Parshotam Lal Dhingra v. Union of India

828 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19581 _1957_ It is true that the Collector of Customs has used the _Leo Roy Frty_ words "punishment" and "conspiracy", but those Supe~inwulent words were used in order to bring out that each of the _Dis1ric_1_ _Jail,_ 'two petitioners was guilty of the offence under _The_ Supe~inwulent words were used in order to bring out that each of the _Ammsar_ s. 167 ( 8) of the Sea Customs Act. The petitioners _Das c._ _J._ were not and could never be charged with criminal conspiracy before the Collector of Customs and therefore Art. 20(2) cannot be invoked. In this view of the matter it is not necessary for us, on the present occasion, to refer to the ·case of _Maqbool Hussain_ v. _The_ _State of Bombay(')_ and to discuss whether the words used in Art. 20 do or do not contemplate only proceedings of the nature of criminal proceedings before a court of law or a judicial tribunal as ordinary understood. In our opinion, Art. 20 has no application to the facts of the present case. No other points having been urged before us, there applications must be dismissed. . _Applications dismissed._ _1957_ PARSHOTAM LAL DHINGRA _v._ UNION OF INDIA (S. R. Das, C. J., Venkatarama Aiyar, S. K. Das, A. K. SARKAR and V1vrAN BosE JJ.) _Union Service-Employee's protection under the Consti-_ _tution.-Availability-"Dismissed or ·removed_ _or_ _reduced in_ _rank;' Meaning_ _of-Railway_ _Servant reverted to substan-_ _tive post_ _in_ _lower class,_ _if_ _reduced in rank-Constitution_ _of India, Arts. 311, 310._ The appellant, Parshotam Lal Dhingra, was appointed to the Indian Railway Service as a Signaller (Telegraphist) in 1924 and was promoted to the post of Chief Controller in 1950, both the posts being in class III Service. On July 2, 1951 he was appointed to officiate in class II SerVice as Asstt. Superintendent Railway Telegraphs. On certain adverse remarks made against him in his Confidential Repo<t for the year ending March 31, 1953, the General Manager on June 21, 1953, remarked as follows-"! am disappointed to read these reports. He should revert as a subordinate till he makes good the short-coming noticed in this chance of his as an officer. Portions underlined te be communicated to him." Thereupon the appellant made a representation, but on August 19, 1953, the General Manager issued a notice (') [19$3] S.C.R. 730. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 829 as follows:-"Shri Bishambar Nath Chopra, Instructor Rail- _1957_ way Training School, Saharnpur, is transferred to Head- _Parshotam Lal_ quarters office and appointed to officiate in Class II service _Dhingra_ as Assistant Signal and Tele-Communication Engineer v. (Telegraphs) vice Shri Parshotam Lal Dhingra who on _The_ _U11ic>11_ _of India_ relief reverts to Class ill appointment." Against this order the appellant moved the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution. The Single Judge who heard the matter held that the order was invalid as the provisions of Art. 311 (2) of the Constitution had not admittedly been complied with. The Division Bench on appeal, however, set aside the order of the Single Judge and dismissed the appellants writ application. The question for decision was whether the order of the General Manager amounted to a reduction in rank within the meaning of Art. 311 (2) of the Constitution and the appellant was entitled to a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the order. . _Held,_ (per Das, C. J., Venkatarama Aiyar, S. K. Das, A. K. Sarkar JJ., Vivian Bose J., dissenting) that the order of reversion made against the petitioner did not amount to a reduction in rank within the meaning of Art. 311 (2) of the Constitution and he was not entitled to the protection of that Article. Like Art. 310 of the Constitution, which makes no distinction between persons holding permanent or temporary posts in the matter of their tenure being dependent on the pleasure of the President or the Governor, Art. 311, which is in the nature of a proviso to Art. 310, also makes no dis tinction between permanent and temporary posts and extends its protection equally to all Government servants holding permanent or temporary posts or officiating in any of them . . _Laxminarayan Chiranjilal Bhargava_ v. _The Union_ _of_ _India,_ I.L.R. (1955) Nag. 893; _Engineer-in-Chief, Army Head_ _Quarters_ v. C. _A. Gupta Ram,_ A.I.R. (1957) Punj. 42; _State_ _of_ _Ptlhjab_ v. _S. Sukhbans Singh,_ A.I.R. (1957) Punj. 191 and _Chironjilal_ v. _U'lllion_ _of India,_ A.I.R. (1957) Raj. 81, overruled. But the protection of Art. 311 can be available only where dismissal, removal or reduction in rank is sought to be inflicted by way of punishment and not otherwise. These were the major punishments evolved by the Service Rules and Rules of the Railway Code, and well-understood as such, against which protection was sought to be provided by the Rules. These protections were in due course incorporated in s. 240 of the Government of India Act, 1935, and reproduced in Art. 311 of the Constitution, thus qualifying the principle embodied in Art. 310 (1). _Venkataraman_ v. _The Union of India,_ (1954) S.C.R. 1150, referred to. _Jayanti Prasad_ v. _The State of Uttar Pradesh,_ A.I.R. (1951) All. 793; _Shri.nvas Ganesh_ v. _Union of India,_ A.I.R. (1956) Born. 455; _Jatindra Nath Biswas_ v. R. _Gupta,_ A.l.R. 830 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _J9J7_ (1954) Cal. 383; _Rabindra Nath Das._ v. _The General Mana-_ _ger, Eastern Railway,_ (1955) 59 C.W.N. 859; _Jatindra Nath_ _Parshotam Lal_ _Mukher3"ee_ v. _The Government of the Union of India,_ (1957) _**Dhingra**_ v. 61 C.W.N. 815; _Ahmad_ _Sheikh_ v. _Ghulam Hassan,_ A.LR. _l"he_ _U11io11_ _of I11dia_ (1957) J. & K. 11; _Ganesh Balkrishna_ _Deshmukh_ v. _The_ _State_ _of_ _Madhya Bharat,_ A.I.R. (1956) M.B. 172; D. _P._ _Raghunath_ v. _The State_ _of Coorg,_ A.l.R. (1957) Mys. 8; _M._ _V. Vichoray_ v. _The_ _State_ _of_ _Madhya Pradesh,_ A.I.R. (1952) Nag. 288; _Kanta Charan Srivastava_ v. _Post Master_ _General,_ A.LR. (1955) Pat. 381 and _Sebastian_ v. _State,_ A.I.R. (1955) Tr. Co. 12, approved. One test for determining whether the termination of service was by way of punishment or otherwise is to ascertain whether under the Service Rules, but for such termination, the servant has the right to hold the post. In the three cases of (1) substantive appointment to a permanent post, (2) temporary appointment for a fixed term and (3) a temporary appointment which has ripened into a quasi-permanent status under the Temporary Service Rules, where such a right exists, the servant will be entitled to the protection of Art. 311. Conversely, where no such right can exist, as in the case of a probationary or officiating appointment to a permanent or temporary post or where the service has not ripened into a quasi-permanent status, and under the general law the service can be terminated on reasonable notice, the termination of service caimot amount to a punishment and attract the Article. Broadly speaking, Art. 311 (2) can apply to those cases where the Government servant, if in private employment, could maintain an action for wrongful dismissal, removal or reduction ill rank. So where the Government has, by contract, express or implied, or under the Rules, the right to terminate the service at any time, such termination, in the manner provided in the contract or under the Rules, cannot attract the provisions of Art. 311. That does not, however, mean that_ the terminatfon of service of a servant who has no right to the post can ne.ver be a dismissal or removal by way of punishment. Although in such a termination the actual motive of the Government must be wholly irrelevant, where it expressly chooses to penalise the _servant for misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or the like by inflicting on him the punishment of dismissal, removal or reduction, the requirements of Art. 311 must be complied with. _Satish Chander_ _Anand_ v. _The Union_ _of_ _India,_ (1953) S.C.R. 655; _Shyam Lal_ v. _The State of Uttar Pradesh,_ (1955) 1 S.C.R. 26 and _Shrinivas Ganesh_ v. _Union_ _of_ _India,_ L.R. 58 Born. 673, referred to. A reduction in rank must, similarly, be a punishment if it carries penal consequences with it and the two tests to be applied are (1) whether the servant has a right to the post of the rank or (2) whether evil consequences au ch as forfeiture of pay or allowances, loss of seniority in his substantive rank, stoppage or postponement of future S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 831 chances of.promotion, follow as a result of the order. Where _1957_ either of these tests applies, the reduction in rank must be one within the meaning of Art. 311 (2) of the Constitu- Par~;:f~;a _Lal_ tion and attract its protection., v. In the instant case, the appellant was holding an officiat- _The_ _Union of_ _J11diP_ ing post and had no right under the rules of the Railway Code to eontinue in it. Under the general law . such appointment was terminable at any time on reasonable notice, and the reduction could not operate as a forfeiture of any right. The order of the General Manager visited him with no evil consequences. Consequently, he was not reduced in rank by way of punishment. Per Bose J.-While there can be no doubt that Art. 311 applies to all classes of Government Servants whether permanent, quasi-permanent, officiating, temporary or on probation and that the words dismissal, removal and reduction in rank used therein have a special meaning, that Article, properly construed, cannot be confined to the penalties prescribed by the Service Rules. The gist of it is neither the form of the action nor the procedure nor what operated in the mind of the competent authority. The real test is whether evil consequences -0ver . and above those that would ensue from a "contractual termination" are likely to ensue. If they are, Art. 311 is attracted even though such evil consequences are not prescribed as "penalties" under the Rules. Though the conditions of service prescribed by the Rules can be varied unilaterally in some cases because of the /'pleasure" of the President, they cannot be ignored as long as they stand, and if they are infringed while in force, Art. 311 will be attracted in an approfriate case. _Satish Chandra_ _Anand_ v. _Union_ - _India,_ (1953) S.C.R 655 and _Shyam_ _Lal_ v. _State_ _of_ _Uttar_ _Pradesh,_ (1955) S.C.R. 26, referred to. Nor can the protections afforded by Art. 311 be nullified by a splitting up of the order. . In the present case the General Manager~s- remarks in the confidential file, which formed a part of the operative order and was its real foundation, clearly indicated the mischief, that the appellant was not to be promoted to a like post until in the opinion of some competent Officer he had made good his previous short-comings. That was an evil consequence, over and above that which would follow from a mere "contractual termination" of his engagement in the higher post, and so was sufficient to attraet the protection of Art. 311. C1v1L APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 65 of 1957. Appeal from the judgment and order · dated January 1, 1956, of the Punjab High Court (Circuit Bench) at Delhi in Letters Patent Appeal No. 28 of 1955, arising out .of the judgment and_ order dated 832 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19581 _19$7_ April 15, 1955, of the Single Judge, of the Circuit _**Parshotan1**_ _**Lal**_ Bench of the Punjab High Court in Civil Writ No .. _**Dhingra**_ v. 36...D of 1955. _**The**_ _**Union of India**_ _A. N. Grover_ and _P._ _S. Safeer,_ for the appellant. _R. Ganapathy Iyer_ and _R._ _H .Dhebar,_ for the respondent. _19$7_ _**Parshotan1**_ _**Lal**_ _**Dhingra**_ v. _Das C.J._ _Frank Anthony_ and _C._ _P._ _Aggarwala,_ for the intervener. 1957. November 1. The judgment of S. R. Das C.J., Venkatarama Aiyar, S. K. Das and A. K. Sarkar J,T. was delivered by S. R. Das C. J. Bose J. delivered a separate judgment. DAs C. J.