STATE OF KERALA v. M. M. MATHEW

A B #### c D E F G H 264 STATE OF KERALA _v._ MATHEW (M. M.) AND ANR. _August_ 18, 1978 [JASWANT SINGH AND P. S. KAILASAM, JJ.] _Proof_ _of_ _account books_ _of_ _business in criminal trials,_ _inf;rredients_ _to_ _be_ _proved, explained-Presumption in favour_ _of_ _acts_ _of_ _public servants charged_ _with_ _bringing_ _home_ _economic_ _and_ _other_ _crtmes-Kerala_ _General_ _Sales_ _TU_ _Act,_ 1963, _Sections_ 46(1)(a), 46(1)(c) _and_ 46(2)(c). During the course of a surprise raid by the Intelligence Wing of the Sales Tax Authorities for verification of accounts of the respondents pertaining to their sales tax returns submitted by them on the 18th of each of the months of February, March and April 1969, respondent No. 1 produced certain books of accounts viz. current note books, bill books, stock register of the sales and purchases and purchase bills in cutrent use relating to the "Kallu~ palam Lad's Jawellery Mart" business and placed the same in a room ad:. jacent to the firm's show room for inspection. While examining these account books, the inspecting party noticed some other account papers in the form of diarysize account books, ledger size account books, exercise account books lying on that very table. Finding that a number of transactions of sales and purchcise of the jewellery entered in the second set of account books noticed, by them, revealing a large turnover for the months of January, February and March 1969, these account books were seized. On the basis of the result of tbe aforesaid inspection three complaints were tiled under sections 46(1)(a) (for submission of untrue returns), 46(1)(c) (for failure to keer true and complete accounts) and 46(2)(c) (for fraudulent evasion of tax) of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, 1963 and the rules made thereunder. On a consideration of the evidence adduced in the case, the Trial Court acquitted the respondents under s. 46 (2) ( c) but convicted them under section 46(1)(a) and 46(1)(c) of the Act and imposed a fine of Rs. 600/· and Rs. _5001-_ respectively on each of the respondents under the aforesaid two counts. On appeal the Additional Sessions Judge, set aside the conviction and acquitted the respondents of the charges under Sections 46(1)(a) and 46(1)(c) of the Act as well. The State's appeal before the Kerala High. Court failed and hence the appeal by special leave. Dismissing the appeals the Court, HELD : 1. ·Courts of law have to judge evidence before them by applying the well recognised test of basic human probabilities. Some of the observations made by the Sessions Judge especially the one to the effect that 'the evidence of officers constituting the inspecting party is highly interested because they want that the accused are convicted' cannot be accepted as it runs counter to the well recognised principle that _prima facie_ public servants must be presumed to act honestly, conscientiously and their evidence has to be as5es.sed on its intrinsic worth and cannot be discarded merely on the ground that being public servants they are interested in the success of their case. [268 A-C1 KERALA _V._ M. M. MATHEW 265 2. The [1] observations of the High Court to the effect that 'the mere fact that two sets of accounts which are conflicting are being maintained, it c;Jnnot be Ital.en that the accounts books evidencing less tum-over or profits are false. It may well be that the secret accounts are false and the other accounts are true. It is not unusual to find busine:!s men keeping two sets of accounts one the correct one and the other showing exaggerated turnover and profits, the purpose of the latter be-ing only to attrapt investments in dealing with the business", cannot be accepted as statement of law. [268 C-D] -V. _t-_ 3. Strong suspicions, strange coincidences and grave doubts cannot take the place of Je&al proof. [269 Bl (a~ In the instant case, there is absolutely no legal evidence on the record to prove the secret books of account, the seizure of which was effected by or under the orders of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner were recovered from a place which formed part of the business premises of the respondents -or was in their exclusive possession and control. [268 E-F] _I_ (b) The prosecution could have established that the secret books of account related to the business transections carried on by the· respondents and none else in a variety of ways viz. (1) by adducing satisfactory proof to the effect that the place from which the secret books of account were seized , formed part of the place of business of the respondents or was in their ex clusive possession and control, (2) that the secret books of account were maintained by or under the orders of the respondents, (3) that the said books of .account were in the handwriting of either of the respondents or their account ant, or clerk or some