STATE OF MADRAS v. N. K. NATARAJA MUDALIAR

A B C, D E F G H STATE OF MADRAS _v._ N. K. NATARAJA MUDALIAR _April_ 18, 1968 [J. C, SHAH, R. S. BACHAWAT, G. K. MITTER, C. A. VAIDIALINGAM AND K. S. HEGDE,.JJ.J _Central Sales Tax Act, 1956--Different rates_ _bf_ _tax in different States_ _under s._ 8 _sub-els._ (2), _(2A)_ _and_ _(5)-These_ _provisions whether void for_ _contravention Arts._ 301 _and_ 303 _of the_ _Constitution-Computa'tion_ _of_ _turnover under_ _s._ 9(3) _of_ _Act-Mlist_ _be_ _in the same manner_ _as_ _under_ _State_ _law_ _of_ _sales_ _tax-Excise_ _Duty must be exclua•d_ _if_ _State law so_ _provides._ _Constitution of India, Arts._ 301, 302, 303 _and 304-Differential rates_ _of_ _Central Sales_ _Ta::c_ _in diff'erent States under s._ 8, _sub-els._ (2), (2A) _and_ (5) _of_ _Central Safes Tax Act,_ _1956-Freedom_ _of_ _trade and commerce_ _whether hanzpered-Diw:rbnination between one State and another_ _whe-_ _ther results._ The respondent claimed before the Commercial Tax Officer, Madras that some of his goods had been sent from Madras to his depot in A.lldhra Pradesh and that the sales of those goods were intra-State sales in Andhra Pradesh where they had been taxed as such. The Commercial Tax Officer however held that the goods had been moved from the State of Madras under contracts of sale and were therefore taxable as inter-State sales under the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956. The respondent fil~d a peti tion under Art. 226 of the Constitution. The High Court did not determine the nature of the transactions, but held that sub-ss. (2), (2A) and (5) _df_ s. 8 of the Central Sales Tax Act as they stood at the relevant time imposed or authorised the imposition of varying rates of tax in different States on similar inter-State transactions and the resultant inequality in the burden of tax affected and impeded inter-State trade, commerce and intercou'rse and thereby offended Arts. 301 and 303(1) of the Constitution. The application of s. 9(3) of the Act was also considered. Against the High Court's jud!ll11ent the State appealed. HELD: (i) Restrictions or impediments which directly and immediately impede or hamper the free flow Of trade, commerce and intercourse whether inter~State or intra~State fall within the prohibition imposed by _Art._ 301 ind subject to other provisions may be regarded as void. A tax may in certain cases direct1y and ·immediately restrict or hamper the :flo'v of trade but every imposition of tax does not do so. [840 DJ _Atiabari Tea_ _Co._ _Ltd._ v. _State_ _of_ _A.rsam_ & _Ors._ [1961] I S.C.R. 809, _Auto1nobi/e. Transport (Rajasthan) Ltd._ v. _State_ _of_ _Rajas:han_ & _Ors .._ [1963] I S.C.R. 491 and _Firm A.T.B. Mehtab Majid and_ _Co._ v. _State_ _of_ _Madm<_ & _Anr._ [1963] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 435, relied on. (ii) 'fax. under the C·entral Sales Tax: Act on inter..State sales is in its essence a tax: which encumbers. movement of trade and commerce, since hy the definition in s. 3 of the Act a sale or purchase of the goods is deemed lo take place in the course of inter-State trade. if it-(a) occasions the: movement of goods 'from one. State to another; (b) is effected by a tr2 nsfer of documents of title to the goods during the movement from one State to anothCT. But the tax: in the present case was saved by the operation of Art. 302 of the Constitution whereby Parliament is, notwithstanding the protection conferr~d by Art. 301 authorised to impose 830 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1968) 3 S.C.R. **restrictions** **on** **the freedom** **of trade, commerce or intercourse bet\veen one** **A** **Stale and another or within any part** **of** **the territory** **of** **India** **al.i** **may** **be** required in the public interest. [841 C--EJ **The expression 'between one State and another'** **_does** **not imply that** the power under Art. 302 can be exercised only in respect of trade between one State and another as two entities. The Article expressly pro• **vides that restrictions may be imposed not only** **as** **between one State and** another but also within any part of the territory of India. There is also **B** no doubt that exercise of the power to tax may normally be presumed to be in the public interest. [841 F-H] **(iii) The Central Sales Tax Act does not discriminate** **bet"'·een** **one** State and another within the meaning of Art. 303. I An Act which is merely enacted for the purpose _df_ imposing tax which is to be collected and to be retained by the State does not amount to law giving or authorising the giving of any preference to one State over another, or making, or authorising the making of any discrimination bet· ween one State and another merely because of varying rate$ of tax between different States. By leaving it to the States to levy sales tax ia **respect** **of** **a commodity on** **intra..State** **transactions no** **discrimination** **is** practised and by authorising the State from which the movement of goods **commences to levy on transactions** _**dl**_ **sale Central Sales Tax,** **at** **rates pre-** **vailing in** **the** **State, subject to certain limitations, no discrimination can** be deemed to be practised. (843 C-D; 846 CJ .The flow of trade does not necessarily depend upon the rates of sales tax; it depends upon a variety of factors such llli the source of supply, **place** **of** **consumption, existence** **Of** **trade channels,** **the rates** **of** **freight,** **trading** **[1]** **facilities, availability** **of** **efficient transport** **and** **other facilities for** carrying on trade. [843 G·Hl _The King_ v. _Barger._ [1908] 6 C.L.R. 41 and _W. R. Moran_ _Proprietar.v_ _**Ltd.**_ **v.** _**The Deputy Federal Comn1issioner**_ _**of**_ _**Taxation**_ **(N.S.W.)** **&** _**Ors.,**_ [1940] 63 C.L.R. 338. referred to. **The rate which a State Legislature imposes** **in** **respect** **of** **inter-Stale** **transactions in a particular commodity** **must** **depend on a variety** **of** **factors-political** **and** **economic.** **If the rate** **is** **so high** **as** **to drive away** **prospective traders from purchasing a commodity and** **·to** **resort to,other** **sources** **of** **supply,** **in its·-own** **interest** **the State will** **adjust** **the** **rate** **to** **attract purchasers.** **Again** **in** **a democratic constitution political forces** **\\o'Ould** **operate against the levy** **o'f** **an** **unduly high** **rate** **of** **tax.** **Attention** must also be directed to sub-s. (5) of s. 8 which authorises the State **Government, notwithstanding anything coritained** **in** **s.** **8** **in** **the** **pubJic** **in-** **terest** **to·** **waive tax or** **impose** **tax** **on** **sales** **at** **a lower** **rate** **on** **inter-State** **trade** _**ar**_ **commerce.** **It** **is** **clear that the Legislature has contemplated that** **elasticity** **of** **rates consistent** **with** **economic forces** **mai** **be** **maintained.** [845 B-El (iv) Article 304 (a) had no application to the present case because **there** **was** **no imposition** **of rates of tax** **on** **imported** **goods** **different** **from** rates of tax on goods manufactured or produoed in the State. (847 F] _**Finn A.T.B. Mehtab Majid and**_ _**Corltpany_**_ **v.** _**State**_ _**of Madras and An-**_ _other,_ (1963] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 435 and _State_ _of_ _Mysore_ v. _Lakshminara-_ _simhiah Setty_ & _Sons,_ 16 S.T.C. 231, distinguished. **(v)** **In** **the** **matter** **of** **determining** **the** **taxable** **turnover** **the** **same** **rules** namely the rules under the State law will apply by virtue of s. 9(1) of the Central Sales Tax Act, whether the tax is to be levied under the Central Snles Tax Act or the Madras General Sales Tax Act. Therefore **in** **.calculating** **the** **turnover** **of** **inter-Stale** **transactions** **excise** **duty** **would** c **D** E F G **H** STATE _V._ NATARAJA _(Shah,_ /.) 831 A be excluded as provided in the Rules made under the Madras Act, although there was no such provision in the Central Act. [848 G-H] _State_ _of_ _Mysore_ v. _Lakshmil!llrasimhia/J_ _Setty_ & _Sons,_ 16 S.T.C. 231, re'ferred to. B c D E F G H _Per_ Bachawat J. (partly dissenting),-(i) It cannot be said that tax under the Central Sales Tax Act on inter-State sales as defined in s. 3 of the Act is in its essence a tax hampering movement of trade or commerce within the meaning of Art. 301. That Article makes no distinction between movement from one part of the State to another part of the same State and movement from one State to another. If a tax on iritra-State sales does not offend Art. 301, logically a tax on inter-State sales also cannot do so. Neither tax operates directly or immediately on tho frei> flow o'f trade or the free movement or the transport of goods from one part of the country to the other. The tax is on the sale. The movement is incidental and a consequence of the sale. (851 F-1:{; 852 A] Even assuming that the Central Sales Tax is within the mischief of Art. 301, it is certainly a law made by Parliament in the public interest -and is saved by Art. 302. There is nothing in its provisions which offends. Art. 303 rs51 Fl _Per_ Hegde, J.