PROFULLA CHORONE REQUITE & ORS. v. SATYA CHORONE REQUITE

431 PROFULLA CHORONE REQUI'ITE & ORS. _v._ SATYA CHORONE REQUITTE .. _March_ 2, 1979 [R. S. SARKARIA AND V. D. TULZAPURKAR, JJ.] _Interpretation_ _of_ _Wills-Common_ _ancestor_ _of_ _plaintiffs_ _and defendant!_ _created absolute debutter_ _of_ _his house in favour_ _of_ _family_ _deity-By_ _two wills_ _devised and bequeathed the house to the trustees for service and lvorship_ _of_ _the deity-Shebaiti rights-Whether vested_ _in_ _trustees or descendants_ _of_ _the_ _testator._ The common ancestor of the plaintiffs and the defendant owned a big residential house (the suit property) In which he had his fumily deity. By hvo wills-one dated June 4, 1898 in respect of his properties in British lndia and another, dated June 6, 1898 in respect of the house property in Chandrangore-he appointed his wife, two sons and nephews as hustees of the estate. By these wills he provided that in the event of vacancy occurring in the office of trustees the continuing trustees might appoint any other person or persons to be a trustee or trustees. By his will of June 6, 1898 th'e tes-ta.tor created an absolute _debutter_ in favour of the family deity. This will also stated that he "devised and bequeathed" the Chandranagore house to the tn1stees named therein as a dwelling house "upon trust to stand possessed of" and "to hold, retain and use the premises ns an endowed or _debutter_ property for the service and worship of" the family deity. B c D In 1934 rival claims of the sons and grandsons of the testator to their E residence in the debutter property were referred to an arbitrator. The arbitrator allotted rooms nos. 72 and 82 which had been in his use and occupation from before to the defendant (respondent) and allotted certain other rooms to the other sons and grandsons of the testator. The then trustees (plaintiffs) filed a suit in 1959 claiming that the dwelling house at Cbandranagore being absolute debutter property belonging to the deity none other than the trustees had any legal right in it, and since the award of the arbitrator was not binding on the deity the defendant should be ejected from the rooms forcibly occupied by him . The defendant on the other hand claimed that he was in occupation of the rooms in dispute in his own right as a _shebait_ and that the plaintiffs had no right to represent the deity and so had no locus standi to maintain the suit as trustees. Dismissing the suit the trial court held that on the death of the testator it was not the trustees but the descendants of the testator who became _shebO.its_ and who had the _shebaiti_ rights in the endowed property and that the defendant being the descendant (grandson) of the testator, had a right, as a co-.~hebait, to occupy the rooms in the suit property. IJ'he District Judge, on appeal, affirmed the decision of the trial court. 8-253 scr /79 G H 432 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 3 s.c.R. A On second appeal the High c·ourt decreed possession of certain rooms to the plaintiffs but not in respect of the rooms under the occupation of the defendant. 0n further appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the plaintiffs that from the language used in the 'vill dated June 6, 1898 the intention of the testator was clearly to constitute the tn1stees as _shebaits_ of the property with B exclusive right to manage the _dehutter._ On the other hand on behalf of the defendant it was contended that the two wills should be read as complementary to each other, and so read, they made it clear that the testator did not wish _W_ part with his _shebaiti_ ri;ghts, which were heritable property, in favour of the trustees to the exclusion of his natural heirs under the Hindu Law. C .Allowing the defendant's appeal and dismissing the plaintiffs' appeal. 0 E F G HELD : 1. A conspectus of the various provisions of the two wills makes it clear tha.t the testator left th'e _shebaitsliip_ undisposed of with the presumed intention that it devolved on bis natural heirs who would have the ri,g,ht to use the suit house as their family dwelling house. The rights conferred o:o the trustees may amount to curtailment of the right to manage the endowed property which a _shebait_ would otherwise have; but such curtailment by itself would not make the ordinary rules of Hindu Law of succession inapplicable in regard eo the devolution of _shebaitship._ Therefor'e, the defendant and other descenda11ts of the testator became _ctrshebaits_ of the deity by the operation of the ordinary rules of Hindu Law. [445 A-Bl 2(a) It is well established that property dedicated to an idol vests in it in an ideal sense only. The _shebait_ is the human ministrant and custodian of the idol, its authorised representative entitled to deal with all its teinporaJ affairs and to manage its property. Under Hindu Law, property absolutely dedicated to an idol, vests in the idol and not in the _shebait._ Yet almost in every case a _shebait_ has a right to a part of the usufruct, the mode of its enjoyment and the amount of the usufruct, depending on usage nnd custom, if not devised by the founder. [ 439 F-G] (b) In the conception of shebaitship both office and property are blended. A _shebait_ has, to some extent, the rights of a limited owner. Shebaitship being property, it devolves like any other species of heritable property. Where the founder does not dispose of _shebaiti_ rights in the endowment created by him, the shebaitship devolves on the heirs of the founder according to Hindu Law, if no usage or custom of a different nature is shown to exist. [ 440 D-E] _Gossamee Shree Greedhareejee_ v. Rumanlalje~, 19 I.A. 137; _Doorganath_ _Roy_ v. _Ra1n_ _Chander Sen_ L.R. 4 I.A. 52; _Pramatha Nath Mullick_ v. _Pradyumna_ _Kumar Mullick,_ 52 I.A. 245; referred to. ,. _'r_ ,.. 