-This appeal has been filed with a certificate of fitness granted by the Punjab High Court on August 20, 1956. It is directed against the judgment and order passed by a Division Bench of that court on January 19, 1956, in Letters Patent Appeal No. 28 of 1955, reversing the judgment and order _o(_ Mr. Justice Harnam Singh pronounced on April 15, 1955, whereby his Lordship had allowed the appellant's application being Civil Writ No. :J6-D of 1955 and set aside the order passed by the General Manager, Northern Railway on August 19, 1953, reverting the petitioner from the post of Signal and Tele-communication Engineer, (Telegraphs) in Class II Service where the appellant was officiating to his substantive post in Class. III Service. This Appeal raises a very important question about the construction of art. 311 of the Constitution. The facts are shortly as follows :-In August 1924 the ap:pellant joined the railway service as a Signaller (Telegraphist). As a result of selection, he was promoted as Section Controller in 1942 and as Deputy Chief Controller in 194 7 and as the Chief Controller in 1950. All these posts were in Class III service. On March 31, 1951, seven candidates, including the appellant, appeared before a selection board constituted for selecting a candidate for the post of Assistant Superintendent Railway Telegraphs, which was a gazetted post in Class II Officer's cadre. The appellant was selected out of the seven candidates for this post. On July 2, 1951, a notice of appointment was issued from the headquarters of the Eas~ Punjab Railway, S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 833 Delhi, notifying that "Mr. Parshotam Lal, Officiating _1957_ Chief Controller, is appointed to officiate in Class II _Parshotam Lal_ service as Asstt. Spdt. Rly. Telegraphs, Headquarters Dh~gra Office vice Mr. Sahu Ram whose term of temporary _The_ Unio~ _of Ind/"_ re-employment expires on the afternoon of 3rd July, _D;;_ _c._ _1._ 1951". The applicant actually relieved Mr. Sahu Ram in. the afternoon of July 3, 1951. It appears that on April 28, 1953, one Gouri Shankar S.S.T.E.I./Hd. Qrs. made certain adverse remarks against the appellant in his confidential report for the year ending March 31, 1953. This confidential report came before Shri S. Sen, C.S.T.E., on May 25, 1953, who confirmed the views expressed by Shri Gouri Shankar and added his own opinion which was also adverse to the appellant. According to the usual practice obtaining in the office the aforesaid remarks were placed before the General Manager, Shri Karnail Singh, who on June 11, 1953, remarked thereon as follows : "I am disappointed to read these reports. He should revert as a subOrdinate till he makes good the short-comings noticed in this chance of his as an officer. Portions underlined red to be communicated." The adverse remarks against the appellant in the confidential report for the year ending March 31, 1953, which were communicated to the appellant for his information by a confidential letter No. E-106/180 dated June 29, 1953, were as follows: " ........ He is, however, inclined to be hasty in his decisions. His office work is scrappy and does not show attention to detail. His relations with staff as well as officers have not been happy. He has displayed a tendency to resort freely to transfers and punishment oi staff, as a means of correcting their faults and in regard to officers has not maintained the proper tone and approach in official notings, discussions and letters to Divisions. The above short-comings have been brought to his notice on a number of occasions both in person and in writing, without any improvement." _Remarks of Shri_ _S._ _Sen, C.S.T.E._ " ........ This officer suffers from an inflated L2SC/ 6/IP Vl-7 834 SUPREME COURT REPORTS Cl958J _19:S7_ _Pwshot- Loi_ idea of self importance. His ways and manners require radical change if he desires to have a successful career as an officer." _Remarks of the General Manager._ "I am disappojnted to read these reports ........ " On July 24, 1953, the appellant, who had by this time earned two increments on July 4, 1952 and July 4, 1953, made a representation against the remarks made against him. On August 19, 1953, however notice No. 940-E/14 (E.I.A.) was issued by the General Manager (P) to the following effect: ''Shri Bishambar Nath Chopra, Instructor Railway Training School, Saharnpur, is transferred to- Head quarters office and appointed to officiate in Class II service as Assistant Signal and Tele-communication Engineer (Telegraphs) vice Shri Parshotam Lal Dhingra, who on relief reverts to Class III appointment." _Dhingra_ v. _Tire_ _Un/qn of India_ ''Shri Bishambar Nath Chopra, Instructor Railway Training School, Saharnpur, is transferred to- Head The appellant on August 20, 1953, appealed to the General Manager for reconsideration and · thereafter on October 19, 1953, appealed to the Railway Board and made a representation also to the President of India. On February 2, 1955, the Railway Board wrote to the General Manager as follows : "With reference to your letter No. 3780 dated the 30th December, 1953, the Board desires that you should inform Shri Parshotam Lal Dhingra that his reversion for generally unsatisfactory work will stand, but that this reversion will not be a bar to his being considered again for a promotion in the future if his work and conduct justify. He should also be informed that he has, in his representation, used language unbecoming of a senior official, and that he should desist from this in future. You may watch his work up to the end of March, 1955 and judging from his work and conduct, you may treat him as eligible for being considered for promotion as Assistant Transportation Superintendel).t in the Selection that may be made after March 1955." This was communicated to the petitioner on February 17, 1955. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 835 In the meantime the petitioner had on February 9, _19.S7_ 1955, filed his writ petition under Art. 226 of the _ParsTtotallt_ _Lal_ Qmstitution. Mr. Justice Harnam Singh took the . _D";!"'._ view that the petitioner had been punished by being _The_ _Union_ _of_ _India_ _xedUCed_ in rank without being given an opportwiity _DasC.J._ to show cause against the· action proposed to be taken in regard to him and that consequently the order was invalid for non-compliance with the provisions of Art. 311 (2) of the Constitution. On a Letters Patent Appeal filed by the Union of India, a Division Bench (Bhandari C. J. and Falshaw J.) reversed the order -0f Harnam Singh J. and dismissed the petitioner's wri• application. The High Court having subsequently certified that it was a fit case _fot_ appeal to thts Court, the petitioner has now come up on appeal before us &n4 the question for our decision is whether the order passed by the General Manager on August 19, 1953, amounted to a reduction in rank within the meaning of Art. 311 (2) of the Constitution. for if it did then the order must be held to be invalid as the requirements of that artiCle had admittedly not.._been ci>mplied with. Under the English Common Law all servants of the Crown held- office during the pleasure of the Crown and were liable to be dismissed at any time and without any reason being assigned for such msmissal. No action lay against the Crown in respect of such dismissal, even though it were contrary to the express term of the contract of employment, for the theory wal!i that the Crown could not fetter its future ~xecutive action by entering into a contract in matters which conce:rned the welfare of the State. A servant of the Crown could not at Common Law sue the Crown even for the arrears of his salary, and his claim could be only on the bounty of the Crown. The established notion was that the implied condition between the Crown and its servant was that the latter held his office during the pleasure of the Crown, no matter whether it had been referred to when the engagement had been made or not and that public i>olicy demanded this qualification. (See per Lord Blackburn in 836 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1900} _1957_ _Mulvenna_ v. _The_ _Admiralty(')._ This rule was. _Parshotam Lal_ applied in full force in _Lucas_ v. _Lucas and High_ Dhi~ _Commissioner for_ India('), where it was held that _The Union of India_ the sterling overseas pay of an Indian Civil Servant _Das C.J._ was not a debt which could be attached in satisfac-· tion of an order for the payment of alimony. In the _State of Bihar_ v. _Abdul Majid("),_ however, this Cour~ held, for reasons stated in the judgment delivered by Mahajan C. J. that the Indian Law has not adopted the rule of English Law on the subject in its entirety. Turning to our Statute Law, we find that in the Government of India Act, 1915 (5 & 6 Geo. V. Ch. 61), as originally enacted, theretwas no reference to this doctrine of the English Common Law. By s. 45 of the Government of India Act, 1919 (9 & 10 Geo. V. Ch. 101) read with Part I of the second schedule to that Act several sections, including s. 96-B, were introduced into the Government of India Act; 1915 (hereinafter called the "1915 Act"). The relevant portion of s. 96-B was as follows : "96-B ( 1). Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, every person in the civil service of the Crown in India holds office during His Majesty's pleasure, and may be employed in any manner required by a proper authority within the scope of his duty, but no person in that service may be dismissed by any authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed and the Secretary of State in Council may (except so far as he may provide by rules to the contrary) re-instate any person in that service who has been dismissed." ' Sub-section (2) of that section empowered the Secretary of State in Council to make rules for regulating the classification of the Civil Services in India, the method of recruitment, the conljlitions of service, pay and allowances and discipline and conduct and sub· section ( 4) declared that all service rules then in force had been duly made and confirmed the same. The point to be noted is that s. 96-B for the first time gave a statutory recognition and force to the English Com <'l (1926) s.c. 842. fl 9S4J S.C.R. 786. (') L.R. (1943) P. 68. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 837 mon Law rule that the servants of the Crown held _1957_ their Offices during the pleasure of the Crown and at _Parshotam_ _Lal-_ the same time imposed one important qualification Dh~gra upon the exercise of the Crown's pleasure, namely, _The_ Unio~ _of India_ .that a servant might not be dismissed by .an authority _DasC.J._ subordinate to that by which he had been appointed. Section 96-B (1) was reproduced as sub-ss. (1) and (2) of s. 240 of the Government of India Act, 1935 (26 Geo. v~ Ch. 11), (hereinafter referred to as the 1935 Act) and a new sub-section was added to s. 240 as sub-s. (3). The relevant portions of s. 240 of the 1935 Act are set out·below : _DasC.J._ "240 ( 1) Except as expressly provided by this Act, every person who is a member of a Civil Service of the Crown in India, or holds any civil post under th~ Crown in India, holds office during His Majesty's pleasure. (2) No such person as aforesaid shall be dismissed :(rom the service of His Majesty by any authority subordinate to that bt which he was appointed. (3) No such person as aforesaid shall be dismissed or reduced in rank until he has been given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the aciion proposed to be taken in regard to him; proposed to be taken in regard to him; # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " Then followed a proviso which made sub-s, (3) inapplicable to certain persons and then came sub-s. ( 4) providing for compensation for premature termination of employment in certain cases which· it is not necessary to set out here. The rule making power given.bys. 96-B (2) of the 1915 Act was reproduced in s. 241 of the 1935 Act. Section 276 of the 1935 Act, like s. 96-B ( 4) of the 1915 Act, continued in force all the rules made under the last mentioned Act, while the existing laws were contmued by s. 292. It should be noted that the opening words of s. 96-B (1), namely, "Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder" were substituted by the words "Except as expressly provided by this Act." The effect of this will be discussed hereafter. Subsection· ( 1) adopted the English Common Law rule regarding the pleasure of the Crown but imposed on it 838 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19581 _1957_ two qualifications by two separate sub-sections. Sub_Parslootam_ _Lal_ section (2) reproduced the qualification which had Dh~~a been imposed by s. 96-B (1), namely that a servant _Union of India_ of the class therein mentioned must not oe dismissed _D_ _as c .