-(i) A taxing statute is not outside the scope of Art. 301 of the. (',onstitution. But before a taxing statute is held to be viola~ tive of that article it must be shown that it has a direct or immediete impact on the freedom _<if_ trade, _commerce and intercourse within the country. A mere remote or incidental impact is insufficient to hold that Art. 301 has been contravened. f852 BJ (ii) The power conferred on Parliament by Art. 302 is extremely wide and the only limitation placed on that power is that the law in question must be required in the public interest. Primarily it is for Parliament to determine the requirement as to public interest, and its decision is not easy to challenge. In addition there is the presumption of the constitutionality of a statute. [852' DJ .. (iii) Mere difference in· rates is neither showing preference nor making disc·rimination within the meaning of Art. 303 ( 1). But other things being equal the difference in rates would result in showing preference to some States and making discrimination against others. Hence difference in rates is a _prima facie_ proo'f of the preference or discrimination complained of. Once the difference in rates is shown it is for the State to show that the same has not resulted in showing preference to one or more States or making discrimination against one or more States over others in the matter of inter..state trade. No interpretation should be placed on Art. 303(1). which would render that provision purposeless. The State must place before the Court its reasons for making the enactment and satisfy it that Art. 303(1) has not been contravened. [852 F-853 CJ On an examination of the material placed be'fore the Court in the present case it was clear that the differences in the rates were in public intere5t and those differences did not materially affect the free flow oF· trade in the. country. [853 Cl [The impugned sections of the Act having been held to be \'·ali<l, the case was remanded to. the High Court for determining the nature of the transactions.] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 763 of 1967. :8:i2 SUPJUIMB COURT llBPO!lTS (1968] 3 S.C.R. Appeal from the judgment and order dated April 7, 1967 of ;the Madras High Court in Writ Petition No. 836 of 1966. _Bishan Narain_ and _A._ _V. Rangam,_ for the appellant. _M._ _R._ _M. Abdul Karim,_ _K._ _Rajendra Choudhury_ and _K. R._ _Choudhury,_ for the respOndents. _R. Thiagarajan,_ for intervener No. 1. _R._ _6opalakrishnan,_ for intervener No. 2. _A. N._ _Singh_ and _D. N. Gupta,_ for intervener No. 3. A B _B._ _R. L. Iyengar, R. N .._ _Sachthey_ and _S._ _P._ _Nayyar,_ for intervener No. 4. c _B. Sen,_ _G._ _S._ _Chatterjee_ for _P._ _K. Bose,_ for intervener No. 5. C. _B. Agarwala_ and _0._ _P._ _Rana,_ for intervener No. 6 . . _Lql Narain Sinha, Advocate-General_ _for_ _the State of_ _Bihar,_ _R. K._ _Garg,_ _S._ C. _Agarwala, Anil Kumar_ and _S._ _P._ _Singh,_ for intervener No. 7. D _Naunit Lal,_ for intervener No. 8. _K. Baldev Mehta,_ for intervener No. 9. _M'._ _R._ _K. Pillai,_ for intervener No. 10. The Judgment of SHAH, MITTER and V AJDIALINGAM, JJ. w3s E delivered by SHAH, J. BACHAWAT, J. pai:tly dissented. HEGDE, J. delivered a separate opinion. Shah, J.-In a proceeding for assessment of tax for 1963-64 under the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956, the Deputy Commercial Tax Officer rejected the contention of the assessee that a part of the turnover of his business in matches arose out of intra-State F l>ale transactions at the assessee's depot at Ongole (in the State of Andhra Pradesh) to which depot the goods were despatched by him from his place of business in the State of Madras. The Deputy Commercial Tax Officer held that the goods were moved from "the godown stock" of the assessee in execution of contract> of sale with merchants outside the State of Madras, and on that G account the turnover from sales was liable to tax under the Central Sales Tax Act. The assessee moved the High Court of Madras under Art. 226 of the Constitution seeking a writ of _certiorari_ quashinp; the order of assessment, on the grounds, that the provisions of the Central Sales Tax Act which permitted levy of taK at varying rates in different States were invalid. and that the trar.- H sactions brought to tax were not in truth inter-State transactions. The High Court did not determine the nature of the transaction; but held that sub-s. (2), (2A) and (5) of s. 8 of the Central A B c D E F .G H STATE _v._ NATARAJA _(Shah,_ J.) 833 Sales Tax Act, 1956, in operatioll at the relevant time imposed or authorised the imposition of varying rates of tax in dilferent States on similar inter-State transactions and the resultant inequality in the burden of tax affected and impeded jnter-State trade. commerce and intercourse, and thereby offended Arts. 301 and 303 (1) of the Constitution. The High Court rejected the plea of the assessee thats. 9(3) of the Act was _ultra vires._ The State has appealed to this Court with certificate granted by the High Court against the order declaring sub-ss. (2), (2A) and (5) of s. 8 of the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956, invalid. A brief review of the developments in the law relating to imposition of tax on transactions of sale and its inter-relation with the constitutional provisions leading to the enactment of the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956, will facilitate appreciation of the competing views put forward before us at the Bar. The Government of India Act, 1935, by List II entry 48 of the Seventh Sche· dule conferred power exclusively upon the Provinces to legislate on the subject of "tax on the sale of goods and on advertisement". In exercise of that power the Provincial Legislatures en acted sales tax laws for their respective Provinces acting on the principle of "territorial nexus", and picked out one or more ingre· dients constituting a sale and made it or them the basis of imposing liability for tax. This exercise of taxing power by the Provinces led to multiple taxation of the same transaction by many provinces, the burden of tax falling ultimately on the consuming public. In order to remove this burden imposed upon the consumers. Art. 286 was incorporated in the Constitution _inter_ _alia_ for the regulation of inter-State sales transactions. This Court in _The_ _State of Bombay_ v. _United Motors_ _(India)_ _Ltd._ ( [1] ) held that under the Bombay Sales Tax Act 24 of 1952 ·sales effected in Bombay in respect of goods exported from the State were not taxable by the State of Bombay, but the importing State was competent to levy tax on transactions of sale in the oourse of inter-State trade or commerce on persons who were resident outside its territory, provided that the goods were delivered in the importing State for the purpose of consumption therein. This decision made the dealer carrying on business in the exporting State amenable to the sales tax law of the importing State. The quesiion was reconsidere<I by this Court in _Bengal_ _Immunity_ _Company_ _Ltd._ v. _State_ of Bihar( [2] ). The Court held that the sales or purchases made by an assessee which actually took place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce could not be taxed by any State until by law it was otherwise provided by Parliament. The judgment in _Bengal Immunity_ _Co.'s_ case(2) removed, by making inter-State (l) [1953] S. C. R. _1069._ (2) [1955] 2 S. C. R. 603 . 834 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1968) 3 S.C.R. sales immune from taxation, the difficulties till then experienced A by the trading community but the importing States which had imposed tax on inter-State sales by non-resident dealers, relying on the principle of the judgment in _United Motors case(')_ were faced with innumerable claims for restitution of the tax reali?.ed. The President then promulgated Ordinance No. IlI of 1956 which was later replaced by the "Sales Tax Laws Validation Act VII of B 1956" with the object of restoring for the period specified in the Act the decision in _United Motors case(')._ The problem of tax on inter-State sales was, in the meanwhile, - examined by the Taxation Enquiry Commission. The report of the Commission led to the enactment of the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956. By that amendment entry 92A was C added in Union List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution conferring power upon the Union to legislate in respect of "taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce"; and for entry 54 in the State List, the follo1,Ving entry was substituted : D ''Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newsf.apers, subject to the provisions of entry 92A of **List** ." Explanation to cl. (1°) of Art. 286 was omitted, and els. (2) & ( 3) were substituted by fresh clauses: by the newly enacted cl. E (2) the Parliament was authorised by law to formulate principles for determining when a sale or purchase of goods takes place in any of the ways mentioned in cl. (1), and by cl. (3) it was enacted that any Iaw of a State shall, in so far as it imposes or authorises the imposition of, a tax on the sale or purchase of goods declared by Parliament by law to be of special importance in inter-State trade or commerce, be subject to such F restrictions and conditions. in regard to the system of levy, rates and other incidents of the tax as Parliament may by law specify. In Art. 269(1) clause (g) was added authorising the Government of India to collecJ tax on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce and making it obligatory upon G the Government of India fo assign the tax to the States in the manner provided in cl. (2). By cl. (3) it was enacted that: E F G "Parliament may by law formulate principles for determining when a sale or purchase of goods takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce." Jn exercise of authority conferred by the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956, the Parliament enacted on (l) (1951) S.C.R. 1069. H A B c D F G H STATE _v._ NATARAJA _(Shah,_ /.) 