Pirgonda Hongonda Patil v. Kalgonda Shidgonda Patil and Others

S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 595 PIRGONDA HONGONDA PATIL _v._ KALGONDA SHIDGONDA PATIL AND OTHERS (VENKATARAMA AIYAR, S.K. DAS AND ## GAJENDRAGADKAR JJ.) _Amendment_ _of Plaint-Additio11 of_ _furthe1·_ _and better parti-_ _culars of the_ _claim-Nature_ _of reliefs not altered-Fresh suit on_ _the date of amendme11t barred by_ _limitation-Whether_ _amendment_ _should_ _be_ _allowed-Code_ _of Civil Procedure_ _(Act_ _V_ _of_ _1908),_ 0. VI, _r._ _17._ 0. _XX/,_ _rr._ _97,_ _99,_ _103._ _S._ obtained a decree of ejectment against the third respondent and while attempting to take possession of the properties in execution of the decree he was obstructed by the appellant and the application for removal of the obstruction was dismissed by the Court on April, 12, 1947. He thereupon filed the present suit oo• March 12, 1948, under 0. XX!, r. 103, of the Code of Civil Procedure, for a declaration that he was entitled to recover possession of the suit properties, impleading the appellant and the third respondent. In the plaint, apart from the decree obtained in the earlier suit no particular averments were made as to the facts or grounds on which the plaintiff based his title to the suit properties as against the appellant. Both in his application dated November 20, 1948, and in his written statement, the appellant objected to the maintainability of the suit on the grounds that he was not a party to the previous suit and that the plaint disclosed no cause of action against him. On March 29, 1950, when the suit was taken up for trial on the preliminary issue as 10 whether the suit as framed was tenable, an application was made by the plaintiff for the amendment of the plaint by giving further and better particulars of the claim made in. the plaint. The trial judge rejected the application . and dismissed the suit, but the High Court, on appeal, allowed the application. The appellant appealed by special leave and contended that the application for amendment should not have . been. allowed because _(_ 1) on the date. of the application for amendment, the period of limitation for a suit under 0. XX!,. r .. 103, Code of Civil Procedure, had already expired, and (2) though the attention. of the plaintiff to the defect in the original plaint had been drawn as early as . November 20, 1948, no application for amendment was made till March 29, 1950. _Held,_ that the application . for amendment was · rightly allowed by the High Court, because the amendments did not really introduce any new case nor alter the nature of the reliefs sought, and. though the application was made after the expiry of the period of limitation for a suit . under 0. XX!, r. 103, Code. of Civil Procedure, the appellant did not have to 1957 _**Pir!!onda**_ _**!lon.P,o'nda**_ _**Patil**_ v _**/(a/gonda**_ _**Xhidgondn**_ _**Patil**_ 596 SUPREME COURT REPORTS f19571 **1neet** **;:i.** **nc\v case and he** **\Vas** **not taken** **by** **surprise; nor** **di<l** **he** **ha\'e** **co** **meet a ne\v** **ciai1n** **set up** **for the first time** **rtfter** **the** **expiry** **of** **the period** **of** **lin1itation.** _**(,'hara11**_ _**Das**_ _**v .. Anzir**_ _**I<han**_ **(L.** **R. 47** _I.1\._ **255),** **relied on.** _L._ /. _Leach_ & _Co._ \". _/ardine Skinner_ & _Ca._ ([1957] _S.C.R._ 438), followed. Observa~ions **of** **Batchelor** **J.** **in** _**Kisandas**_ _**Rttpchand**_ \'. _Rachappa Vithoba_ (I.L.R. 33 Barn. 644, 649), approved. **CIVIL** **APPELLATE** **JURISD!CTION** : Civil Appeal No. 228 of 1953. Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and Decree dated September _6,_ 1951, of the Bomboy High Court in Appeal No. 1% of 1950 from the Judgment and Decree dated March 31, 1950, of the Civil Judge, Senior Division, Kolhapur in Civil Suit No. 23 of 1949. _S._ _C._ _Isaacs,_ _S._ _N._ _Andlev,_ _R.ameshll•m·_ _Nath_ ai:d /. _B._ _Dadachanji,_ for the ap1;ellant. _Achhru Ram,_ _G._ _A._ _De.«1i_ am! _Natmit Lai,_ for respondents Nos. 1 and 2. 1957. February 7. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by S. K. DAs J .-This is an appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree of the · High Court of Bombay dated Septemher 6, 1951, by which the said High Court set aside. on appeal the decree passed by the Civil Judge (Senior Division) Koibapur, in Civil Suit No. 25/49 and allowed an amendment of the pbnt at the appellate sr:1ge, subject ro ccrtam conditions. **in the circumstances stated belov./.** **1"'he** **appeflant before** **us** **\.Vas** **defendant No.** **1** **in** **the** **suit.