Murarilal Mahabir Prasad & Ors. v. Shri B. R. Vad & Ors.

689 MURARILAL MAHABIR PRASAD & ORS. ·1·. SHRI B. R. V AD & ORS . _September_ 5, 1975 [Y. V. CllANDRACHUD, R. S. SARKARIA AND A. C. ()UPTA, JJ.] _Bombay Sales Tax Act,_ 1953, _Sections_ 2(6), _5,_ 11(5), 14(3), 15, _15A,_ 24, 26(3) (i), 26{3) (ii) _and_ 35 _and Bombay Sales Tax Act,_ 1959, _Sections_ 2(11), 2(19), 19(3), 35, _35A_ _and_ 62 _and Bombay G•neral Clauses Act,_ 1904, _Section_ _3(35)-Assessment_ _and_ _re-assessment_ _to_ _sal.es_ _tax_ _of_ _pre-dissolution_ _turnover_ _of_ _the dissolved firm-Assessment .and_ _re-assessment,_ _if_ _without_ _ju1is-_ _diction._ The first appellant was a partnership finn constituted under a deed of part• nersbip dated December 3, 1953. The· firm was registered as a dealer under the Bombay Sales Tax Acts of 1953. and 1959. The finn consi.sted of five partners appellan1s two to five and one other who died in 1965. The finn used to carry on business at Bombay as importers and commission agents and also as wholesale dealers in chemicals. dyes and various other goods. It had been assessed by the Sales Tax authorities for the· period from July, 1953 to ·March 31, 1958 on the basis of the returns filed by it. Qn Nowmber 10, 1960, the Sales Tax Officer seized ·a number of documents from the office of the firm. On May 20, 1962, the firm was dissolved. On June 26, 1962 the Sales Tax Officer cancelled the firm's registration certfficate under the· Central Sales Tax Act as well as the registration certificate, authorisation and licence under the, Bombay Sales Tax Act which the· partners of tho firm had surrendered. On November 20, 1963, the Sales Tax Officer issued two notices to the firm, one asking for elucidation of certain itenlS in the books of accounts seized, and the other underi sec. 15 of the 1953 Act calling; upon 'the firm to show cause why the assessment already made for the period April 1, 1957 to March 31, 19i58 should not be opened. On August 31, 1965. the Sales Tax Officer passed five orders, all against the dissolved. firm : the first ·was a re-assessment order for the year April 1, 1957 to· March 31, 1958 on the ground that certain s::,i.les and purchases during that period had been concealed and the other four were assessment orders for subsequent years covering the· period from April 1. 1958 found ·due from the firm. On October to March, 1961. On these five· orders a total sum 22, 1965, the demand notices of Rs. 6,56 1 365 /47p. is.sued was upon these assessment orders. all in the· name of the dissolved firm, were affixed to the· premises in which the firm had its office before it was dissolved. On November 24, 1965, the appellants filed a writ petition in the High Court of Bombay cha11enging the orders of re-assessment and assessment on various Q"ounds. In view of the fact that the appeals filed by the firm before the Assistant Commissioner of Sales. Tax were Pending, the High Court did not decide the question whether the procedure prescribed by Jaw was followed in the assessment proceedings and whether the orders were justified on merits. The Dnly -question which tire· High Court considered was whether the impugned orders were without jurisdiction as having been passed against a dissolved firm. By its judgment dated December 8, _1969,_ the High Court rejected the contention of the firm' and held that in view of the provisions contained in the Bombay Sales Tax Acts of 19'53 and 1959, it was permissible to assess a dissolved firm, Dismissing the appeal by special leave, HEW : (per Chandrachud and Sarkaria, JJ.) (i) _In_ _Jul/under Vegetables Syndicate case,_ [1966] 2 S.C.R. 457 this Court· held: (1) A dissolved firm cannot be assessed to sales. tax unless the statUte under which the assessment is rriade authorises the a~S&inent either expressly or by necessary implicatfon; (2) If, -by definition, a firm is a dealer under an Act, it beoomes a legal entity or an indeP'~ndent assessable unit for the purposes of that Act. If that be so, the firm ceases to be a legal entity Qn dissolution .. A B c D F G H 690 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] I S.C.R. and thereafter, on principle it cannot be assessed to sales tax unless the statute so a.u!horises express!