835 December 21, 1956, the Central Sales Tax. Act, 1956, with a view to fonnulate principles (a) for detennining when a sale or purchase of goods takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce or outside a State or in the course of import into or export from India; (b) providing for the levy, collection and distribution of taxes on sales of goods in the course of inter-State trade or commerce; (c) declaring certain goods to be of special importance in inter-State trade or commerce and specifying the restrictions and conditions to which State laws imposing taxes on the sale or purchase of such goods of special importance shall be subject. By s. 3 of the Act a definition of sale or purchase of goods said to take place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce was devised. By s. 4 conditions in which a sale or purchase of goods was to be deemed to have taken place outside a State were specified. By s. 5 the conditions in which a sale or purchase of goods taking place in the course of import or export were specified. By Ch. III ( ss. 6 to 13) provisions were enacted for declaring a charge of tax on inter-State sales and for setting up machinery for levy of tax and incidental matters. Section 6 imposed a charge on all sales effected by a dealer in the course of inter-State trade or commerce during any year. By s. 7 provision was made for registration of dealers. Section 8, insofar as it is material, and as amended by Act 31 of 1958, read as follows: "( 1) Every dealer, who in the course of inter-State trade or commerce- (a) sells to the Government any goods; or (b) sells to a registered dealer other than the Gov ernment goods of the description referred to in sub-section ( 3) : shall be liable to pay tax under this Act, which shall be two per cent. of his turnover. (2) The tax payable by any dealer on his turnover in so far as the turnover or any part thereof relates to the sale of goods in the course of inter-State trade or commerce not falling within sub-section (1 ) (a) in the case of declared goods, shall be calculated at the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State; and ( b) in the case of goods other than declared goods shall be calculated at the rate of seven per cent., or at !he. rate applicable .to the sale or purchase of such goods .ms1de the appropnate State, whichever is higher; and for the purpose of making any such calculation any such dealer shall be deemed to be a dealer liable to pay $36 SUPllEME COURT REPORTS (!968 j 3 s.c.R. tax under the. sales tax Jaw of ¢he appropriate State, A notwithstan\ling that he, in fact, may not be so liable under that. law. (2A) Notwithstanding anything Contained in subsection (1) or sub-section (2)', if under the sales tax law of the appropriate State the sale or purchase, as the case may be, of any goods by a dealer is exempt B from tax generally or is subject to tax generally at a rate which is 1ower than two per cent. (whether called I a tax or fee or by any other name), the tax payable under this Act on his turnover in so far as the turnover or any part thereof relates to the sale of such goods shall be nil, or, as the case may be, shall be calculated at the c lower rate. _Explanation.-For_ the purpose of this sub-section a sale or purchase of goods shall not be deemed to be exempt from tax generally under the sales tax law of the appropriate State if under that law it is exempt only in specified circumstances or under specified conditions D or in relation to which the tax is levied at specified stages or otherwise than with reference to the turnover of the goods. (3) (4) E ( 5) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, the State Government may, if it is satisfied that it is necessary so to do in the public interest, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that in respect of such goods or classes of goods as may be mentioned in the F notification and subject to such conditions as it may think fit to impose, no tax under this Act shall be payable by any dealer having his place of business in the State in respect of the sale by him from any such place of business of any such goods in the course of inter-State trade or commerce or that the tax on such sales shall be calculated at such lower rates than those specified in _G_ sub-section ( 1) or sub-section, (2) as may be mentioned in the notification." By s. 9 machinery was set up for levy and collection of tax and penalties. Insofar as it is material, it provided: , - " ( 1 ) The tax payable by any dealer under this Act H on sales of goods effected by him in the course of. interState trade or commerce whether such sales fall within clause (a) or clause (b) of section 3 shall be levied and STATE _V._ NATARAJA _(Shah,_ /.) 837 A collected by the Government of India in the manner provided in sub-section ( 3) in the State from which the movement of the goods commenced : ll c D E F G H Provided (2) ( 3) Tue authorities for the time being empowered to assess, collect and enforce payment of any tax under the general sales tax law of the appropriate State shall, on behalf of the Government of India and subject to any r11les made under this Act, assess, collect and enforce payment of any tax, including any penalty, payable by a dealer under this Act in the same manner as the tax on the sale or purchase of goods under the general sales tax law of the State is assessed, paid and collected; and for tbis purpose they may exercise all or any of the powers tbey have under the general sales tax law of the State, and the provisions of such law, including provisions relating to returns, appeals, reviews, revisions, references, penalties and compounding of offences, shall apply accordini:Iy : Provided ( 4) The proceeds in any financial year of any tax, including any penalty, levied and collected under this Act in any State (other than a Union territory) on behalf of the Government of India shall be assigned to that State and shall be retained by it; and the proceeds attributable to Union territories shall form part of the Consolidated Fund of India." By Ch. IV ( ss. 14 & 15) provision was made for levy of tax at specially low rates on goods of special importance in inter-state trade or commerce. By s. 14 certain goods were declared to be of special importance in inter-State trade or commerce, and by s. 15, as amended by Act 31 of 1958, it was proVided: . "Every sales tax law of a State shall, in so far as-it imp0ses or authorises the imposition of a tax on the sale or purchase of declared goods, be subject to the following restrictions and conditions, namely : (a) the tax payable under that law in respect of any sale or purchase of such. goods inside the State shall not exceed two per cent. of the sale or purchase price thereof, and such tax shall· not be levied at more than one sta~e; 838 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1968] 3 S.C.R. (b) where a tax has been levied under that ·Jaw in respect of the sale or purchase inside the State of any declared goods and such goods are sold in the course of inter-State trade or commerce, the tax so levied shall not exceed two per cent of the sal.e or purchase subject to such conditions as may be provided in any Jaw in force in that State." The scheme of the Act was first to devise definitions of 'interState sales' and 'sales outside the State', and then to declare inter State sales subject to tax, and to set up machinery for levying and collecting tax on those sales. Transactions in goods which were made subject to tax in the course of inter-State trade or c01mnerce were classified into three broad categories-( 1) transactions falling within s. 8 (I) _i.e._ all sales .to Government, and sales to a registered dealer other than the Government of goods referred to in ~ub'-s. (3) of s. 8; (2) transactions fallin~ withins. 8(2)((l) _i.e.,_ sales in respect of declared goods; and (3) transactions falling within s. 8(2)(b) _i.e._ sales [not falling within (1)) in respect of goods other than declared goods. Sales of goods in category ( 1) were declared liable at the relevant time to pay a tax of two per cent. on the turnover. On sales of declared goods tax was to be calculated at the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State. But by s. 15 the tax payable under a State·law in respect of any sale or purchase •)f dedared goods inside the State was not to exceed two per cent. of the sale or purchase price thereof, and was not Jeviable at more than one stage. On turnover from sale of goods not falling within categories (1) & (2) the rate was seven per cent. or the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods i11side the appropriate State, whichever was higher. But by sub-s. (2A) of s. 2 it was prqvided thal notwithstanding anything c.ontained in sub-s. (1) or sub-s. (2), if under the sales tax law of the approprkte State the sale or purchase, as the case may be, of any goods by a dealer is exempt from tax generally or is subject to tax generally at a rate which is lower than two per cent. the tax payable under the Act on the turnover insofar as the turnover or any part thereof relates to the sale of such goods shall be nil, or as the case may be shall be calculated at the lower rate. There is a slight inconsistency betweens. 8(2) ands. 8(2A). If the rate of tax under the State law is less than two per cent. by virtue of s. 8(2A), even in respect of turnover falling withins. 8(2)(b), the ra~ of tax will not exceed the State rate : if the State rate exceeds two per cent. tax at the rate of seven per cent.