Razia Begum v. Anwar Begum

. _I_ _Held (per_ Sinha and KapurJJ., Imam].. _dissenting),_ that in view of the averments in the plaint which showed that not only the third respondent but the other members of his family, including respondents r and 2, were interested in denying the appellant's status as a legally wedded wife, respondents 1 and 2 were proper parties to the suit. The question of addition of parties under 0. r, "r. 10, of the Code of Civil Procedure is generally not one of initial juris diction of the court, but of a judicial discretion; in a suit for a • declaration as regards status or a legal character. unde.r s. 42_ of S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS RAZIA BEGUM 1111 _v._ SAHEBZADI ANWAR BEGUM & OTHERS (B. P. SINHA, JAFER IMAM and J. L. KAPUR JJ.) _Civil Procedure-Addition of parties-Declaratory_ _suit-Claim_ _of status_ _as_ _married_ _wife-Admission by_ _husband-Right of wife and_ _son denying plaintiff's claim,_ _to_ _be_ _added_ _as_ _parties-Mohammedan_ _law-Code of Civil Procedure (Act V of_ _I9@8),_ _0._ _I,_ _r._ _I0(2)-Speci-_ _fic Relief Act_ (I _of I877),_ _ss._ _42, 43._ The appellant instituted a suit against the third respondent, inter alia, for a declaration that she was his lawfully married wife, alleging that though the fact of her marriage was known to all who knew him, he was trying to suppress the facts in such a way that the members of his family should conclude that she was not his _Nikah_ wife, that he refused to openly acknowledge her as his legally wedded wife and that this conduct on his part had cast a cloud on her status as such wife and was affecting the rights of the issue of the marriage, her three daughters. The third respondent filed his written statement admitting the claim, but on the same date respondents I and 2 made an app.!ication under 0. I, r. 10(2), of the Code of Civil Procedure for being impleaded in the suit as defendants on the grounds that they were respectively the wife and son of the third respondent, that they were interested in denying the appellant's status as wife and the status of her children as the legitimate children of the third respondent, that the suit was the result of a collu sion between the appellant and the third respondent and that if the appellant was declared to be lawfully wedded to the third respondent, the rights and interests of respondents I and 2 in the estate of the third respondent would be affected. The application was contested by both the appellant and the third respon dent. The trial court allowed the application and the order was confinved by the High Court in its revisional jurisdiction. The question was whether the lower courts did not exceed their powers in directing the addition of respondents r and 2 as parties-defendants in the action : _May_ 23. 1112 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] \ . _r958_ the Specific Relief Act, th<! rule that in order that a person may be added as a party he must have a present or direct interest in _Rasia Begum_ the subject-matter of the suit, is not wholly applicable, and the v. rule may be relaxed in a suitable case where the court is of the _A11war_ _Begum_ opinion that by adding that party it would be in a better position effectually and completely to adjudicate upon the contro**versy.** **In such suits the court is not bound to grant the declara-** tion prayed for, on a mere admission of the claim by the defendant, if the court has reasons to insist upon clear proof, apart . from the admission. A declaratory judgment in respect of a disputed status will be binding not only upon the parties actually before the court but also upon persons claiming through them respectively, within the meaning of s. 43 of the Specific Relief Act. The word "respectively" in the section has been used with a v.iew to showing that the parties arrayed on either side, are really claiming adversely to one another, so far as the declaration is con**cerned.** _Per_ Imam J.-The facts of the present case do not justify the addition of respondents I and 2 as defendants under the provisions of 0. I, r. 10(2), of the Code of Civil Procedure, **because** :(1) There is nothing in the pleadings to suggest that respondents I and 2 were denying the appellant's status as wife of the third respondent, and the court ought not to compel the plaintiff to add parties to the suit where on the face of the pleadings plaintiff has no cause of action against them. (2) Under the Mohammedan law a man is entitled to have four wives at one and the same time and, consequently, as the third respondent has admitted that the appellant was married to him, respondents I and 2 have no _locus_ _standi_ to make any representation in the snit that there was collusion between the appellant and the third respondent. (3) During the lifetime of the third respondent neither the appellant nor her children on the one hand nor r<l\lpondents I and 2 on the other have any rights in his estate, under the Mohammedan law. (4) Assuming that a declaration in the suit would be binding upon respondents I and 2, which is doubtfµl having regard to the terms of s. 43 of the Specific Relief Act, that would be no - justification for their being impleaded in the suit where the issue is not one of inheritance but one of marriage between the appellant and the third respondent. CIVIL j\FPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. -695 of 1957 . Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated September 17, 1957, of the Andhra - _I_ _Sir_ _Sultan Ahmed,_ _A._ _Ramaswami Iyengar,_ _C._ _Chakravarthy, S. Ranganathan_ and _G._ _Gopalakrishnan,_ for respondent No. 2. _G._ _S. Pathak, A._ _V._ _Viswanatha Sastri, Mohd. Yunus_ _Sateem, Ghulam Ahmed Khan, Choudhary Akhtar Hus-_ _sain, Shaukat Hussain_ and _Sardar Bahadur,_ for respon dent No. 3. 1958. May 23. The judgment of B. P. Sinha and J. L. Kapur JJ. was delivered by Sinha J. Jafer Imam J. delivered a separate judgment. SINHA J.-This appeal by special leave is directed _Sinha_ _J._ against the concurring judgments and orders of the courts below, allowing the intervention of respondents **1** and 2 and adding them as defendants 2 and 3 in the suit instituted by the appellant against her alleged husband, now respondent 3, who was the sole defendant in the suit as originally framed. The main question in controversy in this appeal is the true construction of sub-r. (2) of r. 10 of 0. **1** of the Code of Civil Procedure, and its application to the facts of this case which are given below:- . On April 12, 1957, the plaintiff-appellant in this Court-instituted the suit out of which this appeal arises against the third respondent who is the second son _M_ His Exalted Highness the Nizam of Hyderabad, and who will) hereinafter, be referred to as the Prince, S.C.R. SUPREME ·COURT REPORTS **1113** Pradesh High Court in Civil Revision Petition No.111.2 of 1957 arising out of the order dated July 6, 1957, of the Court of the Second Additional Judge, City Civil Court, Hyderabad (Deccan), made on the application under 0. **1,** r. 10, C. P. C. in Original Suit No. 43/1 of 1957. _M._ _C._ _Setalvad, Attorney-General for India,_ _C._ _K._ _Daphtary, Solicitor-General of India, H._ _N._ _Sanyal,_ _Additional Solicitor-General of India,_ _N. 0. Chatterjee,_ _Syed_ _JJf.ohasim,_ _Akbar_ _Ali_ _Mosavi, H._ _J._ _Umrigar,_ _O._ _N._ _Srivastava,_ _J._ _B._ _Dadachanji, S._ _N._ _Andley,_ _Rameshwar Nath_ and _P. L._ _Vohra,_ for the appellant. _Purshottam Tricumdas, Anwarull Pusha_ and _G._ _Gopalakrishnan,_ for respondent No. **1.** _Razia Begum_ v. _Anwar Begum_ **1114** . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] In the plaint she aJoleged that she is the lawfully married wife of the Prince, the marriage ceremony _Razia.Beg"m_ (N _ikah)_ having been solemnized in accordance with _Anw"'_ _Begum_ the 'Shia Law by a Shia Mujtahid on October 19, 1948. The plaintiff also averred that the issue of the _**Sinha**_ _]._ marriage were three daughters aged 8, 7 and 5 years; that the fact of the marriage was known to all persons _**Sinha**_ _]._ acquainted with the Prince; that there was a prenuptial agreement, whereby the Prince agreed to pay Rs. 2,000 per month to the plaintiff as _Kharch-e-pan-_ _dan;_ that the Prince stopped the payment of the allowance aforesaid of Rs. 2,000 per month, since January, 1953, without any reasons and in contravention of the said agreement. On these allegations, she asked for the following two declarations: " **(1)** That the plaintiff be declared to be the legally-wedded wife _(Mankuha)_ of the defendant, (2) That a decree be passed in fa vonr of this plaintiff against the defendant declaring her to be entitled to receive from the defendant I. G. Rs. 2,000 per month as _Kharch-e-pandan."