STATE OF ASSAM & ORS. v. OM PRAKASH MOHTA & ORS.

A **B** #### c **D** E F G **H** 169 STATE OF ASSAM & ORS. _v._ OM PRAKASH MOHT A & ORS. _December_ 22, 1972 (A. ALAGIRISWAMI, I. D. DUA AND C. A. VAIDIALINGAM, JJ.J _Mines and_ _Minerals_ _(Regulations and_ _Development)_ _Act,_ _1951-_ _Sec._ _8-Mineral_ _Concession Rules_ _1960-Rule_ 24(3) _and explanation_ _to Rule_ 54 _whether unreasonable and_ ultra vires _aection_ 8 _of_ _the_ _Act-_ _**Renewal**_ _**of**_ _**Mining tease granted to the father**_ _**of**_ _**Respondents-Order**_ _**in**_ _**.revision**_ _**of**_ _**State**_ _**Govt.**_ _**refusing**_ _**renewal**_ _**of**_ _**lease**_ _**under**_ _**deeming**_ _**pro-**_ _**visions**_ _**of**_ _**Rules**_ _**whether**_ _**unrea·sonable,**_ On 29-4-1942, a mining lease was granted bv the Crown Representa**tive** **to** **the** **father** **of** **the** **respondents** **for** **a** **period** **of 20** **years** **to** **operate** the ooal mines. The father died on 18-5-1961. On 3-8-61, the respondents applied for renewal of the lease. By his order dated 27-6-62, **the Deputy Commissio.ner Khasi** **Jaya:ntia** **Hills informed** **the** **respondents** that the application for renewal . must be deemed to have been refused. On 22-10-1962. the respondents filed a revision petition to the Central Government under Rule 54. This was rejected on 8-2-1963. On 7-5-63, **the respopdents** **filed** **a** **writ** **petitio,n** **before** **the** **High** **Court** **for** **quashing** the order dated 27-6-62 and for a writ of _mandamus_ directing the renewal of the lease. - The High Court allowed t)le petition filed by the **respondents** holdin~ **that Rule** **24(3)** **of** **the Rules under** **which** **the** **application** **by** **the respondents was deemed to have been reiected was** unreasonable a.nd _ultra_ _vlrer_ of Sec. 8 of the Act, and the deemed refusal of the application for renewal had no legal effect that the explanation to Rule 54 <hould also be struck down as repugnant to the main sections of the Act .. On appeal by special leave to this Court, HELD : (i) The Act and the R.ules contained the complete code in **respect of** **the** **grant** **and** **reneW9l** **of "rospecting licence** **a'S** **we11** **as** **mining** lease in lands belonging to the Oovernment, as well as the lands belong**ing to private persons.** **The mining lease** **in** **question** **is** **in** **a** **land** belong~g **to Government** **and** **it** **is** **for a mineral included** **in** **the First** **Schedule** **!Jl** **the Act** **in** **respect** **of** **which no** **mininsz** **lease** **can** **be** **eranted** without plevious approval of the Government. Normally, the Govern· **ment** **like** **any other owner** **of** **properly** **is** **entilled** **tu** **choose with "'hom** it shall deal and what sort of a contract it will e:nter into, hut bein~ a **public authority,** **its** **acts** **are** **necessarily regulated** **by** **certain** **Rules.** **The** ~ct **and** Rul~s **in** **this case** **are** **intended to** **reguloate** **the** **develooment** **of mines** **and** **minerals under the control** **of** **the Union** **aind** **contained** **the provisions necessary for that ourpose.** **No** **person** **can** **claim** **as** **of** **right** **any** **lease** **or** **prospecting licence** **in** **anv** **la:nd** **belongin2** **to** **Govern·** **ment** **or,,_** **in** **any** **mi1'1es** **in** **gny lands belongin2 to Government except** **Wl'der** **and** **in** **accord"nce** **with** **the** **Act** **al'1rl** **t'li ...** **Rules or** **any** **right except** these created or conferred by the Act. [! 74G-HJ As a result of the orovisions of ~•ctions 19 and 20 of the Act, renewal of the lease itramed to the father of the resoondent< is •ovcmed bv Act .and the Rules. Rule 24(3) as amended. hgs the eff•ct that **white** **the** **provisi01'1s** **re2arditi2** di~po11:al **within** **90** **davs** **of** **an** **annlication** for renewal still stands, provision for deeming it should have been 170 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 3 S.C.R. refused is no longer there. The explanation to Rule 54 has two purposes : (i) to state the effect of the failure to dispose of the applications referred to in Rule 24 sub-rule (I) and (2) within the periods specified within these sub-rules as also (il) to provide the starting point **for** **the** **purpose of computing the period** **of** **two months within which** an application for re,ision under Rule 54 must be preferred. [! 