Sardar Syedna Taher Saheb Saifuddin Saheb v. The State of Bombay

1010 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958) 1957 _**iV11l'e111ber,**_ **27.** SARDAR SYEDNA TAHER SAIFUDDIN SAHEB ### _v._ THE STATE OF BOMBAY ## (S. R. DAS c. J., VENKATARAMA AIYAR, S. K. DAS, A. K. SARKAR and VIVIAN BosE JJ.) _Practice-Appeal-1\fointainabi!ity-Suit_ _based on per-_ _sonal_ _right-Death_ _of_ _plaintiff pending_ _appeal-Bombay_ _Prevention_ _of_ _Excommunication_ _Act,_ 1949 _(Bombay_ _XLII_ -Of 1949). _Supreme_ _Com·t-Appeal_ _against interlocutory_ _finding-_ _Certificate_ _by_ _High_ _Court-Competence-Constitution_ _of_ _lndia, Arts._ 132, 133. The appellant as the religious head of his community -ex-communicated T who thereupon filed a suit for a declaration that the order of excommunication was invalid. When the suit was pending the Bombay Prevention of Exeommunication Act, 1949, was passed and one · of issues raised in the suit was whether the order of excommunication was invalid by reason of the provisions of the Act. This issue was tried· as a preliminary issue and as it raised the question of the _vires_ of the Act, the State of Bombay was impleaded as the second defendant in the suit. The Bombay High Court decided the issue against the appellant, but granted a certificate to appeal to the Supreme Court under Arts. 132 and 133 of the Constitution of India. Pending the appeal the plaintiff died and the action was personal to him consequently abated. It was contended for the appellant that as the State of Bombay had been impleaded as a party and that as the decision on the question of the vires of the Act had been given in its presence, the appellant was entitled to continue the appeal against the State without reference to the plaintiff and seek the decision of the Court on the validity of the Act: _Held,_ that the appeal must be dismissed as not maintainable, because (1) the appeal was only a continuation of the suit which, in the events, had abated, and (2) the certificate under Arts. 132 and 133 of the Constitution was incompetent, as it could not be granted in respect of an interlocutory finding. _The United Provinces_ v. _Mst._ _Atiqa_ _Begum_ _and Others,_ [1940] F.C.R. 110, distinguished. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 99 of 1954. Appeal from the judgment and order dated the 20th August, 1952, of the Bombay High Court in S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1011 Appeal No. 43 of 1952 arising out of Original Suit No. 1262 of 1949. _N._ C. _Chatterjee,_ _J.B._ _Dadachanji_ and _Rameshwar_ _Nath,_ for the appellant. _Porus_ _A._ _Mehta_ and R. _H._ _Dhebar,_ for the respondent. \ 1957. November 27. The following Judgment of the Court was delivered by ### VENKATARAMA AIYAR J.-On February 28th 1934, the appellant who is the religious head of the Dawoodi Bohra Community, passed an order excommunicating one Tyebbhai Moosaji Koicha. On July 17, 1920, the appellant had excommunicated two persons,, Tahirbhai and Hasan Ali, and the validity of the order was questioned in a suit instituted in the Court of the Subordinate Judge, Barhampur. The litigation went up to the Privy Council, which held that the appellant as the religious head had the power to excommunicate ### a member of the community, but that that power could only be exercised after observing the requisite formalities, and as in that case that had not been done, the order of excommunication was invalid. _Vide_ _Hasan_ _Ali_ v. _Mansoorali(')._ Apprehending that the order dated February 28, 1934, was open to challenge under the decision in _Hasan_ _Ali_ v. _Mansoorali_ (supra) on the ground that ### it had not complied with the requisite formalities, the appellant started fresh proceedings, and on April 28, 1948, passed another order of excommunication. Thereupon, Tyebbhai Moosaji filed the present suit for a declaration that both the orders of excommunication dated February 28, 1934, and April 28, 1948, were invalid and for other consequential reliefs. While this action was pending, the Legislature of the Province of Bombay passed the Bombay Prevention of Excommunication Act (Bombay XLII of 1949) prohibiting excommunication, and that came into force on November 1, 1949. The plaintiff contended ### that the effect of this legislation was to~ render the orders of excommunication illegal. The answer of the -(1) A.I.R. 1948 P.C. 66. 