Ram Pyare Mishra v. Prem Shanker and Ors.

[2008] 12 S.C.R. 497 _·1_ A 8 _+_ c .-* '• - _J ## RAM PYARE MISHRA _V._ PREM SHANKER AND ORS. (Criminal Appeal No. 181 of 2001) ## AUGUST 22, 2008 **[DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, P. SATHASIVAM AND AFTAB ALAM, JJ]** _Penal Code, 1860:_ · s. _304 (part l)rlw_ s.34 - _Accused caused lathi and knife_[c ] _injuries to victim resulting in his death_ - _Conviction by trial court uls 302134_ - _Acquittal by High Court on plea of_ self- _defence_ - _HELO: High Court wrongly interpreted the medical evidence and overlooked ofher evidence_ - _There_ was _nothing to substantiate right of private defence_ - _Evidence_ is _clear_ D _that though there might have been at_ some _point of time such right to accused, the_ same has _been exceeded_ - _Evidence_ is _clear that after the accused assaulted the deceased and injured the_ (· . witnesses, _they were beaten by villagers_ - _Accused convicted uls 304 (part I)._ E ss. _97 and 100-101_ - _Right of self-defence_ - _HELO: Burden of proof_ is _on the accused who_ sets _up the plea and. defence must be_ a _reasonable and probable version satisfying the court that the harm caused by accused_ was necessary _for either warding off the attack or forestalling_ F - _further reasonable apprehension Burden .stands discharged by showing preponderance of probabilities in favour of plea on_ basis _of material on record_ - _In the instant_ case, _there·_ • was _nothing to substantiate right of self-defence_ - _Evidence Ac;t, 1872_ - _s.105._ G F **The accused-respondents, two brothers, armed with lathi and knife, were stated to have attacked and killed the brother of PW-1. PW-2, who rushed to rescue the** H 497 498 SUPREME COURT REPORTS > [2008] 12 S.C. R. + E F A deceased, was also assaulted by the accused. The incident was also witnessed by PW-1, PW-4 and some others. One of the accused was apprehended at the spot and handed over to the police along with the blood stained knife. The defence version was that on the day B of the incident one of the accused had· gone to throw cow dung in their fields where he was assaulted by the deceased with lathi and, hearing his cries, the other accused reached there with a spear to save him. The trial court convicted the accused u/s 302 r/w s.34 IPC, C but the High Court acquitted them on the plea of right of self-defence. In the instant appeals filed by the complainant as also by the State, it was contended for the appellants that the High Court acted on surmises and conjectures D in accepting the plea of right of private defence; that even otherwise, the High Court failed to examine the question as to whether the right of private defence was exceeded. Allowing the appeals, the Court HELD: 1.1 Whether in a particular set of circumstances, a person legitimately acted in the exercise of the right of private defence is a question of fact to be determined on the facts and circumstances of each case. In a given case the Court can consider it even if the accused has not taken it, if the same is available to be considered from the material on record. [para 5] [506,H; 507,A; 507,B] 1.2 The right of private defence is . essentially a defensive right circumscribed by the governing statute G i.e. the IPC, available only when the circumstances clearly justify it. It should not be allowed to be pleaded or availed as a pretext for a vindictive, aggressive or retributive purpose of offence. It is a right of defence, not of retribution, expected to repel unlawful aggre:;s!on and H not as retaliatory measure. A right to defend dces not i.- 499 RAM PYARE MISHRA _v._ PREM SHANKER AND ORS. ~ -I -t include a right to launch an offensive, particularly, when A the need to defend no longer survived. [para 12] [511,D-E] _Salim Zia v. State of UP_ AIR 1979 SC 391; _Biran Singh v. State of Bihar_ AIR 1975 SC 87; _ltVassan Singh v. State of Punjab_ (1996) 1 SCC 458, _Sekar alias Raja Sekharan v. State represented by Inspector of Police, TN. +_ 2002 (8) SCC; _Butta Singh v. The State of Punjab_ AIR 1991 SC 1316; _Vidhya Singh v. State of M.P_ AIR 1971 SC 1857; and _V Subramani and Anr. vs. State of Tamil Nadu_ 2005 - (1 O) sec 358 relied on. _Russel on Crime by Russel[11] th_ Edition Volume I - referred to. 8 c 2.1 Under Section 105 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the burden of proof is on the accused, who sets up the plea of self-defence and, in the absence of proof, D it is not possible for the court to presume the truth of the plea of self-defence. The court shall presume the ,_ absence of