other person employed by them. The third method indicated above could have been adopted by following one or more of the ordinary modes provided in the Evidence Act for proving the handwriting i.e. (i) by calling the accountant or clerk or some other employee of the respondents who is supposed to have posted the entries in the account books, (ii) by calling a person in whose presence the account books were written, (iii) by calling a handwriting expert to testify that the entries in the secret books of account tallied with the admitted specimen writing of the respondents or any of their employees, (iv) by calling a person acquainted with tho handwriting of the person by whom the secret books of account were supposed to have been written, (v) by having the comparison done in Court of the secret books of account with some admitted writing as provided in section 73 of the Evidence Act, (vi) by proof of an admission made by any one of the respondents that the secret books of account related to the business transactions carried on by their firm or that any one of them had written the same, (vii) by adducing other unimpeachable circumstantial evidence. No attempt or step seems to h<?ive been made or taken in that behalf by the prosecution. [269 C-G] (c) The connection of the respondents with the entries in the secret books of account could also have been established by producing some of the customers whose names are admittedly to be found in the secret books of account to testify that the deals evidenced by the entries were transacted by them with the Kallupalam Lad's Jewellery Mart of which the respondents were the pro - prietors. As the prosecution has failed to resort to any of these methods the respondents have to thank themselves for the result of the prosecutions upon which it seems to have launched without seeking expert legal assistance. [269 G-H, 270 A] A B #### c D ### ' G H 266 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 1 S.C.R. **A** _**Girdhari/al Gupta and Anr.**_ **v.** _**D.**_ _**N.**_ _**Mehta. Collector of Customs and**_ _**-fl**_ _Anr.,_ [1971] 3 S.C.R. 748 distin2uished. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal Nos. 178180 of 1974. Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated **B** 3-8-1973 of the Kerala High Court in Criminal Appeal Nos. 241, 244, 256/72 and R.C. Nos. 3, 4 and 5 of 19n. _K._ _T._ _llarindranath_ and _K._ _R. Nambiar_ for the Appellant. ###### c _R._ _L._ _Kohli, Thomas John_ and _N._ _Sudhakaran_ for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JAsWANT SINGH, J.-The above noted three appeals by special leave which are directed against the common judgment and order dated August 3, 1973 of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in Criminal Appeals Nos. 241, 244 and 256 of 1972 and R. C. Nos. **D** 3, 4 and _5_ of 1972 upholding the acquittal of the respondents (who were partners of the firm called Kullupalam Lad's Jewellery Mart, Kottayam, registered for jewellery business under the provisions of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, 1963 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act' and the rules made thereunder) of the charges under section 46(1) (a) of the Ac! for submission of untrue returns, under I section 46 ( 1 )( c) f;)f the Act for failure to keep true and complete accounts and under section 46(2)(c) of the Act for fraudulent evasion of tax must be dismissed as they have no legs to stand upon. It appears that the respondents had submitted returns of their aforesaid firm's sales turn over to the Sales Tax Officer, Kottayam, II F Circle for the months of January, February and March, 1969 iem February 18, 1969, March 18, 1969 and April 18, 1969 respectively declaring a total sales turnover of Rs. 47,431/- during January, 1969, Rs. 25,025.20 paise during February, 1969 and Rs. 35,712.97 paisc during March, 1969. On receipt of special information that the turnovers shown in the aforesaid returns were far below the actual G turnovers, the Kottayam Sales Tax Intelligence Squad and the Sales Tax Central Intelligent Squad headed by the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner (Intelligence) Agricultural Income Tax and Sales Tax Trivandrum made a surprise entry into I.he respondents' business premises at the J.B. Road, Kottayam, on February 20, 1970 at 11.30 A.M. for verification of the respondents' firm's accounts and goods. **H** In compliance with the demand made by the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner who headed the Squads, respondent No. 1 produced before the fo'rmer certain books of account viz. current note books, _f_ ' KERALA _v._ M. M. MATHEW _(/aswant_ _Singh,_ /.) 