Narayan Chandra Ghosh v. Kanailal Ghosh

(_. A # NARA YAN CHANDRA GHOSH AND ORS. # _v._ KANAILAL GHOSH AND ORS. NOVEMBER 16, 2005 ## B [B.N. AGRA WAL AND A.K. MA THUR, JJ.] _Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act, 1949, Calcutta Thika Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act 1981-Sections 9 and 19-Eviction of Tenant-_ C _Abatement of Eviction Suit-1948 Act not providing for eviction of Bharatias by Thika tenancy and Bharatias not protected by Premises Tenancy Ac/Respondent being Thika tenants filing suit for eviction of Appellants Bharatias-Enactment of the 1981 Act while the suits were pending-New Act providing for protection of Bharatias as tenant under the Premises Tenancy Act-Respondents filing fresh suits for eviction on the ground that_ . D _the earlier suits abated under section 19 of the 1981 Act-Held, on enactment of the 1981 Act the earlier suits abated and the fresh suits are maintainable._ _Eviction_ Suit-Bonafide _Necessity-Thika tenant filing suit for eviction of Bharatias pleading_ bonafide _need of the premises for their family membersTrial Court decreeing the suit-appellate court upholding the eviction decree_ E _in respect of three rooms but reversing the decree in respect of one roomHigh Court restoring the decree of the Trial Court-On appeal, held, the eviction of tenant on the ground of_ bonafide _necessity is justified-No interference called for with the High Court judgment._ Respondents the _Thika_ tenants filed suit for eviction against the F appellants who were _Bharatias_ of the premises. Act of 1949 did not provided for eviction procedure of _Bharatias_ by _Thika_ tenants. 1981 Act was enacted while the suits were pending which provides for protection of _Bharatias_ as tenants under the Premises Tenancy Act. Section 19 of the Act states that all proceedings for ejectment of _Thika_ tenants and _Bharatias_ shall stand abated G as if such proceedings had never been made. Respondents filed fresh suits for eviction. Trial Court decreed the suit. Lower Appellate Court upheld the eviction decree in respect of three rooms but reversed the decree in respect of one room. The High Court restored the decree of the Trial Court. Hence this appeal by appellant. The Question before the Court was as to whether the H 250 251 NARA Y ANCHANDRAGHOSH _v._ KANAILALGHOSH earlier suits filed by _thika_ tenant for ejectment of _Bharatias_ abated under A se~tion 19 of the 1981 Act. Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: I. Under the 1949 Act, procedure was specifically provided for ejectment of a _thika_ tenant by making an application for ejectment before the B Controller but not for ejectment of a _Bharatia_ by a _thika_ tenant For ejectment of a Bharatia, only a suit for ejectment could be filed by a _thika_ tenant before a Civil Court in case, he wanted to evict. a Bharatia. As Legislature of the State of West Bengal was contemplating legislation providing therein for the acquisition of interest of landlords in respect of lands comprised in _thika_ tenancy and certain other tenancies, pending its enactment, a further C legislation was enacted which was named. The Calcutta _Thika_ Tenancy Stay of Proceedings (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1978. This legislation was enacted to provide for temporary stay of proceedings for ejectment of _thika_ tenants and _Bharatias_ holding under _thika_ tenants. (259-C, D, E, Fl D 2. Immediately after the 1978 Act expired, The Calcutta _Thika_ Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act, 1981 (hereinafter referred to as 'the 1981 Act') was enacted which came into force with effect from 18th January, 1982. The said Act was enacted for the acquisition of interests of landlords in respect of lands comprised in _thika_ tenancy and certain other tenancies. Section 9 of the 1981 Act lays down that monthly and other periodical tenancies of E _Bharatias_ in respect of structures occupied by them on payments of rent to the _thika_ tenants shall, with effect from the date of coming into force of 1981 Act, be governed by the provisions of Premises Tenancy Act and for the said purpose, owners of the structures shall be deemed to be landlords and _Bharatias_ shall be deemed to be tenants under the said Act. According to F Section 19 of the 1981 Act, all proceedings for ejectment of _thika_ tenants and _Bharatias_ shall stand abated with effect from 19th day of July, 1978 as if such proceedings had never been made. (260-H; 261-C, D, E, Fl 3. Under 1949 Act, procedure was provided for ejectment of a _thika_ tenant only and no procedure whatsoever was prescribed for ejectment of a G _Bharatia_ by a _thika_ tenant. Therefore, a suit for ejectment could be filed by a _thika_ tenant for ejectment of a _Bharatia_ before an ordinary civil court and such _Bharatia_ during the continuance of 1949 Act was not entitled to