** **Respondent:;** **1** **and** **2** **arl:** **the** **heirs** **of** **the** **original** plaintiff anci respondent No. 3 was defendant No. 2 in the action. In 1942 the origiml plaintiff ·filed a suit againot respondent No. 3 for posscss1011 of the suit properties and obtained a decree in ejcctmcnt on March 28, 1944. This decree was confirmed in appeal on July 9, 1945. U1• a further appeal, the then Supreme Court of Kolbpur affirmed the decree on April 2, 1946. In the meantime, the original plaintiff made an applica## tion for execution of the decree but was resisted or • S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 597 obstructed by the present appellant in obtaining possession of the said properties. He then made an application under O. XXI, r. 97 of the Code of Civil Procedure, complaining of such resistance or obstruction. This application was heard and dismissed . under ## 0. XXI, r. 99 of the Code of Civil Procedure, on April 12, 1947. On March 12, 1948, the original plaintiff instituted the suit (out of which this appeal has arisen) under 0. XXI, r. 103 of the Code of Civil Procedure, for a declaration that he was entitled to recover possession of the suit properties from the present appellant who was impleaded as the first . defendant. Prior to its amendment, the plaint stated : "Defenddant No. 2 in collusion with· defendant No. 1 caused objection to be submitted against the said execution. The plaintiff had conducted Misc. Suit No. 5/1946 for getting possession of the suit properties, getting the objection removed. However, that miscellaneous . proceeding has been decided against the plaintiff. Therefore, the plaintiff has filed the present suit for getting declared that the plaintiff has right to take possession of the suit property against defendants Nos. 1 and _2:"_ Apart from the decree obtained in the eailier suit, no particular averments were made as to the facts or grounds on which the plaintiff based his title to the properties in suit as against the appellant. An application was made on behalf of the present appellant on November _20,_ 1948, in which it was pointed out that the plaintiff filed the suit on the basis of the decision in an earlier suit to which the present appellant was not a party. It was then stated : "As the defendant is not a party in the said decree, the plaintiff will not acquire any ownership whatever against the defendant from the said decree. And the plaintiff has not given even the slightest explanation as to how he has ownership against the defendant. So permission should not be hereafter given to the plaintiff to make amendment in respect of showing ownership". ## A copy of this application was made over to the learned pleader for the plaintiff who noted thereon as follows : "The plaintiff's suit is under 0. XXI, r. 103 of the Code of ·Civil Procedure. Hence relief which can be 1957 _Pirgonda_ _Hongonda_ _Patil_ ## Kaigotida "· _ShidgonJa_ _Pali._ _S._ _K._ _Das]._ **1957** _**Pirgonda**_ Hc11~onfln _**Patil**_ v. _**II...**_ _**lg**_ _**nda**_ _**Shidgo11da**_ _**Patil**_ _S._ _J:._ _I>as ]._ 598 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1957] granted as per this provision may be granted." An objection was also taken with regard to the description of the suit properties in the schedule. This objection was however met by making the necessary amendment. On December 20, 1949, the present appellant filed his written statement and, _inter alia,_ took the objection that the suit was not maintainable against him, as the plaint disclosed no cause of action so far as he was concerned. A preliminary issue was then struck on January 19, 1950, which raised the question whether the suit as framed was tenable. against the appellant. When the trial of this issue began, an application was made on March 29, 1950, on behalf of the original plaintiff for permission to give further and better particulars of the claim made in the plaint, an<l for that purpose the plaintiff wanted to insert a new paragraph as para !(a) in the plaint and a few sentences in para 3. It is necessary to quote these here, because these were the amendments subsequently allowed by the learned Judges of the High Court of Bombay by their order dated September 6, 1951. The new paragraph was m these terms : "In the Ichalkaranii village there are two independent Patil families 'taxima', viz., Mulki (Revenue) Patil and Police Patil. The suit properties are the lnam lands in the Police Patil family. A woman by name Bhagirathibai, wife of Shivagonda Patil, was the Navwali 'warchi Vatandar' (representative Vatandar) of the Police Patil family. This woman died in the year 1936. Due to the death of the woman the plaintiff acquired heirship-ownership over the suit property as