- or of the State,. whicheYer is higher, shall prevail. But that has no bearing on the question under discussion. Tax under the Act is payable by the seller. The State from which the movement of goods commences in the course of )nter A B c D E F G H 8 0 E F G STATE _V._ ~TARAJA _(Shah,_ /,) _839_ State sale collects the tax as agent of the Central Government, and in the manner provic?ed in sub-s. (3) of s. 9. Jly sub-s. ( 4) of s. 9 the proceeds in any-financial year of any tax, including any penalty, levied and collected under the Act in any State (other than a Union territory) on behalf of the Government of India are to be assigned to that State and are to be retained by it, and the proceeds attributable to Union territories are to form part of the Consolidated Fund of Jncf4i. The Act and the constitutional provisions were intended to restrict the imposition of multiple taxation on a single inter-State transaction by different States, each State relying upon some teritorial nexus between the State and the sale. The tax though collected by the State under the Central Sales Tax Act was as an agent of the Central Government, it was, by sub-s. ( 4) of ~. ' enacted in implementation of the principle of assignment of tax set out in cl. (2) of Art. 269, assigned to the State which collected it. This somewhat tortuous scheme of levying tax on inter-State transactions and making it available to the State which levied it, in effect countenances levy of different rates of tax on inter-State transactions in similar goods. It is upon the prevalence of different rates of tax which, subject to adjustments, and incorporated in the Central Sales Tax Act, that the argument of the assessee is largely founded. He contends-and his contention has found favour with the High Court-that the liability to pay tax on inter State transactions, depending upon the rate of tax prevailing in the exporting. State, hampers trade and commerce, by giving or authorising the giving of preference to one State over another or by making or authorising the making of discrimination between one State and another, and thereby violates the guarantee of freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse declared by Part XIII of the Constitution. The assessee primarily relies upon Arts. 301 and 303 (1) of the Constitution in support of his contention. Article 301 provides : "Subject to the other provisions of this Part, trade; commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free." This Article is couched in terms of the widest amplitude, trade, commerce and intercourse are thereby declared free and unham-, pered throughout the territory of India. The freedom of trade so deolared is against the imposition of barriers or obstructions with in the State as well as inter-State : all restrictions which directly "if and immediately affect the movement of trade are declared by Art. 301 to be ineffective. The extent to which Art. 301 ope. rates to make trade and commerce free has been considered by this Court in several cases. In _Atiabari Tea_ _Co._ _Ltd._ v. _The Stste_ 8 Sup. c. 1./68-14 I 1 840 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1968] 3 S.C.R. _of Assam and others('),_ Gajendragadkar, J., speaking for himself A and Wanchoo & Das Gupta, JJ., observed at p. 860 : " ..... we think -it would be reasonable and proper to hold that restrictiqns, freedom from which is guaranteed by Art. 301, would be such restrictions as directly and immediately restrict or impede the free flow or 8 movement of trade.'' In _Automobile Transport (Rajasthan) Ltd._ v. _The State of Rajas-_ _than and others('),_ the view expressed by Gajendragadkar, J., in _Atiabari Tea Co.'s case(')_ was accepted by the majority. Subba Rao, J., who agreed with the majority observed that the freedom declared under Art. 301 of the Constitution of India referred to C the right of free movement of trade without any obstructions by way of barriers, inter-State or intra-State, or other impediments operating as such barriers. The same view "{as expressed in _Firm_ _A._ _T. B. Mehtab Majid and Company_ v. _State_ _of Madras_ _and_ _Another(')_ by a unanimous Court. It must be taken as settled law that the restrictions or impediments which directly and )) immediately impede or hamper the free flow of trade, commerce and intercourse fall within the prohibition imposed by Art. 301 and subject to the other provisions of the Constitution they may be regarded as void. . But it is said that by imposing tax on sales, no restriction hampering trade is imposed. In the _Atiabari Tea_ _Company's_ E _case_ ('), Gajendragadkar, J., observed : } t "Taxes may and do amount to restrictions; but it is only such taxes as directly and immediately restrict trade that would fall within the purview of Art. 301. The argument that all taxes should be governed by Art. 301 whether or not their impact on trade is immediate or mediate, direct or remote, adopts, in our opinion, an extreme approach which cannot be upheld." In a recent judgment of this Court in _The Andhra Sugars Ltd. and_ _Another v. The State_ _of Andhra Pradesh and others('),_ Bachawat, J., speaking for the Court, after referring to the observattons made by Gajendragadkar, J., in _Atiabari Tea Company's case(')_ observed: "This interpretation of Article 301 was not dissented from in _Automobile Transport_ _(Rajasthan)_ _Ltd,_ v. _State_ _of_ _Rajasthan-[1963]_ 1 S.C.R. 491. Normally, a taX on sale of goods does not directly impede the free (I) [1961]18.C.R.809. (2) [1963] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 435. (3) [1963) I S. C. R. 491. (4) 21 S. T. C. 212. F G H STATE _v._ NATARAJA _(Shah,_ /.) 841 A B c D E F G H movement or transport of goods. Section 21 is no exception. It does not impede the free movement or transport of goods and is not violative of Artilce 301." Section 21 of the Andhra Pradesh Sugar Cane (Regulation of Supply and Purchase) Act which was referred to in the judgment authorised the State Government to levy a tax at such rate not exceeding five· rupees per metric tonne as may be prescribe<l on . the purchase of cane required for use, consumption or sale in a factory. It must, therefore, be regarded as settled law that a tax may in certain cases directly and immediately restrict or hamper the flow of trade, but every imposition of tax does not do so. Tax under the Central Sales Tax Act on inter-State sales, it must be noticed, is in its essence a tax which encumbers movement of trade or commerce, since by the definition in s. 3 of the Act a sale or purchase of goods is deemed to take place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce, if it-(a) occasions the movement of goods from one State to another; (b) is effected by a transfer of documents of title to the goods during their movement from one State to another. The question which then falls to be determined is whether the tax imposed in the present case is saved by the operation of the other provisions of Part XIlI. Article 302 of the Constitution provides that Parliament may by law impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest. Thereby the Parliament is, notwithstanding the protection conferred by Art. 301, authorised to impose restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse in the public interest. The expression "between one State and another" does not imply that it is only intended to confer upon the Union Parliament the power to remove the fetter upon legislative authority only so as to keep trade, commerce or intercourse free between one State Government and another. It is intended to declare trade commerce and intercourse free between residents in one State and residents in another State. That is clear because Art. 302 expressly provides that on the freedom of trade restrictions may be imposed not only as between one State and another, but also within any part of the territory of India. As we have already observed, Art. 301 does not !lJerely protect inter-State trade or operate against inter-State barriers : all trade is protected whether it is intra-State or inter ~tate by the prohibition imposed by Art. 301, and there is nothing m the language or the context for restricting the power of the Parliament which it otherwise possesses in the public interest to impose restric~ions on the freedom of trade, commerce or inter co~~e, operative only as between one State and another as two enttttes. There is also no doubt tliat exercise of the power to tax may normally be presumed to be in the public interest. i j I 842 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1968] 3 S.C.R. Article 303 provides, by the first ~lause : •·Notwithstanding anything in article 3Q2, . neither Parliament nor the Legislature of a State, shall have power to make any law giving, or authorising the giving of, any preference to one State over another, or making, or authorising the making of, any discrimination between one State and another, by virtue of an entry relating to trade and commerce in any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule.• Having conferred by Art 302 power upon the Parliament to impose restrictions upon freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse, the Constitution proceeds to impose certain restrictions upon the power so conferred. Referenee to the power of the State Legislatures in Art. 303 ( 1) creates a complication which we are not called upon in the present case to resolve. It is expressly declared that the Parliament shall not have the power to make any Jaw giving preference to one State over another, authorising the giving of any preference to one State over another, making any discrimination between one State and another, and authorising the making of any discrimination between one State and another, in exercise of or by virtue of any entry relating to trade and commerce in any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule. It was contended on behalf of the State that the power under Art. 303 could only be exercised so as to restrict the authority of the Parliament which.arises by virtue of an entry relating to trade and commerce in the legislative lists and it was urged that an entry with respect to the levy of tax on trade and commerce and is not an en~ relating to trade and commerce and therefore there is no prohibition against the Parliament exercising power or authorising the giving of any preference to one State over another or malting or authorising the making of any discrimination between one Stat£> and another by the exercise of taxing power. Reliance in support of that contention was placed upon the judgment in _Sundararamier and Company_ v. _State_ _of_ _Andhra Pradesh(')_ in which Venkatarama Aiyar, J., pointed