_ It may be noted that she did not make any claim for arrears of the allowance aforesaid since the date the Prince is alleged to have stopped payment of the same. Only ten days later, on April 22, 1957, the Prince filed his written statement, admitting the entire claim of the plaintiff for the two declarations aforesaid. On that very date, an application under 0. **1,** r. 10, of the Code of Civil Procedure, on behalf of **(1)** Sahebzadi Anwar Begum, and (2) Prince Shahamat Ali Khan, minor, under the guardianship of his mother, the said Sahebzadi, was made. They are respondents **1** and 2 respectively in this Court. The Sahebzadi, respondent **1,** claimed to be the "lawful and legally wedded wife" of the Prince, and respondent 2, the son of the Prince by the first respondent. In their petition they stated _inter alia:_ "The plaintiff herself has stated in the plaint that the defendant is trying to suppress the facts of his marriage with the plaintiff so that the members of his family should conclude that the plain - tiff is not his _N ikah_ wife, and the defendant is interest ed in denyin~ the rights and status of the plaintiff, \ . . _I_ 142 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS **1115** The petitioners on being joined a~ parties to the suit will be equally interested in denying the marriage of the plaintiff and her rights and status .......... The petitioners have reasons to believe that the above suit is a result of collusion. The object and motive of the plaintiff in instituting the above suit is to adversely affect the relationship of the petitioners and the defendant and also to deprive the rights and interests of the petitioners in the defendant's estate." On June 15, 1957, the plaintiff made an answer to the petition for intervention, filed by respondents **1** and 2 aforesaid. She denied the right of the interveners to be impleaded in that suit, and asserted that the " possibility of the rights of the petitioners being infringed are very remote, contingent upon their or plaintiff surviving the defendant or other circumstances which may or may not arise." She also founded her objection on the ground that, having regard to the admission of the defendant in his written statement," there is no serious controver!W in the suit." She also added a number of legal objections which need not be specifically noticed as they have not been pressed in this Court. She further asserted that the petitioners (meaning thereby, respondents I and 2) are neither necessary nor proper parties to the suit. She anticipated the ground m~st hotly contested in this Court, by asserting that the "judgment of this Hon'ble Court in this rmit will not be conclusive as against petitioners as they allege collusion and they will not be prejudiced by not being made parties." .She ends her statement by making the following significant allegation: _Razia Begum_ v. _Anwar Begum_ _Sinha_ _]._ " The alleged collusion and motive attributed to the plaintiff for instituting this suit are denied. On the other hand, the application to be added as defendants is _mala fide_ and malicious and is evidently inspired by some strong force behind them interested in harassing the plaintiff and exposing her to the risk of a vexatious and protracted litigation." The Prince, in his own answer to the applica.tion for. intervention, stated that he admitted th~t the first . ### ' _r958_ _**RaziO**_ _**Begu1n**_ v. _**Anwar Begion**_ _**Sinha**_ _**J.**_ 1116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] respondent is his wifa and that the second respondent is his son, and repeated his admission by saying that he married the plaintiff in October, 1948, and the first respondent in December, 1952. He added further that when he married the first respondent, he had already three daughters by the plaini;iff, which fact was known to the first respondent at the time of her marriage with him. He supported the plaintiff in her objection to the intervention by asserting that the rights of respondents **1** and 2 will not be affected in any way, and by insisting upon his Muslim right of having four wives living at the same time. He also supported the plaintiff in her denial of the allegation of collusion and "that the suit is intended to adversely affect the relationship of the petitioners and the defendantrespondent and to deprive the right.a and interests of the petitioners in the defendant-respondent's estate. " He, in his turn, added the following equally significant penultimate para : "That the petitioners' application has been Jiled in order to prolong the litigation and that the defendant-respondent's father His Exalted Highness the Nizam, appears to be more interested than petitioner No. **1** herself, in creating unnecessary complications in the suit." On the~e allegations and counter allegations, after hearing the parties, the trial court, by its judgment and order dated July 6, 1957, allowed the application for intervention, and directed respondents **1** and 2 to be added as defendants. The court, after discussing all the contentions raised on behalf of the parties, observed that there were indications in the record of a possible collusion between the plaintiff and the defendant ; that the relief claimed under s. 42 of the Specific Relief Act, being discretionary, could not be granted as of right ; that the presence of the interveners would help the court in unravelling the mysteries of the litigation, and that there was force in the contention put forward on behalf of the interveners that under s. 43 of the ·Specific Relief Act, any declaration given in favour of the plaintiff will be binding upon the interveners. It also held that .In order effectually and completely to S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1117 adjudicate upon and settle the •present controversy, the presence of the interveners was necessary. The plaintiff moved the High Court of Judicature of Andhra Pradesh, at Hyderabad, under ·s. 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure, to revise the aforesaid order of the learned trial judge. The High Court, in a wellconsidered judgment, after discussing the points raised for and against the addition of the parties, and noticing almost all the authorities quoted before us, . refused to interfere with the discretion exercised by the trial court, and dismissed the revisional application. It came to the conclusion that th~ first respondent, the admitted wife of the defendant, and the second respondent, the admitted son by her, are interested in denying the status claimed by the plaintiff, and "have some rights against the estate of the 3rd respondent. " The learned Judge of the High Court further observed: " When so much sanctity is attached to the status of marriage, it would indeed be strange that persons who are &io intimately related to the 3rd respondent as wife and son, should be denied the opportunity of contesting the status of the petitioner as his lawfully married wife ............ It cannot be that the petitioner is seeking any empty relief carrying with it the stamp of futility and it is difficult to ~ssume that she is fightiQg a vain or purposeless litigation. If what she is seeking is a relief which will carry with it certain legal incidents, are not persons interested in denying her status proper , parties to the litigation? " The Court also observed that it w.as with a view to avoiding multiplicity of suits that r. 10(2) of 0. 1, had made provision for adding parties. The Court noticed the argument under s. 43 of the Specific Relief Act, but did not express any final opinion, because, in its view, it had already reached the "conclusion that the proposed parties are persons whose presence before the court is necessary within the meaning of 0. 1, r. 10 (2), so as to ensure that the dispute should be finally determined once for all in the presence of all the. parties - interested." _I_ Against the .judgment of the High Court, refusing to set aside the order passed by the learned ~rial judge, _Razia_ _Begum_ v. _Anwar Begum_ _Sinha_ _]:_ , _**Razia Begum**_ v. _**Anwar Begum**_ _**Sinha**_ _]._ \ **1118** SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] the plaintiff moved .this Court and obtained special leave to appeal. In the forefront of his arguments in support of the appeal, the learned Attorney-General submitted that the court had no jurisdiction to add the first two respondents as defendants in the suit. He relied upon the words of the. relevant portion of sub-rule (2) of r. **10** of 0. **1** of the Code, which are as follows: "who ought to have been joined'', which apparently have reference to necessary parties in the sense that the suit cannot be effectively disposed of without tiheir presence on the record. The learned Attorney-General strenuously argued that it cannot be asserted in this case that the presence of the added defendantsrespondents **1** and 2-before the court was necessary in order to enable the court effectually and completely to adjudicate upon and settle all the questions involved in the suit. He founded this argument on the legal position that the wife and the son of the Princerespondents **1** and 2-have no present interest in his estate. Their expectancy of succession to .the estate of the Prince does not clothe them with any right vested or contingent to intervene in this action. In this connection, he pointed out that r. 10 of 0. 