•._, by an authority sub.ordinate to that by which he had 1~e _Union of India_ of the class therein mentioned must not oe dismissed been appointed and sub-s. (3) introduced a still more important qualification on the exercise of the Crown's pleasure, namely, that no such servant must be dismissed or reduced in rank until he had been given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to him. Reduction in rank was not referred to ins. 96-B (1) but was for the first time added to dismissal in sub-s. ( 3). Then came our Constitution on January 26, 1950. Part XIV deals with "Services under the Union and the States". Chapter I contains seven sections grouped under the heading "Services". Section 240(1) of the 1935 Act has been substantially reproduced in Art. 310 (1) and sub-ss. (2) and (3) of s. 240 have become Art. 311(1) and (2), while s. 276 of the 1935 Act, which continued the existing rules in force, has been embodied in Art. 313. Article 310(1) and Art. 311 omitting the proviso to cl. (2) are as follows : "310 (1) Except as expressly provided by this Constitution, every person who is a member of a defence service or of a civil service of the Union or of an all-India Service or holds any post connected with defence or any civil post under the Union, holds office during the pleasure of the President, and every person who is a member of a civil service of a State or holds any civil post under a State holds office during the pleasure of the Governor of the State. - 311 (1) No person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or an all-India service or a civil service of a State or holds a civil post under the Union or a State shall be dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed. (2) No such person as aforesaid shall be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank until he has been given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against tb.e action proposed tci be taken in regard to him : Provided ................................... . S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 839 (3) If any question arises whether it is reasonably _1957_ practicable to give any person an opportunity of _Parshotam_ _Lal_ showing cause under clause (2), the decision thereon of lt>li~gra the authority empowered to dismiss or remove such _Tlie_ _Union of flrdia_ person or to reduce him in rank, as the case may be, _o;;;C, J._ shall be final." To summarise: As under s. 96-B(l) of the 1915 Act and s. 240(1) of the 1935 Act, the persons specified therein held office during the pleasure of the Crown, so under Art. 310(1) they hold their office during the pleasure of the President or of the Governor, as the case may be. The opening words of Art. 310( 1), namely, "Except as expressly provided by this Constitu tion'', reproduce the opening words of s. 240 ( 1) of the 1935 Act, substituting the word "Constitution" for the word "Act". The exceptions contemplated by the opening words of Art. 310( 1) quite clearly refer _inter_ _alia,_ to Arts. 124, 148, 218 and 324 which respectively provide expressly that the Supreme Court Judges, the Auditor-General, the High Court Judges and the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament, supported by the requisite majority therein specified, has been presented to him in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. These are clearly exceptions to the rule embodied in Art. 310(1), that public servants hold their office during the pleasure of the President or the Governor as the case may be. Subject to these exceptions our Constitution, by Art. 310(1), has adopted the English Common Law rule that public i.-ervants hold office during the pleasure of the President or Governor, as the. case may be and has, by Art. 311, imposed two qualifications on the exercise of such pleasure. Though the two qualifications are set out in a separate article, they quite clearly restrict the operation of the rule embodied in Art. 310(1). In other words the provisions _of_ Art. 311 operate as a proviso to Art. 310(1). All existing laws have been continued by Art. 372, some of which, e.g., the Code of Civil Procedure make it possible for a public servant to enforce his claims 840 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19581 _1957_ against the State. It has accordingly been held by this _Parshotam Lal_ Court in the _State_ _of_ _Bihar_ v. _Abdul_ _Majid_ (supra) _Dh7•_ that.the English Common Law rule regarding the hold_Th•_ Unio~ _of Indiaing_ of office by public servants only during the pleasure _Das_ c. _1._ of the Crown has not been adopted by us in its entirety and with all its rigorous implications. Passing on to Art. 311 we find that it gives a two fold protection to persons who come within the article, namely, (1) against dismissal or removal by an authority subordinate to that by which they were appointed and (2) against dismissal or removal or reduction in rank without giving them a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to them. Incidentally it will be noted that the word "removed" has been added after the word "dismissed" in both .els. ( 1) and ( 2) of Art. 311. Upon Art. 311 two questions arise, namely, (a) who are entitled to the protec:ion and (b) what are the ambit and scope of the protection ? _Re_ (a).-Articles 310 and 311 are two of the articles which have been grouped under the heading "Services" in Chapter I of Part XIV which deals with the "Services under the Union and the States". It is well known that there are different species of Government services. In the absence of a contract to the contrary the terms of employment of persons in different services are governed by rules made by the appropriate authorities to which reference will hereafter be made. The strength of a service or a part of a service sanctioned as a separate unit is, in the Fundamental Rules. s. III, Ch. II, r. 9( 4), called the cadre. Each cadre consists of a certain number of posts. According to r. 9(22) of the Fundamental Rules, a permanent post means a post carrying a definite rate of pay sanctioned without limit of time. In each cadre there may be and often is a hierarchy of ranks. Due to rush of business or other exigencies some "temporary posts" are often created. A temporary post is defined in r. 9(30) to mean a post carrying a definite rate of pay sanctioned for a limited time. These temporary posts are very often outside the cadre -and are usually for one year and are renewed from year to year, although some of them may be created for a certain specified S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 841 period. The conditions of service of a Government _1957_ servant appointed to a post, permanent or temporary, _Parshotam· Lat_ are regulated by the terms of the contract of employ- _Dh';cra_ - ment, express or implied, and subject thereto, by the _The_ Unio~,of _Indif;_ rules applicable to the members of the particular .service. The appointment of a Government servant to a permanent post may be substantive or on probation or <>n an officiating basis. A substantive appointment to a permanent post in public service confers normally on the servant so appointed a substantive right to the post and he becomes entitled to hold a "lien" on the post. This "lien" is defined in Fundamental Rule s. III, Ch. II, r. 9(13) as the title of a Government servant to hold substantively a permanent post, including a tenure post, to which he has been appointed substantively. The Government cannot terminate his service unless it is entitled to do so (1) by virtue of a special term of the contract of employment, e.g., by giving the requisite notice provided by the contract or (2) by the rules governing the conditions of his service, e.g., on attainment of the age of superannuation prescribed by the rules, or on the fulfilment of the conditions for compulsory retirement or, $Ubject to certain safeguards, on the abolition of the post or on being found guilty, after a proper enquiry on notice to him, of misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or any other disqualification. An appointment to a permanent post in Government service on probation means, as in the case of a person appointed by a private employer, that the servant so appointed is taken on trial. The period of probation may in some cases be for a fixed period, e.g., for six months or for one year or it may be expres sed simply as "on probation" without any specification of any period. Such an employment on probation, under the ordinary law of master and servant, comes to an end if during or at the end of the 1 probation the servant so appointed on trial is found unsuitable and his service is tel'minated by a notice. An appointment to officiate in a permanent post is usually made when the incumbent substantively holding that post is on leave or when the permanent post is vacant and no substantive oppointment has yet been made to that _DasC.J •_ 842 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _r9s1_ appointment has yet been made to that post. Such an _ParshoJ•m_ _i..i_ officiating appointment comes to an end on the return _Dltingra_ of the incumbent substantively holding the post from v. - ---leave in the former case or on a substantive appoint_Th• Union•! India_ ment being made to that permanent post in the latter - case or on the service of a notice Of termination as _DasC,j._ a.greed - upon or as may be reasonable unrier the ordinary law. It is, therefore, quite clear that appointment to a permanent post in a Government service, either on probation, or on an officiating basis, is, from the -very nature of such _:_ employment, itself of a transitory character and, in the absence of any special pontract or specific rule regulating the conditions of -the service,. the .implied term of such appointment, under the ordinary law of master and servant, is that it is terminable at any time. In short, in the case· of an appointment to a permanent post in a Government service on ·probation or on an officiating basis, the servant so appointed does not acquire any substantive right to the post and consequently cannot complain, any more than a private servant employed on probation or on an officiating basis can do, if his service is terminated at any time. Likewise an appointment to a temporary post in a Government service may be substantive or on probation or on an officiating basis. Here also, in the absence of any special stipulation or ;my specific service rule, the servant so appointed acquires no right to the post and hiR service can be terminated at any time except in one case, namely, when the appointment to a temporary post is for a definite period. In such a case the servant so appointed acquires- a right to his tenure for that period which cannot be put an end to _unless there is a· special contra.ct entitling the employer to do so on giving the requisite notice or the person so appointed is, on enquiry held on due notice to the servant and after giving him a reasonable opportunity to defend himself, found guilty of misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or any other disqualification and is by way of punishment dismissed or removed from service or reduced in rank. The ·:substantive appointment to a temporary post, under the rules, used to give the servant so appointed S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 843 certain benefits regarding pay and leave, but was _1957_ otherwise on the same footing as appointment to a _Parshotam Lai_ temporary post on probation or on an officiatirig basis, Dh~gra that is to say, terminable by notice except where under _The_ _Union of India_ the rules promulgated in 1949 to which reference will _Das c._ _J._ hereafter be made, his service had ripened into what is called a quasi-permanent service. The position may, therefor, be summarised as following : In the absence of any special contract the substantive appointme~t to a permanent post gives the servant so appointed a right to hold the post until, under the rules, he attains the age of superannuation or is compulsorily retired after having put in the prescribed nwnber of years' service or the post is abolished and his service cannot be terminated except by way of punishment for misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or any other disqualification found against him on proper enquiry after due notice to him. An appointment to a temporary post for a certain specified period also gives the servant so appointed a right . to hold the post for the entire period of his tenure and his tenure cannot be put an end to during that period unless he is, by way of punishment, dismissed or removed from the service. Except in these two cases the appointment to a post, permanent or temporary, on probation or on an officiating basis or a substantive appointment to a temporary post gives)to the-servant so appointed no right to the post and his service may be terminated unless his ser~ice had ripened into what is, in the servic·e rules, called a quasi'."permanent service. The question for our consideration is whether the protections of Art. 311 are available to each of these several categories of Government servants. A number of decisions bearing on the question of construction of Arts. 310 and 311 have been cited before us which indicate that there is some difference of opinion between the Judges of the different High Courts and in some cases amongst the Judges of the same High Court. Thus it has been held in some cases that Arts. 310 and 311 do not make any distinction between Government servants who are employed in permanent posts and those who are employed in tern 844 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19581 _1957_ porary posts. See _Jayanti Prasad_ v .. _The State_ _of_ _Parshotam Lal_ _Uttar Pradesh('),_ G. _P. Oak_ v. _The State_ _of_ Dh~gra _Bombay(2), Kishanlal Laxmilal_ v. _The State_ _of_ _Th•_ _Unionoflndia Marlhya_ _Bharat('),_ Gopi _Kishore Prasad_ v. _The State_ _**Das C.