3(a) The words "to hold, retain and use the premises endowed or _debutter_ property for the service and worship of my family thakur or idol" usei in the wilJ, merely create a trust or endowment and indicate the nature and purpose fl of the endowment. They do not touch or deal with _shebaiti_ rights. [442 GJ (b) The two wills are complementary to each other. The will of' June 4, ..o, refers "~" the family house as having been endowed to the family deity and P. c. REQUITTE _v._ s. c. REQU!TTE _(Sarkaria,_ _!.)_ 433 **v..·ould** **be** **used** **by** **the** **testator's** **heirs** **for** **their** **residence.** **By** **using** **the** **words** **A** **"''wife** **and** **sons** **and** **sons'** **\Vives** **and** **other** **relatives** **of** **mine"** **w·ho** **shall** **reside** ' 1 ' ---~ ,. **in** **my** **residential** **house** **in** **Chandranagore** **the** **testator** **n1eant** **that** **all** **the** des~ **cendants** **and** **heirs of his should reside** **in** **the house.** **In other** **words** **although** **'the** **entire** **family** **house** **¥.'as** **formally** **endowed** **to** **the** **family** **idol,** **his** **intcutit>n** **was that** **his** **heirs** **and** **descendants "'ould also** **be** **entitled to use** **this** **house** _A. K. Sen_ (In C.A. 1874/70) and _D. N. Mukherjee_ for the Res- G ponderit in C.A. 1873/70 and Appellant in C.A. 1874/70. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKARIA, J. These two appeals on certificate arise out of the appellate judgment and decree, dated July 21, 1969, of the High Colll1 at Calcutta. The facts of the case are as follows :- - **H** Late Babu Durga Charan Requitte was the grandfather of Satya Charan Requitte, defendant, and plaintiffs l and 2. He owned consi **as** **their family dwelling house,** **apart** **from the room** **where** **the** **idol** **was** en~ shrined. [443 A; ll 444 Al **B** (c) The will also provided that although the trustees were provided with funds for the Sewa-puja of the family deity and for other festivals out of tho **-estate** **of** **the** **testator,** **·they** **were not expressly constituted** **as** _**shebaits**_ **of** **the** deity. The intention af the testator apparently was that these funds would te expended for the purpose indicated by him through the _sheb<llts._ [444 El **(d)** **Even** **assuming** **that** **originally** **the** **trustees** **"'ere** **regarded** **as** **having** **been** **-constituted** **as** _**shebaits,**_ **then, too, those among them who** **were** **not** **fan1ily** **members** **or** **descendants** **of** **the** **founder** **had** **renounced** **and** **relinquished** **their** _•hebaiti_ right, if any, in favour of the descendants of the founder. Such a relinquishment in favour of the _co-shebaits_ will be valid. (446 E] c (e) The shebaitship of the family deity remained solely with the descen dants of the founder and the defendant being the grandson of the founder, **D** **had** **been** **regarded** **as** **one** **of** **the** _**sl1ebnits**_ **and** **therefore** **was** **entitled to reside** in the disputed rooms. [446 F-G] **(f)** **Moreover** **in** **this case the** **trustees** **accepted the** **a\vard** **of** **the arbitrator** .allotting the disputed rooms to the defendant and the plaintiffs described the defendant as a _shebait_ of the deity. (446 D] **(g)** **The** **trustees** **by** **themselves** **have** **no** **right** **to maintain the suit** **in** **respect** **·Of** **the** _**debutter**_ **property.** **The legal title to the** _**debutter**_ **property vests in the** **jdol** **a.nd** **not** **in** **the** **trustees.** **The** **right** **to** **sue** **on behalf** **of** **the** **deity vests** **in** **the** _**shebaits.**_ **All the** _**shebaits**_ **having not been made parties, the suit** **was** **not** properly constituted and was liable to be dismissed. (446 G] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 1873-1874 of 1970. **a.** From the Judgment and Decree dated 21-7-1969 of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal from Appellate Decree No. 30/67. _Lal_ _Narain_ _Sinha_ and _Sukumar Ghosh_ for the Appellant in C.A. 1873/70 and Respondent in C.A. 1874/70. E **F** A B c D E F G 434 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 3 s.c.R. derable immoveable property. He was an inhabitant of Chandernagore (then a French territory). The suit property is situated in Chandernagore. Among others, it included a big residential house containing about 84 or _85_ rooms with extensive grounds, gardens and tanks. In this house, which he was occupying for his residence, he had his family Deity Sree Sree Iswar Sridhar Jiew. Durga Charan made and published two Wills, one dated June 4, 1898 with regard to his properties in the then British India, and the other dated June 6, 1898 with regard to his properties situated in the French territory of Chandernagore. By these two Wills, Durga Charan appointed his wife, Saraswati Dassi, his two sons, Shyama Chorone Requitte and Tarini Chorone Requitte and his nephews, Ashutosh Das and Bhola Nath Das, executrix and executors and trustees of the (:State left by him. The Wills provided that the trustees would hold the bequeathed