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which corresponds to portions of 0. 16, r. **11,** of the Rules of the Supreme Court in England, has been the subject-matter of judicial interpretation in many cases. Both, in this country and in England, there have been two currents .of judicial opinion, one taking what may be called the narrower view, and the other, the wider view. As illustration.a of the former, that is to say, the narrower " (2) ............... and that the name of any person who ought to have been joined, whether as plaintiff or defendant, or whose presence before the Court may be necessary in order to enable the Court effectually and completely to adjudicate upon and settle all the questions involved in the suit, be added." He rightly pointed out, and there was no controversy between the parties before us, that the added defend. ants do not come within the purview of the words \ . . _I_ (1) [1892] l Ch. 487. (3) (1926) I. L. R. 50 Mad. 34. (5) (1881) I. L. R. _5_ Mad. 52. (7) (1878) 9 Ch. D. 351. S.C.R .. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1119 view, may be cited the cases of _Moser_ v. _Marsden_ (1) and _McCheane_ v. _Gyles (No._ 2) ( [2] ). In India, this view is represented by the decision in the case of _Sri_ _Mahant_ _Prayaga Doss Jee Varyu_ v. _The Board_ _of_ _Com-_ _missioners for Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras_ ( [3] ). On the other side of the line, representing the wider view, may be cited the case of Dol~fus _Mieg_ _Et Com-_ _pagnie S._ _A._ v. _Bank_ _of_ _England_ ( [4] ). In India, the decisions of the Madras High Court, in the cases of _Vydianadayyan_ v. _Sitaramayyan_ ( [5] ) and _Secy. of State_ v. _M. Murugesa Mudaliar_ ( [6] ), were cited as illustrations. But it was contended on behalf of the appellants that whether the narrower or ·the wider view of the interpretation of sub-r. (2) of r. IO of 0. 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure is taken, the result, so far as the present controversy is concerned, would be the same. In the leading case of _Moser_ v. _Marsden_ ( [1 ] ), Lindley L. J. has held that a party who is not directly interested in the issues between the plaintiff and the d~fendant, but is only indirectly or commercially affected, cannot be added as a defendant because the court has no jurisdiction, under the relevant rule, to bring him on the record even· as a " proper party ". That was a suit to restrain the alleged infringement of the plaintiff's patent by the defendant, Ma.rsden. The Court held, reversing the order of the trial judge, that the party sought to be added had no direct interest in the subject-matter of the litigation, and all that could have been said on behalf of the party intervening was that the. judgment against the defendant would affect his interest commercially. The Court distinguished the previous decisions in _Vavasseur_ v. _Krupp_ (7) and _Apollinaris Company_ v. _Wilson_ ( [8] ), on the ground that in those cases the litigation would have affected the property of the persons not before the court. This leading case of _Moser_ v. _Marsden_ (1) is clearly an authority for the proposition that the court has jurisdiction to add as a party defendant only a person _Razia Begum_ v. _Anwar_ _Begum_ _Sinha_ _]._ (2) [1902] l Ch. 91f. (4) [1950] 2 All E. R. 605. (6) A .. I. R. 1929 Mad. 443. (8) (1886) 31 C4. D. 632. _I_ 1120 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] \ . _RazirJ- Begun:_ who is directly interes1led in the subject-matter of the litigation and not a person who will be only indirectly or commercially affected. Kay L. J. who agreed with Lindley L. J. in that case, observed that the relevant rule of the Supreme Conrt, on its proper construction, authorized the court to add only such persons as would be bound by the judgment to be given in the action, but did not authorize the court to add any persons who would not be so bound and whose interest may only indirectly be affected in a commercial sense. To the same effect is the decision in _Re_ _I. G._ _Farbenindustrie_ _A.G._ _Agreement(')._ The Court held that in order that a party may be added as a defendant in the suit, he should have a legal interest in the subject-matter of the litigation-legal interest not as distinguished from an equitable interest, but an interest which the law recognizes. Lord Greene M. R. giving the judgment of the Court, also observed that the court had no jurisdiction to add a person as a party to the litigation if he had no legal interest in tiie issue involved in the case. In the case of _Vydiana-_ _dayyan_ v. _Sitaramayyan_ ('), in which the wider view of the . interpretation of· the relevant rule was taken, Turner C. J. delivering the judgment of the Court, observed th.at the wider interpretation which enabled the court to avoid conflicting decisions on the same question and which would finally and effectually put an end to the litigation respecting it, should be adopted. But in that case also the party added as defendant was interested in the subject-matter of the litigation, though there was no impediment to the court determining the issues between the parties originally before the court. The learned Judge, on a discussion of the English and Indian cases on the subject, came to the conclusion that a material question common to all the parties to the suit and to third parties should be tried once for all. He held that to secure this result the court had a discretion to add parties-a discretion which has to be judicially exercised, that is, that by adding the new parties the court should not inflict injustice \ upon the parties already on the record, in the sense v. _Anwar_ _Beguni_ _Sinha_ _J,_ {I) [I943J 2 An E. R'. 525. (2) {I88I) !.L.R. 5 1!ad. 52 . . _I_ (1) (1926) I.L.R. 50 Mad. 34· (2) A.LR. 1929 Mad. 443. (3) [1940) F.C.R. IIO. - ' S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1121 that they would be prejudiced in the fair trial of the questions in controversy. _Razia Begum_ T he two Madras decisions in _Sri_ _J.11ahant_ _Prayaga_ v. _Doss Jee Varu_ v. _The_ _Board_ _of Commissioners for_ _Anwar Begum_ _Hindu_ _Religious Endowments,_ _.ZIIadras_ (1) and _Seoy._ _of_ _State_ v. · _M. Murugesa Mudaliar_ (2) appear to have _Sinha_ _]._ taken conflicting views on the question whether Government could be added as a party to the litigation not because it was directly interested in the subjectmatter of the litigation, but because the law enacted by the legislature of that State had been questioned. This controversy appears to have been raised in foe Federal Court in the case of _The United Provinces_ v. _Mst. Atiqa Begum_ ( [3] ). In that case the provincial legislature of the United Provinces, as it then was, had enacted the United Provinces Regularization of Remissions Act (XIV of '1938) precluding the courts from entertaining any question as to the validity of certain orders of remission of rents. The validity of that Act was questioned in a litigation between a landlord and his tenants. At the. High Court stage the Provincial Government was added as a party to the litigation at the instance of· the Advocate-General, with a view to enabling the Government to come up in appeal to the Federal Court in order to obtain a more authoritative pronouncement on the _vires_ of the Act. In the ]'ederal Court the power of the High Court to add the Provincial Government as a party was specifically questioned. Gwyer C. J. noticed the two Madras <jecisions referred to above but assumed that there was jurisdiction in the Court in a proper case to do so, and, therefore, did not express his considered opinion in view of the fact that his two colleagues, Sulaiman and Varadachariar JJ. had agreed, though for different reasons, in the view that the High Court had jurisdiction to implead the Government though it was only indirectly interested in the litigation. Sulaiman J. was inclined to take the view that t.here was a discretion in the High Court to add the GC'Jvernment as a party. On the other hand, Varadachariar J. _Sinha_ _]._ _I_ 1122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] was inclined to take the view that the State did not stand on