State of Haryana v. Suresh (Pasayat, J.)

,} I I / ST A TE OF HARY ANA _v._ SURESH ## JUNE 5, 2007 [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT AND D. K. JAIN, JJ.] ## _Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985:_ _s. 50-Scope and ambit of- "Search any person "-Meaning of-Held: A bag, brief case or any such container etc. can, under no circumstances be_ C _treated as body of a human being-Therefore, these article cannot be included within the ambit of the person occurring in s. 50-Interpretation of Statutes._ ## _Interpretation of Statutes :_ _Literal interpretation-Onus of showing that the words do not mean_ D _what they scy lies heavily on the party who alleges it-Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985-ss. 50 rlw_ s. _18._ ## _Words and Phrases:_ _'Person' and occurring in s.50 of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic_ E _Substances Act, 1985---Connotation of_ Respondent was convicted by the trial court of an offence punishable u/s. 18 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, on the case of the prosecution that a plastic bag containing opium was recovered F from his attache' case which was searched by the patrolling party. On appeal by the accused, the High Court directed his acquittal on the ground that there was non-compliance with the mandatory requirements of s.50 of the Act. In the instant appeal filed by the State, it was contended for the appellant that the High Court failed to take note of the decisions of the Supreme Court G to the effect that s. 50 of the Act relates only to a personal search and not of bags or containers carried by the accused. On the question: what is the meaning of the words "search any person" H 961 962 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007) 7 S.C.R. A occurring in s.50 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. Allowing the appeal and remitting the matter to the High Court, the Court B c HELD: 1.1. A bag, briefcase or any such article or container, etc. can, under no circumstances, be treated as body of human being. They are given a separate name and are identifiable as such. They cannot even remotely be treated to be part of the body of a human being. Therefore, it is not possible to include these articles within the ambit of the word "person" occurring in Section 50 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. !Para 14) [966-C, D, El .... ·.o;: _State of Punjab_ v. _Baldev Singh_ (1999) 6 SCC 172, followed. _State of H.P._ v. _Pawan Kumar,_ [2005) 4 SCC 350, relied on. _, ·o 1.2. One of the basic principles of interpretation of Statutes is to construe them according to plain, literal and grammatical meaning of the words. If that is contrary to, or inconsistent with, any express intention or declared purpose of the Statute, or if it would involve any absurdity, repugnancy or inconsistency, the grammatical sense must then be modified, extended or E[abridged, so far as to avoid such an inconvenience, but no further. The onus ] of showing that the words do not mean what they say lies heavily on the party who alleges it. [Para 12) [965-E, Fl _Jugalkishore Sarafv. Raw Cotton Co. ltd.,_ AIR (1955) SC 376, relied on. F _Craies on Statute law, Seventh Ed. Page 83-85; Principles of Statutory Interpretation by Justice G. P. Singh,_ referred to. 1.3. The acquittal, as directed by the High Court, is, therefore, clearly unsustainable. However, other points were urged in support of the appeal G[before the High Court, but it allowed the appeal only on the ground ][of ][non-] compliance of Section 50 of the Act. It did not examine the other grounds of challenge. The High Court would hear the appeal afresh on grounds other than that of alleged non-compliance with Section 50 of the Act, which, has no application to the facts of the case. [Para 181 [968-A, BJ H CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 248 of ( .,___ STATEOFHARYANA _v._ SURESH[PASAYAT_J.) 963 **A** 200L ~ _)_ From the Judgiuent & Order dated 14.10.1999 of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh in Criminal Appeal No. 263-SB of 1988. ., Roopansh Purohit, Rajeev Gaur 'Naseem', T.V. George for the Appellant.' **B** Debasis Mishra for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ~ **DR. ARlJIT PASA Y AT, J.** 1. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a learned Single Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court allowing the c Criminal Appeal filed by the respondent, who was found guilty of offence punishable under Section 18 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (in short the 'Act') and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for ten years and to pay a fine of Rs.1,00,00/- with default stipulations. **D** -.. 2. The High Court directed acquittal on the ground that there was noncompliance with the mandatory requirements of Section 50 of the Act. 3. Background facts in a nutshell are as follows. .../ The case of the prosecution is that on 0 l.04.1987, the patrolling party E consisting of the sub-inspector and two assistant sub-inspectors and four constables were present at Rohtak. At about 5.10 a.m. a bus of Haryana Roadways came from Delhi and the same was stopped by patrolling party. The accused-respondent, Suresh was also one of the passengers travelling in the bus with an attache-case. The Sub-Inspector of Police searched the **F** attache case by taking the same from the hands of the accused. When the attachi case was searched, a false bottom made of ply-wood was broken and below it there was a plastic bag containing opium and the same was recovered by the police. Out of it 10 grams of opium was separated as sample and parcels of the same and the remaining bulk were prepared and were sealed with seal bearing inscription RK and a ruqa was sent to the police station for G registration of the case and on the basis of the same, investigation was taken up and after completion of the investigation a charge-sheet was filed. . . ... 