such circumstances. An accused taking the plea of the right of private defence is not necessarily required to call evidence; he can establish his plea by E reference to circumstances transpiring from the prosecution evidence itself. The question in such a case would be a question of assessing the true effect of the prosecution evidence, and not a question of the accused discharging any burden. [para 5) [507,C-D; 507,D-E] F E F _)_ 2.2 Where the right of private defence is pleaded, the defence must be a reasonable and probable version satisfying the Court that the harm caused by the accused was necessary for either warding off the attack or for forestalling the further reasonable apprehension from G the side of the accused. The burden of establishing the plea of self-defence is on the accused and the burden stands discharged by showing preponderance of probabilities in favour of that plea on the basis of the material on record. The accused need not prove the H SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 12 S.C.R. 500 ~ A existence of the right of private defence beyond reasonable doubt. It is enough for him to show as in a" civil case that- the preponderance of probabilities is in favour of his plea. [para 5] [507,F-G; 508,D-E] _Munshi Ram and_ Ors. _v. Delhi Administration AIR 1968_ B _SC 702; State of Gujarat v. Bai Fatima_ AIR 1975 SC 1478; _State of UP v. Mohd. Musheer Khan_ AIR 1.977 SC 2226; and _Mohinder Pal Jolly v. State of Punjab_ AIR 1979 SC 577 - relied on. + c 3. To claim a right of private defence extending to voluntarily causing of death, the accused must show that there were circumstances giving rise to reasona_ble grounds for apprehending that either death or grievous hurt would be caused to him. The burden is on the D[accused ][to ][show ][that ][he ][had a ][right ][of ][private defence ] which extended to causing of death. [para, 6] [509,A-B] _Jaj Dev. v. State of Punjab_ AIR 1963 SC 612 - relied on. c-. 4.1 In the instant case, the High Court held that the E lathi injuries were there, but came to erroneous conclusion that the injuries appear to have been inflicted in a different manner. The High Court also came to a conclusio'n that if the spear was used blunt injury could not have been caused. Unfortunately, the High Court F overlooked that the categorical finding recorded by the trial Court was that one side of the weapon was blunt and other side was sharp and one blunt injury was explaioed. The High Court appears to have wrongly interpreted the opinion of the doctor. The genesis G according to the High Court has not been established. Thus, there was no question of exercise of right of private defence. [para 14 .. 15] [511,G-H; 512,A] F \.-- l-- > 4.2 The High Court's conclusion as regards shifting H[the onus on the prosecution is also ][without ][any legal ] 501 RAM PYARE MISHRA _v._ PREM SHANKER AND ORS. ~ . ~ j foundation. It is to be noted that nothing was found in A the fields as was pleaded by the defence to substantiate the right of private defence. The FIR was promptly lodged. The doctor had opined. that the injury was possible with knife but the High Court without any discussion held otherwise. So far as the alleged nonB explanation of injuries on the accused is concerned, the High Court clearly overlooked the relevant materials. From the evidence _it_ is clear that after the accused persons assaulted the deceased and the injured witnesses, they were beaten by the villagers. In the FIR also there is mention about the beating given by villagers.[c ] The High Court erred in holding that the details of the assaults were not given in the FIR. [para 15] [512,B-D] _.Jf_ _Chacko_ @ _Aniyan Kunju and Ors. v. State of Kera/a_ 2004 (12) sec 269 - relied on. D 4.3 So far as non-explanation of superficial injuries on the accused persons is concerned, it will not affect prosecution case where the evidence is clear and cogent and outweighs the effect of the omission on the part of E prosecution to explain the injuries. [para 16] [513,F-Gl _Anil Kumar v. State of UP 2004 (13) SCC 257_ - _relied_ ## _on_ 4.4 The basic question which was to be considered by the High Court was that even if the right of private defence was exercised, whether that was exceeded. In the instant case, the evidence clearly shows that though there may be, at some point of time, that exercise of right of private defence by the respondents existed, the same has been exceeded. [para 17] [514,F] F G 5. The respondents are convicted of the offence punishable under Section 304 (part I) IPC. Custodial sentence of 8 years would meet the ends of justice. [para 17] [514,G] H SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 12 S.C.R. 502 ~ A B c D ||||~| |---|---|---|---| |Case Law Reference:|||| |AIR 1968.SC702|relied on|para 5|| |AIR 1975SC1478|relied on|para 5|| |AIR 1977SC2226|relied on|para 5|| |AIR 1979SC577|relied on|para5.