Nanjundappa v. Thimmiah

A B ###### c D E F G H 799 R. N. NANJUNDAPPA _v._ T. THIMMIAH & ANR. _December_ 8, 1971 [A. N .. RAY AND D. G. PALEKAR, JJ.) _Civil Service-State Rules providing_ _for_ _'methods'_ _of_ _recruitment by_ _prct11olion,_ _selection,_ _or_ _co1npeti1ive_ _examination-Appointment_ _of_ _Ciass_ _Ill_ _Officer to_ _Clc.ss_ _I post,_ _i11_ _the absence_ _of 'rules'_ _of recruitment-_ _Vali.lity-lf_ _could_ _be_ _treated_ _as_ _appointment_ _of_ _'local candidate'._ _Constitution_ _of_ _India,_ 1950, _A.rts._ 14, 16, 162 _and_ _309-Appointment_ _ij_ _violaJive_ _of Ari.._ 14 _and_ _16-Scope_ _of Arts._ 162 _and_ 309. In 1957, the respondent, who was working as an Assistant Geologiat in Class III Service, was sent on deputation as Vice-Principal of. the School of Min~s, in the State From 15th February, 1958, he was also doing the duties of the Principal. In September, 1958, the State Govemn.,nt appointed him as officiating Principal but on 3rd April 1959 modi· lied the order and appointed him as temporary Officiating Principal with effect from the 15th February, 1958. On 9th January, 1967, the Mysore Education Department Service Rules were published by which appointment of the r.espondent, with effect from 15th February, 1958 was regularised. The appellant, who was the Principal of a Government Polyt<elmic. and was in Class 11 Service. contended that the respondent's appointment was in breach of the Mysore State Civil Ser.ices (General Recruitment) Rules, 1957, and the Mysore Education Department Services (Technical Education Depart°"m Recruitment) Rules, 1964, and offended Arts. \~ and 16 of the Constitution. The High Court held that the respondent was a local candidate within th<! me-.ining of the Mysore Governn1ent Senioritv Rules, 1957, and therefore his appointment could be regularised with effect from any date. Allowing the appeal to this Court, HELD: (l) Ru1" 3 of the Mysore State Civil Services (General Recruitment) Rules, 1957, which were in force from February l, 1958, speaks of the method of recruitment to the State Civil Service by comp!titive examination, or by selection, or by promotion. The respondent's appointment was not by competitive examination nor was it a case or direct recruitment either in the year 1958 or at any time. If it were a case of direct recruitment there would have been advertisements for the pust. anJ candidati.s would have been selected on merit. '[808. E-H] (C.I The appointment of the respondent could not be said to be by promotion because, under r. 4 of the 1957 Rules, it should be on the basis of n1erit and suitability or on the basis of seniority-<"uni-merit from among persons eligible for promotion. Moreover, the State contended that it was not a c\lse of promotion. but was a case of selection .on the basis that the respondent was the only person .fit for tee post. (806 E.-G; 811 C-D] I 3) It is true that the _rules_ of recruitment were not made until 1964. Ev.a so the three methods of recruitment are specific. If it is a case of selection it should have been after consulting the Public Service COmmis'ion or the Advisory or Selection Committee, or the appointing authority, and should have been made after inviting amilications. 'ro ~ay Iha! the 800 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1972] 2 S C.R. appellant was the only eligible candidate, is to deny the rights of others to apply. [805 F; 808 E-H] (4) Rule 16 of the 1957 rules provides for relaxation of rules relat**ing to appointment** **and** **qualifications,** **and** **orie** **of** **the instances** **of** **relaxa-** **tion** **is** **when the Government, for reasons** **to** **be** **recorded** **in** **writing,** appoints an officer holding a post of equivalent grade by transfer from any other service of the State. But, in the present case, the respondem did not beJong to a grade which could be said· to be equivalent, within the moaning of r. 8 ( 1) 9f the Rules, to that of the Principal of School of Mines. Therefore, it could not be a case of transfer. Jn fact, the rule was neither available, nor acted on the pr'5ent case. [806 G-H; 807 A-CJ (5) The State Government has no power to make a rule for _regularis-_ _ing_ an appointment under Art. 309 of the Constitution, since the Article speaks of rul_es for appointment and general conditions of service. Regulari•ation of appointment by stating that "notwithstanding any rules the appointment is regularised" strikes at the root of existing rules prescrib**ing promotion, selection or competitive examination as methods** **of !recruit-** ment. Therefore the regularisation was in violation of the Article. [808 A-DJ _Champakla/ Chimanla/_ _Shc.h_ v. _Union_ _of_ _India,_ [1964J _5_ S.C.R. 190 and _State_ _of_ _Mysore_ v. _Padmanabhacharya,_ [1966J I S.C.R. 994, referred to. (6) (a) The contention that a rule under Art. 309 for regularisation wpuld itself be a form of recruitment read with referenc,e to the power under Art. 162 is unsound, because regularisation is not a form of appointment. [809 GJ (b) Jn the present case, the regularisation with effect from February 15, 1958, notwithstanding any rules cannot" be. said to be in exercise of the power under Art. J 62. Articles 162 and 309 operate in. different areas, and when the Gov.ernment acted under Art. 309 they cannot be said to have acted also under Art. 162 [809 G-H; 810 A-BJ ( c) If the appointment itself was in infraction of the Rules or in violation of the provisions of the Constitution, the illegality cannot be regularised.. Ratification or regularisation is possible of an act which is within the power and province of the authority and there has been some non-compliance with procedure which does not go to the root of the appointment. Article 162, does not confer either the power of regularisation nor the power to make rules for the recruitment or conditions of service. There may be a rule for person or one post, but rules are meant for recruitment and conditions of serviee, and not for the purpose of validating illegal appointments or promotio_ns or transfer_ [810 B-D; 814 D] _B. N. Nagarajan_ & _Ors._ v. _State_ _of Mysore_ & _Ors._ [1966J 3 S.C.R. 682, followed. (7) (a) The High Court erred in holding that the respondent was a local candidate within the meaning of the 1957 rules. A local c:andidate **is** **a temporary government servant not appointed regularly** **as** **per rules** **of** **recruitment** **to** **that service.