75D, 0 & 176A] (ii) There is nothing unreasonable in the order passed by the **Central** **Governmemt.** **It** **has** **been mentioned** **in** **that** **order** **that** **after** **careful considerations** **of** **the** **facts stated** **in** **that** **review application,** **it** **was rejected** **as** **time** **barred.** **The application** **to** **the Central** **Govern-** **ment preferred** **by** **the** **respondents** **contained.** **all** **the facts.** **There is** **no reason to assume** **that** **the** **Central** Go~enmnent **did** **not apply** **their** minds to these facts, [177 DE] (iii) Rule 24(3) and the explanation to Rule 54 cannot be said to **contravene** **the** **provisions** **of** **Section** **& of** **the** **Act. They** **are** **within** **the** **rule** **making powers** **of** **the** **Government** **and** **in** **view** **of** **the** **provi-** sions of Rule 24 and 54, the only reason which the State Govt. can **give under Rule 26** **is** **that because 90** **days** **are** **over,** **the** **application** should be deemed to have been refused. The High Court's view that Rule 24(3) and the explanation to Rule 54 are in contraventioio of Sec. 8 is vitiated by its assumption that every order to be passed on an application for renewal should be approved by the Centr~I Govern· ment. This is ineor~ct. Only renewal cannot be granted with thio Central Govt,,'s approval and not reje<tion. [177 F-H] _Shivji Nathubhai_ v. _Union_ _of_ _India_ & _Others,_ [1960] 2 S.C.R. 775, Supreme Court judgment dated 7-8-1967 in C.A. 657/67 distinguished. _Seeta Ramaiah_ v. _State_ _of_ _Andhm_ _Pradesh,_ A.l.R. 1963 A.P. 54, _Shivajl Nathubhai_ v. _Union_ _of_ _India,_ A.l.R. 1959 Punjab 510 referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1240 of 1967. Appeal from the judgment and order dated June 24, 1964 of the Assam and Nagaland High Court at Gauhati in Civil Rule No. 57 of 1963. _D._ _N._ _Mukherjee,_ for respondents Nos. 1 to 3. _B._ _D._ _Sharma_ and _S._ _P._ _Nayar,_ for respondent No. 4. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ALAGIRISWAMI, J. This is an appeal by special ]eave against the judgment of the High Court of Assam allowing the petition filed by respondents questioning the validity of the order dated 27-6-1962 issued by the Deputy Commissioner, Khasi Jaintia Hills on behalf of the Government of Assam that their application for renewal of the mining lease granted to their father must be deemed to have been refused under sub-rule (3) of Rule 24 of the Minerll Concession Rules, 1960. **B** ### c D E **F** G \ ##### n A B #### c ASSAM _v._ 0, P, MORTA _(A.lagiriswami,_ /.) 171 The lease in question was granted by the Crown Representative on 29th April, 1942 to Bhagirath Mohta the father of the respondents for a period of 20 years to operate the coal-mines. Bhagirath Mohta died on 18-5-1961 and on 3-8-1961 the respondents applied for renewal of the lease. By his order earlier mentioned the Deputy Commissioner informed the respondents that the application for renewal must be deemed to have been refused. On 22-10-1962 the respondents filed a revision petition to the Central Government under Rule 54 of the Mineral Concession Rules, and this was rejected on 8-2-1963. On 7-5-1963 the respondents filed a petition before the High Court of Assam for quashing the order dated 27th June, 1962 and for a writ of _Mandamus_ directing the renewal of the lease. The appellants contended that the rights of the respondents, if any, were wholly contractual and based on disputed facts and they could only establish them by filing a regular suit in a Civil Court. The High Court of Assam allowed the petition filed by the respondents holding that Rule 24(3) of the Mineral Concession D Rules, under which the application by the respondents was deemed to have been rejected, was unreasonable and _ultra_ _vires_ of Section 8 of the Mines & Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957, and the deemed refusal of the application for renewal had no legal effect, that the explanation to Rule 54 should also be struck down as repugnant to the main sections of the Act. It, E • therefore, quashed the order of ·the Deputy Commissioner dated 27th June, 1962 and issued a writ of _Mandamus_ to the State Government to deal with and dispose of the application of the petitioners dated 3-8-1961 for renewal. F G H The first question to be decided, therefore. is whether Rule 24(3) and the explanation to Rule 54 are repugnant to the provisions of Section 8 of the Act and, therefore, liable to be struck down. We may first set out the relevant provisions. Rule 24 reads as follows : "24. Disposal of application for mining lease.