properties left by the testator according to the terms of the Wills for the legatees and the beneficiaries mentioned therein. The Wills also provided that in case of death or retirement or refusal or incapacity to act of any of the trustees, the continuing trustees of trustee for the time being, or the executors or administrators of the last acting trustee might appoint any other person or persons to be a trustee or trustees in place of the trustee or trustees so dying or desiring to retire from or refuse etc. But, in no case, the number of the trustees should be less than two. By his Will, dated June 6, 1898, Durga Chorone created un absolute Debutter in favour of the said family Deity and devised and bequeathed to his executors and trustees named therein, his dwelling house with gardens and tanks appertaining thereto sitµated in Chi,nder nagore, "upon T111st to smnd possessed of and to hold, retain and use the premises and endowed or Debutter property for the service and worship of" his said family Deity. By that Will, he further directed that this family idol "shall be located in my said house in Chandernagore which said house and premises shall be appropriated and devoted solely and exclusively to the Thakur or Idol." Th~ testator died on Angust 27, 1898. Thereafter, the Will, dated June 6, 1898, was duly probated and the trustees came into possession of the Debutter properties and carried on the administration of the estate and the Sewa and Puja, as directed in the Will. , .;... I,, H Smt. Saraswati, widow Gf Babu Durga Chorone, who was one of the trustees nan1ed in the Will, died on October 30, 1913, while her son, Shyama Chorone, another trustee, died on December 21, 1925. -· ... ' -<, ' P. c. REQUITTE _v._ s. c. REQUITTE _(Sarkaria,_ _!.)_ 435 Thereupon, Tulsi Chorone son of Shyama Chorone was appointed a new trustee in place of his father, Bhola, the other co-trustee, refused to act as such. Therefore, his son, Devindra wa's appointed as trustee by the continuing trustees. Turani Chorone died on or about May 29, 1939 and the continuing trustees appointed his son, Profulla Chorone as a trustee. Tulsi Chorone died on August 17, 1952 and the continuing trustees similarly appointed Bhagwati, son of late Shyama Chorone as a new trustee. Debendranath Das died on or about March 7, 1956, and the continuing trustees appointed Salish Chandra Das, a son-in-law of late Shyama Chorone as a new trustee in his place. In or about the year 1934, the descendants of the settlor, Durga Chor~ne, some of whom were the then trustees, referred certain disputes with regard to the endowed property to the arbitration of one Bhringeswar Sreemany. The disputes referred to the arbitrator included rival claims by the sons and grandsons of Durga Chorone, to their residence in the Debuttor property belonging to the family Deity. The Arbitrator made an Award on September 6, 1934, whereby he allotted rooms Nos. 72 and 82 to Satya Chorone, respondent, who had been in use and occupation from before. The Arbitrator made similar allotments of other rooms in the said house in favour of the other sons and grandsons of the settlor. On April 20, 1959, Profulla Chorone Requitte, Bhagwati Chorone Requitte and Salish Chorone Das, the then trustees instituted Title Suit No. 28 of 1959 in the Court of the Subordinate Judge, 1st Court, Hooghly. The plaintiffs prayed for two reliefs in the plaint : (i) Possession by ejectment ·of the defendant, Satya Chorone Requitte, primarily from all the six rooms, alleging that the defendant had been occupying the same as licensee under the plaintiffs and the said licence had been revoked : (ii) in the alternative, for possession of the four rooms mentioned in Item No. 1 of Schedule 'B' of the Plaint, which had not been allotted to !Jim under the award. The plaintiffs' ca'se, as laid in the plaint, was that since the dwelling house belonging to the Deity, had a large number of roonis the trustees allowed temporarily the sons and grandsons of Durga Chorone to occupy and use for their families some of the rooms in the said dwelling house as licensees. It was further alleged that in the year 1966, the defendant illegally and forcibly occupied Room Nos. 63, 35, 46 and 57 in the aforesaid house without the knowledge and consent of the trustees causing serious inconvenience in the due perfor• mance of the religious ceremonies of the Deity according to the terms A B c D E F G H A B c D E 436 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 3 s.c.R. of the Will. It was further contended somewhat inconsistently that the dwelling house at Chandemagore being absolute Debutter belonging to the Deity, no person, except the trnstees, has any legal right in the said house which can only be used for the Sewa Puja of the family Deity located in the house; that the arbitration award of 1934 is not binding on the Deity and/or the trnstees who were not parties to the arbitration; that the award was beyond the scope of the reference and was adverse to the Trust, itself. In his written statement, the defendant traversed the material allegatious in the plaint and asserted that he was in use and occupation of the rooms in dispute in his own right as a Shebait. He further pleaded that the plaintiffs had no right to represent the Deity and had no _locus_ _standi_ to maintain the suit as trnstees; that since all the Shebaits had not been joined as parties the suit was incompetent. The subordinate Judge dismissed the suit holding, _inter_ _alia,_ that : (i) By his Will, Babu Durga Chorone had