** **But two** **government** **servants cannot be** appointed substantively to the same permanent post at the same time **except** **as** **a temporary measure. The respondent.** **in** **the present case, was** **a permanent government servant** **and** **was** **on deputation having a** **Hen** on his post as Assistant Lecturer Geology when he was appointed to offi· ciale as Principal. Therefore, it cannot be said that he was substantively appointed to the post of Principal. If the respondent was appomted as A B ###### c E F G **H** ~ .. A 8 ###### c D E F G H NANJUNDAPPA _V._ THIMMIAH _(Ray,_ _J.)_ 801 a temporary measure to the post of Principal, it would not therefore be as a local candidate, but as a Government servant appointed to another post as a temporary measure. [810 D-E; 813 A-CJ ( b) Moreover the orders of appointment as officiating Principal ~n Segtemter 1958 and the modified order in April 1959, state that proposals to fill the post by advertisement through the State Public Service Commission should be forwarded. They show that the respondent was not treated as a local candidate, but was appointed as a temporary measure rill proper appointment is ·made through the State Public Service Com· mission from persons possessing the necessary qualificatioRs. [&11 G-Hl (8) When the State Public Service Commission agreed for regularisa· lion it did not mean that the Commission agreed to regularise the appointment of the respondent, but only to regularise the appointment to the post of Principal. [813 F-G] (9) The High Court was wrong in holding that the appointment of the respondent did not offend Arts. 14 and 16. Under the 1964-rule• the recruitment for the post was by promotion from the cadre of Heads of sections or by direc.t · recruitment and Prinfi~als of Polytechnics and Heads of sections belonged to a common cadre and should have been considered for the appointment. As t~.e appellant and others were not given equal opportunity and treatment in regard to the appointment, there was discrimination. [814 F-H; 815 A-F] C1v1L APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2357 of 1968. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated September 12, 1968 of the Mysore High Court in Writ Petition No. 473 of 1967. _A._ _K. Sen,_ S. S. _Java/i_ and _M._ _Veerappa,_ for the appellant. _A._ _R. Somanatha Iyer,_ _0._ _P._ _Malhotra._ _J._ _P._ _Dadachanji_ and _C._ S. _Srinivasa Rau,_ for respondent No. 1. _Bera Reddy_ and _R._ _H._ _Dhebar,_ for respondent No. 2. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Ray, J. This is an appeal by special leav~ from the judge• m~nt dated 12 Septemf?er, -1968 of the High Court of Mysore dismtssmg by a common judgment a group of petitions. The appellant challenged the Mysore Education Department Service Rules dated 9 February 1967 published in the notification No. ED 91DGO 58, on 9 February, 1967. The Rules impeached by the appellant are as follows : "I~ exercise of the powers conferred by the proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution of India, and all 802 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1972] 2 S.C.R. other powers enabling him in this behalf, the Governor of Mysore hereby makes the following rules, namely :!. _Title_ : These rules may be called the Mysore Education Department Services (Technical Education Department (Special Recruitment) Rules, 1967. A 2. Provisions relating to regularisation of appoint- B· ment of Principal, School of Mines, Ooragaum, Kolar Gold Fields. Notwithstanding any rule made under the proviso to article 309 of the Constitution of India, or any other rules or Order in force at any time, Dr. T. Thimmiah, #### B.Sc. (Hons.) Ph.D. (Land.) F.G.S. shall be deemed c to have been regularly appointed as Principal, School of Mines, Ooragaum, Kolar Gold Fields, with effect from 15-2-1958. By order and in the name of the Governor of Mysore #### c Sd/- S. N. Sreenath D Under Secretary to Government Education Department". The appellant was posted as 'additional in-charge' of Technical Education, Bangalore. There were other petitions before the Mysore High Court similarly challenging the aforesaid Service Rule. The petitioners in those cases were the Principal of the Polytec~nic at Mysore; Head of the Mechanical Engineering Section, C.P .C. Polytechnic, Mysore; Principal of the Polytechnic, Hassan; and Principal of B.D.T. College of Engineering, Devangere. The appellant joined as lecturer in Physics at the University Department of the Government of Mysore in 1941. In 1946 the appellant took a post graduate degree in Chemical Engineering at Madras University. The appellant was then posted as Lecturer in Chemical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Bangalore. In 1949 the appellant was promoted and posted as Superintendent (Principal), Government Polytechnic. Devangere in the grade of .Rs. 200-20-300. In 1954 the appellant was posted as Principal, Polytechnic College at Hassan in the grade of Rs. 200-20-300. The appellant was confirmed in the year 1957 in the grade of Rs. 200-20-300 in Class II with effect from 12 December, 1949. On 1 January, 1957 the pay scale of the appellant was revised at Rs. 250-600. The respondent Thimmiah graduated and was appointed through the Public Service Commission in the year 19 51 as an Assistant Geologist in the Department of Geology in the Mysore Government in the grade of Rs. 125-10-175. E F G H A B #### c D E F G H NANJUNDAPPA _V._ THIMMIAH _(Ray,_ _J.)