the near heir. The **suit properties were** **in** **the possession and under the** vahiwat of defendant No. 2 without right. Therefore., the plaintiff filed Suit No. 3/1942 for getting declared his ownership of the suit property and for getting the possession thereof. In Appeal No. 9/44 and Supreme Appeal No. 5/46 preferred therefrom the plaintiff was unanimously declared to be the heir and the owner and the possession of the suit properties had been granted to the plaintiff." The sentences to he added to paragraph 3 were : "Defendant No. 1 is from the Mulki 1957 Pir,~onda _**l-]ongunJa**_ _**Pat:l**_ v. _Kalgonda_ _S!iidgonda Patil_ _S._ _K._ _Da,]._ # • S.C.R. SUPREME COURT **REPORTS** 599 (Revenue) Patil family. He has nothing to do with the suit property in the Police Patil family." Ry his order dated March 31, 1Q50, the learned Civil Turlge reiected the application and on the same day he dismissed the suit on the ground that the plaint made out no case of title against defendant No. l, appellant before us, who was not a party to the earlier suit in eicctmcnt in which the plaintiff had obtained a decree against defendant No. 2. From this judgment and decree of the learned Civil Judge an appeal was taken to the High Court of Bombay and the learned Judges of the High Court allowed an amendment of the pbint after putting the plaintiff on terms as to costs, etc. While allowing the amendment the learned Judges observed: "\Ve realise that by doing what we propose to do, we may deprive the first - defendant of a verv valuable right which he daims he bas acquired, namely, that of pleading a bar of limitation against the amended plaint, but we,ire guided more in this matter by rc.:gard to the principles of substantial justice and we think that if we can make sufficient compensation to the first defend:mt by making drastic orders of costs in his favour and against the plaintiff, we shall not be doing any injustice to him. This is, after all, a question of title to the property and we would be justifird 111 making this obscn·ation that when the suit in ejectment was filed by Shidgonda against Pirgonda Annappa in the year 1942 he based it on his title to the suit property and it was onlv against Pirgonda Annappa that he had obtained the decree. \Vhrn this decree which he had obtained agamst Pirgonda Annappa, the second defendant, was mentioned as a starting point in the plaint as it came to be filed, it would not be stretching too much of a point in favour of the plaintiff to observe 'that the dc.:cree which he had obtainc.:d against the second defendant, having been obtained on the strength of his title to the suit property, was really one of his documents of title. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So far as the first defendant was concerned, the averment nece;sary ## under 0. XXI, r. 103, of the Cod~ of Civil Procedure, was that the first defendant was wrongfully obstructing **1** **957** _**Pirgonda**_ _**Hongonda**_ _**Patil**_ _v._ _**Kalganda**_ _**Shidganda**_ _**Patil**_ _S.K._ _Da;J._ 600 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19571 the plaintiff from obtaining possession of the suit property in execution of the decree which he had obtained against the 2nd defendant in a suit regularly constituted in that behalf. This being the position, we think we are not doing any injustice to the first defendant if we allow the plaintiff to amend his plaint even at this late stage by putting in the paragraphs in the plaint as suggested by him in his application for further and better particulars filed in March 1950." The appellant then obtained special leave from this Court, and filed the present appeal. The m:iin point which has been argued before us on behalf of the appellant is that in the circumstances of this case the learned Judges of the High Court were wrong in allowing an amendment of the plaint at such a late stage. It may be stated here th:it learned counsel for the appellant did not argue that the appellate Court had no jurisdiction or power to allow the amendment. His submission was that even though the appellate Court had such power or jurisdiction, that power should not have been exercised in the circumstances of the present case. Two such circumstances were greatly emphasised before us. One was that the ## period of limitation for a suit under 0. XXI, r. 103, of the Code of Civil Procedure, had already expired before March 29, 1950, on which date the application for amendment or for giving further and better particulars was made. The second circumstance which learned counsel for the appellant emphasised was that the attention of the plaintiff to the defect in the original plaint had been drawn