267 # _r_ _{_ •• bill books, stock register of the sales and purchases and purchase bills in current use relating to the aforesaid busines' carried on by his firm and placed the same on a table in a room adjacent to the firm's show room for inspection. While examining these account boo1's, the Inspecting Party noticed some other account papers in the form of diary size account books, ledger size account book, exercise acco'Unt books and quarter size papers lying on that very table. The Inspecting Party took hold of the second set of account books and started checking and comparing the entries existing therein with the entries in the aforesaid books of account produced by respondent No. I on their demand. Finding that a number of transaction' of sale and purchase of the jewellery entered in the second set of account C books, which ll'~reinafter will be reierred for the sake of convenience and to avoid confusion as 'the secret books or account' as described by the courts below, were not entered in the books of account produced by respondent No. 1 on demand by him which will hereinafter be referred to as 'the accOu'nt books intended for official purposes' and that as against the figures declared in the aforesaid returns, the D secret books of account revea:ed a total tum over of R~. 1,34,899.16 paise for January, 1969, a turnover of Rs. 87,777.39 paise for Febmary, 1969 and a turnover of Rs. 1,11,181.85 paise for March, 1969, the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner directed the Sales Tax Intelligence Officer, Kottayam, who was one of the members of the E Inspecting Party led by him to seize both the sets of account books which was duly done by the latter. On the basis of the result of the aforesaid inspection conducted on February 20, 1970, the Sales Tax Officer, Kottayam, II Circle, filed three complaints in the Court .of District Magistrate, Kottayam alleging contravention by the respondents of the aforesaid provisions of the Act. On a consideration of F the evidence adduced in the case, the trial court acquitted the respondents of the charge under section 46 (2 )( c) of the Act but convicted them under sections 46(1)(a) and 46(1)(c) of the Act and imposed a fine of Rs. 600/- and Rs. 500/- respectively on each of the respondents under the aforesaid two counts. On appeal, the Additional Sessions Judge, Kottayam, set aside the ~onviction and acquitted the G respondents of the charges under sections 46(l)(a) and 46(1)(c) of the Act as well. Aggrieved by the judgment and order of the Additional Sessions Judge, Kottayam, the State preferred an appeal in the High Court but the same proved abortive. Dissatisfied with the order of acquittal passed by the Additional Sessions Judge and affirmed by the High Court, the State moved this Court for grant of H special leave to appeal which was granted vide order dated April 26, 1974. B E G H A B ##### c D E F G H 268 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 1 S.C.R. We have heard Mr. K. T. Harindra Nath who has oppeared in support of the appeal as also Mr. R. L. Kohli who has appeared for the respondents. It is true that courts of law have to judge the evidence before them by applying the well recognised test of basic humau probabilities and that some of the observations made by the Ses&ions Judge espedally one to the effect that 'the evidence of offi-. cers constituting the inspecting party is highly interested because _they_ want that the accused are convicted cannot be accepted as it ruRs counter to the well recognised principle that _prima faci•_ public servants must be presumed to act honestly and conscientiously and their evidence has to be assessed on its intrinsic worth and cannot be discarded merely on the ground that being public servants they arr interested in the success of their case. It is equally true that we can ill afford to accept as statement of law the observations of the High Court to the effect t_hat "the mere fact that two sets of accounts which are conflicting are being maintained, it cannot be taken that the account books evidencing less turn-over or profits are false. It may well be that the secret accounts are false and the other accounts are true. It is not unusual to find businessmen keeping two sets of accounts, one the correct one and the other showing exaggerated turn over and profits, the purpose of the latter being only to attract investments in dealing with the business." But these observations do not affect tl1e merits of the case. We strongly feel that the present is not a case in which we can justifiably set aside acquittal of. the respondents of the aforesaid charges and restore the order of the District Magistrate, Kottayam. The offences with which the respondents were charged have not, in our opinion, been brought home to them. There is absolutely no evidence on the record to prove that the secret books of account, the seizure of which was effected by or under the orders of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner were recovered from a place which formed part of the business premises of the respondents or was in their exclusive