_ 803 The respondent went to the United Kingdom and returned in 1957 with a Ph.D. in Geology. In the month of July, 1957 the establishment of the School of Mines at Kolar Gold Fields was sanctioned in the Department of Technical Education. The respondent who was in 1957 a Lecturer in the Department of Geology was deputed for appointment dS Vice Principal of the School of Mines at Kolar Gold Fields. On 15 February, 1958 the respondent was asked to perform the duties of the Principal. On 22 July, 1958 Isaacson who was the Principal of the School of Mines at Kolar Gold Fields left. On 25 September, 1958 the respondent was appointed officiating Principal of the School of Mines on a temporary basis with effect from 22 July, 1958. On 3 July, 1959 the respondent was appointed Principal with effect from 15 February, 1958. The Government of India in the year 1959 wrote to the State Government that the respondent did not possess qualifications and proposed prescribed qualifications for the Principal of School of Mines. Qualifications were proposed by the Director of Technical Education in the month of August, 1959. In the month of August, 1960 the respondent was promoted in his parent Department of Geology as Geologist. In the year 1962 the appellant made an application under Article 226 challenging the officiating appointment of the respondent. The High Court of Mysore on 1 November, 1963 dismissed the appellant's application as pre-mature, because the Government was going to frame rules for recruitment for the Department. In the month of May, 1964 rules of recruitment were framed by the Government for the Department of Technical Education. In the year 1967 Rules were made under Article 309 of the Constitution regularisin_g the appointment of the respondent as Principal, School of Mines with effect from 15 February, 1958. The Kolar Gold Fields, School of Mines was set up in the month of July, 1957. The respondent was· sent in the month of August, 1957 on deputation for two years as Viae Principal of the School of Mines. The respondent was then working as an Assistant Geologist. The then Principal of the School of Mines was Isaacson. He was employed on a part time basis on an allowance of Rs. 200 p.m. On 22 July, 1958 when Isaacson left the respondent who was the Vice Principal had been doing the duties of the Principal .since 15 February, 1958. The State Government on 25 September, 1958 appointed the respondent Thimmiah as officiating Principal with effect from 22 July, 1958 in the grade of Rs. 500-30-800. On 3 April, 1958 the State Government in modificaion of the notification of 25 September, 1958 appointed the respondent as temporary officiating Principal with effect from 804 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1972] 2 S.C.R. 15 February, 1958. The impugned rules regularising the appoint ~ent o~ the respondent with effect from 15 February, 19 _5_ 8 came mto existence on 9 February, 1967. The appellant contended that the respondent was governed by the Mysore Service Regulations, 1943 the Mysore State Civil ### Services (General Recruitment) Rules, i 957 as well as the Mysore Education Department Services (Technical Education Department) (Recruitment) Rules, 1964. The appellant also contended that the respondent was in Class III service, and, therefore, the impeached regularisation of the respondent's appointment was m breach of the aforesaid Rules and Regulations and offended Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The contention of the respondent before the High Court was that the appointment to a civil post could be made in three ways : one by promotion; second by direct recruitment; and the third by regularisation of an appointment which had been initially made irregularly. It was also contended in the High Court, though there was no suggestion in the affidavit or in the return in answer to the petition, that the respondent was a local candidate in service, and, therefore, untler rule 8 (27 A) of the Mysore Civil Services Rules, 1957 I the rules would not apply to the respondent and the regularisation was valid. An additional argument was advanced in this Court that under Article 162 of the Constitution regularisation would in itself be a mode of exercise of power of appointment of the Executive Government. Regularisation was said to have the consequence of impressing upon the appointment the quality of permanence and the elimination of precariousness. According to the State such an appointment even if made in the shape of rules under Article 309 could not be attacked on the ground of being made for one person just as a piece of legislation could not be attacked on the ground of being made for a particular person or entity. The High Court held that the respondent was a local candidate within the meaning of Rule 1-A of the Mysore Government Seniority Rules, 1957 and therefore the appointment of the respondent could be regularised with effect from any date. The High Court expressed no opinion on the question of seniority among the several petitioners _inter_ _se._ On that basis the High Court held that there could be a temporary employment and recognition of ·a temporary servant as quasi permanent employee without violating Articles 14 and 16. The High Court held that the appointment of a local candidate could not be said to be discriminatory or a denial of equal opportunity, The High Court also held that when the respondent was appointed temporarily in 1958 there were no qualifications prescribed for the post and there were no cadre and recruitment rules. A B ###### c D E F G H **A** **B·** #### **c** NANJUNDAPPA _V._ THIMMIAH _(Ray,_ _**J,)**_ 805 **On** **17** August, 1957 when the .respondent was sent on deputation as Vice Principal his post was counted as that of a lecturer. When Issacson left the School of Mines and when the respondent was asked to be in charge as Principal and thereafter when the respollPent was in the month of September, 1958 appointed to officiate as Principal which was Class I service with effect from 15 February, 1958 the respondent had been on deputation from foreign service and in the affidavit it was stated that it was Class . III service to which the respondent belonged and the appointment of the respondent to the post of Principal of the School of Mines was chalfonged by the appellant· to amount to promotion from Class III to Class **I.