claim protection under •the Premises Tenancy Act and could be evicted upon determination of his tenancy by giving a notice under Section _106_ of the H 252 ... SUPREME CbUR't REPORTS (2005) SUPP. _5_ S.C.R. A Transfer of Property Act Under 1981 the Act, it has been specifically provided that _Bharatias_ are entitled to claim protection of the Premises-Tenancy Act meaning thereby that now they cannot be evicted unless grounds for eviction enumerated under the Premises Tenancy Act are proved and they cannot be ejected merely upon determining their tenancy by giving a notice under Section B 106 of the Transfer of Property Act. (263-C, D, El 4. Section 9 of the 1981 Act specifically lays down that from the date of coming into force of 1981 Act, i.e., 18th J~nuary, 1982, the tenancies of _Bharatias_ shall be governed by the Premises J:enancy Act. On that date, both the suits earlier filed by the _thika_ tenants for ejectment of _Bharatias_ were C pending and when the same were filed, it was not required of the _thika_ tenant to prove the grounds for eviction enumerated under the Premises Tenancy Act, but with effect from 18th January, 1982 even in those suits a _thika_ tenant was required to prove grounds for ejectment under the Premises Tenancy Act in case it is held that the same did not abate~ Such suits cannot be effectively disposed of after the commencement of 1981 Act as earlier it was not neces~ry D to prove the grounds for eviction enumerated under the Premises Tenancy Act and the _Bharatia_ would be thereby denied the protection granted to him under the Premises Tenancy Act although he was entitled to such protection even in pending suits. Thus the suits for ejectment filed by the _thika_ tenants for ejectment of _Bharatias_ which were pending before a civil court abated E under Section 19 of the 1981 Act, as such High Court was quite justified in holding that the present suits were maintainable. •263-C, D, E; 264, D, E) _Ranjit Kumar Saha_ v. _Sudhir Kumar Dey_ 91 CWN 1071 ; _Ranjit Kumar Saha_ v. _Sudhir Kumar Dey,_ 91 CWN 1090 and _Mrs. Qaiser Jahan_ v. _Mohammad Yawoob,_ (1982) 2 CLJ"•t43, disapproved. F CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 7091 of2001. From the Judgment and Order dated 8.12.2000 of the Calcutta High Court in S.A. No. 50of1997. G ## WITH ## C.A. No. 7092 of2001. Bhaskar Prasad Gupta, Udayan Chakravarty,.Pradyot Kumar Chakravarty and Prasenjit Kumar Chakravarty . for the Appellants. H 253 NARAYANCHANDRAGHOSHv.KANAILALGHOSH[B.N.AGRAWAL,J.] S.B. Sanyal and Vijay Hansaria, Jeevan Dutta Chatterjee, Rana Mukherjee, D. Bharat Kumar, Anand, Abhijit Sengupta and Ms. lndrani for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by **B.N. AGRA WAL, J.** These appeals by the defendants arise out of **B** common judgment rendered by the High Court in second appeals. The short facts are that the plaintiffs filed two suits, viz., Title Suit Nos. 125 of 1978 and 146 of 1977 for eviction of defendants. Both the suits relate to eviction of defendants from different portions of a house. The former suit related to eviction from three rooms and the latter from one room. In both the C suits, the plaintiffs were _thika_ tenants whereas defendants were _Bharatias._ The grounds for eviction disclosed in the suits were default, causing nuisance by the defendants and _bona fide_ need of the plaintiffs for th~ premises .in question as number of their family members had substantially increased. When the suits were filed, The Calcutta _Thika_ Tenancy Act, 1949 (hereinafter D referred to as 'the 1949 Act') was in force. During the pendency of the aforesaid suits, The Calcutta _Thika_ Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act, l 98 l (hereinafter referred to as 'the 1981 Act') was promulgated and as, according to the plaintiffs, the said suits abated under Section 19 of the 1981 Act, the plaintiffs filed another suits giving rise to Title Suit Nos. 35 of 1983 and 22 of 1983 for eviction of defendants from the aforesaid four rooms E stating therein the same grounds for eviction. Defendants contested the claim for eviction on grounds, _inter alia,_ that the subsequent suits were not maintainable as earlier suits did not abate under Section 19 of the 1981 Act. They denied all the grounds for eviction. F In support of their respective cases, both the parties led oral and documentary evidence and upon conclusion of trial, the learned Munsiff held that the suits were maintainable as the earlier suits abated under Section 19 of the 1981 Act. So far as the grounds for eviction are concerned, the trial court d~creed the suits only on the ground of _bona fide_ necessity as, in its O opinion, the plaintiffs failed to prove the other grounds. Challenging the decrees of the trial court, when appeals were preferred, the lower appellate court upheld the decree for eviction in relation to three rooms but