possession and control. The members pf the Inspecting Party themselves have admitted tJ:iat these boob were found lying on the table in the room adjacent to the •how rooll' of _the_ respondents and they could not say whether that room belonged the respoildenti; or not. It is also not denied by the prosecution that the said room is accessible through Kallupalam Auto Stores also. That apart, no cogent and convincing proof has been adduced by the prosecution to establish that the secret books of account were maintained by the respondents or that they had any link or connection with tl1em. No witness on behalf of the prosecution has come forward to testify tha~ the secret books,of account did not contain any entry relating to the business dealings of Kallupalam Auto Stores ·-~ I K!!RALA _v._ M. M. MATHEW _(Jaswant Singh,_ _J.)_ 269 which stands registered in the name of Marykutty and which also is housed in the same building in which Kallupalam Lad's Jewellery Mart is housed. It is true that there are certain entries in the secret books of account which tally in certain respectis with the entries in the hooks of account intended fot official purposes which were produed by the respondents in response to the demand made by the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner which raises a strong suspicion against the respondents but that circumstance alone is not sufficient to warrant their conviction for the aforesaid offences. It is now well settled that strong suspicions, strange coincidences and. grave doubts cannot take place of legal proof. To establish the charges against the res·pondentB, it was, in our judgment, essential for the prosecution to establish that the secret books of account related to the business' transactions carried on by the respondents and none else. This it ·could have established in a variety of ways viz. ( 1) by adducing satisfactory proof to the effect that the place from which the secret books ·of account were seized formed part of the place of business of the re•ppndents or was in their exclusive possession and control, (2) cthat the secret books of account were maintained by or under the ·orders of the respondents, ( 3) that the said books of account were in the handwriting of either of the respondents or their accountant, or clerk or some other person employed by them. The third method indicated above could have been adopted by following one or more ·of the ordinary modes provided in the Evidenc~ Act for proving the l!andwriting i.e. (i) by calling the Accountant or clerk or some other empl,oyec of the respondents who is supposed to have posted the ·entries in the account books, (ii) by calling a person in whose pre·sence the account books were written, (iii) by calling a handwriting ·expert to testify that the entries in the secret books of account tallied with the admitted specimen wriiing of the respondents or any of their employees, (iv) by calling a person acquainted with the handwriting of the person by whom the secret b,ooks of account were supposed to have been written, ( v) by having the comparison done in Court of the secret books of account with some admitted writing as provided in section 73 of the Evidence Act, (vi) by proof of an admission made by any one of the respondents that the secret - 'books of account related to the business transactions carried on by their firm or that any one of them had written the same, (vii) by adducing other unimpeachable circumstantial evidence. No attempt or step seems to have been made or taken in that behalf by the prosecution. The connection of the respondents with the entries in the ·secret books of acconnt could also have b~en established by producing some of the customers whose names are admittedly to be fonnd in the secret books of_ account to testify that the deals evidenced by the A B ###### c D E F G H 270 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1979] 1 S.C.R. ##### ... A entries were transacted by them with the Kallupalam Lad's Jewellery Mart of which the respondents were the proprietors. As the prosecution has failed to resort to any of these methods, the respondent. have to thank themselves for the result of the pro&~cutions upon which it seems to have launched without seeking expert legal assistance. The decision of this Court in _Girdharilal Gupta_ & _Anr._ v. _D. N. Mehta,_ B _Collector_ _of_ _Customs_ & _Am-._ ( [1] ) which is heavily relied upon by the learned counsel for the State of Kerala is of no assistance to the State. In that case, it was established that the account slips were recovered from the premises of the accused which undoubtedly established their connection with them. Accordingly we do not find ourselves in a ##### c \ position to differ from the conclusions arrived at by the Additional Sessions Judge and the High Court. B In the result, the appeals fail and are dismissed. S.R. _Appeals dismissed,_ ## •