**_ _**J.**_ _of Bihar('),_ _Punit Lal Saha.v. The State_ _of Bihar(')_ and _Yusuf_ _Ali_ _Khan_ v. _Province_ _of_ _the Punjab(")._ - On the other hand it has been held in some cases that a Government servant cannot be deemed to be a member of a service unless he is permanently absorbed therein, nor can he be deemed to be a holder· of such post unless he holds it permanently and that such a Government servant is not entitled to claim the benefit of Art. 311. See _Laxminarayan Chiranjilal_ _Bhargava_ v. _The Union_ _of_ _India(1), Engineer-in-_ _Chief,_ _Army_ _Head Quarters_ v. _C._ _A._ _Gupta_ Ram("), _State_ _of_ _Punjab_ v. _S. Sukhbans_ _Singh(•)_ and _Chironjilal_ v. _Union_ _of lndia('_ _[0]_ _)._ The cases cited before us also indicate that the preponderance _of_ view is that only a dismissal or removal or reduction in rank by way of penalty attracts the operation of Art. 311 ( 2), but that a termination of service brought about otherwise than by way of punishment e.g., by the exercise of the right under the terms of employment or under the relevant rules regulating the conditions of service which form part of the terms of employment does not. See _Jayanti Prasad_ v. _The_ _State of Uttar Pradesh_ (supra), _Shrinivas Ganesh_ v. _Union_ _of_ _India(_ _[11 ]_ ), _Jatindra Nath Biswas_ v. _R._ Gupta( [12] ), _Rabindra Nath Das_ v. _The General Mana-_ _ger, Eastern Railway("),_ _Jatindra Nath Mukherjee_ v. _The Government_ _of the_ _Union_ _of India("),_ _Ahmad_ _Sheikh_ v. _Gulam Hassan("), Ganesh Balkrishna_ _Deshmukh_ v. _The State_ _of Madhya Bharat('•),_ D .. _P._ _Bagunath_ v. _The State of_ Coorg("), _M._ _V. Vichoray_ v. _The State_ _of Madhya Pradesh_ ('"), _Kamta Charan_ _Srivastava_ v. _Post Master General(_ _[10]_ _)_ and _Sebastian_ v. _State('_ _[0]_ _)._ The however, do not lay down or clearly. (I) A.I.R. (1951) All. 793. (2) A.I.R. (1957) Bom. 175 (3) A.1.R. (1956) M.B. 100. (4) A.I.R. {1955) Pat. 372. (5) A.l.R. (1957) Pat. 357. (6) A.l.R. 1950) Lah. _59._ (7) 1.L.R. (1955) Nag. 893; A.I.R. (1956) Nag. (8) A.I.R. 1957) Punj. 42. (9) A.I.R. (1957) Punj. 191. 113. (10) A.I.R. (f957) Rl\J. 81. (II) L.R. _58_ Bom. 673; A.I.R. (1956) Bom. 455. (12) A.I.R. (1954) Cal. 383. (13) (1955) _59_ C.W.N. _859._ (14) (1957) 61 C.W.N. 815. (15) A.I.R. (1957) J. & K. 11. (16) A.LR. (1956) M.B. 172. (17) A.I.R. (1957) Mys. 8. (18) A.I.R. (1952) Nag. 288. (19) A.I.R. (1955) Pat. 381. (20) A.LR. (1955) Tr. Co. 12. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 845 indicate any test for ascertaining whether in any _1957_ particular case a termination of service is inflicted _Parshotam_ _Lal_ by way of penalty so as to amount to dismissal, re- _Dhingra_ moval or reduction in rank within the meaning of _The_ uni:~ _of India_ Art. 311(2) or is brought about by the exercise of _Das c_ _.J._ the right to terminate it arising out of the terms of employment agreed upon between the parties or contained in rules regulating the conditions of service subject to which the employment was made. Further a certain amount of confusion arises because of the indiscriminate use of the words "temporary'', "provisional", "officiating" and "on probation". We, therefore, consider it right to examine and ascertain for ourselves the scope and effect of the relevant provisions of the Constitution. Article 311 does not, in terms, say that the protec· tions of that article extend only to persons who are permanent members of the services or who hold permanent civil posts. To limit the operation of the protective provisions of this article to these classes of persons will bs to add qualifying words to the article which will be contrary to sound principles of interpretation of a Constitution or a statute. In the next place, cl. (2) of Art. 311 refers to "such person as aforesaid" and this reference takes us back to cl. (1) of that article which speaks of a "person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or an all-India service or a civil service of a State or holds a civil post under the Union or a State". These persons also come within Art. 310(1) which, besides them, also includes persons who are members of a defence service or who hold any post connected with defence. Article 310 also is not, in terms, confined to persons who are permanent members of the specified s,ervices or who hold permanent posts connected with the services therein mentioned. To hold that that article covers only those persons who are permanent members of the specified services or who hold posts connected with the services therein mentioned will be to say that persons, who are not permanent members of those services or who do not hold permanent posts therein, do not hold their respective offices during the pleasure of the President **8t6** SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1958] _J9j7_ or the Governor, as the case may be--a proposition _Parshotam_ _Lal_ which obviously cannot stand scrutiny. The matter, _Dhingra_ however, does not rest here. Coming to Art. 311, it is _Iht_ Uni:~ _of Imli•_ obvious that if that article is limited to persons who _DasC.J._ are permanent members of the services or who hold permanent civil posts, then the constitutional protection given by els. (1) and (2) will not extend to persons who officiate in a permanent post or in a temporary post and consequently such persons will be liable to be dismissed or removed by an outhority subordinate to that by which they were appointed or be liable to be. dismissed, removed or reduced in rank without being given any opportunity to defend themselves. The· latter classes of servants require the constitutional protection5 as much as the other classes. do and there is nothing in the language of Art. 311 to indicate that the Constitution makers intended to make any distinction between the two classes. There is no apparent reason for such distinction. It is said that persons who are merely officiating in the posts cannot be said to "hold" the post, for they only perform the duties of those posts. The word "hold" is also used in Arts. 58 and 66 of the Constitution. There is no reason to think that our Constitution makers intended that the disqualification referred to in cl. (2) of the former and cl. ( 4) of the latter should extend only to persons who substantively held permanent posts and not to those who held temporary posts and that persons officiating in permanent or temporary posts would be eligible for election as President or Vice-President of India. There could be no rational basis for any such distinction. In our judgment, just as Art. 310, in terms, makes no distinction between permanent and temporary members of the services or between persons holding permanent or temporary posts in the matter of their tenure being dependent upon the pleasure of the President <>r the Governor, so does Art. 311, in our view, make no distinction between the two classes, both of which are, therefore, within its protections and the decisions holding the contrary view cannot be supported as correct. Re. (b).-Clause (1) of Art. 311 is quite explicit and hardly requires discussion. The scope and the S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 847 ambit of that protection are that Government servants _19.57_ of the kinds referred tO therein are entitled to the _Parslwtam Lal_ judgment of the authority by which they were appoint- Dh~~gra ed or some authority superior to that authority and _The_ _Union of India_ that they should not be dismissed or removed by a _D;;;c. J._ lesser authority in whose judgment they may not have the same faith. The underlying idea obviously is that a provision like this will ensure to them a certain arnoun of security of tenure. Clause (2) protects Government servants against being dismissed or removed or reduced in rank without. being given a rea30nable opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to them. It will be noted that in cl. (1) the words "dismissed" and "removed" have been used while in cl. (2) the· words "dismissed", "removed" and "reduced in rank" have been used. The two protections are (1) against being dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate· to that by which the appointment had been made and (2) against being dismissed, removed or reduced in rank without being heard. What, then, is the meaning of those expressions "dismissed'', "removed" or "reduced in rank"? It has been said in _Jayanti Prasad_ v. _The_ _State of_ _Uttar Pradesh_ (supra) that these are technical words used in cases in which a person's services are terminated by way of punishment. Those expressions, it is urged, have been. taken from the service rules, where they were used to denote the three major punishments and it is submitted that those expressions should be read and understood in the same sense and treated as words of art. This leads us to embark upon an examination of the service rules relating to punishments to which the Government servants can be subjected. Rule 418 of the Civil Service Regulations of 1902 (hereinafter called the 1902 Rules) provide, _inter alia,_ that the removal of public servants from the service for misconduct, insolvency, inefficiency not due to age or failure to pass a prescribed examination entailed forfeiture of past services.! Those 1902 Rules, however, did not say under what circumstances or in what 848 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19581 _19S7_ manner and by which authority public servants could _Parshotam_ _Lal_ be removed. _**Dhlngra**_ _The_ umJ~oflndia In exercise of the powers conferred bys. 96-B(2) of the 1915 Act the Secretary of State in Council framed _Das C.J._ the Civil Service (Governor's Provinces) Classification Rules (hereinafter referred to as the 1920 Classification Rules) which came into force in December, 1920 and were applicable to Government servants serving in the Governor's Provinces. Rule X of these 1920 Classification Rules laid down that a local Government might for good and sufficient reasons ( 1) censure, (2) reduce to a lower post, (3) withhold promotion from or (4) suspend from service, any officer of an all-India service, provided that no head of the department appointed with the approval of the Governor General in Council would be reduced to a lower post without the sanction of the Governor General in Council. Likewise r. XIII provided that, without prejudice to the provisions of any law for the time being in force, the local Government might for good and sufficient reasons (1) censure, (2) withhold promotion from, (3) reduce to a lower post, (4) suspend, (5) remove, or (6) dismiss any officer holding a post in a provincial or .subordinate service or a special appointment. Rule XIV laid down the procedure in cases of dismissal, removal or reduction in the following terms: "Rule XIV-Without prejudice to the provisions of the Public Servants Inquiries Act, 1850, in all cases in which .!he dismissal, removal or reduction of any officer is ordered, the order shall, except when it is based on facts or conclusions established at a judicial trial, or when the officer concerned has absconded with the accusation hanging over him, be preceded by a properly recorded departmental enquiry. At such an enquiry a definite charge in writing shall be framed in respect of each offence and explained to the accused, the evidence in support of it and any evidence which he may adduce in his defence shall be recorded in his presence and his defence shall be taken down in writing. Each of the char;es framed shall be discussed and a finding shall be recorded on each charge." Thus we find that these 1920 Classification Rules enu ###### . S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 849 merated the different kinds of punishment that could 195 [7 ] be inflicted on the different classes of Government _Pttrshota;,, Lal_ servants and elaborately prescribed the procedure Dhi:~ra which had to be followed before those punishments _The Union of India_ could be inflicted. _Das c._ _J._ The Secretary of State in Council also promulgated, with effect from January 1, 1922, what are known and what will hereafter be referred to as the Fundamental Rules governing the conditions of service, leave, pay and pension of all Government servants whose pay was debitable to civil estimates in India and to any other class of Government servants in India to which the Secretary of State in Council might by general or special order declare them to be applicable. Like r. 418 of the 1902 Rules, r. 52 of the Fundamental Rules provided that the pay and allowances of Government servants, who were dismissed or removed from service, would cease from the day of such dismissal or removal. Thus the penal consequences of loss of pay and allowances continued to follow dismissal or removal. On May 27, 1930, the Secretary of State for India in Council, in ·exercise of the powers conferred by s. 96-B(2) of the Government of India Act, 1919, made the Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, (hereinafter called the 1930 Classification Rules) which superseded the 1920 Classification Rules. The 1930 Classification Rul~s, by r. 3, applied to every person in the whole-time civil employment . of a Government in India (other than a person so employed only occasionally or subject to discharge at less than one month's notice) except certain classes of persons therei~ specified which included, _inter alia,_ railway servants. Under r. 14 the public services in India were classified under six heads, namely, (1) All-India Services, (2) Central Services Class I, (3) Central Services Class II, ( 4) Provincial Services, (5) Special ist Services, and ( 6) the Subordinate Services. Under r. 15 read with sch. I the following were the all-India services :-(1) Indian Civil Service, (2) Indian Police Service, (3) Indian Agricultural Service, (4) In.dian Educational Service, (5) Indian Forest Service, (6) L2SC/61 P. VJ.