reversed the same in relation to one room and thereby dismissed suit for eviction in relation to the same. Against the aforesaid decision, two _appeals were_ preferred H 254 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005) SUPP. _5_ S.C.R. A before the High Court, one by the plaintiffs and other by the defendants. High Court upheld decision ofthe lower appellate court affinning eviction decree in relation to three rooms. So far as decree of the lower appellate court dismissing the eviction suit in relation to one room is concerned, the same has been reversed and the decree for eviction in relation to same passed by B the trial court has been restored. Hence, these appeals by special leave. Mr. Bhaskar Prasad Gupta, learned Senior Counsel appearing in support of the appeals raised various points but for the disposal of the appeals, only two points are relevant. Firstly, it _has been submitted that earlier two suits filed by the plaintiffs did not abate under Section 19 of the 1981 Act, as such C both the suits were liable to be dismissed on the ground that the same were not maintainable. Secondly, it has been submitted that the High Court was not justified in interfering with the finding of fact in relation to one room in a second appeal. On the other hand, Mr. S.B.Sanyal and Mr. Vijay Hansaria, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the respondents in their respective appeals, submitted that present suits were maintainable as earlier two suits D abated under Section 19 of the 1981 Act. Mr. Vijay Hansaria, appearing in support of the judgment of the High Court in relation to one room, submitted that the High Court was quite justified in reversing judgment rendered by lower appellate court and confinning the decree for eviction passed by the trial court. E Thus, the main question to be considered in the present appeals is as to whether the earlier suits abated under Section 19 of the 1981 Act? In this regard, it would be necessary to refer to the history of the legislation. The 1949 Act was enacted for making better provision relating to the law of landlord and tenant in respect of _thika_ tenancies in Calcutta. The expression F _"thika_ tenant" has been defined under Section 2(5) of the 1949 Act to mean a person who holds a land under a lease or otherwise under another person on payment of rent and has erected structure thereon or acquired by purchase or gift any structure on such land for residential, manufacturing or business purpose. The expression "Bharatia" has been defined under Section 2(1) of the 1949 Act to mean any person by whom, or on whose account, rent is G payable for any structure or part of a structure erected by a _thika_ tenant in his holding. Under Section 3 of 1949 Act, three grounds for eviction of _Thika_ tenant have been enumerated, namely, (I) using the holding in such a manner so as to render it unfit; (II) _bona fide_ necessity of the landlord for the holding; and (Ill) in a case of lease, other than for residential purpose, expiry H of the period of lease. Under Section 5 of the 1949 Act, procedure has been NARAYAN CHANDRA GHOSH _v._ KANAI LAL GHOSH [B.N. AGRA WAL,J.) 25 5 '· _{_ f provided for eviction of _thika_ tenant by the landlord by filing an application A for ejectment before Controller appointed by the State Government as defined under Section 2(2) of the 1949 Act. At this stage, it would be useful to refer to the provisions of Sections 2(1), 2(2), 2(5), 3 and 5 of the 1949 Act which read thus: "2(1) _"Bharatia"_ means any person by whom, or on whose account, B rent is payable for any structure or part of a structure erected by a _Thika_ tenant in his holding. 2(2) _"Controller"_ means an officer appointed as such by the State . Government for an area to which this Act extends and includes any officer appointed by the State Government to perfonn all or any of the C duties imposed or to exercise all or any of the powers conferred by this Act, on the Controller. 2(5) _"thika tenant"_ means any person who holds, whether under a written lease or otherwise, land under another person, and is or but for a special contract would be liable to pay rent, at a monthly or at D any other periodical rate, for that land to that another person and has erected or acquired by purchase or gift any structure on such land for a residential, manufacturing or business purpose and includes the successors in interest of such person, but does not include a person - (a) who holds such land under that another person in perpetuity; or E - (b) who holds such land under that another person under a registered lease, in which the duration of the lease is expressly stated to be for a period of not less than twelve years; or - (c) who holds such land under that another person and uses or p occupies.such land as a khattal. 