¥ or by necessary implication; (3) Neither a provision requiring a dealer to inform the authorities if it discontinues its business nor a provision in1posing a joint and several liabilitv on the dealer and its pa;tners for the payment of tax, penalty or any other an1ount due under the· Actr or rules tan be interpreted as conferring jurisdiction to assess a dissolved firm· and ( 4) In i_nterpreting a fiscal statute the court cannot proceed to make good the deficiencies, if any, in the statute : it shall interpret it in a manner favour~ able to the tax payer. The language of a taxing Act cannot be strained in order to hold a subject liable to tax. [694 D, 695 C-E] _Khushi_ _Ram_ _Behari Lal_ & _Cd._ v. _Tlze_ _Assessing Authority, Sangrur and_ _Another,_ (19167) 19 S\.T.C. 381; _Additidnal_ Ta~sildar, _Raipur and_ _Ors._ v. _Gendalal,_ (1968) 21 S.T.C. 263, and _Lalji_ v. _The Assistant Comn1issioner, Sales_ _Tax, Raipur,_ (1958) 9 S.T.C. 571. referred to. (ii) The provisions of the Bombay General Clauses A·ct apply to the inter~ pretation of the Bombay A.els unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context of the Act of 1953. There is no repugnancy between the definition of dealer in section 2(6) which is defined to mean any 'person' who carries on the business of selling or buying goods and definitfon of 'person' in s.3(35) of the Bombay General Clauses _Act, 1904 and, therefore, the V.'Ol'd 'person' in s. 2( 6) must be taken to include a 'body of individuals' that a firm is. S. 24 of the Act which. provides that every dealel1 who is liable· to pay tax and who is an individual Hindu family, an associaton or a club. society, firm or· company, shall send to the prescribed authority ~ declaration stating the narneof the person who shall be deemed to be the manager of such dealer's business furnishes a strong indication for saying that the framers of the .. Act intended to recognise. the firm as a legal entity. This section will be meaningless in its reference to a firm, unless the fundamental assumption of the provision was that a firm as distinct from its partners is an independent assessable entity. [696 C-FJ (iii) Since the Act of 1953 considers _ai_ partnership firm tn be a legal entity, on the dissolution of the firn11 its legal personality would cease to exist. On , the furn ceasing to have existence in_ the eye of law, there can be no assess ment of the firm as such for, in the absence of an express statutory provision or a clear statutory intendment, a dead person cannot be assessed. [696 F-G] _Ellis_ _C._ _Reid_ v. _Commissioner_ _of_ _lnco1ne-tax._ (1930)5 I.T.C. 100 and _ThP_ _Com1nissioner_ _of_ _lncon1e-tox, Bo1nbay City_ v. _Amarchand N. Shroff_ [1963] 48 I.T.R. 59 referred to. (iv) S. 5(3) shows that if a firm has incurred the liability to pay sales-tax, that liability continues until the canceUation of the registration. Again, it is a clear and necessary implication of s. 15(1) of the Act of 1953 that ~ven a dissolved furn can be assessed or re-assessed within the period mentioned therein. S. 15( 1) contai'ns an important clause that action thereunder can be taken by the. Collector after giving a notice to the assessee under s, 14(3) of the A-ct within the prescribed period. Once such a notice is given, the Collector gets the jurisdiction to assess or re-assess the amount of tax due from the dealer and all the provisions of the Act "shall apply accordingly as if the notice were a notice served under s. 14(3)" S. 15A conf.errinl! analogous po\vers to assess or re-assess a dealer for taxes due prior to November 21, 1956 when the States were reorganised if any turnover had escaped