** Under rule 57 of the Mysore Civil Service Regulations, 1943 an officer could be sent on deputation on such temporary duty for the performance of which there is no permanently or temporarily sanctioned appointment. Deputation however was not permissible under Rule 57 without the sanction of the Government. **D** **E** **F** **G** **H** The question here is whether an officer like the respondent who was sent on deputation could be said not to be governed by any rule and be a local candidate as contended for by the State. At the relevant time in the month of February, 1958 the Myrore State Civil Service (General Recruitment) Rules, 1957 were in existence inasmuch as those rules came into force on 1 February, 1958. The Mysore State Civil Services Rules, 1957 defined 'direct recruitment', 'promotion' and 'selection'. Direct recruitment would be appointment otherwise than by promotion or tiansfer. Promotion would be appointment of a Gcvernment servant from a post, grade of service or Class of service, to a higher post or higher grade of service or higher class of service. Selection would be after consulting the Commission or the Advisory or the Selection Committee, or the appointing Authority. Rule 3 of the Mysore State Civil Services Rules, 1957 speaks of method of recruitment to the State Civil Service to .be by competitive examination or by selection or by promotion. Judged by these rules the appointment in the present cas'e could be said to be only by promotion. Indisputably there was neither any competitive examination nor any selection nor it was a case of direct recruitment. Sub-clauses (a) and (b) of Rule 4(3) of the Mysore State Civil Services Rules, 1957 lay down the restrictions as to recruit.ment by promotion. The restrictions are two-fold in sub-clauses (a) and (b). First, if it is to a selection post or to a post to be filled by promotion or by selection of a person on the basis of merit and suitability in all respects to discharge the duties of the post it is with due regard to seniority from among persons eligible for promotion. The second is recruitment by 4-L736S,pCI/72 806 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1972) 2 S.C.R. promotion to a post other than that referred to in sub-clause (a) by selection of a person on the basis of seniority-cum-merit, that is seniority subject to the fitness of \he candidate to discharge the duties of the post from among persons eligible for promotion. In 1958 the post of the Principal of the School of Mines was a permanent post. The pay of the Principal was Rs. 500-800 at that time. The respondent was getting a salary of Rs. 165 plus Rs. 75, in the month of February 1958 and his grade of scale was from Rs. 125-175. The respondent had been substantively appointed to the post of a lecturer in Geology from which he was sent on deputation. The respondent under Rule 17 of the General Rules regarding lien on appointment and admissibility of allowances could not be appointed substantively to two or more permanent posts at the same time except as a temporary measure. Then again under Rule 20 (a) of the General Rules regarding lien on appointment the Government shall suspend the lien of a Government servant on a permanent post which he holds su bstantively if he is appointed in a substantive capacity. In the month of February, 1958 the respondent was on deputation and having a lien on post as Assistant Lecturer of Geology when he was appointed to officiate as Principal, School of Mines, and, therefore, it could not be said that he was substantively appointed to the post of a Principal. The appointment of the respondent as officiating Principal in the month of February, 1958 could be 'only by promotion. The two impediments to the case of recruitment by promotion have already been noticed in rule 4(3) sub-clauses (a) and (b) of the Mysore State Civil Services (General Recruitment) Rules, 1957. Under sub-clause (a) it is to be on the basis of merit and suitability with due regard to seniority from among persons eligible for promotion. Under sub-clause (b) it is to be on the basis of seniority-cum-merit from among persons eligible for promotion. It is not the case of the Government that it was a case of promotion because there is no material to show that merit and suitability in all respects with due regard to seniority from among persons eligible for promotion were considered. The Mysore State Civil Services Rules, 1957 in Rule 16 speaks of relaxation of mies relating to appointment and qualifications and one of the instances of relaxation is that the Government may for reasons to be recorded in writing (a)(i) appoint to a post an officer of the Defence Services, an All India Service or a Civil Service of the Union or the Civil Service of any other State and (ii) an officer holding a post of an equivalent grade, by transfer from any other service of the State. Equivalent grade is defin~d in the Mysore Civil Services Rules 1957 which came A B ##### c D E F G H A B #### c D E F G NANJUNDAPPA _V._ THIMMIAH _(Ray,_ _J.)