out that under he scheme of entries in List I & II of the Seventh Schedule the power of taxation exercisable in respect of any matter is a power distinct from the power to legislate in respect of that matter. It was also urged that the expression "an entry relating to trade and. commerce in any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule" was restricted to the entries which expressly deal with the power to legislate in. respect of trade and commerce _i.e._ entries 41 & 42 of List I, entries 26 & 27 of List II and entry 33 of List m in the Seventh Schedule, and (!) (19S8] s. c. R. 1422. A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G STATB _v._ NATARAJA _(Shah,_ /.) extended to no others. On the other hand it was contended that all legislative entries which directly affect trade and commerce are also within the expression "entry relating to trade and commerce". We need express no opinion on the two questions argued before us. The question whether entries relating to trade and commerce in the Lists in the Seventh Schedule are restricted to entries 41 & 42 of List I, entries 26 & 27 of List II and entry 33 of List III, or relate to all general entries which affect trade and commerce, is academic .in the present case. Nor do we think. it necessary to decide whether for the purpose of Art. 303 en'1'1es relating to tax on sale or purchase of goods _i.e.,_ entry 92A of List I, and entry 54 of List Il are entries relating to trade and commerce, for, in.our opinion, an Act which is merely enacted for the purpose of imposing tax which is to be collected and to be retained by the State does not amount to law giving, or authorising the giving of, any preference to one State over another, or making, or authorising the making of, any discrimination between one State and another, merely because of varying rates of tax prevail in different States. It was urged that the High Court was right in holding that rates of tax on the sale of the same or similar commodity by different States by itself was discriminatory, since it authorised placing of an unequal burden on inter-Stat.e trade and commerce affecting its free flow between the Stat.es. The rates of tax prevailing in different States on transactions of sale in the diverse commodities are undoubtedly not uniform. According to the High Coun such a scheme was Mobviously quite discriminatory and considerably affected the freedom of trade, commerce and inter-course", the differential rates or exemptions in various Stat.es imposing an unequal burden on the same or similar goods which affected their free movement or flow in inter-State trade and commerce, and that a higher rate of tax in a State worked as a barrier to the free movement of similar goods to another State wbtte there was no tax or a lower rate of tax, and for trade in particular goods declared or undeclared to be free throughout the tcrritmy of India, the rate of tax or exemption as the case may be must be u~iform. We are unable to accept the view propounded by the High Court. The flow of trade does not necessarily depend upon the rates of sales tax : it depends upon a variety of factors, such as the source of supply, place of consumption, existence of trade channels, the rates of freight, trading facilities, availability of efficient transport and other facilities for carrying on trade. Instances can easily be imagined of cases in which notwithstanding the lower rate of tax in a particular part of the country goods may be purchased from another part, where a higher rate of tax prevails. ~upJ)osing in a particular State ~ respect Of a particular commodity, the rate of tax is 2% but if the benefit of that low 844 SUPREME COURT RBPOllTS [1968) 3 S.C.R. rate· is offset by the freight which a merchant in another State may have to pay for carrying that commodity over a long distance, the merchant would be willing to purchase the goods from a nearer State, even though the rate of tax in that State may be higher. Existence of long-standing business relations, availability of communications, credit facilities and a host of other factors-natural and business-enter into the maintenance of trade relations and the free flow of trade cannot necessarily be deemed to have been obs tructed merely because in a particular State the rate of tax on sales is higher than the rates prevailing in o.ther States. In _The King_ v. _Barger(')_ the Australian High Court was called upon to deal with the meaning of the expression "discrimination between States or parts of States" used in s. 51 of the Australian Constitution, Isaacs, J., observed at p. 108 : " . . . . . the pervading idea is the preference of locality merely because it is locality, and bec~us_e it is a particular part of a particular State. It does not include a differentiation based on other considerations, which are dependent on natural or business circumstances, and may operate with more or less force in different localities; and there is nothing, in my opinion, to prevent the Australian Parliament, charged with the welfare of the people as a whole, from doing what every State in the Commonwealth has power to do for its own citi· - zens, that is to say, from basing its taxation measures on considerations of fairness and justice, always observing the constitutional injunction not to prefer States or parts of States .... In _W._ _R. Moran Proprietary Ltd._ v. _The Deputy Federal Commis-_ _sioner_ _of Taxation_ _(N.S.W.)_ _and others('),_ the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council recorded its approval to that exposition. It is true that the Judiciill Committee was interpreting s. 51(ii) of the Australian Constitution. It also appears from the provisions of the Australian Constitution that by virtue of s. _96_ of the Constitution there is to be a uniform imposition of customs duties. But the observations made by Isaacs, J., in _King_ v. _Barge,(')_ and approved by the Judicial Committee are useful in the determination of the true principle applicable in the present case, that, it is where differentiation is '.Jased on consideration not dependent upon natural or business factors which operate with more or less force in different localities that the Parliament is prohibited from making a discrimination. The rates of tax in force at the . date when the Central Sales Tax Act was enacted have again not become cryi:tallised. The (I) (1908) 6 C. L. R. 41. (2) (1940] 61 C. I,-· R. 338. ###### " B c D E F G H ... ##### .. .A # • c ;n F G H STATE _v._ NATARAJA _(Shah,_ J.) 845 rate which the State Legislature detennines, subject to the maximum prescribed for goods referred to in s. 8 ( 1 ) and ( 2) are the operative rates for those transactions : in respect of transactions falling withins. 8(2)(b) the rate is detennined by the State rate except where the State rate is between the range of two and seven per cent. TJie rate which a State Legislature imposes in respect of inter-State transactions in a particular commodity must depend upon a variety of factors. A State may be led to impose a high rate of tax on a commodity either when it is not consumed at all within the State, or if it feels that the burden which is falling on consumers within the State will be more than offset by the gain in revenue ultimately derived from outside consumers. The imposition of rates of sales tax is nonnally influenced by factors political and economic. If the _rate is so big~ as to drive away prospective traders from purchasmg a commodity and to resort to other sources of supply, in its own interest the State will adjust the rate to attract purchasers .............. Again, in a demo· cratic constitution political forces would operate against the levy of an unduly high rate of tax. The rate of tax on sales of a commodity may not ordinarily be based on arbitrary considerations but in the light of the facility of trade in a particular commodity, the market conditions-internal and external-and the likelihood of consumers not being scared away by the price which includes a high rate of tax. Attention must also be directed to sub-s. ( 5) of s. 8 which authorises the State Government, notwithstanding anything contained in s. 8, in the public interest· to waive tax or impose tax on sales at a lower rate on inter-State trade or commerce. It is clear that the legislature has contemplated that elasticity of rates consistent with economic forces may be maintained. Prevalence of differential rates of tax on sales of the same commodity cannot be regarded in isolation as det~rminative of the object to discriminate between one State and another. Under the Constitntion as originally framed, revenue from sales-tax was reserved to the States. But since the power of taxation could be exercised i~ a manner prejudicial to the larger public interests by !he States it was found necessary to restrict the power of taxation m respect of transactions which had an inter-State content. Amendment of Art. 286 and the enactment of the Sales Tax Vali ~ation Act 1956, and the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956, were all mtended to serve a dual purpose : to maintain the source of revenue from sales-tax .to the States and at the same time to prevent the States from subjecting transactions in the course of inter· Stat~ !J°ade so as to obstruct ·the free flow of trade by making com Jl!