( 1) An application for the grant of a mining lease shall be disposed of within nine months from the date of its receipt. (2) An application for the renewal of a mining lease shall be disposed of within ninety days from the date of its receipt (3) If any application is not disposed of within the period specified in sub-rule _(I),_ of sub-rule (2), it shall be deemed to have been refused." 172 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 3 s.c.11.. Rule 54 reads as follows : "Application for revision.-( 1) Any person aggrieved by any order made by the State Government or other authority in exercise of the powers conferred on it by the Act or these rules may, within two months of the date of communication of the order to him, apply to the Central Government in duplicate in Form N for revision of the order. The application should be accompanied by a treasury receipt showing that a fee of Rs. I 00 has been paid into a Government treasury or in any branch of the State Bank of India doing the treasury business to the credit of the Central Government ..... . Provided that any such application may be entertained after the said penod of two months, if the applicant satisfies the Central Government that he had sufficient cause for not making the application within time. (2) In every application under sub-rule (I) against the order of a State Government refusing to grant a prospecting licence or a mining lease, any person to whom a prospecting licence or mining lease was granted in respect of the same area or for a part thereof, shall be impleaded as a parry. (3) Along with the application under sub-rule (1), the applicant shall submit as many copies thereof as there are parties impleaded under sub-rule (2). ( 4) On receipt of the application and the copies thereof, the Central Government shall send a copy of the application to each of the oarties .imoleaded under sub-rule (2) specifying a date on or before which he may make his representations, if any, against the revision application. _Exp/anation.-For_ the purpose of this rule, where a State Government has failed to dispose of an application ###### for the grant or renewal of a prospecting licence or a mining lease within the period specified in respect thereof in these rules. the State Government shall be deemed to have made an order refusing the grant Or renewal **of** such licence or lease on the date on which such period expires. Section 8 of the Act is to the following effect : "8. ( 1) The oeriod for which a mining lease may ###### be granted shall not- · (a) in the case of coal, iron ore or bauxite, **exceed** **A** **B** #### c **D** **E** F _G_ **H** thiry years; and A B ### c D E F G H _(_ !!) the terms on which. ancl the condition• subiect to which. anv other nrosnecting licence or mining lease may be granted or renewed; ASSAM _v._ o. P. MOHTA _(Alagirlswami,_ _J.)_ 17 3 (b) in (he case of any. o(her mineral, exceed twenty years. (2) A mining lease may be renewed(a) in the case of coal. iron ore or bauxite, for one period not exq:eding thirty years; and (b) iq the case of any other mineral, for one period not l!Xceeding twenty years : Provided that no mining lease granted in respect of a mineral specified in the First Schedule shall be renewed except with the previous approval of the Central Government. _(3)_ Notwithstanding anything contained in subsection (2), if the Central Government is of opinion that in the interests of mineral development it is necessary so to do, it may, for reasons to be recorded, authorise the renewal of a mining lease for a further period or periods not exceeding in each case the period for which the mining lease was originally granted." From a reading of Seciion it is difficult to see how exactly the rules referred to above can be said to be contrary to the provisions contained in that Section. Let us, therefore, consider the scheme of the Act. It is an Act to provide for the regulation of mines and the . development of minerals under the control of the Union. Section 4 lays down that no person shall undertake anv orosoecling or mining operations in any area, except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a pro<oecting licence, or as the c•se may be, a mining lease, granted under this Act and the rules made thereunder. Section _5_ lays down certain restrictions in the matter of granting prospecting licences or mining leases. Section 6 lays down the maximum area for which a orospecting licence or mining lease may be granted. Section 7 lays down periods for which prospecting licences may be granted or renewed. Section 