_ 807 into effect on 10 February, 1958. Rule 8 (1) of the Mysore Civil Services Rules, 1958 speaks of class and grade. Appointments are said to be in the same 'Class' when they are in the same department, and bear the same designation, or have been declared by Government to be in the same class. Appointments in the same class are sometimes divided into 'grades' according to pay. The post of Principal School of Mines was said to be Class I. It was said that in the month of February, 1958 there were no classes. But the respondent did not belong to a grade which could be said to be equivalent grade to that of the Principal School of Mines. Therefore it could not be a case of transfer within the meanin~ of the aforesaid Rule 16. II The Mysore Technical Education Rules which came into existence on 5 May, 1964 referred to two classes and the Princi pal, School of Mines was in Class I and the Heads or Principal of Polytechnics were in Class I. In 1964 the post of Aosistant Geologist was in Class III and not identical in rank. The respondent alleged that he was appointed temporarily to the post of Principal, School of Mines in February, 1958 and thereafter he was appointed under Article 162 of the Constitution because of his qualifications. - It will appear from the affidavit evidence that ihe appellant in 1957 was Principal of the Government Polytechnic at Davangere and was in the grade of Rs. 200-20-300. The respondent was in 1956 an Assistant Geologist at a salary of Rs. 165/- in the scale of Rs. 125-10-175. In 1964 the appellant was in Class II under the 1964 Rules as Principal of Polytechnic whereas the respondent was in the substantive post of Assistant Geologist which under the 1964 Rules was in Class III. Therefore when the appointment of the respondent was attempted to be regularised with effect from 1958 the respondent was being placed at a position of advantage. The appointment of the respondent by promotion or transfer is inherently indefensible. The respondent was in Class III service. He was being appointed to Class I. If it were a case of promotion persons in the same grade and seniority and merit were to be considered. The appellant was senior to the respondent. There were other petitioners before the High Court who were senior to the respondent. When the appellant made an application to the Mysore High Court in the year 1962 the application was dismissed because it was found to be pre-mature as the Government was preparing the cadre and recruitment rules. The High Court left it open and said if and when the appointment was regularised it wuold be open to the appellant to take such steps as law permits. 808 SUPREME COURT REPO~TS [1972] 2 S.<;.R. A B ###### c D E F G It was contended on behalf of the State that under Article 309 of the Constitution the State has power to make a iule regularising the appointment. Shelter was taken behind Article 162 of the Constitution and the power of the Government to appoint. No one can deny the power of the Government to appoint. If it were a case of direct appointment or if it were a case of appointment of a candidate by competitive examination or if it were a case of appointment by selection recourse to rule under Article 309 for regularisation would not be necessary. Assume that Rules under Article 309 could be made in respect of appointment of one man but there are two lin1itations. Article 309 speaks of rules for appointment and general conditions of service. Regularisation of appointment by stating that notwithstanding any rules the appointment is regularised strikes at the root of the rules and if the effect of the regularisation is to nullify the operation and effectiveness of the rules, the rule itself is open to criticism on the ground that it is in violation of current rules. Therefore the relevant rules at the material time as to promotion and appointment are infringed and the impeached rule cannot be permitted to stand to operate as a regularisation of appointment of one .person in utter defiance of rules requiring consideration of seniority and merit in the case or promotion and consideration of appointment by selection or by competitive examination. It was contended on behalf of the State that Rule 3 of the Mysore State Civil Services Rules, 1957 spoke of method of recruitment to be by competitive examination, or by selection, or by promotion. The method of recruitment and qualifications for each State Civil Service were to be setforth in the rules of recruitment but there were no rules until the year 1964. In 1964 the rule spoke of the Principal of School of Mines to be Class I and the method of recruitment for the Principal of School of Mines wns to fill up the post by promotion from the cadre of Heads ot Sections or by direct recruitment. It was said on behalf of the respondent that he was the only eligible candidate in 1964, and. therefore, his appointment was valid. This is opposed to facts. ft is not a case of direct recruitment in the year 1958 or at any time. The State made rules in the year 1967 to regularise the appointment from the month of February, 1958. Again, if it were a case of direct recruitment one would expect proper materials for the direct recruitment. There should be advertisement.~ for the post. Candidates have to be selected. Their respeqtive merits would have to be considered. To say that the app)ellant was the only eligible candidate is to deny the rights of others to apply for such eligibility tests. Counsel on behalf of the State relied on the decision of this Court in _Champak/al Chimanlal Shah_ v. _The Union of India(')_ H (I) [1964] 5 S.C.R. 190~ A B ###### c D E F G H NANJUNDAPPA _V._ THIMMIAH _(Ray,_ J.) 809 and the observations at page 201 of the report : "That the Gov###### e,rnment have to employ temporary servants to satisfy tlie needs -0f a particular contingency and such employment would be per fectly legitimate." No exception could ordinarily be taken to such appointment. The appointment in the present case does not fall under that category. The appointment was in breach of rules as a case of promotion. It was not a case of direct recruitment. It was not a case of temporary appointment. It was not a case of appointment of a local candidate. This Court in the case of _The State of Mysore_ v. _Padmanabhacharya etc._ (1) dealt with a rule under Article 309 to the effect that the respondents in that case having been invalidly retired should have been validly retired from service on superannuation. The notification of the Government under Article 309 was issued on 25 March, 1959 there validating the action taken in retiring the respondent and others upon their attaining the age of _55_ years. The respondents contended before the High Court that they were entitled to continue in service upto the age oi 58 years and not to be retired at the age of 5 5 years in view of an exception carved out by note 4 to rule 294(a) of the Mysore Civil Services Regulations. This Court. did not express