absolutely dedicated the property in dispute to the family Deity, Sree Sree Iswar Sridhar Jiew, but he had not under that Will made any testamentary disposition of his Shebaiti rights in respect of this Debutter property which, on the death of the testator, devolved under Hindu Law upon his descendants, who in consequence, were entitled to reside in the house as Shebaits. (ii) The Trustees were not Shebaits. Only the descer,dants of Babu Durga Chorone had become Shebaits and had Shebaiti right in the endowed property. (iii) The award made by the arbitrator, Bhringeswar Sreemany, was valid and binding upon the plaintiffs. .. (iv) The plaintiffs could not recover possession from the defen F dant as trustees. (v) The plaintiffs were not entitled to represent the Deity and had no _locus_ _standi_ as trustees to maintain the suit on behalf of the Deity. (vi) The defendant had a right to occupy the rooms in suit as c<>-shebaits . G (vii) The plaintiffs having not claimed any relief in terms of the arbitration award, were not entitled to any relief in respect of Room Nos. 35, 46, 57 and 63. Aggrieved, the plaintiffs preferred an appeal to the District Judge, who dismissed the same and 'affirmed the decision of the Trial Court. H Against the appellate decree of the District Judge, the plaintiffs --< ~ carried a Second Appeal to the High Conrt at Calcutta. The DivisiQn Bench of the High Court, by its judgment dated July 21, 1969~ P. c. REQUITTE _v._ s. c. REQUITTE _(Sarkaria,_ _!.)_ 437 allowed the appeal, in part, and granted the plaintiffs' a decree for **A** Khas possession of Room Nos. 35, 46, 57 and 63 in the said dwelling house; but not in respect of Room Nos. 72 and 82 mentioned as Item No. 1 of Schedule 'B' to the Plaint. **B** c **D** E F G .... , ' After obtaining the certificate under Article 133(1) (b) of the Constitution, as it then stood, the plaintiffs have filed Civil Appeal 1873 of 1970 against the partial dismissal of their claim in respect of Room Nos. 72 and 82; while the defendant has filed Civil Appeal 1874 of 1970, praying that the plaintiffs' suit ought to have be~n dismissed in respect of Room Nos. 35, 46, 57 and 63 also. Both the appeals will be disposed of by this common judgment. Jne following pedigree table which has been compiled from the material on record by the learned counsel for the appellant, will be helpful in understanding the relationship of the parties and other connected facts : **Durga Chorone** ~kraswati (Widow). **Executrix died** on 30-10-1913. (Son) **Executor, died** on 21-12-25 died on 27-8-1898 Shyama ~qorone -~--Tarani C~orone (Son). **Executor died** **on** **29-5-39_** I **Hart** ~~I~~ ' , 111re< **sons** & their **families.** **Tulsi** Wife **Two sons** & **their fami-** **lies** **&** **one** **unmarried** **daughter.** I ~~I~~ **Satya** **Chorone** (Defdt.) I ! **Wife, six** **sons and** **families** and five daughters **(one un-** **married).** **wife,** j **five** 1' **sons** **&** **two** \ **daughters** **(one un-** **1** married). \ . **B** h **agwatt** ~~[i ]~~ **Chorone** (Plff. 2) I Profulla Chorone lmulya (Plff. l). (not a party) life 4 **daughters .** life,2sons & 6daughters _(3_ unmarried.) The principal question that falls to be determined in these appeals _ ~ is, whether the settlor had constituted the same set of persons as **H** Shebait as well us Trustees. This question turns on a construction of **the- V,'ill.** , )· , ###### .. ## A B c D E F G H 438 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 3 s.c.a. Mr. Lal Narain Sinha, learned Counsel for the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 1873 of 1970 submits that the answer to this question must be in the affirmative because the Settlor, Durga Chorone Requitte had by express words in the Will, (Ex. 6/6A), dated June 6, 1898, imposed an obligation on the trustees to hold, manage and use the suit property which he bad thereby absolutely dedicated to the family idol, for the service and worship of the idol. It is maintained that although the word 'Shebait' is not used in the Will, yet the said obligation cast on the Trustees by inevitable implication clothed them with the character of Shebaits, also. As against this, Mr. Ashok Sen contends that the answer to the question posed must be in the negative. It is urged that the words "to hold, retain and use the pTemises . . . for the service and worship of my family deity", on which Mr. Sinha's argument rests, do not necessarily mean that the Testator had disposed of his Shebaitship rights, also, and vested them in the Trustees. Tt is stressed that there are no words in the Will which, expressly or necessary implication, constituted the Trustees as Shehaits; that the testator has not used the word 'Shebait' anywhere in the Will; nor did he employ the word 'manage' or 'manager' anywhere in the Will while charging the Trustees to hold and use the premises as Debutter property of the idol. According to the learned counsel, if the Will is construed as a whole in the light of the surrounding circumstances, it would be clear that the trust created was not a continuing trust but one which would terminate as soon as the Executor-Trustees handed over the bequeathed properties to the beneficiaries. It is pointed out that the two Wills, one dated June 4, 1898, and the other dated June 6, 1898, should be read as complementary to each other. The necessity of executing two separate Wills arose, because the properties bequeathed by the Will (Ex. 6) were situated in the then French territoriei., while those covered by