-8 850 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] 1957 Indian Forest Engineering Service, (7) Indian Medical _Parshotam Lal_ Service, (8) Indian Service of Engineers, (9) Indian _Dhlngra_ Veterinary Service, and ( 10) Indian General Service. _The_ Unio~ 0oflndia The Indian Railway Service was not included in the Unio~ 0oflndia The Indian Railway Service was not included in the list. Rule 49, as originally framed, provided as _Dase .J._ l fo lows :, "The following penalties may, for good and sufficient reason and as hereinafter provided, be imposed upon members of the services comprised in any of the class (1) to (5) specified in rule 14, namely:-(i) Censure, (ii) Withholding of increments or promotion, including stoppage at an efficiency bar, (iii) Reduction to a lower post or time-scale, or to a lower stage in a time-scale, (iv) Recovery from pay of the whole or part of any pecuniary loss caused to Government by negligence or breach of orders, ( v) Suspension, (vi) Removal from the Civil Service of the Crown which does not disqualify from future employment, (vii) Dismissal from the Civil Service of the Crown, which ordinarily disqualifies from future employment. Explanation-The discharge(a) of a person appointed on probation, during the period of probation, (b) of a person appointed other wise than under contract to hold a temporary appointmPnt, on the expiration of the period of the appoint ment, ( c) of a person engaged under contract, in accordance with the terms of his contract, does not amount to removal or dismissal within. the meaning of this rule." The Explanation to r. 49 was amended on March 28, 1948, on February 28, 1950, and finally on January 28, 1955, when .the -Explanation was numbered as Explanation I and the words in cl. (ii) of r. 49, namely, "including stoppage at an efficiency bar" were deleted and Explanation II was added. So amended the Explanations read as follows : "Explanation I-The termination of employment( a) of a person appointed on probation during or at the end of the period of probation, in accordance with the terms of the appointment and the rules governing the probationary service; or (b) of a temporary Government servant appointed S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 851 otherwise than under contract, in accordance with 1957 rule 5 of the Central Civil Services (Temporary _Parshotam_ _LaJ_ Service) Rules, 1949 ; or _Dhingra_ . ~ ( c) of a person engaged under a contract, does not _The_ _Union of India_ amount to removal or dismissal within the meaning of _Das_ _c.J._ tlais rule or of rule 55. Explanation II-. Stopping a Government servant at an efficiency bar in the time-scale of his pay on the ground of his unfitness to cross the bar does not amount to withholding of increments or promotion within the meaning of this rule." Like r. XIV of the 1920 Classification Rules, r. 55 of the 1930 Classification Rules, as originally framed in 1930, provided that,. without prejudice to the Public Servants Enquiries Act, 1850, no order of dismissal, removal or reduction should be passed on a member of a service (other than an order passed on facts which had led to his conviction in a criminal court or. by a court martial) unless he had been informed in writing of the grounds on which it was proposed to take action and had been afforded an adequate opportunity of defending himself. Detailed provisions were made as to the grounds on which it was proposed to take action being reduced to the form of a definite ·charge or charges and for the communication thereof to the officer together with a statement of the allegations on which each charge was based and further provisions were made as to the procedure relating to the filing of the defence, the right to cross-examine and to give evidence in person or to have such witnesses called as he might wish to examine in his defence. Thus irt the 1930 Classification Rules, as in the 1920 Classification Rules, were enumerated the different kinds of punishments which could be inflicted on the Government servants of the class to which those rules were applicable and out of those varieties of punishments mentioned in r. 49, three of them, namely, dismissal, removal and reduction in rank, were treated as major punishments and some special procedural protection was prescribed in the interest of the Government servants. At the date of the commencement of the Constitution the railway servants were governed by a separate 852 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] 1957 set of rules collected in the two volumes of the Indian _Parshotam Lal_ Railway Establishment Code. The petitioner is a Dh~gra railway servant and as such is governed by the rules _The_ _Union_ _of India_ of the Indian Railway Code. Chapter XVII, which is _Das c. J._ in Volume I, regulated the conduct and discipline of the railway servants and the Railway Fundamental Rules collected in Volume II regulated their conditions of service, pay and deputation. These are similar to and are in _pari_ _materia_ with the 1930 Classification Rules .. Rule 1702 of Chapter XVII prescribes eleven distinct penalties which may for good and sufficient reasons be imposed upon railway servants, namely, ( 1) censure, (2) withholding of the privilege of passes and/ or privilege ticket order, ( 3) fines, including forfeiture or reduction of running allowances in the case of train and running staff, ( 4) withholding of increm'ents or promotion including stoppage at an efficiency bar, ( 5) reduction to a lower post or timescale or to a lower stage in a time-scale, ( 6) recovery from pay of the whole or part of any pecuniary loss caused to Government by negligence or breach of orders, ( 7) suspension, ( 8) removal from the service, ( 9) dismissal from 'the service, ( 10) withholding of the whole or part of Provident Fund and Gratuity Rules (Chapters XIII and XV), and (11) reducing or withholding the maximum pension admissible in accordance with the provisions of the rules governing the grant of pensions. There is a Note below this rule to the effect that the discharge (a) of a person appointed on probation, during the period of probation, (b) of a person engaged under contract for li specific period, on the expiration of such period in accordance with the terms of his contract, ( c) of a person appointed in a temporary capacity otherwise than under a contract, in accordance with the general conditions of service applicable to temporary employment and of some other persons enumerated therein, do not amount to removal or dismissal within the meaning of r. 1702. Rule 1703 states tha,t while dismissal from service disqualifies a railway servant from future employment, remo".al from service is not to be considered an absolute dis qualification. Rule 1704 specifies the authority com S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 853 petent to impose penalties. Rule 1706 enumerates the 1957 ca.uses for which a railway servant may be dismissed _Parshotam_ _Lal_ from service, namely, (1) conviction by a criminal Dh~gra court or by a court martial, (2) serious misconduct, _The_ _un10; of Indio_ (3) neglect of duty resulting in or likely to result in _Das c._ _J._ loss to Government or to a Railway administration, or danger to the lives of person$ using the railway, or ( 4) insolvency or habitual indebtedness, and (5) obtaining employment by the concealment of his antecedents, which would have prevented his employment in railway service had they been known before his appointment to .the authority appointing him. Procedure for dismissal is ·set out in r. 1707. "Removal from Service" is dealt with by r. 1708 and the procedure for removal is regulated oy r. 1709. "Suspension" is the subject-matter of r. 1711 and the procedure for imposing the other penalties is contained in r. 1712. "Reduction to lower post" is governed by r. 1714 which enjoins that when a railway servant is·reduced for inefficiency or misconduct to a lower post in time· scale or to a lower grade or to a lower stage in a timescale the authority ordering the reduction must state the period for which it will be effective and whether, on the expiry of that period, it will operate to postpone future increments or to affect the railway servant's seniority and, if so, to what extent. Rule 2310 provides that no pension is to be granted to an officer dismissed or removed for misconduct, insolvency or inefficiency although compassionate allowances may be granted in deserving cases. Thus the Indian Railway Establishment Code also, like the 1930 Classification Rules, provides for different punishments and the procedure. to be followed for inflicting the same and the three graver punishments of dismissal, removal and reduction are dealt with separately, and special provisions are made regulating the procedure which must be followed before those graver forms of punishments can be inflicted. In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-s. (2) of s. 241 of the 1935 Act, the Governor-General made certain rules called the Central Civil Services (Temporary Service) Rules, 1949 (hereinafter ref err cd to 854 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19581 t9S7 as the 1949 Temporary Service Rules). These rules _Parshotam Lal_ applied to all persons who held a civil post under the _Dhingra_ Government of India and who were under the rule_Th_ _un·o!·011ndia_ making control of the Governor-General, but who did #### ' '- not hold a lien on any post under the Government of _Das c. I._ India or any Provincial Government, but they did not apply to several categories of persons, including the railway servants. By those rules some protection had been given even to persons who did not substantively hold permanent posts. Thus under r. 6 the services of those persons whose services had ripened into what was therein defined as quasi-permanent service could only be terminated in the same circumstances and in the same manner as those of Government servants in permanent service could be terminated or when the appointing authority certified that reduction had occurred in the number of posts available to Government servants not in temporary service. .Further protection was given by the two provisos to that rule. By r. 5, however, the employment of persons holding temporary service could be terminated at any time by a month's notice. Just to complete the history of the service rules reference may be made to the All-India Service (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1955 which were promulgated by the Central Government in September, 1955, after consultation with the State Governments. For our present purpose it is enough to say that rr. 49 and 55 of the 1930 Classification Rules were substantially reproduced in rr .. 