3. _Grounds on which a thika tenant may be ejected._ (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any contract, a _thika_ tenant shall, subject to the other provisions of this Act, be liable to ejectment from his holding G on one or more of the following grounds and not otherwise, namely:- - (i) on the ground that he has used the land comprised in his holding in a manner which renders it unfit for any of the purposes mentioned in clause (5) of section 2; H 256 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2005) SUPP. 5 S.C.R. A B c D E F G H - (ii) except during any period limited by a registered lease under which a _thika_ tenant may hold the land comprised in the holding and subject to the provisions of sub-sections (2), (3) and (4), on the ground that the land is required by the landlord for his own occupation; - (iii) when he holds the land comprised in the holding under a registered lease for a purpose other than a residential purpose, on the ground that the tenn of the lease has expired. (2) No landlord shall be deemed to require the land comprised in the _thika_ tenant's holding for his own occupation if he has a house of his own in the city in which such land is situated and the accommodation available in such house is, in the opinion of the Controller, reasonably sufficient for him and his family. (3) Where the landlord requires the land comprised in the _thika_ tenant's holding for his own occupation and the Controller is of opinion that such requirement may be substantially satisfied by ejecting the _thika_ tenant from a part only of his holding and allowing him to continue in occupation of the rest, then, if the _thika_ tenant agrees to such occupation, the Controller shall make an order accordingly and fix the proportionate rent for the portion remaining in the occupation of the _thika_ tenant. (4) Where the _thika_ tenant has erected or acquired a _pucca_ structure for a residential purpose on the land comprised in his holding, no order for ejectment shall be made against him except. in respect of such part, if any, of such land as does not appertain to the _pucca_ structure. 5. _Proceedings for ejectment.-(1)_ Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force a landlord wishing to eject a _thika_ tenant on one or more of the grounds specified in section 3 shall apply in the prescribed manner to the Controller for an order in that behalf and, on· receipt of such application, the Controller shall, after giving the _thika_ tenant a notice to show cause within thirty days from the date of service of the notice why the application shall not be allowed and after making an inquiry in the prescribed manner either allow the application or reject it after recording the reasons for making such order, and, if he allows the application, shall make an order directing the _thika_ tenant to vacate the holding and, subject to the NARAYANCHANDRAGHOSHv.KANAILALGHOSH[B.N.AGRAWAL,J.] 257 provisions of section 10, to put the landlord in possession thereof. A (2) No order allowing an application under sub-section ( 1) shall be made in a case where compensation is payable under the proviso to section **4** unless and until the amount of compensation so payable has been either paid to the _thika_ tenant or deposited with the Controller." **B** It may be also useful to refer to the provisions of Sections 10 and 1 OA of the 1949 Act which read thus: "I 0. _Consequences of the determination of interests of thika tenants in certain cases-(1)_ Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any contract, on the detennination of the interest of a C _thika_ tenant in the land comprised in a holding as a result of ejectment from the holding of, or of surrender or abandonment of the holding by, the _Thika_ tenant, or otherwise, any structure standing upon such land and existing on the date of such determination shall vest in the landlord. **D** (2) When any structure standing on any holding of a _Thika_ tena11t vests in the landlord under sub-section (l) otherwise than as a result of ejectment of the _Thika_ tenant from the holding on the ground specified in clause (ii) of sub-section (l) of section 3, any _Bharatia_ in possession of such structure or any part thereof, shall without any E application being made be entitled to continue in such possession and shall be· deemed to be a tenant in respect of such structure or part. thereof, as the case may be, within the meaning of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956; holding under the landlord on the terms and conditions on which such _Bharatia_ had been holding immediately before such structure vested in the landlord: F F Provided that nothing in this. sub-section shall prevent either the landlord or such _Bharatia_ so deemed to be a tenant. holding under the landlord, from proceeding under the West Bengal Premises Teq.ancy Act, 1956, for fixing the standard rent payable in respect of such structure or part thereof, as the case may be. ! ! **G** I **OA.