the Will dated June 4, 1898, were situated in the British India. There were several beneficiaries under these Wills, and the family idol was one of them. The recitals in these Willsaccording to the counsel-particularly in the Will dated June 4, 1898, show that the testator had kept, in tact, the right _of_ residence of his widow and daughters-in-law and other heirs in the property dedicated to the idol. This, says Mr. Ashok Sen, is a sure indication of the fact that the founder did not want to part with his Shebaiti rights, which were heritable property, in favour of the Trustees, to the exclu sion of his natural heirs under Hindu Law. Mr. D. B. Mukherjee, appearing for the appellants in Civil Appeal No. 1874 of 1970, further submitted that the words "to hold!, retain ~­ ' P. c. REQUITTE _V._ s. c. REQUITTE _(Sarkaria,_ _!.)_ 439 llnd use the premises as endowed or debutter property for the service and worship of my family deity", if properly construed in the context of the Will as a whole and surrounding circumstances, mean that the Executors and Trustees would hold the property in trust for the benefit of the deity and the shebaits. In the alternative, counsel submitted that even if it is assumed arguendo that they were so appointed, the line of succession set out in the Will would be hit by the principles laid down in _Tagore_ v. _Tagore('), Ganesh Chandra_ v. _Lalit_ _Behary('); Jagadindra_ v. _Rani Hemanta Kumari(•)_ and by the Rule against perpetuities _(Manohar_ v. _Bhupendra)(')._ It is further contended that since the founder did not dispose of the Shebaitship but only founded the worship of the Thakur, Shebaitship would vest in the heirs of the founder. For this proposition, reliance has been placed on _Gossamee Shree Greedhareejee_ v. _Rumanlaljee(•)._ In reply to this, Mr. Sinha submits that trusteeship with power to nominate successor is an estate recognised by law, and in such a case the founder does not create an estate of inheritance contrary to Hindu Law of Succession, nor does the question nf the rule of perpetuity arise because the founder does not determine the choice of the succeeding Trustees. Reference has been made in this behalf to LL.R. 24 Madras 219, and Underhill's treatise on "Trusts", 12th Ed. pp. 53435 at 23-31. It is maintained that the Trust in question is a continuing trust; it did not come to, an end when the Trustees had fully performed their duties and obligations as executors of the Will, that the general principle underlying Section 77 of the Trust Act is applicable to the case in hand. lt is further submitted that of the two Wills, the later must prevail and rderence to the earlier Will, for the purpose of dete.rmining whether the heirs of the Settlor had been given a right of residence in the suit property, is irrelevant. Before dealing with these contentions, it will be appropriate to have a clear idea of the concept, the legal cha,racter and incidents of Shebaitship. Property dedicated to an idol ve.sts in it in an ideal sense only; _ex-necessitas.._ the possession and management has to be entrusted to some human agent. Such an agent of the idol is known as Shebait in Northern India. The legal character of a Shebait cannot be defined with precision and exactitude. Broadly described, he is the human ministrant and custodian of the idol, its earthly spokesman, its authorised representative entitled to deal with all its temporal (!) ·------~--I.A. Supp. l, Vol. 47. (2) 63 I.A. 448. (3) 31 I.A. 203. (4) 60 Cal. 452. (5) 19 I.A. l37. A B c D E F G B 440 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1979] 3 S.C.R affairs and to manage its property. As regards the administration of the _debutter,_ his position is analogous to that of a Trustee, yet, he i:> not precisely in the position of a Trustee in the English sense, becaus•~ under Hindu L'aw, property absolutely dedicated to an idol, vests in the idol, and not in the Shebait. Although the debutter never vest> in the Shebait, yet, peculiarly enough, almost in every case, the Shebait has a right to a part of the usufruct, the mode of enjoyment, amf the amount of the usufruct depending again on usage and custom, if not devised by the founder. .. ' A B As regards the service of the temple and the duties th•at appertain c to it, h.e is rather in the position of the holder of an office; but even so, it will not be quite correct to describe Shebaitship as a mere office,. "Office and property are both blended in the conception of Shebait· ship". Apart from the obligations and duties resting on him in connection with the endowment, the Shebait has a personal interest in the endowed property. He has, to some extent, the rights of a limited' D owner. ShelYaitship being property, it devolves like any other species of hec ·'.able property. It follows that, where the founder does not dispose of the _shebaiti_ rights in the endowment created by him, the Shebaitship devolves on the heirs of the founder according to Hindu E Law, if no usage or custom of a different nature is shown to exist _[Gossamee Shree Greedharejee_ v. _Rumanlaljee,_ (ibid.) ] F G H Then, there is a distinction between a public and private _debutter._ In a public _debutter_ or endowment, the dedication is for the use or benefit of the public. But in a private endowment, when property is set apart for the worship of a family idol, the public are not interested. The present ca'se is one of a private debutter. The distinction is important, because the results logically following therefrom have been given effect to _l:iy