3 and 5 respectively of these 1955 Rules except that the Explanation to r. 49 has been elaborated and the results of the judicial decisions have been incorporated therein. Jn exercise of powers conferred by Art. 309 and Art. 148 (5) of the Consti· tu~ion the President, on February 28, 1957, made the Central Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1957. Rule 13 of these Rules corresponds to r. 49 of the 1930 Classification Rules, and r. 3 of the 1955 Rules and r. 15 substantially reproduces r. 55 of the 1930 Classification Rules and r. 5 of the 1955 Rules. The scheme of the Service Rules·may now be broadly summarised as follows : They enumerated different SUPREME COURT REPORTS 855 punishments which, for good and sufficient reason, 1957 might be inflicted on Government servants and they _Parshotam_ _Lal_ prescribed special procedure which had to be followed Dh~gra before the three major punishments, of dfSmissal, _The_ Unio~ _<>I_ _Tndi«_ removal or reduction in rank could be meted out to _Das c._ _J._ the Government servants. Thus rr. X and XIII of the 1920 Classification Rules prescribed several kinds of punishments to which the different classes of Government servants could be subjected and r. XIV of those rules laid down certain special procedure for cases in which the three major punishments of dismissal, removal or reduction of an officer were contemplated. Likewise r. 49 of the 1930 Classification Rules reproduced with some additions the punishments prescribed in rr. X and XIII and r. 55 of the 1930 Classification Rules provided similar procedural protection as had been prescribed by r. XIV of the 1920 Classification Rules before the punishments of dismissal, removal or reduction in rank could be inflicted. The scheme of the rules applicable to the railway servants was similar in substance. Thus rr. 1702 to 1714 and 2310 of the Indian Railway Code substantially reproduce the provisions of rr. 49 and 55 of the 1930 Classifica~ tion Rules. In short, the service rules, out of the several categories of punishments, selected the three graver punishments of dismissal, removal and reduction in rank and laid down special procedure for giving protection to the Government servants against the infliction of those three major punishments. It will be recalled that the opening words of s. 96-B (1) of the 1915 Act were--"Subject to the provisions of this Act and the Rules made thereunder" and subs. ( 4) confirmed the service rules that were then in force. In spite of this it was held in R. _Venkata Rao_ v. _Secretary of State for_ India(1) with reference to the rules made under s. 96-B of the 1915 Act that, while that section assured that the tenure of office, though at pleasure, would not be subject to capricious or arbitrary action but would be regulated by the rules, it gave no right to the appellant, enforceable by action, to hold his office in accordance with those rules. It (~ {1936] L.R. 64 I.A. _SS._ 856 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] 1957 was held that s. 96-B of the 1915 Act and the rules _Parshotam_ _Lal_ made thereunder only made. provision for the redress Dh~:r• of grievances by administrative process. As if to rein_The_ _Union_ _of India_ force the effect of that decision, the opening words _DasC.J._ quoted above were, in s. 240(1) of the 1935 Act, replaced by the words "Except as expressly otherwise provided by this Act". The position of the Government servant was, therefore, rather insecure, for his office being held during the pleasure of His Majesty under the 1915 Act as well as under the 1935 Act the rules could not override or derogate from the statute and the protection of the rules could not be enforced by action so as to nullify the statute itself. The only protection that the Government servant had .was that, by virtue of s. 96-B(l), they could not be dismissed by an authority subordinate to that by which they were appointed. The position, however, improved to some extent under the 1935 Act which, bys. 240(3), gave a further protection in addition to that provided in· s. 240(2) which reproduced the protection of s. 96-B(l) of the 1915 Act. In other words the substance of the protection provided by r. 55 of the 1930 Classification Rules which required a special procedure to be followed before the three major punishments of dismissal, removal or reduction in rank out of the several punishments enumerated in r. 49 was bodily lifted, as it were, out of the Rules and embodied in the statute itself so as to give a statutory protection to the Government servants. These statutory protections have now become constitutional protections as a result of the reproduction of the provisions of s. 240 in Arts. 310 and 311 of our Constitution. It follows from the above discussion that both at the date of the commencement of the 1935 Act and of our Constitution the words "dismissed", "removed" and "reduced in rank", as used in the service rules, were well understood as signifying or denoting the three major punishments which could be inflicted on Government servants. The protection given by the rules to the Government servants against dismissal, removal or reduction in rank, which could not be enforced by action, was incorporated in sub-ss. ( 1) and S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 857 (2) of s. 240 to give them a statutory protection by 1957 indicating a procedure which had to be followed before _Parshotam_ _Loi_ the punishments of dismissal, removal or reduction in Dh~gra rank could be imposed on them and which could be _The_ _Union of India_ enforced in law. These protections have now been _Da7c._ _J._ incorporated in Art. 311 of· our Constitution. The effect of s. 240 of the 1935 Act reproduced in Arts. 310 and 311, as explained by this Court in _S. A._ _Venkataraman_ v. _The Union of_ India( [1] ), has been to impose a fetter on the right of the Government to inflict the several punishments therein mentioned. Thus under Art. 311(1) the punishments of dismissal or removal cannot be inflicted by an authority sub ordinate to that by which the servant was appointed and under Art. 311(2) the punishments of dismissal, removal and reduction in rank cannot be meted out to the Government servant without giving him a reasonable opportunity to defend himself. The principle embodied in Art. 310(1) that the Government servants hold office during the pleasure of the President or the Governor, as the case may be, is qualified by the provisions of Art. 311 which give protection to the Government servants. The net result is that it is only in those cases where the Government intends to inflict those three forms of punishments that the Government servant must be given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to him. It follows, therefore, that if the termination of service is sought to be brought about otherwise than by way of punishment, then the Government servant whose service is so terminated cannot claim the. protection of Art. 311(2) and the decisions cited before us and referred to above, _in_ so far as they lay down that principle, must be held to be rightly decided. The foregoing conclusion, however, does not solve the entire problem, for it has yet to be ascertained as to when an order for the termination of service is inflicted AS and by way of punishment and when it is not. It has already been said that where a person is .appointed substantively to a permanent post in (1) [1954) S.C.R. 1150. 858 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958) 1957 Government service, he normally acquires a right to _Parsho1am_ _Lal_ hold the post until under the rules, he attains the age _Dhmgra_ v. - f superannua t" 10n or 1s . compu 1 son "l y retire . d an d in the _The Union °1 India_ absence of a contract, express or implied, or a service _Das c._ _J._ rule, he cannot be turned out of his post unless the post itself is abolished or unless he is guilty of misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or other disqualifications and appropriate proceedings are taken under the service rules read with Art. 311(2). Termination of service of such a servant so appointed must _per se_ be a punishment, for it operates as a forfeiture of the servant's rights and brings about a premature end of his employment. Again where a person is appointed to a temporary post for a fixed term of say five years his service cannot, in the absence of a contract or a service rule permitting its premature termination be terminated before the expiry of that period unless he has been guilty of some misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or other disqualifications and appropriate proceedings are taken under the rules read with Art. 311(2). The premature termination of the service of a servant so appointed will _prima facie_ be a dismissal or removal from service by way of punishment and so within the purview of Art. 311(2). Further, take the case of a person who having been appointed temporarily to a post has been in continuous service for more than three years or has been certified by the appointing authority as fit for employment in a quasi-permanent capacity, such person, under r. 3 of the 1949 Temporary Service Rules, is to be deemed to be in quasipermanent service which, under r. 6 of those Rules, can be terminated ( i) in the circumstances and in the manner in which the employment of a Government servant in a permanent service can be terminated or (ii) when the appointing authority certifies that a reduction has occurred in the number of posts available for Government servants not in permanent service. Thus when the service of a Government servant holding a post temporarily ripens into a quasi-permanent service as defined in the 1949 Temporary Service Rules, he acquires a right to the post although his appointment was initially temporary S.C.R SUPREME COURT REPORTS 859 ancj, therefore, the termination of his employment 1957 otherwise than in accordance with r. 6 of those Rules _Partt,!am_ _Lat_ will deprive him of his right to that post which he _i:_cra_ acquired under the rules and will _prima_ _f_ _acie_ be a _The Union of India_ punishment and regarded as a dismissal or removal _Das c._ _J._ from service so as to attract the application of Art. 311. Except in the three cases just mentioned a Government servant has no right to his post and the termination of service of a Government servant does not, except in those cases, amount to a dismissal or removal by way of punishment. Thus where a. person is appointed to a permanent post in a Government service on probation, the termination of his service during or at the end of the period of probation will not ordinarily and by itself be a punishment, for the Government serva,nt; so appointed, has no right to continue to hold su.ch a post any more than the.servant employed on probation by a private employer is entitled to do. Such a termination does not operate as a forfeiture of any right of the servant to hoid the post, for he has no such right and obviously cannot be a dismissal, removal or reduction in rank by way of punishment. This ll.spect of the matter is recognised in the Explanation to r. 49 of the 1930 Classification Rules which correspond to the Note tor. 1702 of the Indian Railway Code and r. 3 of the 1955 Rules and r. 13 of the 1957 Rules, for all those rules expressly say that the termination of such an appointment does not amount to the punishment of dismissal or removal within the meaning -0£ those rules. Likewise if the servant is appointed to officiate in a permanent post er to hold a temporary post other than one for a fixed term, whether substantively or on probation or on an officiating basis, under the ;general law, the implied term of his employment is that his service may be terminp.ted on reasonable notice and the termination of the service of such a servant will not _per se_ amount to dismissal or removal from· service. This principle also has been recognised by the ll!xplanations to r. 49 of the 1930 Classification Rules corresponding to the Note to r. 1702 of the Indian Railway Code and r. 5 of the 1949 Rules and . 