|~-| |AIR 1979 SC391|relied on|para 5|| |AIR 1963SC612|relied on|para 7|| |AIR 1975SC87|relied on|para 8|| |(1996) 1sec458|relied on|para 8|| |2002 (8)sec354|relied on|para 8|| |AIR1991SC1316|relied on|para 9|| |AIR1971SC 1857|relied on|para 10|| |2005(1o)sec358|relied on|para 13|| |2004 (12)sec269|relied on|para 15 ·|| |2004 (13)sec2s1|relied on|para 16|~| ~ E CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 181 of 2001 From the Judgment and final Order dated 19.5.2000 of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Criminal Appeal No. 317 of 1983 F WITH ~· Cromianl Appeal No. 182 of 2001 Nagendra Rai, J.N. Dubey, Rajesh Pathak, Sanjay Dubey, G[Jayesh Gaurav, Najoj Prasad, Garvesh Kabra, Shrish ][Kr. ][Misra, ] C.P. Pandey, Jatinder Kumar Bhatia, Anurag Dubey, Anu Sawhney, Meenesh Dubey, S.K. Divakar and S.R. Setia for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by H RAM PYARE MISHRA _v._ PREM SHANKER AND ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] 503 ;;r **DR.** ARIJIT **PASAYAT,** J. 1. Challenge in these appeals A is to tile judgment of a Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court accepting the appeal filed by the respondents who were found guilty of offences punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the 'IPC'). The High Court held that if on, taking overall view of the case s right of self defence is made out or looks probable from the evidence on record, that right should not be construed narrowly because the right of self defence is a very valuable right and it has a social purpose. 2. Background facts as projected by prosecution in a nutshell are as follows: C The incident occurred on 12. 7 .1978 at about 5.30 a .m. The respondents 1 and 2 are brothers and sons of Sheo Balak Misra. On the aforesaid date and time the accused respondents 0 armed with knife and lathi respectively arrived at the 'Gotha' of the Mohan Mishra (hereinafter referred to as the 'deceased') and accu~ed Hari Shanker started beating the deceased with lathi and also asked his brother Prem Shanker to kill him, whereupon Prem Shanker assaulted the deceased with knife. On hearing the cries of deceased, his brother R.P. Mishra (PW-1) E who was washing his hands at the Hand Pump installed in the east of 'Gotha' of Ramakant Mishra, rushed to the scene of occurrence. The cries also attracted Ramakant Mishra (P.W.2), Suresh Mishra (P.W.4), Shiv Sahai and Vibhuti Mishra. Ramakant Mishra tried to rescue the deceased but he too was F assaulted by Prem Shanker with knife. Deceased fell down on the ground. The witnesses succeeded in apprehending Prem Shanker along with the knife with which he had assaulted the ,, deceased and Ramakant. However, accused Hari Shanker succeeded in making good his escape. Thereafter Ram Pyare G Mishra and other witnesses proceeded to Police Station Kotwali along with Mohan Mishra and accused Prem Shanker on tractor trolley of Gangotri Mishra. Before they could reach police station, Mohan Mishra died on the way. R.P. Mishra (P.W.1) prepared F.l.R. (Ex. Ka. I) in his own handwriting and presented H E F SUPREME COURT REPORTS. [2008) 12 S.C.R. 504 ~ A the same at Police Station Kotwali at 6.30 a.m. on the same day, Prem Shanker and blood stained knife, (Ex.1) recovered from him were handed over to police at the police station, in respect of which memo Ex. Ka. 2 were prepared by Moharrir (PW-6) who also prepared Check report .and registered the B[case ][in ][general diary. S.I. Harsh Nath Singh (PW-5) was present ] at the police station when the F.l.R. was lodged. He took up investigation and recorded the statement of first information at the police station. S.I. Rad hey Shyam Tewari conducted inquest on the dead body of Mohan Mishra, which had been brought to c[the police station by first informant and others. The dead body ] was then sent for postmortem examination with constable Ram Asrey .and Rang Nath. After recording the statements of Shiv Sahai and Suresh Mishra (P.W.4), the Investigating Officer reached the place of occurrence along with first informant and D[witness Shiv Sahai. He made inspection ][of ][the scene of occur-] rence and prepared site plan Ex. Ka.13. The place wher~ blood was found has been shown by letter 'A' in the site plan. Hari Shanker was arrested on the same day. Injured Ramakant Mishra was, however, interrogated on 13.7.1978 and after completing the investigation charge sheet Ex. Ka 15 was submitted E against both the accused persons. ~ ~ '- Dr. Vermpal conducted autopsy on the dead body of Mohan Mishra on 12-7-78 at 12 noon and following ante mortem injuries were found. F G H 1. Incised wound 2" 1/4" x skin deep on right side forehead 1" above the right eye ·brow and 1-1 /2" away frorn right ear margins clean cut, gaping present, blood clots present and wound was horizontally placed. 