1957 _Sardar_ _Syedna Taher_ _Saifuddin Saheb_ v. _Tire_ _State_ _of_ _Bombay_ _Venkatarama_ _Aiyar_ _J._ 1012 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1958] ### 1957 appellant to this contention was, firstly, that the Act _Sardar_ had no retrospective operation, and that, in con_Syedna_ _Taher_ sequence, the orders passed on February 28, 1934, and Salfuddt~ _Saheb_ April 28, 1948, were valid, and remained unaffected _17ze_ _State_ _of_ by it; and secondly, that the Act was itself unconsti_Bombay_ tutional, beca!lse the subject matter of the impugned ### Venkatarama legislation was not covered by any of the entries in Salfuddt~ _Saheb_ April 28, 1948, were valid, and remained unaffected _Aiyar J,_ List 2 or 3 of Seventh Schedule to the Government of India Act, 1935, and the Legislature of the Province### of Bombay had no competence to enact the law. After the coming into force of the Constitution, the contention was also raised that the right of the defendant t<> excommunicate members of the community was pro### tected by Arts. 25 and 26 of the Constitution, and that the impugned Act was void as infringing the same. The issues in the action were then settled, and issue No. 19, which was raised with reference to the above contentions, was as follows : ### "Whether the orders of excommunication made in 1934 and/or 1948 are invalid by reason of the provi sions of the Bombay Prevention of Excommunication Act of 1949?" This was tried as a preliminary issue, and as it raised the question of the _vires_ of a statute, the State of ### Bombay was impleaded as the second defendant in the suit. Shah J. who tried this issue, held that the- impugned Act was retrospective in its operation, that it was within the competence of the Provincial Legis- lature, and further that it did not offend Arts. 25 and 26 of the Constitution. Against this finding, the present appellant preferred an appeal to a Bench of the Bombay High Court, and that was heard by Chagla C. J. and Bhagwati J. who held that under the Act, excommunication meant the condition of being expelled, that it was a continuous state during which the person excommunicated was deprived of his rights and privileges, and that, therefore, the Act would operate to protect those### rights from the date it came into operation. They further held that the Act was within the competence of the Legislature, and they also repelled the conten S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPO~TS 1013 tion that it infringed the rights guaranteed under Arts. 25 and 26 of the Constitution. In the result, they concurred in the decision of Shah J. and dismissed the appeal but granted a certificate to appeal to this Court under Arts. 132 and 133 of the Constitution. Hence this appeal. Pending the appeal, the plaintiff died on March 11, 1953, and his daughter applied on May 22, 1953, to be .substituted in his place. But eventually she did not press the application, and that was dismissed on October 5, 1953. In this Court by an order dated November 21, 1955, the cause title was amended by deleting the name of the plaintiff. Thus, the only parties who are now before the Court are the defendant and the State of Bombay. The question is whether in the event.s which have happened, the appeal can proceed. We are of opinion ### that it cannot. It should be remembered in this con nection that no decree had been passed in the suit. Only a finding has been given on a preliminary point, and it is that finding that has been the subject of appeal to the High Court of Bombay and thereafter to this Court. There are other issues still to be tried, and the action is thus undertermined. Now, the claim with which the plaintiff came to Court was that he was wrongly excommunicated, and that was an action personal to him. On the principle, _actio personalis_ _moritur cum persona_ when he died the suit should abate. As a matter of fact, his legal representative applied to be brought on record, but the application was not pressed. The result is that the suit has abated. This would ordinarily entail the dismissal of this appeal. Mr. N. C. Chatterjee for the appellant argues that as the State of Bombay had been impleaded as a party, and that as the decision on the question of the _vires_ of the Act had been given in its presence, the appellant is entitled to continue the appeal against the State without reference to the plaintiff and seek the decision of this Court on the