assessment and provisions of sub-sectioris 3(i) and 3'(ii) of S. 26 providing that when a firm, liable to pay.the tax i"s dissolved. it shall be liable to pay the tax on the goods allotted to anv partner _''as_ _if"_ the goods had been sold to such partner. unless he holds a certificate Of registration or obtains it within the prescribed period. are in the schem~ of the Act that the assessment of a dissolved firm is within the clear intendment of the statute. [697-H. 639 C, E, 700 A-B, FJ (v) Though equitable construction may be admissible in relation to other. statutes or other provisions of a ·taxi'ng statute, 5Uch a construcion is not admissibl~ in the interpretation of a charging or taxing provision in a taxin~ statute. [702-D] A B c D E F G II .. _J_, A B ; _)'_ c D E F G H MURARILAL _V._ B. R. VAD 691 _Cape Brandy Syndicare_ v. _Co1nmissioner_ _of_ _Inland Revenue_ (1921) 12 Tax Case> 358; _A._ _V._ _Fernandez_ v. _The State_ _of_ _Kera/a,_ [1957) S.C.R. 637; _The_ _Con1n1issioner_ _of_ _Jncome ... tax, Bombay_ v. _The Provident lnvestn1ent Co._ _Ltd._ [1957] S.C.R. 1141; _Com1nissioner_ _of_ _Income-tax, Madras_ v. _Ajax._ _Products Ltd.,_ _through its Liquidator,_ [1965] 1 S.C.R. 700; _Conunission.er_ _of_ _lncome-oox,_ _Gujarat_ v. _Mis._ _B. M. Kharwar,_ [1969) 1 S.C.R. 651; _Commissioner_ _of_ _lncon1e-_ _tax, West Bengal_ v. _Vegetable Products Ltd._ [1973) 1 S.C.R. 442; _Wealth_ _Tm_ _Conunissioner_ v. _Kripashc..nker._ [1971] 2 S.C.C. 570. _Pryce_ v. _Mommonthshire_ _Canal and Railway Companies_ [1879] _4_ A.C. 197; _C.l.T., Bengal_ v. _Mahaliram ._ _Rpmjeedas,_ _61_ I.A. 239, 247; _India United Mills_ v. _Co1nn1issioner_ _of_ _Excess_ _Profits Tax_ [1955] 1 S.C.R. 810, 816; _Gursahai Saigal_ v. _C.I.T. Punjab,_ [1963) 3 S.C.R. 893 and _Whitney_ v. _Commissioners_ _of lnla1id Re\-·enue,_ [1'925) 10 T.C. 88, referred to. (vi) Under the Bombay Sal-es Tax Act, 1959 also provisions of section 2( 11) and 2(9) respectively containing the definition of "dealer" and "person" make it clear that aJ firm is a distinct assessable entity. The joint and several liability of the partners in resirect of taxes which the firm is liable to pay is provided by s.18. The purpose of s. 19(3) is to make the parners jointl)I and severally liable, even if the firm is as9essed to sale tax after its dissolution. S. 19(3) would otherwise be otiose. _S._ 19(3) of the 1959 Act makes explicit what was im,plict in the Act of 1953. The Act of 1959 contains provisions in sections 35, 35A and 62 which are similar to those provisions which are contained in sections 15, 15A and 35 of 1953 Act. [703 H, 704 A, D, 705 B-CJ _The Sales_ _Tax_ _Officer_ _(XIX),_ _Enforce1nent Branch,_ _Bon1ba)';_ v. _K.M.S. Mari_ _Chettiar,_ ( 19·75) 35 S.T.C. 148 appropved. _Per_ Gupta~ _J._ _(Dlsstnting)_ (i) A firm is a seperate· legal entity and a di'stinct assessable unit under the Acts of 1953 and 1959. Neither the 1953 Act nor the 1959 Act contains any provision permitting assessment or recovery · proceedings being taken against a dissolved firm. It i~ open to the Legislature by a legal fiction to keep alive a dissolved firm for some definite purpose, but here the legislature has not chosen to do so. No provision similar to that contained in s. 189(i) of the Income-Tax Act, 1961 is to be found in either of these two Acts. [708 H, 711 G. 713 H & 714 A] (ii) 'Dealer' has been defined in the Acts as a person who carries on the business of selling or buying goods. S. 15 of the 1953 Act which deals With escaped assessment or under~assessment requires the Collector to serve a notice, on the dealer concerned before proceeding against him but where the dealer was a firm dissolved before the notice was is;ued, there is no Person carrying on the business of selling or buying,goods on whom notice can be served. _S._ 35 of the 195~ Act is similar to s. 15 of the 1953 Act. A dis.solved firm may be equated with a dead person; both cease to be