the same footing as a private third party for _Razia_ _Begum_ v. all purposes. He took the view that the State as the _Anwar_ _Begum_ guardian of the public interest should not be called ' . ## ' _Sinha_ _J._ "In iny opinion, there is no case here of defect of jurisdiction in the sense in which it is said that consent cannot cure a defect of jurisdiction. It is true that in _Moser_ v. _Marsden_ ( [1] ), .Lindley L. J. observed that the question was not one of "discretion but,pf jurisdiction". But as the antithesis shows, the learned L. J. apparently had in mind the difference between the decision of the question of joinder on the interpretation of a rule of law and a direction given by the low& court in the exercise of its discretion, because in the latter case the court of appeal would generally be reluctant to interfere. It may even be regarded as a case of excess of jurisdiction within the meaning of s. 115 of the Civil Procedure Code, but that will not make the order void in the sense tha.,t it may be ignored or treated as if it had never been passed." It would thus appear that the courts in India have not treated the matter of addition of parties as raising any question of the initial jurisdiction of the court. It may sometimes involve a question of jurisdiction in the limited sense in which it is used in s. 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure. It is no use multiplying references bearing on the constructi<m of the relevant rule of the Code relating tO addition of parties. Each case has to be determined 'on its own facts, and it has to be recognized that no decided cases" have been brought to our notice which upon·to show some pecuniary or proprietary interest or interest in public revenue in the questions involved, to be added as a party. He also observed that in a case where the State intervention was concerned, "it must be decided on broad grounds of justice and convenience and not merely as turning on the interpretation of a particular rule in the Civil Procedure Code." Discussing the question whether it was a matter of discretion or of jurisdiction in the court to make an order adding a party, the learned Judge made the following observations : (1) (1892] l Cb. 487. ' . _I_ " 42. Any person entitled to any legal character, or to any right as to any property, may institute a suit.against any person denying, or interested to deny, his title to such character or right, and the Court may in its discretion make therein a declaration that he is so entitled, and, the plaintiff need not in such suit ask for any further relief." This section recognizes the right in any pers<m to have a declaration made in respect of his legal character or any right to property. To such a suit for a mere declaration, any person denying or interested to deny the existence of any legal character or the alleged right to any property, would be a necessary party. The plaintiff. appellant chose to implead only her alleged husband, the Prince. There is no clear averment in the plaint that the defendant had ever denied the legal character in question, namely, the status of the plaintiff as his wife. The substance of the plaintiff's cause of action is stated in para. 3 of the plaint. From the words used in the said para. of the plaint, it is clear that the persons who are alleged to have known the existence of the relationship of husband and wife between the parties would include the respondents 1 and 2, and· that the Prince had been trying to suppres~ the fact of _[1 ]_ S.O.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1123 can be said to be on all fours• with the facts and circumstances of the present case. There cannot be the least doubt that it is firmly established as a result of judicial decisions that in order that a person may be added as a party to a suit he should have a direct interest in the subject.matter of the litigation whether it raises questions relating to moveable or immoveable property. In the instant case, we are not concerned with any controversy as regards property or estate. Hence, all the cases cited at the bar, laying down that a person who has no present interest in the subjectmatter cannot be added, are cases which were concerned with property rights. In this case, we are concerned primarily with a declaration as regards status which directly comes under the provisions of s. 42 of the Specific Relief Act. We are concerned, in this case, with the following provisions of s. 42 : _Razia Begum_ v. _Anwar Begum._ _Sinka_ _]._ \ . _**Razia**_ _**Begum**_ v. _**Anwar Begum**_ _**Sinha**_ _**J.**_ ' 1124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] the marriage with the- plaintiff so as to lead the members of his family to conclude that the plaintiff is not his wife. The gravamen of the charge against the Prince is that " he refuses to openly acknowledge the plaintiff as his legally wedded wife'', and that this conduct has cast a cloud on the plaintiff's status as such wife. Such a conduct on the part of the Prince, it is further alleged, is not only injurious and detrimental to the rights of the plaintiff, but is adversely affecting the rights of the issue of the marriage, meaning thereby, the three daughters by the plaintiff. It is thus clear, as was contended on behalf of respondents 1 and 2, that reading between the lines of the a verments aforesaid, it is suggested that not only the defendantrespondent 3-but the other members of his family, including respondents 1 and 2, were interested in denying the plaintiff's alleged status, and that this suit was being instituted to clear the cloud cast not only upon tho plaintiff's status as a legally wedded wife, but upon the status of the three daughtera by her. It is clear, therefore, that if the plaintiff had been less disingenuous and had impleaded the first and the second respondents also, as defendants in the suit, the latter could not have been discharged from the action, on the ground that they had been unnecessarily impleaded and that no cause of action had been disclosed against them. They would certainly have been proper parties to the suit. This is a very important aspect of the case. which has to be kept in view in order to determine the question whether re.spondents 1 and 2 had been rightly added as defendants on their own intervention. It is also clear on the words of the statute, quoted above, that the grant of a declaration such as is contemplated by s. 42, is entirely in the discretion of the court. At this stage it is convenient to deal with the other contentJon raised on behalf of the appellant, namely, that in view of the unequivocal admission of the plaintiff's claim by the Prince in his written state"ment and repeated as aforesaid in bis . counter to the application for intervention by respondents **1** and 2, no serious contr'oversy now survives. It is suggested . _I_ "i. e., there must be an actual controversy of justiciable character between parties having adverse intBrBst." Hence, if the court, in all the circumstances ~fa parti• cular case, takes the view that it would insist upon the _**1**_ burden of the issue being fully discharged,. and if the S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1125 that the declarations sought in this case would be _r958_ granted as a matter of course. In this connection, our attention was called to the provisions of r. 6 of _**Razia**_ v. 0. 12 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which lays down _Anwar_ that upon such' admissions as have been made by the Prince in this case the court would give judgment for _Sinha_ the plaintiff. These provisions have got to be read along with r. 5 of 0. 8 of the Code with particular reference to the _proviso_ which is in these terms : _**Razia**_ _**Begu1n**_ v. _Anwar_ _Begum_ _Sinha_ /. "Provided that the Court may in its discretion require any fact so admitted to be proved otherwise than by such admission." The _proviso_ quoted above is identical with the _proviso_ to s. 58 of the Indian Evidence Act, which lays down that facts admitted need not be proved. Reading all these provisions together, it is manifest that the court is not bound to grant the declarations prayed for, even though the facts alleged in the plaint may have been admitted. In this connection, the following paSt1age in Anderson's "Actions for Declaratory Judgments'', Vol. 1, p. 340) under art. 177, is relevant: " A claim of legal or equitable rights and denial thereof on behalf of an adverse· interest or party constitutes a ripe cause for a proceeding, seeking declaratory relief. A declaration of rights is not proper where the defendant seeks to uphold the plaintiffs in such an action. The required element of adverse parties is absent." " In other words the controversy must be between the plainbiff and the respondent who asserts an interest adverse to the plaintiff. In the absence of such a. situation there is no justiciable controversy and the case must be characterized as one asking for an advisory opinion, and as being academic rather than justiciable." ........... . 