** _Right of thika tenant to erect pucca structures-(_ I) . Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any contract, but subject to the provisions of subsections (2) and (3), a _thika_ tenant using the land comprised in his **H** 258 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005) SUPP. _5_ S.C.R. ## A - holding _fot_ a residential purpose may erect a _pucca_ structure on such land for such purpose with the previous permission of the Controller. (2) On an application made by a _thika_ tenant in this behalf, the . ' Controller may grant hiin permission to erect a _pucca_ structure, if the Controller is satisfied that· the _thika_ tenant - B - (a) is using the structure existing on the land comprised in his holding for a residential purpose, - (b) intends to use the _pucca_ structure to be erected on such land for a similar purpose, and - c - (c) has obtained sanction of a building plan. to erect the _pucca_ structure from the municipal authorities of the area in which such land is situated. - (3) No _thika_ tenant shall be entitled to eject a _Bharaiia_ from the structure or part thereof in the possession of the _Bharatia_ for the - D purpose of erecting a _pucca_ structure : E Provided that the _thika_ tenant may by providing temporary alternative accommodation to a _Bh.aratia_ obtain fr.om him vacant possession of the structure in bis possession on condition that immediately on the completion of the construction of the _pucca_ structure the _thika_ tenant shall offer the _Bharatia_ accommodation in the _pucca_ structure at a rent which shall in no case exceed by more than twenty-five per centum the rent which the _Bharatia_ was previously paying." Section 10(1) of the 1949 Act lays down that upon ejectment of a _thika F_ tenant, his interest in the holding shall be determined and the structures standin~ thereon shall vest in the landlord. Sub-section (2) of Section IO of the 1949 Act lays down that in case the order of eviction is on grounds (i) and (iii) of Section 3(1) of 1949 Act, in that eventuality, the _Bharatia_ who is in possession of the structure shall be entitled to continue in such possession G and shall be deemed to be a tenant in respect of such structures within the meaning of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956 ( in s.hort 'the Premises Tenancy Act') in which he is residing and shall be holding the same under the landlord on the terms and conditions on which such _Bharatia_ had been holding immediately before the structures vested in the landlord. Under proviso to Section I 0(2) of the 1949 Act, the landlord or the _Bharatia_ would H 259 NARA YANCHANDRAGHQSHv. KANAILALGHOSH[B.N.AGRAWAL,J.] be entitled to make an application for fixation of standard rent in respect of A such structure under the provisions of the Premises Tenancy Act and to that extent only the provisions of the said Act were made applicable. According to sub-section (3) of .section IOA of the 1949 Act no _thika_ tenant shall be entitled to eject a _Bharatia_ from the structure for the purpose of erecting a _pucca_ structure but in case he intends to erect _pucca_ structure, in the premises in which a _Bharatia_ is residing, he is required to provide temporary B alternative accommodation to the _Bharatia_ before obtaining possession for the purposes of putting _pucca_ structure thereon and after completion thereof, such _Bharatia_ shall be entitled to be put in possession of the _pucca_ structure on payment of rent which shall in no case exceed more than 25% of the rent which the _Bharatia_ was previously paying. C From the aforesaid provisions, it becomes plain that under the 1949 Act, procedure was specifically provided for ejectment of a _thika_ tenant by making an applicatfon for ejectment before the Controller but not for ejectment of a _Bharatia_ by a _thika_ tenant. For ejectment of a Bharatia, only a suit for ejectment could be filed by a _thika_ tenant before a Civil Court in case, he D wanted to evict a Bharatia. As Legislature of the State of West Bengal was contemplating legislation providing therein for the acquisition of interest of ·landlords in respect of lands comprised in _thika_ tenancy and certain other tenancies, pending its enactment, a further legislation was enacted which was named The Calcutta _Thika_ Tenancy Stay of Proceedings {Temporary g Provisions) Act, 1978 (hereinafter referred to as 'the 1978 Act') which came into force on 19th July, 1978 and continued to remain in force for a period of three years and six months from the date of its commencement. This legislation was enacted to provide for temporary stay of proceedings for ejectment of _thika_ tenants and _Bharatias_ holding under _thika_ tenants. It would be necessary to refer to the provisions of Sections 3,4 and _5_ of the 1978 Act F which read thus:- - "3. _Stay of proceedings for