by the application filed on behalf of the appellant on November 20, 1948, and in spite of that application, no amendment was asked for till March 29, 1950. Both these circumstances were fully considered by the learned Judges of the High Court. It is worthy of note that the period of limitation for a suit under ## 0. XXI, r. 103 of the Code of Civil Procedure, namely, one year from the date of the adverse order made ## under r. 99 of 0. XXI, had expired some time before November 20, 1948, on which date the appellant made S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 601 his first application pomtmg out the defect in the plaint, the adverse order under 0. XXI, r. 99, having been made on April 12, 1947. The application which the appellant made on November 20, 1948, had not the merit of such beneficent purpose as is now sought to be made out by learned counsel for the appellant. When the application was made, the period of limitation had already expired, and the appellant very clearly said that no permission should be given to the plaintiff to make an amendment thereafter. We do not therefore think that the appellant can make much capital out of the application made on his behalf on November 20, 1948. Recently, we have had occasion to consider a similar ## prayer for amendment in L. f. Leach & Co. v. Jardine _Skinner_ & _Co._ ( [1] ) where, in allowing an amendment of the plaint in an appeal before us, we said : "It is no doubt true that courts would, as a rule, decline to allow amendments, if a fresh suit on the amended claim would be barred by limitation on the date of the application. But that is a factor to be taken into account in exercise of the discretion as to whether amendment should be ordered, and does not affect the power of the court to order it, if that is required in the interests of justice." These observations were made in a case where damages were originally claimed on the footing of conversion of goods. We held, in agreement with the learned Judges of the High Court, that on the evidence the claim for damages on the footing of conversion must fail. The plaintiffs then applied to this Court for amendment of the plaint by raising, in the alternative, a claim for damages for breach of contract for non-delivery of the goods. The application was resisted by the respondents and one of the grounds of resistance was that the period of limitation had expired. We accepted as correct the decision in _Charan Das_ v. _Amir_ _Khan_ (2) which laid down that "though there was full power to make the amendment, such a power should not as a rule be exercised where the effect was to take away from a defendant a legal right which had accrued to him by (1) [1957) S.C.R. 438. (2) (1920) L.R. 47 I.A. 255. 1957 _Pirgonda_ _Hon&imda_ _Patil_ v. _KaJgonda_ _Shidgonda Patil_ _S._ _K.Das]._ 602 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1957} **1957** _**Pirgotlda**_ _**Hongonda**_ _**Patil**_ v. _**Kalgoruta**_ _**Shidgonda**_ _**Patil**_ _S._ _K._ _Das]._ , As pointed out in _Charan Das'_ _case_ _(1_ ), the power exercised was undoubtedlv one within the discretion of the learned Judges. All that can be urged is that the discretion was exercised on a wrong principle. We do not think that it was so exercised in the present case. The facts of the present case are very similar to those of the case before their Lordships of the Privy Council. In the latter, the respondents sued for a declaration of their right of pre-emption over certain land, a form of suit which would not lie having regard to the proviso to s. 42 of the Specific Relief Act (I of 1877). The trial Judge and the first appellate Court refused to allow the plaint to be amended by claiming possession on pre-emption, since the time had expired for bringing a suit to enforce the right. Upon a second appeal the Court allowed the amendment to be made, there being no ground for suspecting that the plaintiffs had not acted in good faith, and the proposed amendment not altering the nature of the relief sought. In the case before us, there was a similar defect in the plaint, and the trial Judge refused to allow the plaint to be amended on the ground that the period of limitation for a suit under 0. XX!, r, 103, of the Code of Civil Procedure, had expired. The learned Judges of the High Court rightly pointed out that the mistake in the trial Court was more that of the learned pleader and the proposed amendment did not alter the nature of the reliefs sought. Learned counsel for the appellant referred us to the ## decision in Kisandas Rupchand v. Rachappa Vithoba (') and pbce<l great reliance on the observations of Beaman J. at p. 655: "In my op1mon, two simple tests, and two