any opinion as to the power of the Legislature to make a retrospective pr9vision under Article 309 but the notification retiring certain persons on superannuation was struck down by this Court in these words : "We are _of_ opinion that this notification ca.nnot be said to be a rule regulating the recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to the services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State. All that the rule does is to say in so many words that certain persons who had been, in view of our decision on this point, invalidly retired should be deemed to have been validly retired from service on superannuation. It would if given effect c0ntravene Article 311 of the Constitution. Such a rule in our opinion is not a rule contemplated under the proviso to Article 309". The contention on behalf of the State that a rule under Article 309 for regularisation of the appointment of a person· would be a form of recruitment read with reference to power under Article 162 is unsound and unacceptable. The executive has the power to appoint. That powel'. may have its source in Article 162. In the present case the rule which regularised the appointment of the respondent with effect from 15 February, 1958 notWithstanding any rules cannot be said to be in exercise of power under Article 162. First, Article 162 does not speak of rules whereas Article 309 speaks of rules. Therefore, the present case touches the power of the State to make rules under Article 309 of the nature impeached here. Secondly, when ·the Government acted (!) [19661 I S.C.R. 994. 810 SIJPREME COURT REPORTS (1972 J 2 S.C.R. under Article 309 the Government cannot be sail' to have acted also under Article 162 in th.: same breath. The two Articles operate in different areas. Regularisation cannot be said to be a fom1 of appointment. Counsel on behali of the respondent contended that regularisation would mean conferring the quality of permanence on the appointment whereas counsel on behalf of the State contended that regularisation did not mean permanence but that it was a case of regularisation of the rules under Article 309. Both the conte.ntions are fallacious. If the appointment itself is in infraction of the rules or if it is in violation of the provisions of the Constitution illegality cannot be regularised. Ratification or regularisation is possible of an act which is within the power and provmce of the authority but there has been some non-compliance with procedure or manner which does n0t go to the root of the appointment. Regularisation cannot be said to be a mode of recruitment. To accede to such a proposition would be to mtroduce a new head of appointment in defiance of rules or it may have the effect of setting at naught the rules. In the present case, it was said that the respondent was a local candidate within the meaning of rule 8(27A) of the Mysore Civil Services Rules, 1957 which came into effect on 1 March, 1958. A local candidate is defined there as a local candidate in service meaning a temporary Government servant not appointed regularly as per rules of r.~cruitment to that service. When the appointmer.t of a local candidate would be regularised it would be in consonance with the rules. A contention was advanced on behalf of the respond,!nts that Rules 3, 4 and 14 in the Mysore State Civil Service Rules, 1957 which came into effect on 10 Febru:iry, 1958 would not apply until rules of recruitment as contemplated in Rule 3 were brought into existence. In support of tllat contention reliance was placed on the decision of this Court in _B. N. Nagarajan_ _&_ _Ors._ v. _State_ _of_ _Mysore_ _&_ _Ors.(')._ In that case a question arose as to the validity of appointments of 88 A•;sistant Enginers who were appointed in October, 1961. It was contended that the appointments there were to have been in consonance with the Rules which came into existence in December, 1960. It was held that the December 1960 Rules were not intended to cover appointments of persons who had been intervi.iwed and recollllllended for appointment by the Public Service Commission in the month of November, 1960 prior to the making of the rules. It was also held in that case that the absence of rules would not take away the power of the executive Government to make appointments under Article 162 of the Constitu•ion. In the present case, the contention on behalf of the respondents that the regularisation was itself a mode of appointment (l) [1966] 3 S.C.R. 682. A B #### c D E F G H NANJUNDAPPA _V._ THIMMIAH _(Ray,_ _J.)_ 81 I A under Article 162 of the Constitution is unsound. The Rules came into existence in the present case in 1964. The regularisation was made in the year 1967. The regularisation was made with effect from 1958. Therefore, the Rules became applicable. The regularisation in the present case was also bad because even without specific methods of recruitment appointments could be B · made only by selection or promotion or transfer from equivalent grade. The method of recruitment and qualification for each State Civil Service was to be setforth in the rules of recruitment of ~uch service specially made in that behalf. It follows that in the present case in the face of rules which spoke of recruitment _19_ be by competitive examination or by ##### c selection or by pro1ll9tion, these are the three modes of appointment. Even if lhe method of recruitment and qualifications are not laid down the three modes are specific. Counsel on behalf of the State stated that the respondent was not promoted but that it was a case of selection because the respondent was the only person fit for that post. A selection would have to be made by inviting applicants and then selecting them. The State D relied on the affidavit of the Deputy Secretary to the Government that the respondent was a highly qualified person and there were no other qualified persons available to fill up the post of Principal of the School. It was therefore said that the Government found that the respondent was the only candidate found suitable and he was