ejectinent of Thika tenants-_ Notwithstanding anything contained in the Calcutta _Thika_ Tenancy Act, 1949, or in any other law for the time being in force, - G - (a) all applications for ejectment of _Thika_ tenants, - {b) all appeals from orders made on such applications, and - (c) all proceedings in execution of orders for ejectment of _Thika_ tenants. H 260 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. _5_ S.C.R. A B under the provisions of the Calcutta _Thika_ Tenancy Act, 1949, which are pending at the date of commencement of this· Act or which may be made, preferred or commenced after such date but before the expiry of this Act, in respect of any land which is ~ot a 'vacant land' within the meaning of the Urban· Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976, shall be stayed for the period during which this Act continues in force. c 4. _Stay of suits and proceedings against Bharatias-No thika_ tenant shall, while thh Act continues in force, commence, or continue with, any suit, appeal or proceedings in execution of orders, for ejectment of any _Bharatia_ and all pending suits, appeals or proceedings in execution of orders, for ejectment of a _Bharatia_ shall remain stayed. D 5. _Saving of /imitation._ In computing the period oflimitation prescribed by any law for the time being in force for an application for the ejectment of a _thika_ tenant or for such a suit against a _Bharatia_ or for an appeal from an order or decree made on such application or suit or for the execution of an order or decree for ejectment of a _Thika_ tenant or a Bharatia, as the case may be, the period during which this Act continues in force shall be excluded." Under Section 3 of the 1978 Act, all proceedings for ejectment of _thika_ E tenant initiated under the 1949 Act, irrespective of its stage, meaning thereby whether it was pending before the original authority or in appeal or in execution, were required to be stayed during the period of enforcement of the 1978 Act and no further proceeding could be initiated after its commencement. Under Section 4 of the 1978 Act a _thika_ tenant was injuncted to commence any proceeding or continue such proceeding for ejectment of any _Bharatia_ F and all such proceedings if commenced stood stayed. Section 5 of the 1978 Act provided that in computing the period of limitation for making an application for ejectment of a _thika_ tenant or for filing a suit against a _Bharatia_ or for filing an appeal or for levying execution of an order or decree for ejectment of a _thika_ tenant or a Bharatia, as the case may be, the period during which G 1978 Act continued to remain in force had to be excluded. Immediately after the 1978 Act expired, The Calcutta _Thika_ · Te:tancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act, 1981 (hereinafter referred to as 'the 1981 Act') was enacted which came into force with effect from 18th January, 1982. The said Act was enacted for the acquisition of interests of landlords in H respect of lands comprised in · _thika_ tenancy and certain other tenancies. 261 NARAYAN CHANDRA GHOSH _v._ KANAILALGHOSH [B.N. AGRA W AL,J.] According to Section 5 of the 198 l Act, with effect from the date of A commencement of said Act, interest of "the landlords in lands, _inter a/ia,_ comprised in and appurtenant to tenancies of _thika_ tenants including open . areas, roads, passages, tanks, pools and drains vested iri the State free from all incumbrances but the vesting did not in any manner affect rights enjoyed by _thika_ tenants and _Bharatias._ By virtue of Section 6 of the 198 l Act, in B spite of vesting, the _thika_ tenant was entitled to continue in occupation of the said land, on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed, directly under the State as if the State had been the landlord in respect of that land and he would be liable to pay land revenue directly to the State. Under Section 7 of the 198 l Act, a _thika_ tenant was not entitled to let out the vacant land to anybody but could create lease in respect of the structures. The C landlords were entitled to compensation for the lands acquired by the State of _I_ West Bengal in the manner provided under Section 8 of the 1981 Act. Section 9 of the 198 l Act lays down that monthly and other periodical tenancies of _Bharatias_ in respect of structures occupied by them on payments of rent to the _thika_ tenants shall, with effect from the date of coming into force of 1981 Act, i.e., 18th January, 1982, be governed by the provisions of D Premises Tenancy Act and for the said purpose, owners of the structures shall be deemed to be landlords and _Bharatias_ shall be deemed to be tenants under the said Act. Section I ·I of the 1981 ·Act fays down that tenancy of _Bharatia_ as a tenant under _thika_ tenant shall not be extinguished because of subsequent non-existence of the structure which the _Bharatia_ previously E' occupied under the _thika_ tenant and its tenancy shall continue. According to Section 19 of the 1981 Act, all proceedings for ejectment of _thika_ tenants and _Bharatias_ shall stand abated with effect from 19th day of July, 1978 as if such proceedings had never been made. It may be useful to refer to the provisions of Sections 9, 11 and 19 referred to above which read thus: 1 F - "9. _Thika tenants and Bharatias to be governed by West Bengal Act 12 of 1956_ . (l) The monthly and other periodical tenancies of _Bharatias_ in respect of structures occupied by them on payment of rents to _Thika_ tenants shall, with effect from the date of coming into force of this Act, be governed by the provisions of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956, in all matters coming within the purview G of the said Act and, for the said purpose, the owners of the structures shall be deemed to be landlords and the _Bharatias_ shall be deemed to be tenants under the said Act. - (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in the West H 262 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005) SUPP. 5 S.C.R. A B c D E F G H Bengal Premises Tenancy Act," 1956, a _Bharatia_ under a _Thika_ tenant shall be entitled to take separate electrical connection from the electricity supplying agency or separate water supply connection from the appropriate agency for his own use. 11. _Tenancy of Bharatia to continue._ (J)Notwithstanding anything to the contrary con~ained in any other law for the time being· in force, the tenancy of a _Bharatia_ as a tenant under a _thika_ tenant .shall not be extinguished because of subsequent non-existence of the structure or a part thereof which the _Bharatia_ previously occupied under the _thika_ tenant. (2) If any structure or part thereof which was in the occupation of a _Bharatia_ as a tenant under a _thika_ t~nant ceases to exist except under an ord~r of a court under· section I. SA of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956, the _thika_ tenant shall reconstruct similar accommodation and restore possession to the _Bharatia_ and put the _Bharatia_ in possession of such accommodation within one month of such structure ceasing to exist, failing which the _Bharatia_ may make an application to the Controller in. the prescribed manner~ (3) On an application made by the _Bharatia_ under sub-section (2), the Controller shall, after giving the _thika_ tenant and the _Bharatia_ an opportunity of being heard, direct the _thika_ tenant to reconstruct similar accommodation and restore possession to the _Bharatia_ within such time as Controller may decide. ( 4) If the _thika_ tenant fails to comply with the orders of the Controller under sub-section (3), the _Bharatia_ shall be entitled to reconstruct the structure and, for that purpose, may make an application to the Controller who shall, after giving the _Bharatia_ and the _thika_ tenant an opportunity of being heard, approve such cost of reconstruction as may appear to him to be fair and reasonable and, after such reconstruction, allow adjustment of the cost of such reconstruction from the rent payable by the _Bharatia_ in such monthly instalments as the Controller may think fit. (5) If there is any unlawful resistance by or on behalf of the _thika_ tenant to the reconstruction by the _Bharatia_ under sub-section (4), the Officer-in-charge of the local police station shall, on receipt of any requisition of the Controller in writing in this behalf, render all 263 NARAYAN CHANDRA GHOSHv. KANAILALGHOSH [B.N.AGRA WAL,J.] A necessary and lawful assistance to the _Bharatia_ . 19. _Proceedings including appeals and proceedings in execution of orders, etc. to abate_ . All proceedings including appeals and all proceedings in execution of orders passed in proceedings including appeals under the Calcutta _Thika_ Tenancy Act, 1949, pending on the 19th day of July, 1978, for the ejectment of _thika_ tenants and _Bharatias_ a shall stand abated with effect from the 19th day of July, 1978, as if such proceedings, appeals or execution proceedings had never been made." In view of the aforesaid provisions, now the question to be examined is as to whether in the present case, the earlier suits for ejectment filed by C the _thika_ tenants for ejectment of _Bharatias_ abated under Section 19 of the 1981 Act? Under 1949 Act, procedure was provided for ejectment of a _thika_ tenant only and no procedure whatsoever was prescribed for ejectment of a _Bharatia_ by a _thika_ tenant. Therefore, a suit for ejectment could be filed by a _thika_ tenant for ejeciment of a _Bharatia_ before an ordinary civil court and D such _Bharatia_ during the continuance of 1949 Act was not entitled to claim protection under the Premises Tenancy Act and could be evicted upon determination of his tenancy by giving a notice under Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act. Under 