8 lays down the periods for which mining leases may be granted or re newed. Section 10 Iavs down the procedure for aoolvin2 for oros· pecting licences or mining leases. Section 11 Iavs down the prefe•ential ri2hts nf certain pet"ons to the grant of oro<oectin~ licences and mining leases. Section 13 enables the Central Government to make rules for re2ulating the grant of orosnecting licences and mininl? leases. Among the clauses contained in subsection (2) of that Section, which snecifv the numose for which rules may be made, are clauses (g) and (r) whieh are as fol!ows: 17 4 SUPRBMB COURT REPORTS [1973] 3 .s.c.11.. ( r) any other matter which is to be, or may be prescribed under this Act. Section 19 lays down that any prospecting licence or mining lease granted, renewed or acquired in contravention of the provisions of this Act, or any rules or orders made thereunder shail be void and of no effect. Section 20 lays down that the provisions of the Act and the rules made thereunder shall apply in relation to the ronewal after the commencement of this Act of any prospecting licence or mining lease granted before such commencement as they apply in relation to the renewal of a prospecting licence or mining lease granted after such commencement. Section 30 enables the Central Government of its own motion or on application made within the prescribed time by an aggrieved party, revise any order made by a State Governµient or other authority in exercise of the powers confetrd on it by or under the Act. The first Schedule to the Act contains a list of minerals in respect of which no prospecting licence or mining lease shall be granted except with the previous approval of the Central Government. The Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 were made under this Act. Chapter II of the rules contains provisions regarding certi· ficate of approval. Chapter Ill deals with grant of prospecting licences in respect of land in which the minerals vest in the Government. Chapter IV deals with grant of mining leases in respect of land in which the minerals vest in the Government. Rule 24 is found in this Chapter. Chapter V deals with procedure for obtaining a prospecting licence or mining lease in respect of land in which the minerals vest in a person other than the Govern· ment. Chapter VI deals with grant of prospecting licences and mining leases in respect of land in which the minerals vest partly in Government and partly in a private person. Chapter VII deals with revision. Rule 54, the explanation to which has been held void by the Assam High Court, Is found in this Chapter. It is not necessary for the purpose of this discussion to refer to Chapters VIII aod IX. The Act and the Rules thus contain the complete code in respect of the grant aod renewal of prospecting licences as well as mining leases in lands belonging to Government as well as lands belonging to private persons. The main point to be kept in mind is the fact that the mining lease in question is in a land belonging fo Government and it is for a mineral included in the Fitst Schedule to the Act in respect of which no mining lease can be granted without the previous approval of the Central Government. Normally the Government like any other owner of property is entitled to choose with whom it shall deal and what sort of a contract it will enter into, but being a public authority its A B ### c D E F G H **A** **B** #### c **D** **E** **F** G **H** ASSAM _v._ o. **P.** ~OHTA _(Alagirlswami,_ !.) 175 acts are necessarily regulated by certain rules. The Act and the rules in this case are intended to regulate the development of mines and minerals under the control of the Union and contain the provisions necessary for that purpose. No person can claim any nght in any land belonging to Government or in any mines in any land belonging to Government except under and in ac· cordance with the Act and the Rules or any right except those created or conferred by the Act. There is no question of any fundamental right in any person to claim that he should be grant· ed any lease or any prospecting. licence or mining lease in any land beolnging to the Government. It is necessary to bear this in mind because some son of vague right was claimed on behalf of the respondents as though there is a right of renewal of the mining lease in question even apan from the rules. The original lease in favour of the father of the respondents contained a clause that if the lessee were desirous of taking a renewed lease for a further tenb. of years he should give six calendar months' previoUs notice in writing to that effect and the