1126 - **j** SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] \ . _**Razia**_ _**Begun1**_ v. _**Anwar**_ _**Begu1n**_ _**Sinha**_ _**j.**_ court, in pursuance of: the terms of s. 42 of the Specific Relief Act, decides, in a given case, to insist upon clear proof of even admitted facts, the court could not be said to have exceeded its judicial powers. That the plaintiff herself or her legal advisers did not take the view contended for on her behalf, is shown by the fact that a few days after the filing of the written statement of the Prince, on April 27, Barkat Ali, the _Mujtahid,_ who is alleged to have solemnized the marriage, was examined in court, and he gave his statement on oath in support of the plaintiff's claim. He also proved certain documents in corroboration of the plaintiff's case and his own evidence. This witness was not cross-examined on behalf of the defendant. It was stated before us, on behalf of respondents 1 and 2, that there were pieces of documentary evidence apart from certain alleged admissions made by or on behalf of the plaintiff, which seriously militate against the plaintiff's case and the statement of the witness referred to above. We need not go into all that controversy, because we are not, at this stage, concerned with the truth or otherwise of the plaintiff's case. At this stage we are only. concerned with the question whether in adding respondents 1 and 2 as defendants in the action, the courts below have exceeded their powers. It is enough to point out at this stage that the plaintiff did not invite the court to exercise its powers under r. 6 of 0. 12 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and, therefore, we are not called upon to decide whether the trial court was right in not pronouncing judgment on mere admission. The court, when it is called upon to make a solemn declaration of the plaintiff's alleged status as the defendant's wife, has, naturally, to be vigilant and not to treat it as a matter of course, as it would do in a mere money claim which is admitted by the defendant. The adjudication of status, the declaration of which is claimed by the plaintiff, is a more serious matter, because by its in tendmen~ and in its ultimate result it affects not only the persons actually before the court in the suit as origi' nally framed, but also the plaintiff's progeny who are not parties to the action, and the respondents 1 and 2. _I_ S.O.R. StJPR:ffiME COURT REPORTS **1127** If the declaration of status claimed by the plaintiff is granted by the court, naturally the three daughters by the plaintiff would get the status of legitimate children of the Prince. If the decision is the other way, they become branded as illegitimate. The suit clearly is not only in the interest of the plaintiff herself but of her children also. It is equally clear that not only the Prince is directly affected by the declaration sought, but his whole family, including respondents I and 2 and their descendants, are also affected thereby. This, naturally leads us to a discussion of the effect of s. 43 of the Specific Relief Act, which goes with and is an integral part of the scheme of declaratory decrees which form the subject-matter of Ch. VI of the Act. That section is in these terms: On behalf of the appellant it was contended by the learned Attorney-General th.at the declaration of status sought in this suit by the plaintiff will be binding only upon her and the Prince, and bein~ a rule of _res judicata_ will bind only the parties to tlie suit and their privies. It was further contended that respondents I and 2 are in no sense such privies. The argument proceeds thus: Section 43 lays down a rule of _res judicata_ in a modified form, and it was so framed as to make it clear beyond all doubt by the use of the word " only " that a declaration under s. 42 is binding on the parties to the suit and on persons claiming through them respectively. If any question arises in the future after the inheritance to the estate of the Prince opens out, it could not be said that the plaintiff and respondents I and 2 were claiming through different persons under a conflicting title which was the core of the rule of _res judicata._ In this cpnnection, reliance was placed upon the decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the case of _Syed_ _**1**_ _Ashvar Reza_ _Khan_ v. _Syed Mahomed Mehdi Hossein_ _r958_ _Razia_ _Begum_ v. _Anwar_ _Begum_ _Sinha_ _]._ " 43. A declaration made under this Chapter is binding _only_ on the parties to the suit, persons claiming through them _respectively,_ and where any of the parties are trustees, on the persons for whom, if in existence at the date of the declaration, such parties would be trustees." - f 1128 StJPR]]ME CotJRT REPORTS [1959] _Khan_ ( [1] ). That case l:;,ys down that a decision in a former suit that the common ancestor of all the parties _Razia_ _lJeguni_ f J v. to the subsequent suit was entitled to the whole o tie _Anrva, Begum_ profit of a market in dispute in the two litigations, as ###### ' . _Sinha_ _J._ "In the law of estoppel one person becomes privy to another (1) by•sncceeding to the position of that other as regards the subject of the estoppel, (2) by holding in jlubordination to that other .................... .. But it should be noticed that the ground of privity is property and not personal relation. To make a man a privy to an action he must have acquired an interest in the subject-matter of the action either by inheritance, succession, or purchase from a part.)' su bsequently to the action, or he must hold property subordinately." He also drew our attention to similar observations in " Casperz on Estoppel ". On the other hand, Mr. Purshottam and Sir Syed Sultan Ahmed, appearing on behalf of respondents 1 and 2, respectively, contended that " claiming through " and " claiming under" have not exactly the same significance in law, and that l!he rule laid down in s. 43 of the Specific Relief Act does not stand on the same footing as a ' rule of _res judicata_ contained in s. 11 of the Code of against his co-sharers in the _zamindari_ in which the market was situate, does not operate as _res_ _judicata_ in a subsequent dispute between those who claim under him. In this connection, reliance was also placed upon a decision of the Madras High Court in the case of _Vythilinga Muppanar_ v. _Vijayathammal('),_ to the same effect. Mr. Pathak, appearing on behalf of the Prince, the third respondent, supported the appellant by raising a further point that the words " claiming through " mean the same thing as " claiming under" in s. 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure, laying down the rule of _res judicata,_ and that those words are not apt to refer to a declaration of a mere personal status, and that they mean the same thing as privy in estate as understood under the common law. He called our attention to the following passage in ' Bigelow .on Estoppel ', 6th Edn., at pp. 158 and 159 : (I) (1903) L'.R. 30 °1.A. 7L (2) (1882) l,L. Il. 6 ~lad. 43 . - . ' property or to status or a legal character. When a S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1129 Civil Procedure, or estoppel by ~dgment, as discussed in the works of Bigelow and Casperz, relied upon on _Razia_ _Begum_ behalf of the other side. On behalf of respondents v. 1 and 2 it was further contended that the suit was _Anwar Begum_ really intended not to bind the Prince who has 'shown no hostility to the claim, but to bind respondents _Sinha_ _]._ 1 and 2. It was also contended that if the court were to grant the declaration that the plaintiff is the lawfully wedded wife of the Prince, if a controversy arises hereafter between the plaintiff and her children on the one side and respondents l and 2 on the other, this judgment will not only be admissible in evidence in that litigation, but will be binding upon them-on the plaintiff, because she is privy to the judgment, and on her children, because they will be claiming the benefit of the declaration through her, H,nd on respondents I and 2, because they are admittedly the wife and son of the Prince and will be manifestly claiming through him. In this connection, it has to be remarked that the discretion vested in a court to grant a merely declaratory relief as distinguished from a judgment which is CH,pable of being enforced by execution, derives its utility and importance from the objects it has in view, namely, to "prevent future litigation bJ' removing existing causes of controversy", "to quiet title" and "to perpetuate