therefore selected. The affidavit does not say that he was E selected on the basis that other candidates were interviewed and that claim of other candidates were considered. In _Nagarajan's_ case _(supra)_ this Court said that if rules were made the Executive would have to follow the Rules and the Executive could not under Article 162 of the Constitution ignore the Rule. Therefore, in the present case the Executive acted illegally in regularising the F · appointment of the respondent Thimmiah. ##### c D E G H In the present case, the respondent was appointed temporarily as officiating Principal on 25 September 1958 until further orders. In foot note l to the letter dated 25 September, 1958 communicating the order it was stated that the Director of Technical Education was requested to forward proposals to fill the post by advertisement through Mysore Public Service Commission. Again on 3 April, 1958 when the respondent was appointed temporarily as officiating Principal with effect from 15 February, 1958 until ftirther orders a similar foot note was given in that letter communica1ing the order to the effect that the Director of Techr.ical Education would forward proposals to fill up the post by advertisement through Mysore Public Service Commission. These letters totally repel· the suggestion of the respondent being a local candidate. These letters contain intrinsic evidence that the appointment was to be made by advertisement through Mysore # 812 SUPREME COURT REPORT,S [1972] 2 S.C.R. Public Service Commission so that persons who would possess the necessary qualifications would be able to apply for the same for consideration. The case of promotion is totally impermissible in the present case. There were three classes of services under the Mysore Civil Service; (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1957. Rule 5 class1tied the services under four classes. Class I consisted of gazetted posts with the· minimum pay of not less than Rs. 350 p.m. Ctass II was to consist of gazetted posts other than those referred to in Class I. Class III was to consist of nongazetted posts of Primary· School teacher, Assistant Inspector of Shops and. Establishments, Compounders, Village Accountants, Bill Collectors and other posts the pay or maximum pay of which if on a time scale is more than Rs. 90. Class IV was to consist of non-gazetted posts classified in the Schedule. There were three Schedules. Promotion would have to be under rule 4 of the Mysore Civil Services (General Recruitment) Rules, 1957 on the basis c.f merit and suitability or on the basis of seniority-cummerit. Rule 16 of the 1957 General Recruitment Rules speaks of relaxation of rules relating to appointment and qualifications. The Government has power to relax any rule and may appoint persqns for reasons to be recorded in writing _inter alia_ to a post of an equivalent grade by transfer. In the present case, it was not an appointment by transfer from one post to a post of an equivalent grade under the rules. The relaxation under Rule 16 of the Mysore Civil Service (General Recruitment) Rules, 1957 for a specified period of the qualifications prescribed for purposes of direct recruitment of candidates possessing the prescribed qualifications was neither available nor done in fact in the present case. Therefore it could not be said here that the appointment was by promotion because the respondent did not hold the post of an equivalent grade. It is said on behalf of the State that the appointment of the respondent was justified on the following grounds. In the year 1958 the respondent was appointed on a temporary basis. The Government has power to make a temporary appointment. The respondent was, according to the rules, a local candidate. A local candidate could be appointed irrespective of rules. Up to the year 1964 there were no rules filled with regard to cadre or appointment. In 1964 when the cadre and recruitment rules were made the respondent was the only qualified person. There were no specific rules for regularisation. The Government has power under Article 162 to regularise appointments. Rules under "Article 309 can be· made for one person. Therefore. the respofldent was validly app!ltinteld. A B ##### c D E F G H ; A B ###### c D K F G H NANJUNDAPPA _V._ THIMMIAH _(Ray,_ /.) 813 The contentions on behalf of the State and the r.espondent are unacceptable. A local candidate means a temporary Government servant not appointed regularly. The respondent was a permanent Government servant at the material time. He was already in service. Under the rules in force in the year 1958 two Government servants cannot be appointed substantively to the same permanent' post at the same time. A Government servant cannot be appointed substa!l'tively except as a temporary measure to two or more permanent posts at the same- time. Therefore, if the respondent were appointed as a temporary measure to the post of Principal it would be not as a local candidate but as a Government servant appointed to another post as a temporary measure. This happened in 1958. When the appellant impeached the appointment of the respondent before the Mysore High Court in 1962 the Sta_te Government stated that the rµles had been framed and forwarded to the Public Service Commission and the post of the Principal had to be filled up by promotion from the cadre of Heads of Sections or by direct recruitment. The qualifications for direct recruitments were also given. It was also stated before the Mysore High Court that the matter of regularisation of the respondent in the post was under consideration and the Public Service Commission had agreed to the regu, larisotion and the matter was to be considered by the Government and the decision ~as to be given in that behalf. In that context, the Mysore High Court said that no useful purpose would be served in pronouncing on the questions raised in the writ petition and if and when the aepellant felt aggrieved by such regularisation it would be open to bun to take such steps.