Crown Representative will deliver a renewed lease for a further term of 20 years. Now as a result of the provisions of Section 19 and 20 of the Act renewal of the lease granted to the father of the res pondents is governed by the Act and the Rules. Rule 24 ( 3) proyides that an application for the grant of a mining lease shall be disposed of within ninety days from the date of its receipt, and if it is not so disposed of it shall be deemed to have been refused. A later amendment omitted the words "or. sub-rule (2)" found in that sub-rule with the result that the sub-rule (3) now reads as follows: "If any application is not disposed of within the period specified in sub-rule ( 1) it shall be deemed to have been refused." This might seem a little confusing. Does it mean that the period specified in sub-rule (1) applies not merely to the grant of a mining lease mentioned in sub-rule ( 1) but also to the renewal of a mining lease mentioned in sub-rule (2) ? But we think that it will be a reasonable interpretation to hold that the effect of this amendment would be that while the provision regarding dis posal within 90 days of an application for renewal still stands the provisi?'l for deemi~g it to have been refused is no longer there. But this does not d1soose of the matter because the explanation to rule 54 lays down that for the purposes of that rule, where a State Government has failed to disoose of an aoolication for the grant or renewal of a· prosoecting licence or a mining lease within the period soecified in resoect thereof. the State Govrnment shall be deemed to have made an order refusing the grant or renewal **on** the date on which such period expires. So the explanation 176 SUP!U!ME COURT l\EPOR TS [1973] 3 s.c.R. has two purposes (i) to sta'le the effect of the failure to dispose of the applicauons referred to in Rule 24, sub-ru1e (1) & (2) within the penods specified in those sub-rules, as also (ii) to provide the startmg pomt for the purpose of computing the period of two months witliin which an application for revision under Rule 54 must be preferred. A B #### c D E F # _I_ ##### ' It has been urged vehemently that a provision to the effect that if the State Government does not dispose of an application for renewal within 90 days it should be deemed to have been refused is an unreasonable one and should, therefore, be struck down. As we have already mentioned it cannot be said that the respondents had any right apan from the rights conferred on them by the Act and the Rules. Their right, if any, is a creation of, and only flows from, the Act and the Rules. They cannot claim any righ1 _dff hors_ the Act and the Rules. So if the Ac.t and the Rules provide that an application not disposed of within 90 days should be deemed to have been refused, they have to abide by the Rules and take the consequences. There is no question of any contravention of any rights of the respondents in the making of these rules. It is said that there is no way of the respondents knowing what has been done about their application for renewal and if the concerned officer or authority neglects to take any action with regard to their application they should not be penalised. We do not see how, if that is the Legislative policy, it can be questioned. It cannot be said to be in contravention of any provision of the Constitution. Nor is there any question of the principles of natural justice having been violated. Indeed there may be some purpose in such a provision. It is well known that in almost all statutes regarding local bodies it is provided that applications for building licences that are not disposed of within a specified period should be deemed to have been granted. It has never been argued in those cases that it is unfair to the local bodies concerned. That is the provision of law. Let us assume that in a case like the present rule 24(2) did not exist. Let us assume that the officer or authority dealing with the apolication for renewal simply sleeos over it for years. The aoplicant will then be in a worse position. Apparently the idea was that the officer or authority dealing with an application for renewal must disoose of it quickly and if he did not it should be deemed to have been refused thus giving an opoortunity to the aggrieved nartv to aporoach the Central Government to exercise its oowers of revision under Rule 54. Under Rule 55 the Central Government can call for the· records from the State Government and after comidering any comments made on the petition by the State Government or other authoritv. mav conflrm. modifv or set aside the or<ler or nass such other order