4. In order to prove the guilt of the accused, the prosecution examined five witnesses. **H** 964 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 7 S.C.R. _>_ • .... A 5. After closure of the evidence of the prosecution. the accused was examined under Section 313 of the Code of Crim in al Procedure. 1973 (in short the 'Code'), and in defence the accused did not examine any witnesses though he pleaded innocence and false implication. > 6. On consideration of the evidence on record, learned Additional B Sessions Judge convicted the accused for the offence under Section 18 of the Act and sentenced him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of 10 years and to pay a fine of Rs.1,00,000/- and in default of payment of fine, to further undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of two years. Accused filed an appeal before the High Court which as noted above was allowed and C conviction was set aside. ' 7. In support of the appeal, learned counsel for the appellant-State submitted that the High Court's judgment is unsustainable in view of several decisions of this Court taking the view that Section 50 of the Act relates only to a personal search and not of bags or containers carried by the accused. D 8. There is no appearance on behalf of the respondent. 9. The controversy turns round Section 50 of the Act and the same (at the relevant tirpe) reads as under: E F "Conditions under which search of persons shall be conducted: (I) When any officer duly authorized under Section 42 is about to search any person under the provisions of Section 41, section 42 or Section 43, he shall, if such person so requires, take such person without unnecessary delay to the nearest Gazetted Officer of any of the departments mentioned in Section 42 or to the nearest Magistrate. (2) If such requisition is made, the officer may detain the person until he can bring him before the Gazetted Officer or the Magistrate referred to in sub-section (I). G H (3) The Gazetted Officer or the Magistrate before whom any such person is brought shall, if he sees no reasonable ground for search, forthwith discharge the person but otherwise shall direct that search be made. (4) No female shall be searched by anyone excepting a female." I 0. The question, which requires consideration, is what is the meaning ( 965 STATEOFHARYANAv. SURESH{PASAYAT.J.) of the words '"search any person" occurring in Sub-section (I) of Section 50 A of the Act. Learned counsel for the accused has submitted that the word - "person" occurring in Section 50 would also include within its ambit any bag, briefcase or any such article or container, etc., being carried by such person and the provisions of Section 50 have to be strictly complied with while conducting, search of such bag, briefcase, article or container, etc. Learned B counsel for the State has, on the other hand, submitted that there is no warrant for giving such an extended meaning and the word "person" would mean only the person himself and not any bag, briefcase, article or container, etc., being carried by him. -, I I. The word "person" has not been defined in the Act. Section 2(xxix) C of the Act says that the words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Code of Criminal Procedure have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Code. The Code, however, does not define the word "person". Section 2(y) of the Code says that the words and expressions used therein and not defined but defined in the Indian Penal Code, 1860 have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Code. Section I I of the Indian D Penal Code says that the word "person" includes any Company or Association_ or body of persons whether incorporated or not. Similar definition of the word "person" has been given in Section 3(42) of the General Clauses Act. Therefore, these definitions render no assistance for resolving the controversy in hand. 12. One of the basic principles of interpretation of Statutes is to construe E them according to plain, literal and grammatical meaning of the words. If that is contrary to, or inconsistent with, any express intention or declared purpose of the Statute, or if it would involve any absurdity, repugnancy or inconsistency, the grammatical sense must then be modified, extended or abridged, so far as to avoid such an inconvenience, but no further. The onus of showing that F the words do not mean what they say lies heavily on the party who alleges it. He must advance something which clearly shows that the grammatical construction would be repugnant to the intention of the Act or lead to some manifest absurdity (See Craies on Statute Law, Seventh ed. page 83-85). In the well known treatise - Principles of Statutory Interpretation by Justice G.P. Singh, the learned author has enunciated the same principle that the wordc; G of the Statute are first understood in their natural, ordinary or popular sense and phrases and sentences- are construed according to their grammatical meaning, unless that leads to some absurdity or unless there is something in the context or in the object of the Statute to suggest the contrary _(See the_ Chapter - The Rule of Literal Construction -page 78 - Ninth ed.). This Court H SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007) 7 S.C.R. 966 A has also followed this principle right from the beginning. In _Jugalkishore Saraf_ v. _Raw Cotton Co. Ltd.._ AIR (1955) SC 3 76, S.R. Das, J. said: - B "The cardinal rule of construction of statutes is to read the statute literally, that is, by giving to the words used by the legislature their ordinary, natural and grammatical meaning. If, however, such a reading leads to absurdity and the words are susceptible of another meaning the Court may adopt the same. But if no such alternative construction is possible,. the Court must adopt the ordinary rule of literal interpretation." 