~Ues u~duly expensive. The effect of the Constitutional prowmons achieved in a somewhat devious manner is still clear, _viz._ j 846 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1968) _3_ S.C.R. fo reserve sales-tax as a source of revenue for the States. The Central Sales Tax Act is enacted under the authority of the Union Parliament, but the tax is collected through the agency of,the State and is levied ultimately for the benefit of the States and is statutorily assigned to the States. That is clear from the amendments made by the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956, in Art. 269, and the enactment of els. ( 1 ) & ( 4) of s. 9 of the Central Sales Tax Act. The Central sales-tax though levied for and collected in the name of the Central Government is a part of the sales-tax levy imposed for the benefit of the States. By leaving it to the States to levy sales-tax in respect of a commodity on intra-State transactions no discrimination is practised: and by authorising the State from which the movement of goods commences to levy on transactions of sale Central sales-tax, at rates prevailing in the State, subject to the limitation .already set out, in our judgment, no discrimination can be deemed to be practised. The view taken by the High Court was largely influenced by two cases decided by this Court on the interpretation of Art. 304(a). In _Firm_ _A._ _T. B. Mehtab Majid_ & _Co.'s_ _case(')_ this Court struck down the levy of tax on sales of tanned hides and skins imported from outside the State of Madras at a rate higher than th!' rate of tax oo. sales of hides and skins tanned and sold within the State of Madras as infringing Art. 304(a). By r. 16 framed under s. 19 of the Madras General Sales _Tax_ Act, it was provided that in the case of untanned hides and skins the tax under s. 3 ( 1 ) of the Madras General Sales Tax Act shall be levied from the dealer who is the last purchaser in the State not exempt from tax under s. 3(3) on the amount for which they are brought by him. By r. 16(2) it was provided that-{i) in the case of hides or skins which had been tanned outside the State the tax under s. 3 ( 1) shall be levied from the dealer who in the State is the first dealer in such hides or skins not exempt from tax under s. 3(3) on the amount for which they are sold by him; and (ii) in the ca5e of tanned hides or skins which had been tanned within the State, the tax under s. 3 ( 1 ) shall be levied from a person who is the first dealer in such hides or skins not exempt from tax under s. 3(3) on the amount for which they are sold by him. The taxpayer contended in _Firm· A._ _T. B. Mehtab Majid's_ _case(')_ that the tanned bides and skins imported from outside and sold inside the State were under r. 16 of the Madras General Sales Tax Rules subjected to a higher rate of tax than the rate imposed on bides and skins tanned and sold within the Slate and this discriminatory system of taxation offended Ar·I. 304 (a) of the Constitution: This Court accepted the contention and held that r. 16(2) discriminated against imported hides or skins which had been purchased or (I) (l ~31 Supp. 2 S. C. R. 435. c E: #### ' c HJ A B c D E F G H STATE _v._ NATARAJA _(Shah,_ /.) 847 tanned outside and therefore it contravened Art. 304(a) of the Constitution. Similarly in _A._ _Hajee_ _Abdul Shakoor and Co._ v. _State_ _of_ _Madras(')_ the assessees who were dealers in skins in the State of Madras, purchased raw skins from places both within and outside the State of Madras. They were assessed to sales-tax in accordance with the provisions of the Madras General Sales Tax (Twnover and Assessment) Rules, on -the turnover of hides and skins purchased in the untanned condition outside the State and tanned within the State with respect to the assessment years 1955-56, 1956-57 and 1957-58. The tax was assessed at 3 pies per rupee on the price of tanned hides and skins for the years 1955-56 and 1956-57 and at the rate of 2 per cent on the turnover for the year 1957-58. In petitions filed by the assessees in this Court under Art. 32 of the Constitution it was held that s. 2(1) of the Madras General Sales Tax (Special Provisions) Act, 1963, dis criminated against imported hides and skins which were sold upto· August 1, 1957, upto which date the tax on sale of raw hides and skins was at the rate of 3 pies per rupee and was therefore void. ft was contended before the High Court that whereas excise duty was not liable to be included in the turnover of goods under the Madras General Sales Tax Act, it was liable to be included (I) [1964] 8 S. C. R. 217. In the two cases the differential treatment violated Art. 304(a) of the Constitution, which authorises the Legislature of a State notwithstanding anything in Arts. 301 and 303 by law to "impose on goods imported from other States or the Union territories any tax to which similar goods manufactured or produced in that State are subject, so however, as not to discriminate betweeR goods so imported and goods so manufactured or produced;". Imposition of differential rates of tax by the same State on goods manufactured or produced in the State and similar goods imported in the State is prohibited by that clause. But where the taxing State is not imposing rates of tax on imported goods different from rates of tax on goods manufactured or produced, Art. 304 (a) has • no application. Article 303 prohibits the making of law which gives, or authorises the giving of, any preference to one State over ano~her, or makes, or authorises the making of, and discrimination between one State and another. Prevalence of different rates of sales-tax in the State which have been adopted by the Central Sales Tax Act for the purpose of levy of tax under that Act is, as already mentioned, not determinative of the giving of preference· or making a discrimination. The view expressed by the High Court thats. 8(2), 8(2A) and 8(5) infringe Art. 301 and Art. 303 ( 1) cannot be sustained. 848 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1968) 3 S.C.R. in the turnover for the purpose of Central Sales True Act. The High Court in making a general discussion on this questiOn observed, following the jucjgment of, this Court in _State_ _of Mysore_ v. _Lakshminarasimhiah Setty_ _&_ _Sons(')_ that by "levied" ins. 9(1) of the Central Act, -what was meant was "levied as under the State Act", that would include also the State Rules enabling deductions in the computation of the turnover. The Court rejected ·the contention that "to the extent the excise duty is not deductible from "- taxable turnover under the Central Act unlike under the Madras 'General Sales Tax Act, there is discrimination . . . . between one .State and another". They observed that : "In the matter of non-deductibility of excise duty from the turnover of inter-State sales, the Central Act has equal application and makes no .discrimination. The Central Act does not say that excise duty will ·be deductible in one State and not in another. It is not deductible from the turnover "of 'the inter-State sales and this rule is uniformly applied to all ilner.,State sales. There is, therefore, no question of inequality or discrimination forbidden by Art. 303(1) and there is no question of contravention of Art. 301 either." But in dealing with the case of the assessee in the last'puragraph of the judgment, the Hi]5h Court observed that since no provision had been made for deduction of the excise duty from the turnover of inter-state sales or purchases under the Central Act whh the result that unequal burden will fall on differences in the quantum of turnover because of allowance in the one case and disallowance in nnother, of deduction of excise duty. This in the view of the High Court would impede ihe' freedom of inter-State trade, com merce and intercourse within the meaning of Art. 30 l of the Constitution and was not saved by Art. 303, The observations so made, somewhat blur the earlier discussion. If under the Madras General Sales Tax Act in computing ·the turnover the excise duty is not liable to be included and by virtue of s. 9 ( 1) of the Central Sales Tax Act has to be levied in the s~me manner as the Madras General Sales Tax Act, the excise duty will not be liable to be included in the turnover, and the observations made in the last paragraph of the judgment under. app~al that because no express provision was made for exclusion of the excise duty in the computation of turnover frQm inter-State sales or purchases there was discrimination cannot be accepted as correct. We are of the view that in the matter of d-~termining the taxable turn9ver the same rules will apPly by virtue of s. 9 ( 1) of the Central Sales Tax Act, whether the tax is to be levied under t!te Central Sales Tax Act or the Genera I Sales Tax Act. ' (!) 16 S. T. C. 2lt. A B c D E F G H B c D E F G H STATE _v._ NATARAJA _(Bachawat,_ _!.)_ 8~9 The High Court proceeded to determine the case before them only on the plea that the impugned provisions of the Act were _ultra vires._ They did not consider whether the transactions in dispute were inter-State transactions and liable to tax in the hands of the assessee in the Madras State. It is the case of the assessee that h~ has been taxed in othe Andhra Pradesh State by the appropriate authority in respect of the transactions of sale of,g!Jods which are sought to be taxed, on the footing that the transaction, were intra-State transactions. The question whether the transactions were intra-State and were liable to be taxed under the Madras General Sales Tax Act has not been determined. The case must therefore be remanded to the High Court. The High Court will proceed to decide the question. Since the assessee moved the High Court by a writ petition against the order of the sales-tax authorities without filing an appeal before the authority competent to deal with the questions of fact, it will be open to the High Cou n to require the assessee to have those questions determined by the competent departmental authority. The appeal will be allowed and the order passed by the High Court declaring the provisions of ss. 8 ( 2), 8 ( 2A). and 8 ( 5 I _ultra vires_ must be set aside. The petition out of which this appeal arises was one of a group of petitions filed before the High Court. Against orders passed in favour of the other assessees the State has not preferred appeals. The amount involved in the claim is small. The State apparently has approached this Court with a view to obtain a final dete:mination of the important question which was raised in the petitions filed before the High Court. We therefore direct that there will be no order as to costs in this Court and in the High Court. Bachawat, J. I have read the draft judgment prepared hy our learned brother Justice Shah. He has said that tax under the Central Sales Tax Act on inter-State sales is in its essence a tax hampering movement of trade or commerce, since by the definition in sec. 3 of the Act a sale or purchase of goods is deemed to take place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce if it (a 1 occasions the movement 'of goods from one State to anoth~r; or (b) is ~ffected by a transfer of documents of title to the goods during their movement from one State to another. He is of the view that the tax falls within the prohibition imposed under Art. 301 of the Constitution. In _Atiabari Tea Co. Ltd._ _v._ _The State_ _of Assam(_ _[1]_ _)_ Gajendragadkar, J. speaking for the majority of the Court said: "We are, therefore, satisfied that in determining the limits of the width and amplitude of the freedom (I) [1961} I S. C. R. 809, 860-861. 