Courts, differently. Aooording to English Law, the beneficiaries in a private Trust,. if _sui juris_ 11nd of one. mind, have the power or authority to put arr end to the trust or use the trust fund for any purpose and divest it from its original object. Whether this principle applies to a private endowment or debutter created under Hindu Law, is a question on which authorities are not agreed. In _Doorganath_ _Roy_ v. _Ram·_ _Chunder_ _Sen('),_ it was observed that while the dedication is to it public temple, the family of the founder could not put an end to it, but "in the case of a familv idol, the consensus of the. whole family (I) L.R. 4 I.A. 52. ,. '> _)_ - _r_ P. c. REQUITTE _v._ s. c. REQUITTE _(Sarkaria,_ J.) 441 might give the (Debutter) estate another direction" and tum it into a secular estate. Subsequently, in _Pramatha Nath Mullick_ v. _Pradyunma_ _KumQI'_ _Mullick('),_ the Judicial Committee clarified that the property cannot be taken away from the idol and diverted to other purposes without the consent of the idol through its earthly agents who, as guardians of the deity, cannot in law consent to anything which may amount to an extinction of the deity itself. Although, Shebaitship is heritable property, yet, it C'annot be freely tnu1sferred by the Shebait. But there are exceptions to this general rule. Some of such exceptions recognised in several decisions, are : alienation in favour of next shebait, or one in favour of the heir of the transferor, or in his line of succession, or in favour of a coshebait, particularly when it is not against the presumed intention of the founder. _(See Nirod_ _Mohini_ v. _Shibdas(') and Mancharan_ v. _Pranslwnkar(')._ The Bombay High Court has also pointed out in _Radhu Nath_ v. _Purnanand_ ('), that if any one of the Shebaits intends to get rid of his duties. the proper thing for him to do would be to surrender his office in favour of the remaining Shebaits. In the case of such a transfer in favour of co-shebait, no policy of Hindu L'aw is likely to be affected, much less the presumed intentions of the founder. Now, let us deal with the problem in hand in the light of the principles cited above. The first question that falls for detennination is : Whether the founder's intention ~·as to confer rights of Shebaitship on the persons designated by him as 'trustees' in his Will? In other words, did he · by the Will, dated June 6, 1898 (Ex. 6/6A), dispose of the Shebait ship of the deity, also? 'If the answer to this question is fonnd in the negative, _shebaiti_ rights in this endowed property will devolve, according to Hindu Law, on all the heirs of the founder, including the defendant. In that situation, the defendant with his family, like the other co-Shebaits, will be taken as residing in the _debutter property,_ in his own right. If, however, the answer to the said question is fonnd in the affirmative, the further question to be considered would be with regard to the effect of the Award dated June 29, 1934 (Ex. C) on the respective claims of the parties. (l) 52 I.A. 245. (2) I.L.R. 36 Cal. 975. (3) I.L.R. 6 Born. 298. (4) I.L.R. 47 Born. 529. A B c D E F G A **B** c D _E_ F G H 442 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 3 s.c.R. We will now take up the first question. Mr. Sinha, learned counsel for the appellants, submits that since by _his_ Will, dated June 6, 1898, the founder had "devised and bequeathed" the Chandernagore house to the pl'aintiffs-trustees "upon Trust to stand possessed of' and "to hold, retain and use the premises as endowed or debutter property for the worship of the family Thakur'', his intention was to constitute the trustees as Shebaits of the property having the exclusive right _to_ _manage_ the debutter, to serve the idol and to preserve its property. It is submitted that the founder had by these express words, invested the trustees both with the legal title and Shebaitship, although the beneficial title (in an ideal sense) was vested in the idol. The passage in the Will on which Mr. Sinha relies for the construction propounded by him, runs as under : "I desire, devise and bequeath to my Executors and Executrix and Trustees hereinafter named . . . my dwelling house with garden and tanks appertaining thereto situate in Lal Bagan in Chandernagore. Upon trust to stand possessed of and _to_ _hold, retain and use_ _the premises an endowed_ _or Debutter property_ _for the service and_ _worship_ _of_ _my_ _family Thakur_ _or_ _idol Sreedhar Jew,_ which I hereby direct shall be located in my said house in Chandernagore which said house and premises shall be appropriated and devoted solely and exclusively to the Thakur or Idol." (Emphasis supplied) The crucial words are those that have been underlined. It may be observed that this Will, in English, appeoars to have been drafted in pursuance of legal advice by an expert draftsman. The **1** **omission** **of** **the** **words** **"management",** **"1nanager'** **,** **"custodian** **of** **the** idol" or "ministrant of the idol" from the Will, therefore, cannot but be intentional. It seems clear to us tlrat the underlined words in the above extract, by themselves, merely create a trust/ or endowment and indicate the nature and purpose of the endowment. These words do not touch or deal with _Shebaiti_ rights. This inference receives support from the surrounding circumstances. Further, in arriving at the true import of the words "to hold, retain and use the premises an endowed or Debutter property for the service and worship of my family Thakur', it will