· It is in this background that when regularisation was made in the year 1967 that the appellant came up before the High Court challenging the regularisation. When it was said before the Mysore High Court in 1962 that the Public Service Commission agreed to regularisation it did not mean that the Public Service Commission agreed to regularise the appointment of the respondent. All that the Public Service Commission did was to regularise the appointment to the post of the Principal. The regularisation by the State of the appointment is with effect from 1958. This regularisation is bad for the following reasons. First, regularisation is not itself a mode of appointment. Secondly, the modes of appointments are direct recruitment or selection or pro motion or appointing for reasons to be recorded in writing an officer holding· a post of an equivalent grade, by transfer, from any other service of the State. The Government did not contend it to be a case of promotion. If it were a case of promo11ion it would not be valid because it would be a promotion not on the basis of seniority-cum-merit but a promotion of some one 814 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1972] 2 S.C.R who was in Class III to Class I. Even with regard to appointment under rule 16 by transfer of.a person holding an equivalent grade the appointment would be offending the rules because it would not be transfer from an equivalent grade. Again, merit and seniority could not be disregarded because the respondent was not in the same class as the Principal of the School of Mines. The pay of the Principal was Rs. 500-800 whereas the respondent was getting a salary of Rs. 165 in the grade of Rs. 125-165 plus an allowance of Rs. 75. The contention of the State that there were no rules and that the Government was free to appoint the respondent is wrong. There were 1957 rules which spoke of appointment by competitive examination or by selection or by promotion. Even if specific rules of recruitment for such services were not made the rule as to appointment by competitive examination or selection or by promotion was there. Article 162 does not confer power of regularisation. Article 162 does not confer power on the Government to make rules for the recruitment or conditions of service. There can be rule for one person or one post but rules are meant for recruitment and conditions of service. Rules are not for the purpose of validating an illegal appointment or for making appointments or promotions or transfer. Rules under Article 309 are for the purpose of laying down the conditions of service and recruitment. Therefore, the regularisation by way of rules under Article 309 in the present case by stating that notwithstanding anything in the rules the appointment of the respondent was being regularised was in itself violation of the rules as to appointment and as to cadre and also as to the proper selection. If the respondent were to be appointed by direct recruitment, there should have been advertisements. Then others would have the opportunity of applying. '!bat would be proper selection. Counsel on behalf of the appellant contended that Articles 14 and 16, of the Constitution were infringed by the impugned regularisation by rules under Article 309 of the Constitution inasmuch as the appellant and the other petitioners in the High Court were not given equal opportunity aind treatment in regard to the appointment and there· was also discrimination. It was said on behalf of the respondent that the appellant did not possess qualification~ prescribed by the 1964 Rules. The appellant disputed that contention. The appellant and the respondent belonged to the same class of service. The Mysore Education Department Services (Technical Education Department) (Recruitment) Rules, 1964 provided that the method of recruitment for the post of Principal, School of Mines was by promotion from the cadre of Heads of Sections oc by direct recruitment. The minimum qualifications for direct A B ##### c D E F G II A B ###### c D E ## " G NANJUNDAPPA _v._ THIMMIAH _(Ray,_ _J.)_ 815 recruicment were age limit of 40 years and M.Sc. Degree in applied Geology with five years experience in Mining. The appointment of the respondent was not by direct recruitment at any stage. · The appointment of the respondent was sought to be justified by the State and the respondent first on the ground of promotion and second on the ground of the respondent possessing the qualification. The appellant contended that the appellllillt was the Principal of the Polytechnics since the year 1949. The appellant also contended that the appellant was senior to the respondent. The Principals of Polytechnics and the .Heads of S&7 tions, according to the contention of the appellant, belonged to the common cadrn. Therefore, the appellant alleged that the appellant was eligible for promotion under the 1964 Rules. The case of promotion could not be considered by considering only the respondent. Again, the impeached rules do not show that it was a case of promotion but that it was a case of regularisation of an appointment with effect from the year 1958. If it was the case of selection the appellant and the respondent and others should have been considered. The 1964 Rules prescribed qualifications for the first time. The 1964 Rules provided appointment bY, promotion or by direct recruitment. The appellant alleged eligibility. The appellant was Head of a Section. The respondent was also a Head of a Section. They both belonged to the same cadre. Therefore, the impugned rule affects the appellant not only in regard to his eligibility but also his seniority. The High Court was wrong \n holding that the appointment of the respondents was defensible as a local candidate and therefore the appointment did not offend Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution. For these reasons, the judgment of the High Court is set aside. The appeal is allowed. The impe. ~hed Rules dated 9 February. 1967 published in the notification No. ED.91DG058 are declared to be void. There will be no order as to costs. V.P.S. _Appeal_ _al/011•ed._