2. Incised wound I" x 1/4" x muscle deep on middle of , left arm margins clean gaping present, blood· clots present. 3. Punctured wound 1-1/4" x 1/2" x chest cavity deep on right side chest 1" outer to mid line chest and 4" _·¥_ _L-_ RAM PYARE MISHRA _v._ PREM SHANKER AND ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] 505 _-I_ ~')( away and above to right nipple, lying vertically, margins A clean cut gaping present, blood clots present. _)_ In the internal examination pleura was found congested and ·cut underneath injury No.3, Right lung had also a cut Mark 3/4" x 112'' pulmonary vessels had also been cut. The chest cavity contained fresh blood about 520 ml. Stomach was empty while large intestines contained gases and faecal matter. In the opinion of the doctor death was due to shock and hemorrhage as a result of ante mortem injuries. The postmortem report is Ex.Ka.4. B c The motive for assaulting Mohan Mishra as alleged in the first information report was that on 10-7-78 Prem Shanker had made an attempt to have carnal intercourse with Rakesh, son of deceased and Rakesh told this fact to his father. Deceased accosted accused Prem Shanker whereupon the latter threat-, D ened him with dire consequences. _J .+ _-+_ Since the accused persons pleaded innocence, trial was held. In order to substantiate the accusations six witnesses were produced. R.P. Mishra (PW-1) is the first informant and younger brother of the deceased. Ramakant Mishra (PW-2) is an eye witness. It is to be noted that PW-1 was th~ injured witness. The accused persons took the stand that on the date of occurrence accused Prem Shanker went to throw cow dung in the field in the morning and he was assaulted by Mohan Mishra with lathi. On hearing his cries his younger brother Hari Shanker came there with spear in his hand to save Prem Shanker. He assaulted the deceased. E F As noted above, the trial Court found the evidence of eye witnesses to be credible, cogent and recorded conviction. In appeal, the High Court found substance in the plea of exercise G of right of private defence and directed a~quittal. ..... j Criminal Appeal No.181 of 2001 has been filed by the complainant while State of U.P. has filed other Criminal Appeal No.182 of 2001. H SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 12 S.C.R. 506 · A 3. In support of the appeals, learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the High Court has acted on surmises and conjectures and has accepted the plea of exercise of right of private defence. The,High Court's conclusion as regards nonmention in the FIR that the witness managed to evade the lathi B blow or about the ·injury on the accused are legally untenable. The High Court has not examined the question as to whether the right of private defence as claimed to have been exercised has been exceeded. It was pointed out that the witness stated about the assault by lathi but in the instant case the deceased c does not appear to have received any lathi blow. Since lathi was found at the spot as claimed the defence version, the High Court probabilised that deceased had made an assault on accused Prem Shanker by lathi. The genesis and origin of the occurrence has been suppressed and true facts have not been presented. The High Court, it is submitted, accepted the plea .o of right of private defence but without any material to substantiate the plea, the High, Court came to an abrupt conclusion that the right has been exercised and the accused persons were acting in self defence. The High Court also came to .a conclusion that the injuries on ·accused Prem Shanker were not satisE factorily explained. It was pointed out that those injuries were superficial in nature. To similar effect is the stand taken by the State. + 4. Learned counsel for the accused respondents submitF ted that in the case of acquittal if two views are possible, the view in favour of the accused has to be accepted. The High Court on analyzing the evidence came to·a conclusion that the ' accused persons were exercising the right of private defence. 