Srikant v. District Magistrate, Bijapur and Ors.

A ## SRIKANT _v._ ## DISTRICT MAGISTRATE, BIJAPUR AND ORS., ## NOVEMBER 22, 2006 ## B [ ARIJIT PASAYA T AND LOKESHWAR SINGH PANT A, JJ _Constitution of India, 1950-Artic/e 226-Second Habeas Corpus_ r~[1] ition _challenging the same detention order-Can be filed on fresh grounds_ . • _taken in earlier petition-But if some surgical changes are made with_ C _the context, substance and essence remaining the same, it cannot be said that challenge is .on new or fresh grounds-Karna/aka Prevention of Dangerous Activities of Bootleggers, Drug Offenders, Gamblers, Goondas, Immoral Traffic Offenders and Slum Grabbers Act, 1985._ The brother of Appellant was detained under the Karnataka Prevention D of Dangerous Activities of Bootleggers, Drug Offenders, Gamblers, Goondas, Immoral Traffic Offenders and Slum Grabbers Act, 1985. The detention order was challenged by filing a petition for writ of Habeas Corpus before High Court. The detaining authority and other respondents resisted the challenge on the ground that Appellant had earlier moved the High Court by filing a E writ petition which had been dismissed and there was no challenge to the same. It was pointed out that the grounds taken in the Second Writ Petition were identical to those taken in the earlier writ petition and/or were available to be raised when the earlier writ petition was filed. Appellant however contended that the principle of the _res judicata_ or constructive _res judicata_ would apply only in the case of civil actions l:!nd proceedings and do not bar subsequent F writ petition in the matter of habeas corpus petition where personal liberty of citizen is involved. The High Court held that though successive writ petitions can be filed challenging the detention, yet it has to be shown that fresh grounds were involved and not the grounds which were already raised or \vere available to G be raised. Accordingly the writ petition was dismissed. Hence the present appeal. Disposing of the appeal, the Court " _ .. ~ H HELD: 1.1. The question relating to _res judicata_ in habeas corpus 3'12 SRIKANTv. DISTRICTMAGISTRATE.BIJAPUR [PASAYAT,J.] 313 petition was considered by this Court in several cases. The position that _A_ emerges from a survey of various decisions is that the application of the doctrine of constructive _res judicata_ is confined to civil actions and civil proceedings. This principle of public policy is entirely inapplicable to illegal detention and does not bar a subsequent petition for a writ of habeas corpus on fresh grounds, which were not taken in the earlier petition for the same B relief. [314-H; 317-E) 1.2. Whether any new ground has been taken, has to be decided by the Court dealing with the application and no hard and fast rule can be laid down in that regard. But one thing is clear, it is the substance and not the form which is relevant. If some surgical changes are made with the context, C substance and essence remaining the same, it cannot be said that challenge is on new or fresh grounds. 1317-F, GI _TP. Moideen Koya_ v. _Govt. of Kera/a and Ors.,_ [2004) 8 SCC 106 and _Lallubhat Jogibhai Patel_ v. _Union of India, and Ors.,_ AIR (1981) SC 728, relied on. D _Ghulam Sarwar_ v. _Union of India and Ors.,_ AIR (1967) SC 1335, referred to. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 120 I of 2006. From the Final Judgment and Order dated 18-1-2006 of the High Court ofKarnataka at Bangalore in W.P. (I-1.C.) No. 118/2005. E K.K. Mani for the Appellant. Anil K. Mishra, Vikrant Yadav, Sashidhar and Sanjay R. Hedge for the Respondents. F The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. Leave granted. Appellant calts in question legality of the judgment of the Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court dismissing the Habeas Corpus Petition G filed qubstioning detention of his brother Shri Shivalingappa (hereinafter referred to as the 'detenu') under the provisions _ol_ the Karnataka Prevention of Dangerous Activities of Bootleggers, Drug Offenders, Gamblers, Goondas, Immoral Traffic Offenders and Slum Grabbers Act, 1985 (in short the 'Act'). The detention order was passed on 26.5.2005 by the District Magistrate holding that the detenu was indulging in such activities which amounted to G 314 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 9 S.C.R. - A immoral activities as detailed in the Act. The order of detention was approved by the State Government and the Advisory Board. The main ground of challenge in the writ petition was alleged non-compliance with the procedure contemplated under Article 22(5) of the Constitution of India, 1950 (in short the 'Constitution'). It was specifically averred that detaining authority has not - B provided the opportunity of making representation and the right of the detenu to make such representation