13. A catena of subsequent decisions have followed the same line. It, C therefore, becomes necessary to look to dictionaries to ascertain the correct meaning of the word "person". I 4. A bag, briefcase or any such article or container, etc. can, under no circumstances, be treated as body of a human being. They are given a D separate name and are identifiable as such. They cannot even remotely be treated to be part of the body of a human being. Depending upon the physical capacity of a person, he may carry any number of items like a bag, a briefcase, a suitcase, a tin box, a thaila, a jhola, a gathri, a holdall, a carton, etc. of varying size, dimension or weight. However, while carrying or moving along with them, some extra effort or energy would be required. They would have E to be carried either by the hand or hung on the shoulder or back or placed on the head. In common parlance it would be said that a person is carrying a particular article, specifying the manner in which it was carried like hand, shoulder, back or head, etc. Therefore, it is not possible to include these articles within the ambit of the word "person" occurring in Section 50 of the F Act. .,. 15. The scope and ambit of Section 50 of the Act was examined in considerable detail by a Constitution Bench in _State of Punjab_ v. _Baldev Singh,_ (1999] 6 SCC 172 and para 12 ofthe reports is being reproduced below: G H "12. On its plain reading, Section 50 would come into play only in the case of a search of a per5on as distinguished from search of any premises etc. However, if the empowered officer, without any prior information as contemplated by Section 42 of the Act makes a search or causes arrest of a person during the normal course of investigation into an offence or suspected offence and on completion of that search, a contraband under the NDPS Act is also recovered, the 967 STATEOFHARYANAv. SURESH (PASAYAT.J.) A , __)._ B '. _!_ requirements of Section 50 of the Act are not attracted." 16. The Bench recorded its conclusion in para 5 7 of the reports and subparas (I). (2). (3) and (6) are being reproduced below: "57. On the basis of the reasoning and discussion above, the following conclusions arise: ... . 7' (I) That when an empowered officer or a duly authorized officer acting on prior information is about to search a person, it is imperative for him to infonn the person concerned of his right under Sub-section (I) of Section 50 of being taken to the nearest gazetted officer or the nearest Magistrate for making the search. However, such infonnation c may not necessarily be in writing. (2) That failure to inform the person concerned about the existence of his right to be searched before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate would cause prejudice to an accused. 1 (3) That a search made by an empowered officer, on prior infonnation,[D ] without informing the person of his right that if he so requires, he shall be taken before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate for search and in case he so opts, failure to conduct his search before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate may not vitiate the trial but would render the recovery of the illicit article suspect and vitiate the conviction and E sentence of an accused, where the conviction has been recorded only on the basis of the possession of the illicit article, recovered from his person, during a search conducted in violation of the provisions of Section 50 of the Act. F ## Xx xx xx .. (6) That in the context in which the protection has been incorporated in Section 50 for the benefit of the person intended to be searched, we do not express any opinion whether the provisions of Section 50 are mandatory or directory, but hold that failure to infonn the person concerned of his right as emanating from Sub-section (I) of Section 0 50, may render the recovery of the contraband suspect and the conviction and sentence of an accused bad and unsustainable in law." l 7. These aspects were highlighted in _State of H.P._ v. _Pawan Kumar,_ (2oos1 4 sec 350. '- 968 (2007) 7 S.C.R. A ## SUPREME COURT REPORTS 18. In view of the aforesaid judgment by a three Judge Bench of this Court, the acquittal. as directed by the High Court, is clearly unsustainable. However. we find that other points were urged in support of the appeal before the High Court, but the High Court allowed the appeal filed by the accused only on the ground of non-compliance of Section 50 of the Act. It did not B examine the other grounds of challenge. We, therefore, remit the matter to the High Court to hear the appeal afresh on grounds other than that of alleged non-compliance with Section 50 of the Act, which, as note'cl above, has no application to the facts of the case. 19. The appeal is allowed to the aforesaid extent. C RP. Appeal allowed. (