5. Only question which needs to be considered is the alG leged exercise of right of private defence. Section 96, IPC provides that nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence. The Section does not define the expression 'right of private defence'. It merely indicates that nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of such right. H Whether in a particular set of circumstances, a person legiti- 507 RAM PYARE MISHRA _v._ PREM SHANKER AND ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] .)f ,..(_ ,.,.. _-..J_ .... _) mately acted in the exercise of the right of private defence is a A question of fact to be determined on the facts and circumstances of each case. No test in the abstract for determining such a question can be laid down. In determining this question of fact, the Court must consider all the surrounding circumstances. It is not necessary for the accused to plead in so many words that B he acted in self·defence. If the circumstances show that the right of private defence was legitimately exercised, it is open to the Court to consider such a plea. In a given case the Court can consider it even if the accused has not taken it, if the same is available to be considered from the material on record. Under c Section 105 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (in short 'the Evidence Act'), the burden of proof is on the accused, who sets up the plea of self-defence, and, in the absence of proof, it is not possible for the Court to presume the truth of the plea of selfdefence. The Court shall presume the absence of such circumD stances. It is for the accused to place necessary material on record either by himself adducing positive evidence or by eliciting necessary facts from the witnesses examined for the prosecution. An accused taking the plea of the tight of private defence is not necessarily required to call evidence; he can es'E tablish his plea by reference to circumstances transpiring from the prosecution evidence itself. The question in such a case would be a question of assessing the true effect of the prosecution evidence, and not a question of the accused discharging any burden. Where the right of private defence is pleaded, the defence must be a reasonable and probable version satisfying[F ] the Court that the harm caused by the accused was necessary for either warding off the attack or for forestalling the further reasonable apprehension from the side of the accused. The burden of establishing the plea of self-defence is on the accused and the burden stands discharged by showing preponderance G of probabilities in favour of that plea on the basis of the material on record. (See _Munshi Ram and Ors. v. Delhi Administration_ (AIR 1968 SC 702), _State of Gujarat v. Bai Fatima_ (AIR 1975 SC 1478), _State of UP v. Mohd. Musheer Khan_ (AIR 1977 SC 2226), and _Mohinder Pal Jolly v. State of Punjab_ (AIR 1979 H D [2008] 12 S.C.R.. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 508 / A SC 577). Sections 100 to 101 define the extent of the right of private defence of body. If a person has a right of private defence of body under Section 97, that right extends under Section 100 to causing death if there is reasonable apprehension that death or grievous hurt would be the consequence of the B[assault. The oft quoted observation ][of ][this Court in ] _[Salim Zia ][v. ] State of UP_ (AIR 1979 SC 391), runs as follows: "It is true that the burden on an accused person to establish the plea of self-defence is not as ·onerous as the one . which lies on the prosecution and that, while the prosecution is required to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt, the accused need not establish the plea to the hilt and may discharge his onus- by establishing a mere preponderance of probabilit!es either by laying basis for that plea in the cross-examination of the prosecution witnesses or by adducing defence evidence." c D The accused need not prove the existence of the right of private defence beyond reasonable doubt. It is enough for him to show as in a civil case that the preponderance of probabilities is in favour of his plea. E 6. A plea of right of private defence cannot be based-on surmises and speculation. While considering whether the right of private defence is available to an accused, it is not relevant whether he may have a chance to inflict severe and·mortal injury F[on the aggressor. ][In ][order to find whether the right ][of ][private ] defence is available to an accused, the entire incident must