validity of the Act; ### and relies on the decision of the Federal Court in The _1951_ _Sardar_ _Syedna Taher_ _Saifuddin Saheb_ v. _The State_ _of_ _Bombay_ _Venkatarama_ _Aiyar_ _J._ 1957 _**Sardar**_ _Syedna Toher_ _Saifuddln Saheb_ v. _The_ _State_ _of_ _Bombay_ 1014 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958) ### United Provinces v. Mst. Atiqa Begum and others( l ). There, a suit was filed by a landlord for recovery of ### rent. While it was pending in appeal, and Act was passed by the Legislature of the United Provinces validating certain Government notifications requiring the landlords to give to the tenants remission of rent. ### The landlord contended that the Act was ultra vires, _**Venkatarama**_ _**A.iyar**_ _**J.**_ and a Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court, for whose opinion the question was referred, agreed with ### this contention. Thereafter, the Government of the United Provinces got itself impleaded as a party to the appeal of the landlord, and a decision having been ### given therein in accordance with the opinion of the Full Bench, it preferred an appeal to the Federal Court on a certificate granted under s. 205 of the Gov### ernment of India Act, 1935, and contended that the impugned Act was valid. The judgment-debtor himself did not file any appeal. The question was whe### ther the Government was entitled to file the appeal when the party bad not chosen to contest the decree. ## It was held by the Federal Court that the scope of s. 205 of the Government of India Act was wider than ### that of s. 96 of the Civil Procedure Code, and that the Government was entitled to file the appeal for getting a decision on the validity of the Act, notwithstanding ### that it had no interest in the claim in the suit. This ruling has, in our opinion, no application to the facts of the present case. Here, the action itself has abated, and there can be no question of an appeal in relation thereto, as an appeal is only a continuation of the suit, and there can be no question of continuing what does not exist. But apart from this, there is another formidable obstacle in the way of the appellant. Under Art. 132, an appeal lies to this Court only against judgments, decrees or ·final orders. That was also the position under s. 205 of the Government of India Act. Now, the order appealed against is only a decision on one ### of the issues, and it does not dispose of the suit. In The United Provinces v. Mst. Atiqa Begum and others (I} [1940) F.C.R. 110. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1015 (supra), there was a decree, and the requirements of s. 205 were satisfied. Here, there is only a finding on a preliminary issue, and there is no decree or final order. The Explanation to Art. 132 provides that : ### "For the purposes oi this Article, the expression 'final order' includes an order deciding an issue which, if decided in favour of the appellant, would be sufficient for the final disposal of the case." Applying this test, even if we accept the contention of the appellant that the impugned Act is bad, that would not finally dispose of the suit, as there are other issues, which have to be tried. We are clearly of opinion that the appeal is not competent under Art. 132, and the fact that a certificate has been given does ### not alter the position. It is said that the certificate is also under Art. 133, but under that article also, an appeal lies only against judgments, decrees or final orders, and no certificate could be granted in respect of an interlocutory finding. The result is that this appeal must be dismissed, as not maintainable. We should add by way of abundant caution that as we express no opinion on the correctness of the decision under appeal, this order will not preclude the appellant from claiming such rights as he may have, in appropriate proceedings which he may take. In the circumstances, there will be no order as to costs. _Appeal_ _dismissed._ 1957 _Sardar_ _Syedna T<1lrer_ _Saiffuddin Sa/re/,._ v. _The_ _State_ _of_ _B<mlbay_ RAJVI AMAR SINGH _v._ THE STATE OF RAJASTHAN # (S. R. DAS c. J., VENKATARAMA AtYAR, s. K. DAS, A. ### K. SARKAR and VIVIAN BosE JJ.) _State Service-Formation of new State_ _by_ _intergration_ _of_ _States-Effect-Employee_ _under intergrating State con-_ _tinuing in service_ _of new_ _State-Status-If can be inferred_ _Venkataramc_ _Aiyar_ _J._ 1957 _**Novr1nber,**_ ::!~J