in relation thereto as the Central Government may deem just and proper. It also provides for an opportunity to the G H ASSAM _v._ o. P. MOHTA _(Alaglriswaml,_ J.) 177 A A applicant to make his representation against the comments, if any, received from-the State Government or other authority. Thus the fact that the application for renewal is deemed to have been refused as a result of Rule 24(2) does not prohibit the Central Government from passing any order it may deem just and proper including an order granting renewal. In this case the respondents B did not file an application fop renewal within two months of the Deputy Commissioner's informing them that their application should be deemed to have been rej!'Cted, though that letter of the Deputy . Commissioner itself was issued nearly nine months after their date ·of application. Indeed they could have filed an application for revision when they failed to get a reply within 90 days of their application for renewal. It means that it is the respondents that were not alert We can see nothing unreasonable in the order passed by the Central Government. It has been mentioned in that order that after careful consideration of the facts stated in their review application it was rejected as being time barred. The application to the Central Government preferred by the respondents contained all D the facts. The applications for revision have to be in form (L) appended to the Rules. It has to specify the minerals for which the revision application is filed, the details of the area in resoect of which the revision application is filed and a map or olan- for the area has also to be attached. There is no reason to assume that the Central Government did not apply their minds to these E facts. We are unable to see how Rule 24(3) and explanation to Rule 54 can be said to contravene the nrovisions of Section 8 of the Act. They are within the rule making powers of the Government. Clause (g) of Section 13 too enables the Government to make rules regarding the terms on which and conditions subject to F which any prospecting licence or mining lease may be granted or renewed. It includes the power to make rules regarding conditions subject to which they may be refused. We do not see how the provision of Rule. 26, which lays down that 'where the State Government passes any order refusing to grant or renew a mining lease, it shall communicate in writing the reasons for such order' G militates against this conclusion. In view of the provisio11S of Rule 24 and 54 the only reason which the State Government can give under Rule 26 is that because 90 days are over the application should be deemed to have been refused. The High Court's view that ·Rule 24(3) and the explanation to Rule 54 are in contravention of Section 8 is vitiated by its B assumption that every order to be passed on an application for renewal should be approved by the Central Government. This is not correct. Only renewal cannot be !!flinted without the Central Government's approval and not rejection. 13-L63!Sup C!/73 B ## /c 17 8 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973] 3 S.C.R. ###### The only relevant decisions of this Court are reported in 1960 A (2) S.C.R. 775, _Shivji Nathubhai_ v. _Union_ _of India_ _&_ _others_ and the decision in C.A. No. 657 of 1967 dated 17-8-67. In both of them it was held that the .Power of the Central Government under Rule 54 is a quasi-judicial power. They do not deal with the nature of the power exercised by the State Government in granting or refusing mining leases or renewals thereof. Th~ decisions B 1 in _Seeta Ramaiah_ v. _State_ _of Andhra Pradesh(')_ and _Shiv;i_ _Nathubhai_ v. _Union of India(')_ more or less take the same view of the matter as we have. We do not feel called upon to deal with the question whether as a result of the order passed by the Central Government there has been a merger and the application by the respondents before C the High Court, which did not ask for setting aside the order of the Central Governmllllt, cannot succeed as that point was not taken before the High Court; nor it is necessary to deal with the question in the view that we have taken of this case in its other aspe«ts. In the result we hold that the High Court was in error in holding that Rule 24 ( 3 ) and the explanation to Rule 54 of D the Mineral Concession Rules 1960 are contrary to the provisions of the Act and should be struck down. The appeal is allowed and the order of the High Court is set aside. The respondents will pay the appellant's costs. S.B.W. _Appeal allowed._ (I) A.l.R. 1963 A.P. 54. (2) A.I.R. 1959.Punjab _510._ E