850 SUPREME COURT Rl!PORTS [1968] 3 s.c.R. guaranteed by Article 301 a rational and workable test to apply would be: Does the impugned restriction operate directly or immediately on trade or its movement .... It is tbe free movement of the transport of goods frcim one part of tbe country to the other that is intended to be saved, and if any Act imposes any direct restrictions on tbe very movement of such goods it attracts the provisions "of Article 301, and its validity can be sustained only if it satisfies the requirements o( Art. 302 or Article 304 of Part XIII." This interpretati9n of Article 361 was not dissented from in _Automobile Transport ·(Rajasthan) Ltd._ v. _State of Rajasthan(')_ In _The Andhra Sugars Ltd. v. The State of Andl:ra Pradesh_ _&_ _Ors.(')_ this Court rejected the<:Ol!_tention that sec. 21 of the Andhta Pradesh Sugarc~ne (Regulation of Supply and Purchase) Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act No, 45 of 1961) did not offend Article 301. 'The Court held : "Normally, a tax on sale of goods does not directly impede .the free movement or transport of goods. Section 21 is no exception. Ir does not impede tbe free movement or transport of goods and is not violative of Article 301.'.' This Courtuistinguished the case of _Firm_ _A._ _J'._ _Mehtab Majid_ v. _State_ _of Madras(')_ which decided that a sales tax which discrimi· nated against goods imported from other States might affect the free flow of trade and would then be invalid unless protected by Article 304(a). It is implied in Art. 304(a) that a discriminatory tax might a'lfect freedom of trade. On principle:! see no distinction between a tax on intra-State and a tax on inter-State sales. An intra-State sale may occasion the movement of. goods from one part of ihe State to another part of the same State. Indeed, normally, an· intra-state sale would occasion such movement because the purchaser has to' move the goods from the seller's place to some other place. An intra-State sale may also be affected by a transfer of documents ot title to the goods during their moveinent from one part of the State to another part of tbe same Sta,te. But, there can, be no doubt that a tax on such sales would not normally offend Article 301. That Article makes no distinction between movemen\ from one pat! cif".the State to another part of the same State and moveinent from one State to another. Now, if a tax on intra-State sale does not offend Article 301, logically, I do not see how.,a tax on inter-State sale can do so. Neither .tax operate directly or immediately on the (I) [1963) (!) S. C.R. 491,533. (2) 21 S. T. C. 212. (3) [19631 Supp. 2 S. C. R. 435. A B c D E F G H STATE _v._ NATARAJA _(Hegde,_ /,) 851 **A** free llow of trade or the free movement of the transport of goods from one part of the country to the other. The tu is on the sale. The movement is incidental to and a consequence of the sale. In _The Bengal Immunity Company Ltd._ v. _State of_ _Bihm(')_ J agannadhadas, J. after referring to Art. 301 said : ll c 0 E F G **H** "Now it is not disputed that a tax on a p!Jrely internal sale which occurs as a result of the transportation of goods from a manufacturing centre within the State to a purchasing market within the same State is clearly permissible and not hit by anything in the Constitution. If a sale in that kind of trade can bear the tax and is not a burden on the freedom of trade, it is difficult to see why a single point tax on the same kind of sale where a State boundary intervenes between the manufacturing centre and the consuming centres need be treated as a burden, especially where that tax is ultimately to come out of the residents of the very State by which such sale is taxable. Freedom of trade and commerce applies as much within a State as outside it. It appears to me again,. with great respect, that there is no warrant for treating such a tax as in any way contrary either to the Jetter· or the spirit of the freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse provided under Article 301." As at present advised, I am inclined to agree with these observations. I am, therefore, inclined to think that normally a Jaw imposing a tax on intra-State sales does not offend Art. 301. It seems to me that the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 is no exception to this rule. None of its provisions directly impede the movement of goods or the free llow of trade. I may add that even assuming that the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 is within the mischief of Art. 301, it is certainly a law made by Parliament in the public interest and is saved by Art. 302 J find nothing in the Act which offends Art ... 303 ( 1). The decision of the High Court that sections 8(2), 8(2A). and 8(5) of the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 are _ultra vires_ the Constitution must therefore be set aside. I agree to the order proposed by Shah **J.** **Hegde,** **J.** Though I agree with the conclusions reached by my learned brother Shah, _1.,_ namely, sections 8(2), 8(2-A) and 8(5) of the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 (No. 74 of 1956}hereinafter referred to as the Act-are _intra vires_ the Constitution, my reasons for coming to that conclusion are not the s8111e as his. Hence this note. (I) ~~[19SSJ~~ ~~2 S.~~ ~~C.~~ ~~R.~~ ~~603 at~~ p. 7S4. " ## **l** 852 SUPREME' COURT REPORTS (1968) 3 S.C.R. The facts of the case as well as the history of t!)e legislation are fn!ly" set out in the majority judgment. It is settled by the decisions of this CQwt in _Attabari Tea Co. Ltd._ v. _The State_ _of_ _Assam(')_ and _the Automobile Transport (Rajasthan) Limited_ v. _The State_ _of_ _Rajasthizn_ (') that a taxiilg statute is not outside the scope of Art. 301 of the Constitution. But before a taxing sta tute is held to be violative of that Article, it must be shown that it has a direct or immediate impact c:in the freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse within the country. In other words, a mere remote or incidental impact is insufficient to hold that Art. 301 has been. contravened. Article ·302 empowers Parliament A B by law to impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse between one, State and another or within _C_ any part of the territory of India';° as may be required in the· public interest. The power C<)nferred on Parliament is extremely wide and the only limitation placed on that power by Art. 302 is that the law in question must be required in the public interest. Primarily it is for Parliament to determine the requirements of public interest. The decision of Parliament in this regard _is_ not easy 10 challenge. Parliament is presumed to know the D needs of the people, the req~ments. of the time and the economic and political interests of the coll/1try as a whole. By its very composition it is unlikely that Parliament would have regional bias or would adopt· a parochial approach. In addition, there is the presumption of the .constitutionality of a statute. therefore the State undoubtedly starts with an ad>1antage. But E once · jt is shown -.that a measure _prima facie_ gives preference to the -residents of one State over another State or it makes discrimination between the residents of a State· ahd that of another because of the adoption of different rates of t3;". in different Sta D E IC!J, then the mattei:: assumes a different i:omplexion in view of Art. 303 (1). It should be witl)in the knowledge of the Union Government wJiy Parliament adopted different rates in different .Stlltes. I agree that mere difference in .. rates is neither showing preference nor -making discrimination. But other things being equal, the difference in rates would result in· showjng preference to some States and making discrimination against others. Hence, in my opinion, difference in· rates is a _prima facie_ prooi of the preference or ·'discrimination complained of. 'It is for the ·State to justify those differences. The real question for decision is whether the impugned provisions have given or authorised the giving" of any preference to one State over anotlier or made or authorised the making of any,disctimination bi; tween ·one State and another. The word "State" in Art. 301 is"used in the sense of people residing in that" State. It" is impossible for any ordinary person to establish positively the preferenee or the F G H (I) [1961] I S. C. R. 809. (2) [1963] I S. 