be examined with care and viewed in its proper setting. Section 97 deals with the subject matter of right of private defence. The plea of right comprises the body or property (i) of the person G[exercising the right; ][or ][(ii) ][of ][any other person; and the right may ] be exercised in the case of any offence against the body, and in the case of offences of theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass, and attempts at such offences in relation to property. Section 99 lays down the limits of the right of private defence. Sections 96 and 98 give a right of private defence against certain H r:.. **==> picture [4 x 5] intentionally omitted <==** **----- Start of picture text -----**<br> i<br>**----- End of picture text -----**<br> ,k. ! ...,._ _f_ ## +- {~ RAM PYARE MISHRA _v._ PREM SHANKER 509 AND ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] .){. ...,.- ... __} offences and acts. The right given under Sections 96 to 98 and 100 to 106 is controlled by Section 99. To claim a right of private defence extending to voluntarily causing of death, the accused must show that there were circumstances giving rise to reasonable grounds for apprehending that either death or grievous hurt would be caused to him. The burden is on the accused to show that he had a right of private defence which extended to causing of death. Sections 100 and 101, IPC define the limit and extent of right of private defence. A B 7. Sections 102 and 105, IPC deal with commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of body and prop-[c ] erty respectively. The right commences" as soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to the body arises from an attempt, or threat, to commit the offence, although the offence may not have been committed but not until there is that reasonable apprehension. The right lasts so long as the reasonable appreD hension of the danger to the body continues. In _Jai Dev. v. State of Punjab_ (AIR 1963 SC 612), it was observed that as soon as the cause for reasonable apprehension disappears and the threat has either been destroyed or has been put to route, there can be no occasion to exercise the right of private defence. E 8. In order to find whether right of private defence is available or not, the injuries received by the accused, the imminence of threat to his safety, the injuries caused by the accused and the circumstances whether the accused had time to have recourse to public authorities are all relevant factors to be considered. Similar view was expressed by this Court in _Biran Singh v. State of Bihar_ (AIR 1975 SC 87). (See: _Wassan Singh v. State of Punjab_ (1996) 1 SCC 458, _Sekar alias Raja Sekharan v. State represented by Inspector of Police, TN._ (2002 (8) SCC 354) . F G 9. As noted in _Butta Singh v. The State of Punjab_ (AIR 1991 SC 1316), a person who is apprehending death or bodily injury cannot weigh in golden scales in the spur of moment and in the heat of circumstances, the number of injuries required to H [2008] 12 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 510 E A disarm the assailants who were armed with weapons. In moments of excitement and disturbed mental equilibrium it is often difficult to expect the parties to preserve composure and use exactly only so much force in retaliation commensurate with the danger apprehended to him where assault is imminent by use. B of force, it would be lawful to repel the force in self-defence and the right of private-defence commences, as soon as the threat becomes so imminent. Such situations have to be pragmatically viewed and not with high-powered spectacles or microscopes to detect slight or even marginal overstepping. Due c weightage has to be given to, and hyper technical approach has to be avoided in considering what happens on the spur of the moment on the spot and keeping in view normal human reaction and conduct, where self-preservation is the paramount consideration. But, if the fact situation shows that in the guise of self-preservation, what really has been done is to assault the 0 original aggressor, even after the cause of reasonable apprehension has disappeared, the plea of right of privat~-defence can legitimately be negatived.. The Court dealing with the plea has to weigh the material to conclude whether the plea is acceptable. It is essentially, as noted above, a finding of fact. 10. The right of self-defence is a very valuable right, serving a social purpose and should not be construed narrowly. (See _Vidhya Singh v. State of M.P_ (AIR 1971 SC 1857). Situations have to be judged from the