was not made known to the detenu. The detaining authority and other respondents resisted the petition on the ground that the appellant had already moved the High Court by filing a writ petition i.e. W.P. (HC) No. 56 of 2005 and the same had been dismissed by order dated 6.10.2005 and there was no challenge to the same. It was pointed out that the - C grounds taken in the Second Writ Petition were identical to those taken in the earlier writ petition and/or were available to be raised when the earlier writ petition was filed. It was contended by the appellant before the High Court that in view of the decision of this Court in _Ghulam Sarwar_ v. _Union of India and Ors.,_ AIR (1967) SC 1335 the Principle _ofres judicata_ or constructive _res judicata_ would apply only in the case of civil actions. and proceedings and . - D do not bar subsequent writ petition in the matter of habeas corpus petition where personal liberty of citizen is involved. The High Court found that though the successive writ petition can be filed challenging the detention, yet it has to be shown that fresh grounds were involved and not the grounds which were already raised or were available to be raised. Accordingly the w_rit - E petition was· dismissed. Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that though the petition had become infructuous by pass~ge. of time, the issues of great importance were involved and the matter should be decided on merits. It was submitted that by a series .<;lf decisions it has been held that successive habeas corpus F petitions can be filed and the principle of _res judicata_ or constructive _res judicat11_ has no role to play. Learned counsel for the respondents submitted that in the second writ petition no new ground was taken and since points were already raised or were available to be raised maintainability of the subsequent writ petition was G ruled out. > The question relating to _res judicata_ in habeas corpus petition was considered by this Court in several cases. In _TP. Moideen Koya_ v. _Govt. of Kera/a and Ors.,_ [2004} 8 SCC 106 after reference to _Gulam Sarwar's_ case H (supra) this Court held as under : SRIKANT v. DISTRICT MAGISTRATE, BJJAPUR [PASA YAT, J.] 315 "This question was examined in considerable detail by a Constitution A Bench in _Ghulam Sarwar_ v. _Union of India and Ors.,_ AIR (1967) SC 1335). In this case the petitioner who was detained under Section 3 (2) (g) of the Foreigners Act 1946 filed a petition for issuing a writ of habeas corpus which was dismissed by a learned Single Judge of the High. Court and the said judgment was allowed to become final. B Thereafter the petitioner filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution in the Supreme Court praying that he may be set at liberty. Subba Rao; CJ, after referring to the _Daryao_ v. _State of UP._ (supra), in Re Hastings (2), [1958] 3 All ER 625, in Re Hastings (3), 1959 l All ER 698 and some other English and American cases held, as under: c > "The principle of application of _res judicata_ is not applicable in Writ of Habeas Corpus, so far as High Courts are concerned. The principles accepted by the English and American Courts, viz., > that _res judicata_ is not applicable in Writ of Habeas Corpus holds good. But unlike in England, in India the person detained D . can file original petition for enforcement of his fundamental right to liberty before a Court other than the High Court, viz., the Supreme Court. The order of the High Court in such a case will not be _res judicata_ as held by the English and the American Courts because it is either not a judgment or because the principle of _res judicata_ is not applicable to a fundamentally lawless order." E In _Nazul Ali Molla etc._ v. _State of West Bengal,_ [1969] _3_ SCC 698 the petitioners had challenged their detention under Section 3 (2) of the Preventive Detention Act by filing a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution before th·e ,Calcutta High Court, but the petition was dismissed. Thereafter they filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the F Constitution in this Court. The objections raised by the State regarding maintainability of the petition was repelled and it was held that a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution for the issue of writ of habeas corpus would not be barred on the principle of _res judicata_ if a petition for a similar writ under Article 226 of the Constitution G before a High Court has been decided and no appeal is brought up to the Supreme Court against that decision. Similar view has been taken in _Niranjan Singh_ v. _State of Madhya Pradesh,_ [1972] 2 SCC 542). 