1981 Act, it has been specifically provided that _Bharatias_ are entitled to claim protection of the Premises Tenancy Act meaning thereby that now they cannot be evicted unless grounds for eviction E enumerated under the Premises Tenancy Act are proved and they cannot be ejected merely upon determining their tenancy by giving a notice under Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act. Section 9 of the 1981 Act specifically lays down that from the date of coming into force of 1981 Act, i.e., 18th January, 1982, the tenancies of F _Bharatias_ .shall be governed by the Premises Tenancy Act. On that date, both the suits earlier filed by the _thika_ tenants for ejectment of _Bharatias_ were pending and when the same were filed, it was not required of the _thika_ tenant to prove the grounds for eviction enumerated under the Premises Tenancy Act, but with effect from 18th January, 1982 even in those suits a _thika_ tenant G was required to prove grounds for ejectment under the Premises Tenancy Act in case it is held that the same did not abate. Learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants has p\aced reliance upon three decisions of Calcutta· High Court in the case of H 264 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. _5_ S.C.R. A _Ranjit Kumar Saha_ v. _Sudhir Kumar Dey,_ 91 Calcutta Weekly Notes 1011.- _Ranjit Kumar Saha_ v. _Sudhir Kumar Dey,_ 91 Calcutta Weekly Notes 1090 and _Mrs. Qatser Johan_ v. _Mohammad Y awoob_ 1982 (2) Calcutta Law Journal 143. In these three decisions, it has been laid down that the provisions of Section I9 of the 1981 Act shall apply only in relation to those suits for eviction which B were filed before the Controller under the provisions of 1949 Act and were pending on the date of commencement of 1981 Act. It was further laid down therein that the said provisions shall have no application to the suits for ejectment filed before the civil court by a _thika_ tenant for ejectment of a _Bharatia_ and pending on the date of commencement of 1981 Act. In none of these three cases,-the provisions of Sections 9 and 11 of the 1981 Act have C been. considered .. Jn case it is held that such suits would not come within the mischiefofSection 19 of the 1981 Act, the provisions of Section 9 of the 1981 Act would not apply to it although expressly Section 9 provides that from the date of commencement of 1981 Act, i.e., 18th January, 1982, the provisions of the Premises Tenancy Act would apply to _Bharatias._ Such suits cannot be effectively disposed of after the commencement of 1981 Act as earlier it was D not necessary to prove the grounds for eviction enumerated under the Premises Tenancy Act and the _Bharatia_ would be thereby denied the protection granted to him under the Premises Tenancy Act although he was entitled to such protection even in pending suits. This being the position, we are clearly of the view that suits for ejectment filed by the _thika_ tenants for ejectment E of _Bharatias_ which were pending before a civil court abated under Section 19 of the 1981 Act, as such High Court was quite justified in holding that the present suits were maintainable. Learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants next submitted that the High Court was notjustified in reversing the finding of fact F recorded by the lower appellate court that plaintiffs failed to prove the _bona fide_ necessity in relation to one room. In this regard, it may be stated that from the judgment of the High Court, it would appear that the lower appellate court affirmed finding of the trial court in relation to personal necessity of the plaintiffs with regard to three rooms which finding was as.sailed by the G defendants before the High Court. The building is one in which eviction was sought by the plaintiffs from four rooms and evidence is also common. While considering correctness of finding of the lower appellate court in relation to three rooms, High Court came to the conclusion that the plaintiffs were having only two rooms and they required in all seven rooms, meaning thereby that they required five more rooms and in those circumstances, it was held H that the plaintiffs succeeded in proving their case in relation to _bona fide_ 265 ## NARAYAN CHANDRA GHOSH v. KANAILALGHOSH [B.N.AGRAW AL,J.] necessity with regard to all the four rooms, including one room for which A eviction was refused by the lower appellate court. In view of the aforesaid facts, we are not inclined to interfere with the impugned judgment rendered by the High Court even with regard to eviction of the defendants from one room, in the exercise of powers of this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. B In the result, the appeals fail and the same are dismissed but in the circumstances of the case, we direct that there shall be no order as to costs. KG. Appeal dismissed. c