testimony'', as also to avoid multiplicity of proceedings. This practice of granting declaratory reliefs, which originated in EnglH,nd in the Equity courts, ljas been very much extended in America by statutory provisions. In India, the law has been codified in the Specific Relief Act, in Ch. VI, and has, in a sense, extended the scope of the rule by providing for declarations not only in respect of claims to property but also in respect of disputes as regards status. From the terms of s. 42 of the Act, it would appear that the Indian courts have not been empowered to grant every form of declaration which may be available in America. In its very nature, a declaratory decree does not confer any new right., but only cleai·s up mists which may have gathered round the title to _I_ _Sinha_ _]._ # ' 1130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] ' . ' court makes a declaration in respect of a disputed status, important rights flow from such a judicial _**Razia**_ _**Beg1111i**_ v. declaration. Hence, a declaration granted in respect _Anwar_ _Begum_ of a legal character or status in favour of a person is _**Sinha**_ _**J,**_ meant to bind not only persons actually parties to the litigation, but also persons claiming through them, as laid down in s. 43 of the. Act. It is, thus, a rule of substantive law, and is distinct and separate from the rule of _res ju.dicata_ or estoppel by judgment. The doctrine of _res judicata,_ as it has been enunciated in a number of rules laid down ins. **11** of the Code of Civil Procedure, covers a much wider field than the rule laid down in s. 43 of the Specific Relief Act. For example, the doctrine of _res_ _judicata_ lays particular stress upon the competence of the court. On the other hand, s. 43 emphasizes the legal position that it is a judgment _in personam_ as distinguished from a judgment _in_ _rem._ A judgment may be _res judicata_ in a subsequent litigation only if the former court was competent to deal with the later controversy. No such considerations find a place in s. 43 of the Specific Relief Act. Again, a previous judgment may be _res judicata_ .in a subsequent litigation bet"een parties even though they may not have been _eo_ _nomine_ parties to the previous litigation .or even claiming through them. For example, judgment in a representative snit, or a judgment obtained by a presumptive reversioner will bind the actual reversioner even though he may not have been a party to it, or may not have been claiming through the parties in the previous litigation. When a declaratory judgment has been given, by virtue of s. 43, it is binding not only on the persons actually parties to the judgment but their privies also, using the term 'privy ' not in its restricted sense of privy in estate, but also privy in blood. Privity may arise **(1)** by operation of law, for example; privity of contract; (2) by creation of subordinate interest in property, for example, privity in estate as between a landlord •and a tenant, or a mortgagor and a mortgagee ; and (3) by blood, for example, privity in ' blood in the case of ancestor and heir. Otherwise, in some conceivable cases, the provisions of s. 43, quoted **1** S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS **1131** above, would become _otiose._ The contention raised on behalf of the appellant, which was strongly supported by the third respondent through Mr. Pathak, as stated above, is that a declaratory judgment would not bind anyone other than the party to the suit unless it affects some property, in other words, unless the parties were privy in estate. But such a contention would render the provisions of s. 43 aforesaid, applicable only to declarations in respect of property and not declarations in respect of status. That could not have been the intendment of the statutory rule laid down in s. 43. Sections 42 and 43, as indicated above, go together, and are meant to be co-extensive in their operation. 'l'hat being so, a declaratory judgment in respect of a disputed status, will be binding not only upon the parties actually before the court, but also upon persons claiming through them respectively. The use of the word 'only' in s. 43, as rightly contended on behalf of the appellant, was meant to emphasize that a declaration.in Oh. VI of the Specific Relief Act, is not a judgment _in rem._ But even though such a declaration operates only _in personam,_ the section proceeds further to provide that it binds not only-the parties to the suit, but also persons claiming through them, respectively. The word 'respectively ' has been used with a view to showing that the parties arrayed on either side, are really claiming adversely to one another, so far as the declaration is concerned. This is another indication of the sound rule that the court, in a particular case where it b.as reasons to believe that there is no real conflict, may, in exercise of a judicial discretion, refuse to grant the declaration asked for for oblique reasons. As a result of these considerations, we have arrived at the following conclusions:**(1)** That the question of addition of parties under r. 10 of 0. 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, is generally not one of initial jurisdiction of the court, but of a judicial discretion which has to be exercised in view of _Razia_ _Begum_ _v._ _Anwar_ _Begum_ _Sinha_ _]._ ., 144 all the facts and circumstances of a particular case ; but in some cases, it may raise controversies as to the · power of the court, in contradistinction.to its inherent _I_ - _**Razia**_ _**Begum**_ v. _**Anwar Begum**_ _**Sinha**_ _**J.**_ ' **r** 1132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] jurisdiction, or, in oti:ier words, of jurisdiction in the limited sense in which it is used in s. 115 of the Code; (2) That in a suit relating to property in order that a person may be added as a party, he should have a direct interest as distinguished from a commercial interest in the subject matter of the litigation; (3) Where the subject-matter of a litigation is a declaration as regards status or a legal character, the rule of present or direct interest may be relaxed in a suitable case where the court is of the opinion. that by adding that party it would be in a better position effectually and completely to adjudicate upon the controversy; (4) - The cases contemplated in the last proposition have to be determined in accordance with the statutory provisions of ss. 42 and 43 of the Specific Relief Act; (5) In cases covered by those statutory provisions the court is not bound to grant the declaration prayed for, on a mere admission of the claim by the d~en­ dant, if the court has reasons to insist upon a clear proof apart from the admission; (6) The result of' a declaratory decree on the question of status such as in controversy in the instant case affects not only the parties actually before the court but generations to come, and, in view of that consideration, the rule of' present interest' as evolved by case law relating to disputes about property does not apply with full force ; and (7) The rule laid down in s. 43 of tb,.e Specific Relief Act is not exactly a rule .of _re8_ _judicata._ It is narrower in one sense and wider in another. Applying the propositions enunciated above to the facts of the instant case, we have come to the conclusion that the courts below did not exceed their power in directing the addition of respondents 1 and 2 as parties-defendants in the action. Nor can it be said that the exercise of the discretion was not sound. Further\'llore, this case comes before us by special "leave and we do not consider that it is a fit case where we should interfere with the exercise of discretion by the collrts ·below. The appeal is, accordingly, ' . ' _I_ married to him and that she was also entitled to the _Kharch-e-Pandan_ as claimed in the plaint. He further admitted that the appellant bore him three issues out of the marriage. The appellant sought no relief or any declaration against respondents 1 and 2 as, indeed, she could not have, because she had no cause of action against them. There is nothing in the plearlings of the appellant and respondent 3 which discloses that respondents 1 and 2 have any cause of action against the appellant. Respondents 1 and 2, however, filed an application "under 0. 1, r. 10(2), of the Code of Civil Procedure before the Judge of the City Civil Court, Hyderabad, praying that they should be added as parties to the suit filed by the appellant. The Judge of the City Civil Court allowed the application and his decision was affirmed by the High Court. The question for decision in this appeal is whether the Judge. of the City Civil Court was justified in adding respondents 1 and 2 as parties to the suit and whether the decision of the High Court upholding his order should be affirmed. The provisions of 0. 