subjective point of view of the acF cused concerned in the surrounding excitement and confusion of the moment, confronted with a situation of peril and not by any microscopic and pedantic scrutiny. In adjudging the question as to whether more force than was necessary was used in the prevailing circumstances on the spot it would be inapproG priate, as held by this Court, to adopt tests by detached objectivity which would be so natural in a Court room, or that which would seem absolutely necessary to a perfectly cool bystander. The person facing a reasonable apprehension of threat to himself cannot be expected to modulate his defence step by step with any arithmetical exactitude of only that much which is re- H 511· RAM PYARE MISHRA _v._ PREM SHANKER AND ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] -.,.)!' quired in the thinking of a man in ordinary times or under normal· A circumstances. 11. In the illuminating words of Russel (Russel on Crime, 11[1] h Edition Volume I at page 49): _;J.__ · " .... a man is justified in resisting by force anyone who B manifestly intends and endeavours by violence or surprise to commit a known felony against either his person, habitation or property. In these cases, he is not obliged to retreat, and may not merely resist the attack where he stands but may indeed pursue his adversary until the c danger is ended and if in a conflict between them he happens to kill his attacker, such killing is justifiable." 12. The right of private defence is essentially a defensive right circumscribed by the governing statute i.e. the IPC, available only when the circumstances clearly justify it. It should not D be allowed to be pleaded or availed as a pretext for a vindictive, aggressive or retributive purpose of offence. It is a right of defence, not of retribution, expected to repel unlawful aggression and not as retaliatory measure. While providing for exercise of the right, care has been taken in IPC not to provide and E has not devised a mechanism whereby an attack may be a pretence for killing. A right to defend does not include a right to launch an offensive, particularly when the need to defend no longer survived. 13. The above position was highlighted in _V Subramani_[F ] _and Anr. vs. State of Tamil Nadu_ (2005 (10) SCC 358). ..... ~~ 14. In the instant case the High Court held that the lathi injuries were there but came to erroneous conclusion th,at the injuries appear to have been inflicted in a different manner. The G High Court also came to a conclusion that if the spear was used blunt injury could not have been caused. 15. ~nfortunately, the High Court overlooked that the categorical finding recorded by the trial Court was that one side of the weapon was blunt and other side was sharp and one blunt H 512 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008) 12 S.C.R. , 0 E F G A injury was explained. The High Court appears to have wrongly interpreted the opinion of.the doctor. The genesis according to the High Court has not been established. If that be so, there was no question of exercise of right of private defence. The High Court's conclusion as regards~shifting the onus on the prosB ecution is also without any legal foundation. It is to be noted that nothing was found in the field as was pleaded by the defence to substantiate the right of private defence. The FIR was promptly lodged. The doctor had opined that the injury was possible with knife but the High Court without any discussion held c otherwise. So far"as the alleged non-explanation of injuries on the accused aspect is concerned, the High Court clearly overlooked the relevant materials. From the evidence it is clear that after the accused persons assaulted the deceased and the injured witnesses they were beaten by the villagers~ In the FIR also thete is mention about the beating given by villagers. The High Court held that the details of the assaults were not give·n in the FIR. In this context, the view expressed by this Court in _Chacko_ @ _Aniyarr Kunju and_ Ors. _v. State of Kera/a_ (2004 (12) sec 269) needs to be noted. hi paras 7 and 8 it was observed as follows: > "7. Coming to the question whether on the basis of a solitary evidence conviction can be maintained. A bare reference of Section 134 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (in short 'the Evidence Act') would suffice. The provision clearly states that no particular- number of witnesses is required to establish the case. Conviction can be based on the testimony of single witness if he is wholly reliable. Corroboration may be necessary