only, need to be applied,- in order to ascertain whether a given case is within the principle. First, could the party asking to amend obtain the ## same quantity of relief without the amendment ? If not, then it follows necessarily that the proposed amendment places the other party at a disadvantage, (•i [•920] L.R. 47 I.A. 255. (2) [•900] LL.R. 33 Bom. 644. lapse of time ; derations were of the case". yet there were cases where such consioutweighed by the special circumstances S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 603 it allows his opponent to obtain more from him than he would have been able to obtain but for die amendment. Second, in those circumstances, can the party thus placed at a disadvantage be compensated for it by costs ? If not, then the amendment ought not, unless the case is so peculiar as to be taken out of the scope of the rule, to be allowed." He contended that the first test laid down in the aforesaid observations was not fulfilled in the present case. We do not agree with this contention. First, it is not feasible nor advisable to encase a discretionary power within the strait jacket of an inflexible formula. Secondly, we do not think that the "quantity of relief," an expression somewhat difficult of appreciation or application in all circumstances, was in any way affected by the amendments allowed to be made in this case. ·what happe'ned in the present case was that there was a defect in the plaint which stood in the way of the plaintiff asking for the reliefs he asked for ; that defect was removed by the amendments. The quality and quantity of the rel~tfs sought remained the same ; whether the reliefs should be granted or not is a different matter as to which we are not called upon to express any opini)n at this stage. We think that the correct principks were enunciated by Batchelor J. in hi' judgment in the same case, viz., _Kisandas_ _Rup-_ _chand's_ _case_ ( [1 ] ), when he said at pp. 649-650: "All amendments ought to be allowed which satisfy the two conditions (a) of not working injustice to the other side, and (b) of being necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions i11 controversy between the parties .......... but I refrain from citing further authorities, as, in my opinion, they all lay down precisely the same doctrine. That doctrine, as I understand it, is that amendments should be refused only where the other party c;rnnot be placed in the same position as if the pleading had been originally correct, but the amendment would cause him an injury which could not be compensated in costs. It is merely a particular case of this general rule that where a plaintiff seeks to amend by setting up a fresh claim in (1) [1900] l.L.R. 33 Born. 6H. 1957 _Pirgonda_ _Jlongonda_ _Patil_ v. _Kalgonda_ _Shidgonrfa_ _Patil_ _S._ _K._ _Das]._ **1957** _**Pirgondo**_ _**Hongonda**_ _**Patil**_ v. _**Kalgo11da**_ _**Shid.1!,onda**_ _**Patil**_ _S._ _**1-..**_ _**Dns**_ _}._ 604 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1957] respect of a cause of action which since the institution of the suit had become barred by limitation, the amendment must be refused ; to allow it would be to cause the defendant an injury which could not be compensated in costs by dcpri ving him of a good defence to the claim. The ultimate test therefore still **remains** **the** **sa111c** **: can** **tl1c** **a111endment** **be** **allowed** **vvithout** **injustice** **to** **t11e** **ot!1er** **side,** **or** **can** **it** **not?"** Batchelor J. made thccc observations in a case where **the** **claim** **was for** **dissolution of** **partnership** **and** **J.ccounts,** **the** **plaintiffs alleging** **th:it** **in pursuance of a** p:irtnership agreement they h:'d delivered Rs. 4,001 worth of cloth to the defendants. The Subordinate judge found that the plaintiffs did deliver the cloth, but came to the C0'1c!usion that no partnership was created. At the ap1dlate stage, the plaint.iffs abandoned the plea of partnershi!' and prayed for leave to amend by adding a prayer for the recovery of Rs. 4,001. At that d::te the claim for the money was barred by limitation. It was held that the amendment was rightly allowed, as the claim was not a new claim. The same principles, we hold, should apply in the present case. The ~mendments do not really introduce a _new_ case, and the application filed by the appellant himself showed that he was not taken by surprise ; nor did he have to meet a _11etu_ claim set up for the first time after the expiry of the period of limitation. **For these reasons,** **vve** **sec** **no** **merit** **in** **the appeal,** which is accordingly dismissed with costs. _Appeal dismissed._