860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1958] _z957_ the 1955 Rules and r. 13 of the 1957 Rules. Shortly ·.put, the principle is .that when a servant has right io _ParsAotam Lal_ a post or to a rank either under the·terms of the _**1Jhi1igra**_ f 1 ·d d ;; . ..... . ·contra.ct o employment, express or imp ie, or un er _"th# Uni;, of India_ the rules governing the conditions of his service, the - termination of the service of such 'a servant or his D~s _C.J.._ reduction .to a lower post is by itself and _prima_ _f_ _acie_ a punishment, for it operates as . a forfeiture of his right to hold that post or that rank and to get the emoluments and other benefits attached thereto .. But if the servant has no right to the post; as where he is appointed to a post, permanent or temporary either on probation or on· an ·officiating~ basis. and whose temporary service. has 'not' ripened into . a . quasipermanent service as defined in the Temporary Service Rules, the termination of his· employment does not depriVe him of any right and cannot, therefore, by itself. be a punishment. One test for determining whether the termination of the service of a Government servant is by way of punishment is to ascertain whether the servant, but for such termination', had the right to hold the post .. If he had a right to the post as 'in the three cases hereinbefore mentioned, the termination of his ·service will by itself be a punishment and he. will be entitled to the protection of Art. 311. In other words and broadly speaking, Art. 311 (2), will apply to those cases where the ·Government servant, had he been employed by a private employer, will be entitled to maintain an action for wrongful dismissal, removal or reduction in rank. To put it in another· way, if the Government has, by contract, express or. implied, or, under the rules, the right to terminate the employment at any time,· then, such termination in .the manner provided by the contract or the rules is, _prima_ _f_ aci~ and _per se,_ not a punishment and does not attract the provisions of Art. 311. · . _:_ - It does not, however, follow that, except in the three uases mentioned above, in all other cases, termination of service of a Government servant who has no right I to his post, e.g., where he was appointed to a post, temporary or permanent,· either on probation or on l an officiating basis and had not acquired a quasi S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 861 permanent status, the termination cannot, in any cir- 1957 cumstance, be a dismissal or removal from service _Parshotam_ _Loi_ by way of punishment. Cases may arise where the _Dhi;!ra_ Government may find a servant unsuitable for the post _The_ _Union of India_ on account of misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or _Das c._ _J._ other disqualification. If such a servant was appointed to a post, permanent or temporary, either on probation or on an officiating basis, then the very transitory character of the employment implies that the employment was terminable at any time on reasonable notice given by the Government. Again if the servant was appointed to a post, permanent or temporary, on the express condition or term that the employment would be terminable on say a month's notice as in the case of _Satish Chander Anand_ v. _The Union_ _of_ India(1), then the Government might at any time serve the requisite notice. In both cases the Government may proceed to take action against the. servant in exercise of its powers under the terms of the contract of employment,· express or implied, or under the rules regulating the conditions of service, if any be applicable, and· ordinarily in such a situation the Government will take this course. But the Government may take the view that a simple termination of service is not enough and that the conduct of the servant has been such that he deserves a punishment entailing penal consequences. In such a case the Government may choose to proceed against the servant on the ·basis of his misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or the like and inflict on him the punishment of dismissal, removal or reduction carrying with it the penal consequences. In such a case the servant will be entitled to the protection of Art. 311(2). The position may, therefore, be summed up as follows : Any and every termination of service is not a dismissal, removal or reduction in rank. A termination of servic~ brought about by the exercise of a con tractual right is not _per se_ dismissal or removal, as has been held by this Court in _Satish Chander Anand_ v. _The -Union_ _of India_ (supra). Likewise the termination of service by compulsory retirement in terms of a (I) [1953] S.C.R. _6SS._ 862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] 1957 specific rule regulating the conditions of service is not _Parshotam Lal_ tantamount to the infliction of a punishment and does Dhi~a not attract Art. 311(2), as has also been held by this _f"he_ _Union of India_ Court in _Sh yam Lal_ v. _The State of Uttar Pradesh(')._ _D;;;cJ._ In either of the two abovementioned cases the termination of the service did not carry with it the penal consequences of loss of pay, or allowances under r. 52 of the Fundamental Rules. It is true that the misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or other disqualification may be the motive or the inducing factor which influences the Government to take action under the terms of the contract of employment or the specific service rule, nevertheless, if a right exists, under the contract or the rules, to terminate the service the motive operating on the mind of the Government is, as Chagla C. J. has said in _Shrinivas Ganesh_ v. _Union of_ _India_ (supra), wholly irrelevant. In short, if the termination of service is founded on the right flowing from contract or the service rules then, _prima facie,_ the termination is not a punishment and carries with it no evil consequences and so Art. 311 is not attracted. _But_ even if the Government has, by contract or under the rules, the right to terminate the employment with·out going through the procedure prescribed for inflicting the punishment of dismissal or removal or reduction in rank, the Government may, nevertheless, choose to punish the servant and if the t-:?rmination of service is sought to be founded on misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or other disqualification, then it is a punishment and the requirements of Art. 311 must be complied with. As already stated if the servant has got a right to continue in the post then, unless the contract of employment or the rules provide to the contrary, his services cannot be terminated otherwise than for misconduct, negligence, inefficiency or other good and sufficient cause. A termination of the service of such a servant on such grounds must be a punishment and, therefore, a dismissal or removal within Art. 311, for it operates as a forfeiture of his right and he is visited with the evil consequences of loss of pay and allowances. It puts an indelible stigma on the officer (I) [1955] S.C.R. 26. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 863 affecting his future career. A reduction in rank like- 1957 wise may be by Way of punishment or it niay be an _Parshotam Lal_ innocuous thing. If the Government servant has a Dh~ra right to a particular rank, then the very reduction _The_ _Union of India_ ###### from that rank will operate as a penalty, for he will v;;c. 1• then lose the emoluments and privileges of that rank. If, however, he has no right to the particular rank, his reduction from an officiating higher rank to his substantive lower rank will not ordinarily be a punishment. But the mere fact that the servant has no title to the post or the rank and the Government has, by contract, express or implied, or under the rules,. the right to reduce him to a lower post does not mean that an order of reduction of a servant to a lower post or rank cannot in any circumstances be a punishment. The real test for determining whether the reduction in such cases is or is not by way of punishment is to find out if the order for the reduction also visits the servant with any penal consequences, Thus if the order entails or provides for the 'forfeiture of his pay or allowances or the loss of his seniority in his substantive rank or the stoppage or postponement of his future chances of promotion, then that ('ircumstance may indicate that although in form the Gov~mment had purported to exercise its right to terminate the employment or to reduce the servant to a lower rank under the terms of the contract of employment or under the rules, in truth and reality the Government has terminated the employment as and by way of penalty. The use of the expression "terminate" or "dischar_ge" is not conclusive. In spite of the use of such innocuous expressions, the court has to apply the two tests mentioned above, namely, (1) whether the servant had a right to the post or the rank or (2) whether he has been visited with evil consequences of the kiild hereinbefore referred to ? If the case satisfies either of the two tP.sts then it must be held that the servant has been punished and the termination of his service must _be_ taken as a dismissal or removal from service or the reversion to his substantive rank must be regarded as a reduction in rank and if the requirements of tJ1e rules and Art. 311, which give protection to 864 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] 1957 Government servant have not been complied with, _Parshotam Lal_ the termination of the service or the reduction in Dh~gra rank must be held to be wrongful and in violation of _The_ _Union of India_ the constitutional right of the servant. _Das c._ _J._ Applying the principles discussed above it is quite clear that the petitioner before us was appointed to the higher post on an officiating basis, that is to say, he was appointed to officiate in that post which, according to Indian Railway Code, r. 2003(19) corresponding to F.R. 9(19) means, that he was appointed only to perform the duties of that post. He had no right to continue in that post and under the general law the implied term of such appointment was that it was terminable at any time on reasonable notice by the Government and, therefore, his reduction did not operate as a forfeiture of any right and could not be described as reduction in rank by way of punishment. Nor did this reduction under Note 1 tor. 1702 amount to his dismissal or removal. Further it is quite clear from the orders passed by the General Manager that it did not entail the forfeiture of his chances of future promotion or affect his seniority in his substantive post. In these circumstances there is no escape from the conclusion that the petitioner was not reduced in rank by way of punishment and, therefore, the provisions of Art. 311(2) do not come into play at all. In this view of the matter the petitioner cannot complain that the requirements of Art. 311 (2) were not complied with, for those requirements never applied to him. The result, therefore, is that we uphold the decision of the Division Bench, although on somewhat different grounds. This appeal must, therefore, be dismissed with costs. _Bose_ _J._ BosE J.-With great respect I cannot agree that Art. 311 is not attracted in this case. I agree with my Lord that Art. 311 applies to all classes of Government servants mentioned in it and that it makes no difference whether they are permanent, quasi-permanent, officiating, temporary or on probation. There may be good reasons for having all these shades of difference in the civil services and S.C.R SUP:RJ!!ME COURT RE:P,ORTS 865 .among those who hold civil posts in the Union and _1957_ the States but I am clear that the protections afforded _Parshota't'n_ _Lai_ by Art. 311 and other parts of the Constitution can- _Dh!'!ra_ not be nullified or whittled down by clever phrasing _The_ _un1o11 of India_ and subtle ingenuity. ao~ _J;_ I am also clear that. "Except as _expressly_ provided by _this_ Constitution, every person etc ...... holds office _durinl'J_ _the_ _pleasure_ of the President .......... " These words are absolute arid leave no room for inference or deduction. The "pleasure" can only be controlled by some _express_ provision in the Constitution. One of them is in Art. 310(2), another in Art. 311. There are also others, such as Arts. 124( 4) and 217(l)(b), but it is not necessary to.enumerate them because I am only concerned with the broad principle here. I also agree with my Lord that the words, dismissal, removal and reduction in rank, used in· Art. 311 have special meaning. I would not have said this had it not been for ambiguities that arise otherwise. We were faced with that in _Satish Chandra_ _Anand_ v. _Union of_ India(1), where we had to cons true the words "dismissal" and "removal" and to determine whether they were merely tautologous or had been introduced to emphasise a difference in meaning. According to the dictionary, they mean the same thing or, at any rate, have subtle shades of distinction that are meaningless in the context in wnich they are used. It was therefore necessary to look to the surrounding circumstances and determine whether they had acquired special technical significance at the date of the Constitution. For that purpose, it was necessary to examine the history of the conditions of service under the Crown and look to the various statutes and rules then in force. Except for that, I do not think it would have been proper to look at the rules for I cannot agree that the Constitu _tion_ _can_ be construed by reference to Acts of the Legislature and rules framed by some lesser authority and, in particular, to rules made and Acts passed after the Constitution. (1) [1953) S.C.R. 655. L2SC/61 PVI-9 866 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19581 _1957_ I agree with my Lord that Art. 311 applies when _Parshotam Lal_ penal consequences ensue from the dismissal or Dh~~a removal or reduction in rank, though I prefer to _The