1, r. 1, state as to who may be joined as plaintiffs in a suit and 0. 1, r. 3, states who may be joined as defendants. The parties who are to be joined as plaintiffs and defendants in a suit are persons in whom and against whom any right to relief in respect of or arising out of the same act or transaction 'Or series of acts or transactions is alleged to exist," whether jointly, severally or in the al~ernative, where, _I_ if such persons were parties in separaM suits, any S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1133 dismissed. As regards the question of costs, we direct that it will abide the ultimate result of the litigation and will be disposed of by the trial court. _Razia Begum_ v. IMAM J.-I regret I cannot agree with the opinion _Anwar Begum_ of my learned brethren expressed in the judgment just delivered. _Imam_ _]._ _Anwar Begum_ _Imam_ _]._ The appellant in her plaint had asked for a declaration that she was a legally wedded wife of respondent 3 and that she was also entitled to receive from him _Kharch-e-Pandan_ at the rate of Rs. 2,000 per month. This respondent filed his written statement in which he unequivocally admitted that the appellant was _z958_ _**Ra.zia Begum**_ v. _**Anwar**_ _**Beguni**_ _**In1a1n**_ _]_ . ' **r** 1134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] common question of 111w or fact would arise. Independent of this, a court has jurisdiction under 0. **1,** r. 10(1), to substitute or add as plaintiff any person whom it considers necessary for the determination of the real matters in dispute. Under 0. **1,** r. 10(2), the court has the power to strike off a party who has been improperly joined, whether as plaintiff or defendant, and to join, as plaintiff or defendant, any person who ought to have been joined, or whose presence before the court may be necessary in order to enable it effectually and completely to adjudicate upon and settle all the questions involved in the suit. It is quite obvious from the contents of the plaint and the written statement of respondent 3 that there was no occasion for the appellant to have joined respondents **1** and 2 as defendants in the suit. There remains, then, to consider whether the circumstances appearing in this case justified the Judge of the City Civil Court to add respondents **1** and 2 as defendants under the provisions of 0. **1,** r. 10(2). Respondents **1** and 2 in their application under 0. **1,** r. 10(2), of the Code of Civil Procedure, in essence, relied upon the five :Killowing grounds for their plea that they should be added as defendants in the suit : (1) Th:i-t respondent **1** was the lawful and legally wedded wife of respondent 3, (2) That respondent 2 was the son of respondent 3, (3) That respondents **1** and 2 should be joined as parties to the suit because the question to be adjudicated upon would seriously affect their rights and interest in the estate of respondent 3, (4) That by adding respondents **1** and 2 as parties neither a new cause of action would be introduced nor would the nature of the suit be altered, (5) That the issue to be tried in the suit, after respondents **1** and 2 were added as parties, would still be the same as the case made by the appellant wa.s that respondent 3 was interested in denying the appellant's marriage to respondent 3-a fact which respondents **1** ·and 2 were equally interested in denying. The first two grounds afford no justification for respondents **1** and 2 b"eing added as parties to the suit, where ' . ' #####, I S.C.R. SUPREME COURT. REPORTS 1135 the only question to be decided is whether the appellant is married to respondent 3 and whether he had contracted to pay to the appellant Rs. 2,000 a month Raziav~egum as _Kharch-e-pandan._ Even if the appellant successfully _A11war_ _Begum_ proved that she was married to respondent 3, who had contracted to pay her R.s. 2,000 per month as _Imam]._ _Kharch-e-pandan,_ the status and '·the rights of respondents 1 and 2 as wife and son of respondent 3 would remain unaffected. A Mohammedan is entitled to marrv more than once and have wives to the number four ·at one and the same time. This is his right under his personal law and no one can question the exercise of this right by hi:m. In the suit between the appellant and respondent 3, the question as to whether the appellant . was married to respondent 3 was a matter entirely personal to the appellant and respondent 3. The appellant claimed that she was lawfully married to respondent 3. lt was open to respondent 3 to either deny or admit her claim. In fact, reepondent 3 had admitted the claim of the appellant that she was married to him. It is not open to any.one else in the present litigation to say that he has falsely made such an admisEM.on. It is true that respondents 1 and 2 have alleged collusion between the appellant and respondent 3. No positive £acts are asserted in support of this. The suggestion is based merely on suspicion. Unless the court is justified in adding respondents 1 and 2 as defendants in the suit the suggestion made by them that there is collusion between t11e appellant and respondent 3 should be ignored by the court on the simple ground that respondents 1 and 2 have no _locus standi_ to make any such representation in the present case. The 3rd, 4th and 5th grounds may be considered together as they are inter-connected. Grounds 4 and 5 suggest that there would be neither a new cause of action introduced nor would the nature of the suit be altered and the issue to be tried in the suit would still be the same even if respondents 1 and 2 wei:e added as parties. The only issue in the suit filed by the appi;llant is whether she was married to respondent 3 and• whether there was a contract by 'the ·latter to pay _Imam]._ I 1136 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] _**Razia**_ _Beg11ni_ v. _**Anwar**_ _**Begu1n**_ _**1111am**_ _]._ her Rs. 2,000 · per month as _Kharch-e-pandan._ If respondents **1** and 2 are added as parties, questions relating to right of inheritance in the estate of respondent 3 would arise for determination in addition to the only issue stated above in the case. The main ground, upon which respondents 1 and 2 claim that they should be added as parties to the suit, is to be found in the 3rd ground which, in substance, is that if the appellant is declared to be lawfully wedded to respondent 3, then the rights and interests of respondents **1** and 2 in the estate of respondent 3 would be affected. In other words, in the estate of respondent 3, on his death, in addition to respondents **1** and 2, the appellant and her three children by him would have rights of inheritance. Consequently, the extent of inheritance of respondents 1 and 2 in the estate of respondent 3 would be considerably diminished. It was urged that if the appellant is given the declaration, which she seeks, the judgment of the court would be in the exercise of matrimonial jurisdiction and it would bQ a judgment _in rem_ as stated in s. 41 of the Indian Evidence Act. Such a declaration would also be binding on respondents **1** and 2 i:iy virtue of the provisions of s. 43 of the Specific Relief Act. The appellant asked for a declai:ation under s. 42 of the Specific Relief Act. This section permitted a person who claimed to be entitled to any legal character, or to any right to property, to institute a suit against any person denying, or interested to deny, such character or right. Respondents **1** and 2 was interested in denying tlle appellant's status as a wife and the status of her three children as the legitimate children of respondent 3. A declaration in her favour would be binding on respondents **1** and 2 and they would never be in a position to disprove the appellant's marriage to respondent 3. This was an impossible situation where the declaration had been obtained from a court as the result of collusion between the appellant and respondent 3. 