not be improper to look to the conduct of the Trustees and the members of the family of the founder. ' _J(_ P. c. REQUITTE _v._ s. c. REQUITTE _(Sarkaria,_ J.) 443 There is no antagonism between the two Wills, one dated June 4, 1898 and the other dated June 6, 1898, of the founder. Indeed, in a sense they are complementary to each other. There is a reference in the Will, dated June 4, 1898, to the Testator's dwelling house at Chandernagore, which under the Will (Ex. 6) was endowed to the family deity. From the following provisions in the Will, dated June, 4, 1898, .it is clear thoat the testator intended that the dwelling house at Chandernagore would be used by his heirs for their residence : "(a). I further direct my said Executors and Trustees out of the said rents and profits of the said premises number 39, Chowringhee Road to pay monthly a sum of Rupees Fifty for the maintenance to each of my daughter in law Smt. Gopeswari Dassee wife of my eldest son Shyama Chorone Requitte and Nagendra Mani Dassee wife of youngest son Tarine Choron-e Requitte during their lives respectively and provided _they reside with their res-_ _pective husbands_ _at_ _my_ _dwelling house_ _in_ _Chandernagore._ (b). The Trustees shall pay monthly a sum not exceedin Rupees Two hundred in addition to the interest of Government securities of the nominal wlue of Rupees Twenty thousand hereinafter mentioned and directed to be applied for the purpose of household and other monthly expenses of my family, namely wife and _sqns and sons' wives_ _and other relatives_ of mine _who shall reside_ _in_ _my dwelling_ _house at Chandernagore._ ( c). To pay and apply the net interest of Government securities on the nominal wlue of Rupees Twenty thousand for the house-hold and other monthly expenses of my family, namely, wife and _sons and also sons' wives and other_ _and other relatives_ of mine _who shall_ _reside_ _in_ _my dwelling_ _house at Chandernagore and also_ _to_ _pay_ and apply the net interest of Government securities of the nominal value of Rupees six thousand for the costs and expenses of keeping and maintaining my said family dwelling house at Chandernagore in proper repair and in payment of all taxes and assessments in respect thereof." (Emphasis supplied) A B c D E F G Looking to the general tenor of the document, it will not be inappropriate to interpret the words "wife, and sons, and sons' wives, H _4_ _r_ and other relatives of mine" in the above-quoted portions of the Will, as including all the descendants and heirs of the testator. 444 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1979] 3 s.c.R. A Thus construed conjointly, tl)e two Wills make it clear that al " ' # B though the entire family )muse, comprising 84 or 85 rooms, at Chandernagore was formally endowed to the faniily idol, yet the testator's intention was that his heirs and descendants would also be entitled to use this house ~s their family dwelling house, apart from the room wherein the idol was enshrined. It may be further noted that in the Will, dated June 4, 1898, the testator made the following provisions for the _Sewa_ _puja_ of the idol at Chandernagore and for other religious festivals : (i) The trustees shall set ap•art interests of Government secur.ities _C_ for the daily expenses of worship of the idol. (ii) The Trustees shall pay and apply the net interest of Government securities of the nominal value of Rs. 25,000/- for the yearly expenses of the Durga Puja festival at Chandernagore. D E F G (iii) The Trustees shall pay and 11pply the net interest of Government securities of the nominal value of Rs. 15,0001- for the yearly expenses of the Dolejatra of the faniily idol, Thakur Sreedhar Jew at Chandernagore. The aforesaid provisions further show that although the trustees were provided with the funds for the _Sewa-puja_ of the family deity and for other festivals out of the estate left by the testator, but they were not expressly constituted as Shebaits of the deity. It will, therefore, be not unreasonable to infer that the intention of the testator W\lS that these funds would be expended for the purposes indicated by him, through the Shebaits. Another telling circumstance appearing in evidence is that after the death of the widow and the two sons of the testator, their heirs, also, continued to live in this family dwelling house at Chandernagore. It may be further noted that by the Will, dated June 6, 1898, no legal title in the endowed property was vested in the trustees. The title was expressly vested in the family idol to whom the property was absolutely dedicated. The testator did not create a trust estate in the sense in which it is understood in English Law. The above-quoted provisions from the Wills further show that no rights to act as ministrant of the idol were conferred upon the TrusH tees. On the other hand, a mere obligation to hold 11nd use the property for the endowment indicated was imposed upon the per>ons designated as 'trustees'. _j_ ~ ' A B c D E F P. c. REQUITTE _v._ s. c. REQUITTE _(Sarkaria,_ _J.)