ ¥ sold ~y public aucfion. Public auctions are held to get the est poss1 le price. ### Once these as ectS are recognised, there a ars to be no basis for conten mg t at t e owner o e pnv1 eges Ill question w o had offered to sell them cannot decline to accept the highest bid if be thinks that the price offered is inadequate. There is no concluded contract till the bid is accepted. Before there was a concluded contract, it was open to the bidders to "'.ithdraw the_ir bids-see _Union_ _of_ _India_ _and_ _ors._ v. _M/s._ _Bh1msen_ _Wa(aitl_ _Ram(')._ By merely giving bids, the bid~~rs had not acquired any vested rights. The fact that the Government was the seller (1} [1967] l S.C.R. 1012. (2) [1970] 2 S.C.R. 594. 794 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1972] 3 S.C.R. does not change the legal position once its exclusive right to deal with those privileges is conceded. If the Government is the exclusive owner of those privileges, reliance on Art. 19( I )(g) or Art. 14 becomes irrelevant. Citi:ziens cannot have any fundan:iental right. to trade or carry on business in the properties or nghts bfelongmg to the Govemment, nor can there be any infringement of Art. 14, if the Government tries to get the best available price for its valuable rights. The' High Court was wholly wron" in thin~ng that purpose of ss. 22 and 29 o{ the Act was not t~ raise revenue. Raising revenue as held by this Court .jn _Cooverjee_ _Bharucha's_ case (supra) was· one of the important purposes of such provisions. The fact that the price fetched by the sale of ·Country liquor is an excise revenue does not change the nature of the right. The sale in question is but a mode of raising revenue. Assuming that the question of arbitrary or unguided power can arise in a case of this nature, it should not be forgotten that the power to accept or reject the highest bid is given to the highest authority in the State _i.e._ the Government which is expected to safeguard the finances of the State. Such a power cannot be considered as an arbitrary power. If that p.ower is exercised for any collateral purposes, the exercise of the power will be struck down. It may also be remembered that herein we are not dealing with a delegated power ~t with a power conferred by the legislature. The High Court erroneously thought that the Government was bound to satisfy the Court that there was collusion between the bidders. The High Court was not sitting on appeal against the order made by the Government. The inference of the 9overnment that there was a collusion among the bidders may be right or wrong. But that was not open to judicial review so long as it is not proved that it was a make-believe one. The real opinion formed by the Government was that the price fetched was not adequate. That conclusion is taken on the basis of Government expectations. The conclusion reached by the Government dces not affect any one's rights. Hence, in our opinion the High Court misapplied the ratio of the decision of this Court in _Barium_ _Chemicals Ltd. and anr._ v. _Company Law Board and ors.(')_ and _Rohtas Industries Ltd._ v. S. _T. Agarwal(')._ - It was next urged that having had recourse to the auction method once, the Government was precluded from either calling for tenders or to sell by negotiation. The High Court has. accepted that contention. We are unable to agree with the High Court in its conclusion. Nei,ther the provisions of the Act nor the order issued by the Government lend any support to such a conclusion. (I) [1966] Supp. S.C.R. 311. (2) [1969] t s.c.c. 325. A B ## c D E F G H OR!SSA _v._ HARi NARAYAN _(Hegde,_ J.) 795 A Once the Government declines to accept the highest ~d, the auc tion held became useless. Similar is the effect when the Government refused to accept the highest tender. That left the Government free to have recourse to other methods. The power given to the Government by the Act to sell the exdusive privilege in such other manner as it thinks fit is a very wide power. That B power is unrestricted. It undoubtedly includes the power to sell the privileges in question by private negotiation. It was urged that before adopting the method of selling the privileges by private negotiation. The Government is required by s. 29(2) (a) to make an order that the privileges in question will ## c be sold by private negotiation. The Government has failed to make such an order. Hence the sales effected are invalid. We are unable to accept these contentions. ln the cases of public auctions or, .in the case of calling for tenders, orders from the Government directing its subordinates to notify or hold the auctions or call for tenclers is understandable. Public auctions as well as calling for tenders are done by subordinate officials. D Further due publicity is necessary in adoptin~ those methods. To require the Government to make an order that it is going to sell one or more of the privileges in question biy negotiating with some one is to make a mockery _oi_ the law. If the Government can enter into negotiation with any person, as we think it ca.n, it makes no sense to require it to first make an order that it is going to E negotiate with that person. We must understand a provision of law reasonably. Section 29(2)(a) does not speak of any order. It says that "the State Government may by general or special order direct". The direction contemplated by that provision is a direction to subordinate officials. It is meaningless to say that the Government should direct itself. F In the result these appeals are allowed and the writ petitions dismissed. No costs. V.P.S. _Appeals_ _al/owed .._