11. The principle which can be culled out from this authorities is that H 316 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 9 S.C.R. A B c D E F G the bar of _res judicata_ or constructive _res judicata_ would apply even to a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution where a similar petition seeking the same relief has been filed under Article 226 of the Constitution before the High Court and the decision rendered against the petitioner therein has not been challenged by filing an appeal in the Supreme Court and has been allowed to become final. However, this principle, namely, the bar of _res judicata_ or principles analogous thereto would not apply to a writ of habeas corpus where the petitioner prays for setting him at liberty. If a person under detention files a writ of habeas corpus under Article 226 of the Constitution before the High Court and the writ petition is dismissed (whether by a detailed order after considering the case on merits or by a non-speaking order) and the said decision is not challenged by preferring a Special Leave Petition under Article 136 of the Constitution and is allowed to become final, it would still be open to him to file an independent petition under Article 32 of the Constitution seeking a writ of habeas corpus. It is well settled that a decision pronounced by a Court of competent jurisdiction is binding between the parties unless it is modified or reversed by adopting a procedure prescribed by law. It is in the interest of public at large that finality should attach .to the binding decisions pronounced by a court of competent jurisdiction and it is also in the public interest that individuals should not be vexed twice over with the same kind of litigation. While hearing a petition under Article 32 it is not permissible for this Court either to exercise a power of review or some kind of an appellate jurisdiction over a decision rendered in a matter which has come to this Court by way of a petition under Article 136 of the Constitution. The view taken in _Bhagubhai Dullabhbhai Bhandari_ v. _District Magistrate,_ AIR (1956) SC 585 that the binding nature of the conviction recorded by the High Court against which a Special Leave Petition was filed and was dismissed can not be assailed in proceedings taken under Article 32 of the Constitution was approved in _Da1J[1] ao_ v. _State of U. P._ (supra) (see para 14 of the report)." Jn _Lal/ubhai Jogibhai Patel_ v. _Union of India and Ors.,_ AIR (1981) SC 728 it was noted as follows: H "The preliminary question. therefore, to be considered is, whether the doctrine of constructive _res judicata_ applies to a subsequent petition for a writ of habeas corpus on a ground which he "might and ought" SRIKANTv. DISTRICT MAGISTRATE, BIJAPUR [PASAYAT, J.] 317 to have taken in his earlier petition for the same relief. In England, A before the Judicature Act, 1873, an applicant for habeas corpus had a right to go from court to court, but not from one Bench of a court to another Bench of the same Court. After the Judicature Act, 1873, this right was lost, and no second application for habeas corpus can be brought in the same court, except on fresh evidence. In re Hastings B (No. 3) [1958] 3 All E.R. 625 Lord Parker, C.J., after surveying the history of the right of habeas corpus, arrived at the conclusion that it was never the law that in term time, successive writs of habeas corpus lay from Judge to Judge. In re Hastings (No. 4) [1959] l All E.R. 698. Hannan, J. pointed out that since the Judicature Act had abolished the three independent courts, namely, the Court of Exchequer, C the King's Bench Division, and the Common Pleas, and had constituted one High Court, when an application for writ of habeas corpus has been disposed of by one Divisional Court, no second application on the same ground lies to another Divisional Court of the High Court. This position was given statutory recognition in the Administration of Justice Act, 1960." D In the said case reference was also made to the earlier decision in _Gu/am Sarwar's_ case (supra). The position was finally summed up as follows: "13. The position that emerges from a survey of the above decisions is that the application of the doctrine of constructive _res judicata_ is E confined to civil actions and civil proceedings. This principle of public policy is entirely inapplicable to illegal detention and does not bar a subsequent petition for a writ of habeas corpus under Article 32 of the Constitution on fresh grounds, which were not taken in the earlier petition for the same relief." F Whether any new ground has been taken, has to be decided by the Court dealing with the application and no hard and fast rule can be laid down in that regard. But one thing is clear, it is the substance and not the form which is relevant. If some surgical changes are made with the context, substance and essence remaining the same, it cannot be said that challenge is on new G or fresh grounds. The appeal is accordingly disposed of. B.B.B. Appeal disposed. H