_ 445 Reading the two Wills together, with particular focus on the pro<visions extracted iu this judgment, it is clear that the testator, Durga Chand Requitte, did leave _Shebaitship_ uhdisposed of; his presumed intention being that Shetaitship should devolve on his natural heirs who would have a right to use the suit house as their family dwelling house. The rights conferred on the Trustees under the Will may, at the most, amount to a curtailment of the right to manage the endowed property which a Shcbait would otherwise have. But, such curtailment by itself would not make the ordinary rules of succession in Hindu Law inapplicable in regard to the devolution of Shebaitship, which is heritable property. The upshot of the above discussion is that in spite of the interposition of the Trust for management of the endowed property, the Shebaitship remained undisposed of and, as such, the defendant and other descendants of Durga Chand Requitte became co-shebaits of the deity by the operation of the ordinary rules of Hindu Law. In arriving at the conclusion that in spite of the interposition of the Trust, the founder by his Will left the Shebaitship undisposed of, and as such, the defendant also, under Hindu Law, became one of the Shebaits, we are fortified by the inference arising out of the facts admitted by no less a witness than Plaintiff No. 3, Satish Chandra Dass, himself, who alone deposed for the plaintiffs. Though he claimed that there were no Shebaits of the deities and the trustees were managing the Shebaiis, he categoricallY admitted the following facts : (a) "The disputed house is a big house", having 84-85 rooms. "It is the only family dwelling house" of the sons and grandsons ol Durga Chorone Requittc, who live in it, while "the deity is installed in room No. 66 in the first floor". (b) "The inmates of the disputed house, as far as practicable, look after the bath of the deity as also the preparation of Naibedya (tray containing the offerings) and Bhog (food) of the deity". .. .,, \ _r_ ~ ~"ii~ ~ i G H I - )' #### I Thus even according to the plaintiffs-appellants, only the descen· dants and heirs of the founder, who live in the endowed house, have throughout been acting as ministrants of the fumily idol, which, as already noticed, is one _of the vital characteristics of a _Shebait._ In other words, the sons and the descendants of Durga Chorone Requitte, alone, have throughout been acting as co-shebaits of the family deity, to the exclusion of the 'trust'ees' who were not his descendants. The first two courts were, therefore, right in holding that the Shebai~I rights remained with the heirs of the founder. A B c D E F G H 446 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1979] 3 s.c.R. Assuming for the sake of argument, that the 'trustees' were also vested with the rights and obligations of a Shebait, then also, the evidence on the record shows that !hose trustees who were not descendants of the founder, Durga Charon Requitte, never acted as such. They went out _ot_ the picture long ago and must be presumed to have renounced their Shebaiti rights in favour of their co-shebaits who were descendants of the founder. It is in evidence that in 1934, a dispute arose among the descendants of the founder with regard to the accommodation in their residential occupation. Thereupon, the trustees agreed with the descendants of the founder by means of the Agreement (Ex. E) to refer the dispute to the sole arbitration of Shri Shringerwar Shrimani. The arbitrator, inter alia, held that the heirs of late Durga Charon Requitte and his descendants alone had the rights to act as Shebaits. There is documentary evidence on the record to show that this award (Ex. G) given by the arbitrator was accepted by the 'trustees'. The present plaintiffs-appellants, by their letter dated June 18, 1950 (Ex. A/7), asserted their rights on the basis of this award and described the defendant-respondent as a _shebait_ of the deity. The letters (Ex. A-8 and A-10) also point to the same conclusion. Thus, even if it is assumed that originally, the trustees were regarded as having been constituted as Shebaits, then also, those among them who were not family members or descendants of the founder, renounced and relinquished their shebaiti rights, if any, in favO"Jr of the descendants of the founder. Such a relinquishment made in favour or the co-shebaits, will be valid. From whatever angle the matter may be looked at, the conclusion is inescapable that Shebaitship of the family deity remained solely with the descendants of the founder; and the defendant-respondent, who is admittedly a grandson of the founder, had been regarded as one of the Shebaits, and as such, entitled to reside in the disputed rooms. All the Shebaits were therefore, necessary parties; but all of them have not been impleaded. The Trustees by themselves, have no right to maintain the suit in respect of the _debutter_ property, the legal title to which vests in the idol, and not in the Trustees. The right to sue on behalf of the deity wsts in the Shebaits. All the Shebaits of the deity not having been made parties, the suit was not properly constituted, and was liable to be dismissed on this :score alone. In the view we take, it is not necessary to decide, whether the 'trust' created by the Will of Durga Chorone Requitte was a continuing trus~ or not, or whether the mode of devolution of the office of < • ' ) "' ' .. I • ##### I ' P. c. REQUITTE _v._ s. c. REQUITTE _(Sarkaria,_ _J.)_ 447 Trustees indicated by the founder in his Will was or was not hit by **A** the rule in _Tagore_ v. _Tagore_ (supra). For the foregoing reasons, we allow the defendant's appeal (Civil Appeal No. 1874 of 1970), set aside the judgment of the High Court, and dismiss the plaintiffs' suit. In the result, Civil Appeal No. 1873 of 1970 filed by the Plaintiffs, _ipso_ _facto_ fails, and is dismissed. In **B** the circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs. _**C.A.**_ 1873/70 _dismissed._ **P.B.R .** _C.A._ 1874/70 _allowed._ 9-253SCI/79