'C. R. 491. A B c 'D E F G H STATE _v._ NATARAJA _(Hegde,_ J.) 853 discrimination complained of, apart from showing the difference in the rates. Once he shows the difference in the rates, it is for the State to show that the same has not resulted in showing pre· ferences to one or more. States over others or making discrimination againsf one or more States over others in the matter of inter-State trade. I am not prepared to place an interpretation on Art. 303(1) which would render that provision purposeless. After all it is the State that had enacted the impugned provisions. It must have had good reasons for enacting those provisions. It must place before court tliose reasons and satisfy it that Art. 303(1) has not been contravened. But on the material placed before us, I am satisfied that the differences in the rates are in public interest and those differences do not materially affect the free flow of trade in the country. From the history of the legislation, it is clear that the subject of taxing inter-State sales is a complicatl!d process. It has various facets. Sales-tax is one of the most important sources of revenue for the States. It was so even under the Government of India Act, 193 5. It was not the intention of Parliament either to dry up that source or to divert the same. It wanted to retain that source for the States; but at the same time guard against States levying sales tax on inter-State sales in a manner which is likely to be prejudicial to the free flow of trade and commerce in the country. Constitutional amendments referred to in the judgment of Shah J. have an important purpose behind. them. Same is the case as regards the provisions in the Act. Before Articles 269 and 286 were amended and the Act enacted, a Committee known as Taxation Enquiry Committee, had gone into the various aspects of inter-State trade and commerce and made recommendations to the Union Government on that subject. It was largely on the basis of those recommendations that Articles 269 and 286 of the Constitution were amended and the Act enacted. Therefore it is clear .that the Act is not a haphazard legislation; it is the product of deep thinking and clear analysis of the various aspects of the matter. This Court will be slow to hold such a measure as being either not in public interest or is viol~tive ?f ~· 3~3(1). The questio.n of giving preference or making d1scnmmation deJ>llnds on vanous facts and circumstances, the tax rate being only one of them. The views of an expert committee on a subject so complicated as tax on inter St~te s~~ is. entitled to great weight. In the very nature of thing;;, tt ts difficult for courts· to ascertain the various factors tha.t J!llpede the free flow of trade or to assess their importance. This .ts not t~e s~e thing as saying that this Court should abdicate tts functions m flllVoo; Q( an expert committee or should und~ exaggerate the illlpOrtatice of the collective knowledge and wisdom of thannembofS of Parliament. But the fact remains· that 1154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1968) 3 S.C.R. in assessing the strength of economic forees in a given matter the views of persons who may be expected to be familiar with the subject is entitled to weight and in the absence of clear proof to the contrary or unless it is shown that their conclusions are obviously wrong, it will be proper for this Court to proceed on the basis that the conclusions reached by them on facts-not on questions of law-are correct. The Taxation Enquiry Committee has given good reasons in .support of its recommendations. We shall now examine the purposes behind s. 8 of the Act, which fixes rates of tax on sales in the course of inter-State trade, commerce and intercourse. The Act divides inter-State sales into four categories, namely-(i) sales to Government, (ii) sales of goods which are declared to be of special importance in the inter-State trade and commerce, (iii) sales to registered dealers, and (iv) sales to others. Good many sales in the course of interState sales are made to Governments. In a welfare State like ours, public sector is in-charge of various industries, which require raw material from various parts of the country. The Governments also require consumer goods of various types for its governmental functions as well as for its economic activities. A uniform rate is fixed for those sales under s. 8(1)(a). Hence in respect of an important segment of inter-State sales the rate is uniform, no doubt subject to s. 8(2-A), the scope of which I shall discuss a little later. Section 14 declares that goods enumerated therein are goods of special importance in the inter.State trade and commerce. Section 1 S prescribes the restrictions and conditions under which sales tax in respect of the turnover relating to those goods may be levied. One of the conditions prescribed at the relevant time was that tax should not be more than two percentum of the turn· over. Further in respect of those goods only a single point taxation is permissible. The declared goods constitute a large portion of the goods sold in inter-State trade. The incidence of taxation on those goods is such that it could not have had any ·serious repercusssion on inter-State trade. B c D E F G Section 8(1)(b) regulates the sales tax leviable on sales to registered dealers in the course of inter-State sales. The maximum rate fixed at the relevant time was two percentum of the turnover. All that the registered dealer has to do is to get in· eluded in his certificate of registration goods of the class or classes which he proposes to purchase as being intended for 'l't8 sale by him or for use by him in the manufacture or processing goods for sale or in the mining or in the generation or distri· hution of electricity or any other form of power., Here again the StATE _v._ NATARAJA _(Hegde,_ ).) 855 A incidence of taxation is so low as ordinarily not to affect the free flow of trade. B c D E F G This takes us to the remaining sales in the course of interState trade or commerce. By and large these sales are made to unregistered dealers. Here again, so far as the declared goods are concerned, tax has to be levied at the rate applicable to local sales, as provided in s. 8(2)(a). Then we come to cl. (b) of s. 8(2), which deals with goods other than declared goods. Here the law at the relevant time was that the tax shall be calculated at the rate of seven percentum of the turnover or at the rate applicable to sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State, whichever is higher. As could be seen from the report of the Taxation Enquiry Committee, the main reason for this provision was to prevent as far as possible the evasion of sales tax. The Parliament was anxious that inter-State trade should be canalised through registered dealers over whom the appropriate government has a great deal of control. It is not very easy for them to evade tax. A measure which is intended to check the evasion o( tax is undoubtedly a valid measure. Further, inter-State trade carried on through dealers coming within s. 8(2), must be in the very •iure ot things very little. It is in public interest to see that in the guise of freedom of trade, they do not evade the payment of tax. Ii the sales tax they have to pay is as high or even higher than intra-State sales tax then they will be constrained to register themselves and pay the tax legitimately due. The impact of this provision on inter-State trade is bound 10 be negligible, but at the same time it· is an effective . safeguard against evasion of tax. Section 8(2-A) is incorporated with a view to see that the consumers in the States to which goods are imported are not placed at a disadvantage as compared to the cons\Jmers in the Stat~ from which the goods are imported. In fact this provision is bound to facilitate inter-State trade. The purpose behind the section is to see that the State Governments do not place the local consumers in a better position than the consumers outside. Sub-section (5) of s. 8 provides for giving individual exemptions in public interest. Such a power is there in all taxation 1veasures. It is to provide for unforeseen contingencies. Take for exan1ple, when there was famine in Bihar, if a dealer in Punjab had undertaken to sell goods to a charitable society in that State at a reasonable price for distribution to those who were H starving, it would have been in public interest if the Punjab Government had exempted that dealer from paying sales tax. Such a power cannot immediately or directly affect the free flow 8 Sup C.1./68-!S 85'6 SUPREME COURt llEl'ORtS l1968j 3 S.C.R. of trade. The power in question cannot be said to be bad. If A there is any misuse of that power, the same can be challenged. ### I It must be remembered that under the present conditions the power to tax is not merely used for the purpose of collecting revenue; jt is a powerful social instrument, in particular an instrument which can be effectively used for correcting economic maladjustments. While the legislature Diust provide in the law for all reasonably foreseeable contingencies, still some discretionary power has to be given to the executive to meet unexpected situations. If we bear in mind the fact that sales tax on inter-State sales is levied for the benefit of the States and the further fact that each one of the State Governments in its own interest is bound to create the best possible condition for the growth of industry and commerce in that State, it is reasonable to assume that they will not be blind to economic forces. All that one has to guard against is to see that they do not, by having recourse to their taxation power, obstruct the flow of trade into their State. In the normal course they will be interested in seeing that goods produced in their States are sold outside. Reasonably sufficient safeguards against the free flow of trade into a State have been provided by the provisions of the Act, firstly, by providing for the levy of sales tax in the State in which the goods are produced, and, secondly, by placing various restrictions on the power of the States in fixing the rates. None of the impugned provisions, in my opinion, has direct or immediate impact on inter-State trade or commerce. G.C. _Appe"/ at/owed and remanded._ B c D E