Union of India_ phrase this in wider terms and say that the Article is _Bose_ _1._ attracted whenever a "right" is infringed in the way in which I shall proceed to explain, for a right can be infringed in that sort of way even when no penal consequences follow. I have used the word "right" but must hasten to explain that I use it in a special sense. The "right" need not necessarily be justiciable nor need it necessarily amount to a contract but, broadly speaking, it must he the sort of "right" which, even when not enforceable in the courts, would form a good foundation for a "Petition of Right" in England. It is as difficult to speak of "rights" (except those _expressly_ conferred by the Constitution) when one holds at "pleasure" as to speak of "contracts." But they are com•enient expressions to convey a particular thought, provided the limitations imposed by the context are not forgotten. The word "contract" is used in Art. 310(2), but as these "contracts" are as much subject to "pleasure" as any other engagement of service (except as otherwise provided by the Constitution) they a?"e not contracts in the usual sense of the term; nor are the conditions of service that apply to Government servants who do not serve under a special "contract". A contract that can be determined at will despite an express condition to the contrary [and that is what Art. 310(2) contemplates] is not a contract as usually understood; nor are conditions of service that can be unilaterally varied without the consent of the other "contracting party", and even behind his back. But they are convenient terms to convey a thought and that is the sense in which "contract" is used in Art. 310(2) and the sense in which it has been used in some Privy Council rulings. Now these "conditions of service" (and of course special "contracts" as well) confer "rights" and though the conditions can be varied unilaterally because of the "pleasure", they cannot be ignored so S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 867 long as they are in force; and if a dismissal, or _1957_ removal, or reduction in rank infringes one of these _Parshotam Lal_ "rights", then, in my judgement, Art. 311 is attracted. Dh~!"a I said in _Satish Chandra Anand's case_ (1) that the _Tire_ _Unio_ _[11]_ _0/India_ President and Government are as free to enter into _Bose_ _J._ special contracts as any other person _provided they_ _are consistent_ _with the Constitution._ That also · applies to conditions of service where there are no special "contracts". Anything. else would be anomalous especially as anyone who serves under the Union or under a State serves at "pleasure". It is, tbt!refore, possible for the President to make "con· ti.acts" that are terminable in a particular way or at a pl:irticular time or on the happening of a given event, _provided they_ _do_ _not offend the Constitution;_ and when they are so determined, they can, broadly speaking, be called "contractual terminations". Two such cases have already been before this court. In _Satish Chandra Anand's case_ (supra), it. was a special "contract" terminable with a month's notice on either side. In _Shyam Lal_ v. _State of Uttar_ _Pradesh_ (2) it was a condition of service that permit ted. compulsory retirement at a particular age. Any other variation that does not offend the Constitution would be equally permissible. These conditions confer a "right" on one side and correspondingly reduce the ambit of the "rights" conferred by the "contract" on the other. Therefore, when Government exercises one of their "rights" there is no infringement of the other party's "rights" because to that extent he has none. It follows that when, in a given case, Government has an option to adopt one of two courses as, for example, to "dismiss" or "reduce" for misconduct and at the same time to terminate or alter the service under a term of the "contract" or because of a condition of the service, then, if it chooses to act under the right conferred by the "contract'', Art. 311 is not attracted even though misconduct is also present and even though that is the real reason for the action taken. But. if Government chooses to adopt such a course, it must be careful to see that no evil (1) (1953] S.C.R. 655. (2) (1955] I S.C.R. 26. 110 868 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _1957_ consequences will ensue over and beyond those that _Parlhotam_ _Loi_ would ordinarily follow from a normal termination _Dhingra_ or alteration when there is no misconduct or blame on _Th•_ u.J~ _of India_ the part of the person affected. But I repeat that _Bose_ _1•_ any such condition _must_ _be_ _consistent_ _with the_ _Con-_ " _stitution_ and that no clever artifice or juggling with words can destroy or whittle down the guarantees of Art. 311, or any other Article for that matter. To my mind, the test must always be whether evil consequences over and above those that would ensue from a "contractual termination" are likely to follow. V/ere it otherwise, the blameless man against whom no fault can be found would be at a disadvantage. It would be anomalous to hold that a man who has been guilty of misconduct should have greater protection than a blameless individual. But any man who is visited with evil consequences that would not ensue in the case of another similarly placed, but free from blame, can, in my opinion, claim the protection of Art. 311. ' Now what happened in this case? The appellant was appointed to an All-India service of the Union in August, 1924. He has not been removed or dis missed from service, so he is still a member of an All-India service. On July 2, 1951, he was appointed Assistant Superintendent of Railway Telegraphs in class II service. On August 19, 1953, he was relieved of this appointment and reverted to his substantive post in a class III appointment. There can be no doubt that this was a reduction in rank. The only question is whether it was so _within the meaning of Art. 311_ for, as I said earlier, these words have special-meaning and do not apply in every case where a person is removed from a higher to a lower post. The argument on behalf of the Union of India is that the higher post to which the appellant was appointed was temporary and that the appellant was only officiating in it; and rules were cited to show that Government had the right, under those rules, to shift the appellant from a higher to a lower post. I need not consider this argument because we are all S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 869 agreed that Art. 311 applies even when the appoint- _1957_ ment is temporary, or officiating and, on the view I _Parshotam_ _Loi_ take, it does not matter whether Government had _Dhi;,va_ what I might call a "contractual right" to reduce _The_ _Urrio;o/Jndia_ because even if it had, it exercised it in a way that _Bose_ _J._ evoked evil consequences over and above those that would have ensued in a similar case where there was ne:ither misconduct nor blame. Our attention was directed to remarks in the appel~ Iant's confidential reports and to various administrative notings on his files. All these are, in my opinion, irrelevant. We are only concerned with the operative order made by the proper authority com· petent to make it _and with the consequences tfiat_ _ensue_ _from_ _that_ _order._ In this case, the order of reversion dated August 19, 1953, is non-committal. It merely says that Shri Bishamber Nath Chopra is appointed to officiate in the appellant's place and that on relief th~ appel**lant** will revert to a lower rank. That in itself might be harmless but the order does uot stand alone and though the various administrative notings are irrelevant, the General Manager's remarks on them, which form the real foundation of the order, cannot be ignored because the sting lies there and the evil consequences of which I speak flow from them. They are really part and parcel of the order and the two must be read together. I say this because, quite obviously, the constitutfonal guarantees of Art. 311 cannot be evaded by passing a non-committal order that is innocuous and at the same time making another order in secret that would have attracted Art. 311 had it been made openly. I am not suggesting that that was done here or that the object was to evade Art. 311 by a secret manoeuvre. All I am pointing out is that the consequences of Art. 311 cannot be evaded by cleverly splitting up an order into two parts. Now what were those remarks ? They were endorsed on the appellant's file on June 11, 1953. The General Manager said : "I am disappointed to read these reports. He 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _1957_ should revert as a subordinate _till_ _he makes good the_ _Parlhotam_ r...1 _short-comings_ noticed in this chance of his as an Dh~a officer." _The_ _Unlonoflndi•What_ does ·that mean? In plain English it means that _Bo«_ ;. he is not to be promoted to a like post until some competent officer chooses to think he has made good his previous short-comings. That is an evil consequence over and above that which would ensue in the case of what I may call again a "contractual termination" of the engagement in the higher post. It was virtually admitted in the arguments before is that a man who is reduced in rank for misconduct for a particular period, say one year or two years, is being "punished" and therefore Art. 311 will apply. What difference is there if the reduction is for an unspecified period instead of for one that is certain? In both cases, the possibility of promotion is stayed and whether that is a "punishment" or a "penalty" it is, in my judgment, an evil consequence over and above that which would ensue in a case where the man "reduced" is faultless. In view of the almost frivolous resort that is sometimes made to Art. 311 I want to guard against too wide an interpretation of what I have said. I do not mean to imply that the reasons that lead to an order of reduction are relevant when there is a "contractual right" to act in a particular way; nor do I. mean to imply that a mere recording of disappointment or dissatisfaction would attract Art. 311 even if it is followed by a contractual termination of the engagement. All that is not of the essence. The real test is whether additional evil consequences are implicit in the order. It is here that I venture to dissent, with the very greatest respect, from my Lord's construction of Art. 311. If I read his judgment aright, I gather that his view, and that of my learned brothers, is that Art. 311 is confined to the penalties prescribed by the various rules and that one must look to all the relevant rules to determine whether the order is intended t.o operate as a penalty or not. With deep respect, I do not think that the gist of the matter is either the S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 871 form of the action or the procedure followed; nor do I _1957_ think it is relevant to determine what operated in the _Parshotam_ _Lal_ mind of a particular officer. The real hurt does not lie _Dlri:.cra_ in any of those things but in the consequences that _The_ _Union of India_ ###### follow and, in my judgment, the protections of Art. B;;; J. 311 are not against harsh words but against hard blows. It is the effedt of the order alone that matters; and in my judgment, Art. 311 applies whenever any substantial evil follows over and above a purely "contractual one". I do not think the article can be evaded by saying in a set of rules that a particular . consequence is not a punishment or that a particular . kind of action is not intended to operate as a penalty. In my judgment, it does not matter whether the evil consequences are one of the "penalties" prescribed by the rules c;>r not. The real test is, do they in fact ensue as a consequence of th~ order made? I would allow the appeal with costs. BY THE CouRT.-ln accordance with the opm10n -0f the majority, the appeal is dismissed with costs. _Appeal dismissed._ PATNA ELECTRIC SUPPLY CO., LTD., PATNA. _v._ BALI RA! & ANOTHER. (BHAGWATJ, B. P. SINHA, JAFER IMAM, J. L. KAPUR and GAJENDRAGADKAR, JJ.) _Industrial Dispute-Discharge_ _of_ _employee-Permission_ _granted by Industrial Tribunat-Powers of Labour Appellate_ _Tribunal to interfere-Question_ _of_ _law-Appealability-_ _Industria.l Disputes Act, 1947_ _(14_ _of_ 1947), _s._ _33-The In-_ _1957_ _November_ _S._ _dustrial Disputes (Appellate) Tribunal Act,_ _1950_ _(48_ _of_ 1.950) ••• _7._ 'J'be appellant made an application before the Industrial Tribunal under s. 33 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, for.permission to dismiss the respondents, its employees, on the ground of misconduct under cl. 17(b) (viii) of the appellant's Standing Orders, but subsequently, on a reconsideration of the facts, made another application praytng instead