when he is only partially reliable. If the evidence is unblemished and beyond all possiqle criticism and the Court is satisfied that the witness was spe~king the truth then on his evidence c;ilone conviction can be maintained. Undisputedly, there were injuries found on the body of the accused persons on medical evidence. That per se cannot be a ground to totally discard the prosecution version. This is a factor H RAM PYARE MISHRA _v._ PREM SHANKER 513 AND ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] ._,. which has to be weighed along with other materials to see A whether the prosecution version is reliable, cogent and trustworthy. When the case of the prosecution is supported by an eyewitness who is found to be truthful, as well, mere non-explanation of the injuries on the accused persons cannot be a foundation for discarding the prosecution s version. Additionally, the dying declaration was found to be acceptable. 8. Other plea emphasized related to alleged exercise of right of private defence. Merely because there was a quarrel and two accused persons sustained injuries, that C does not confer a right of private defence extending to the extent of causing death as in this case. Though such right cannot be weighed in golden scales, it has to be established that the accused persons were under such grave apprehension about the safety of their life and D .. property that retaliation to the extent done was absolutely necessary. No evidence much less cogent and credible was adduced in this regard. The right of private defence as claimed by the accused persons have been rightly discarded." E 16. So far as non-explanation of superficial injuries on the accused persons is concerned, in _Anil Kumar v. State of U.P_ (2004 (13) sec 257), it was held as follows: "Non-explanation of injuries by the prosecution will not F affect prosecution case where injuries sustained by the accused are minor and superficial or where the evidence is so clear and cogent, so independent and disinterested, so probable, consistent and creditworthy, that it outweighs the effect of the omission on the part of prosecution to explain the injuries. As observed by this Court in _Ramlagan_ G _Singh v. State of Bihar_ (AIR 1972 SC 2593) prosecution is not called upon in all cases to explain the injuries received by the accused persons. It is for the defence to put questions to the prosecution witnesses regarding the H SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 12 S.C.R. 514 '\~ > injuries of the accused persons. When that is not done, there is no occasion for the prosecution witnesses to > explain any injury on the person of an accused. In _Hare krishna Singh and Ors. v. State of Bihar_ (AIR 1988 SC 863), it was observed that the obligation of the prosecution to explain the injuries sustained by the accused in the same occurrence may not arise in each and every case. In other words, it is not an invariable rule thatthe prosecution has to explain the injuries sustained by the accused in the same occurrence. If the witnesses examined on behalf of the prosecution are believed by the Court in proof of guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt, question of obligation of prosecution to explain injuries sustained by the accused will not arise. When the prosecution comes with a definite case that the offence has been committed by the accused and proves its case beyond any reasonable doubt, it becomes hardly necessary for the prosecution to again explain how and under what circumstances injuries have been inflicted on the person of the accused. It is more so when the injuries are simple or superficial in nature. In the case at hand, trifle and superficial injuries on accused are of little assistance to them to throw doubt on veracity of prosecution case. (See _Surendra Paswan v. State of Jharkhand_ (2003) 8 Supreme 476)." A B c D E 17. The basic question which was to be considered by F the High Court was that even if the right of private defence was exercised, whether that was exceeded. In the instant case, the evidence clearly shows that though there may be at some point of time the exercise of right of private defence by the respondents existed, the same has been exceeded. The respondents G[are therefore convicted ][of ][offence punishable under Section 304 ] Part I IPC. Custodial sentence of 8 years would meet the ends of justice. The appeals are allowed to the aforesaid extent. The respondents who are on bail shall surrender to custody forthwith to serve the remainder of sentence. Appeals allowed. H R.P. +...- _l__ ~