'This submission presupposes that respondents **1** and ' 2 would survive respondent 3. During the lifetime of respondent 3'neither the appellant nor her children on 1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1137 the one hand nor respondents•l and 2 on the other have any rights whatsoever in his estate under the _Raria Begum_ Mohammedan law. During the lifetime of respon- v. dent 3 respondents 1 and 2 would have the right to be _Anwar Begum_ maintained by him and, if the appellant is also his wife, then she and her children would also have the _Imam]._ right to be maintained by him. The appellant and respondent 1 would also have rights arising out of a contract, if any, between them and respondent 3. None of these rights, however, are rights or interests in the estate of respondent 3. The submission also presupposes that on the death of respondent 3 he would have left behind some estate to be inherited by his heirs. These submissions are entirely speculative and afford no basis for the impleading of respondents 1 and 2 as parties to the appellant's suit. It was said, however, that the right to inherit is a present right in respondents 1 and 2 and if the appellant is declared to be the wife of respondent 3, then that right to inheritan_ce is affected. This contention is erroneous and there is no' legal basis to support it. If the appellant is declared to be the wife of respondent 3 such a declaration ·could not affect the right to inherit on the part of respondents 1 and 2 in the estate of respondent 3, assuming that respondent 3 on his death left an estate to be inherited and that the appellant-and her children and respondents 1 and 2 survived him. The extent of the inheritance of each one of these may thus become less but so far as that is concerned it cannot be predicated during the lifetime of respondent 3 as to what would be the extent of the inheritance of his heirs. Under the Mohammedan law, by which the parties are governed, respondent 3 could yet validly marry two other women and have children from them, in which case, the inheritance, if any, could not be to the· same extent if respondent 3 died leaving only respondents 1 and 2 as his heirs. The entire question raised by respondents 1 and 2 is based on the supposition that they have rights in the estate of respondent 3. Under the Mohammedan law they have no such rights. It is only in the event of their surviving respondent 3 that _I_ their rights will vest in his estate and the extent of _Imam]._ I 1138 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] ' ' their inheritance will be calculated on the number of persons entitled to inherit his estate at the time of his _**Razia**_ _**Begu1n**_ **death.** v. _Anwar_ _Begum_ It was urged, however, that unless respondents **1** and 2 are now given an opportunity to show that _**Imam].**_ there was no valid marriage between the appellant and respondent 3, a declaration that there was a _**Imam].**_ marriage between these two persons would be binding on them by virtue of the provisions of s. 43 of the Specific Relief Act. If, therefore, on the death of respondent 3 a question arose as to who were entitled to inherit his estate, respondents **1** and 2 would not be able to question the rights of the appellant and her children and they would be adversely affected by the declaration. It is somewhat doubtful, having regard to the terms of s. 43, that such a declaration in the present suit would be binding on respondents **1** and 2 as they would not be claiming their right to inheritance through the appellant and respondent 3 respectively. Assuming, however, that such a declaration would be binding on them, that would be no justification for their being impleaded in the present litigation where the issue is not one of inheritance but one of marriage between the appellant and respondent 3. If the submis~ion has any substance lt might as well be said by any one that he should be impleaded as a party to a suit and should be allowed to contest the suit, although there was no cause of action against him, because the decree in the suit would bind him on the ground of _res judicata._ It is true that in a suit under s. 42 of the Specific Relief Act it is discretionary with the court to make or not to make the declaration asked for. The exercise of that discretion, however, has to be judicial. In the present case there does not appear to be any legal impediment in the way of the court refusing to make the declaration asked for since respondent 3 had acknowledged the marriage and bad admitted the claim for Rs. 2,000 per month as _Kharch-e-pandan._ The appellant has not asked for any sum of money to •be decreed in her favour. There is no cause of action now left to the appellant which can be the basis for the present suit. The awellant could rely upon the I f tents of the pleadings that respondents 1 and 2 were also interested in denying the marriage. No allegation. made. in the pleadings even remotely suggests that _1_ respondents 1 and 2 were interested to denj the alleged #### ' • S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1139 _1_ and 2 were interested to denj the alleged 145 .. acknowledgement which raises a.rresumption under the Mohammedan law that she is married to respondent 3. There appears to be no good ground for adding respondents I and _2_ as parties to the present suit. If hereafter on the happening of a certain event and the existence of certain circumstance any question arose whether the appellant was married to respondent 3, then those who were interested in disproving the marriage would be in a position to do so and rebut the presumption arising from the acknowledgement. Under 0. I, r. 10, of the Code of Civil Procedure the court has the power to pass orders regarding the adding of parties or striking off the name of a party. Whether the exercise of this power is a matter of jurisdiction or of discretion appears to have been the subject of difference of opinion in the courts of law here and in England. Whichever view may be correct it is patent that resort to the exercise of such power could only be had if the court is satisfied that it is necessary to make an order under 0. I, r. 10, in order to effectually and completely adjudicate upon and settle all questions involved in the suit. The court ought not to compel a plaintiff to a<jd a party to the suit where on the face of the plaint the plaintiff has no cause of action against him. If a party is added by the court without whose presence all que'stions involved in the suit could be effectually and completely adjudicated upon, then the exercise of the power is improper and even if it be a matter of discretion such an order should not be allowed to stand when that order is qfiestioned in a superior court. The plaintiff is entitled to choose as defendants against whom he has a cause of action and he should not be burdened with the task of meeting a party against whom he has no cause of action. It was, however, suggested that on the face of the plaint not only respondent 3 was interested in denying his marriage with the appellant but a legitimate inference could be drawn from the con _Razia Begum_ v. _Anwar Begum_ _Imam_ _]._ · 1140 I SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] marriage of the appiillant to respondent 3 or were denying the same. Under s. 42 of the Specific Relief Act _**Razia Begum**_ v. a suit may be instituted against any person denying or _**Begum,**_ interested to deny the plaintiffs legal character or right to any property. The plaint does not suggest _**lma1'n**_ _]._ that respondents 1 and 2 were denying the appellant's _**Razia Begum**_ v. _**Anwar**_ _**Begum,**_ that respondents 1 and 2 were denying the appellant's status as wife of respondent 3. Such an issue was raised by the appellant against respondent 3 only. In law, it cannot be said that respondents **1** and 2 are interested to deny the status of the appellant as the wife of respondent 3 because the status of respondent 1 as wife and respondent 2 as the son of respondent 3 is not in the least affected even if the appellant is declared to be the wife of respondent 3, as under the Mohammedan law respondent 3 is entitled to have both the appellant and respondent **1** as his wives and children through them. The true legal position in the present suit between the appellant and respondent 3 is that respondents **1** and 2 have no _locus_ _standi_ in such a suit. There is no danger of multiplicity of suits during the lifetime of respondent 3. The suggestion that the present suit would lead to multiplicity of suits is founded on an assu]llption which no court of law can assume. It cannot be assumed that respondent 3 would die first. It may well be that he may survive both respondents **1** and 2, in which case, no question of any suit coming into existence at their instance would arise. If the order allowing respondents **1** and 2 to be added as parties in a suit of the present nature is allowed to stand it will open the way to a wider exercise of powers under 0. 1, r. 10, and in A. manner which was not contemplated by the Code of Civil Procedure, or s. 42 of the Specific Relief Act or permissible under the Mohammedan law. I would, accordingly, allow the appeal as both the courts below were in error in supposing that this was a case in which the provisions of 0. 1, r. 10, applied and would set aside the orders of the courts below. The appellant is entitled to her costs throughout . - BY CouRT: The appeal is dismissed. Costs to abide , the result of litigation in the trial court. _Appeal dismissed ._