assessable umts. [706 H, 709· D-H, 710 A, 714 BJ (iii) S.19 (3) of the 1959 Act which makes the erstwhile partners jointly and severally liable for the tax due ·from a dissolved firm. does not say that - assessment or recovery proceedings may be initiated or continued against a firm as such even after its dissolution. It is not permissible to read in this provision the· additional words "as if the firin exists". To provide that the tax due from a firm may be assessed or collected after its dissolution is not the same thing as allowing the assessment ·or recovery proceeding to be startedor continued against the disoolved firm. The power of assessing a dissolved firm i; no to be mixed up with the liability of the partners. [710 E-F, 711-BJ The provisions relating to the assessment or recovery of the tax including pro':'isions requiring service of notice on the assessee would, in the case of a dissolved firm, apply to the erstwhile partners and all proceedings intended against the firm must be taken against them. [711-G] . CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1802 of 1970. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 8th December, 1969, of. the Bombay High Court in Misc. Petition No. 564 of 1965. 692 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] 1 S.C.R. _S._ _T. Desai, H. K. Shah,_ _A._ _C._ _Meneses and Mahendra_ _fl,_ _Gani_ _&_ _K._ _J._ _l ohn_ for the Appellants. _M._ _C._ _Bhandare.,_ _Vazir Singh_ and _M. N. Shroff_ for Respondents. The_ Jndgment of Y. v. CHANDRACHUD and R. s. SARKARIA, _lJ._ wa~ ~elivered by CHANDRACHUD, J. A. C. GUPTA, J. gave a dissenting Opm10n. CiIANDRACHUD, J. The question whic.h arises for decision in this appeal is whether miler the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1953 and the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959 a dissolved Jinn can be assessed or re. assessed to sales-tax in respect of its pre-dissolution turnover . . The first a~pellant _Mis._ Murarilal Mahabirprasad was a partner:ship firm conslituted under a deed of partnership dated December 3, 1'!'53. It was doing business at 30-Commercial Chambers, Masjid Bunder Road,. Bombay, as importers, commission agents, indenting a!\{'nts, delcreders agents and financiers and also as wholesale dealers in colours, chemicals, dyes etc. The firm consisted of 5 partners ·appellants 2 to 5 and one other who died in 1965. The firm wa~ registered as a dealer under the Acts of 1953 and 1959. Under diverse orders of assessment passed prior to its dissolution, the firm was assessed to sales-tax for the period July 1953 to March 31, 1958. On November 10, 1960 the Sales Tax Officer (VIII), Enflorcement Branch, Bombay, seized certain documents 11rom the fum's office. Notices. were issued to the firm from time to time for attendance to• explain these documents. Over sixty meetings took place between the firm's representatives and the authorities, at the end of which, two notices dated November 20, ·1963 came to be issued to th« firm. By the first of these notices, the firm was asked to explain certain discrepancies in its books of account. The second notice was issued under section 15 of the Act of 1953, by which the firm was asked to show cause why the assessment already made for the period 1-4-1957 to 31-3-1958 should not be re-opened on the ground that certain sales were suppressed by the firm as a result of which a part of its turnover had escaped assessment. Respondent 1, the Sales Tax Officer (VIII), En£orcement Branch Greater Bombay, fixed the hearing of the assessment proceeding on April I,' 1965 .but the firm requested by its Jetter dated April 3, for an adjournment till May on the ground that one of the partners had died suddenly in Delhi and that the other partners would be back in Bombay by May. On May 26, 1965 respondent addressed a notice to the firm stating that the hearing would be taken up from day to day from June 14, 1965 and that the partners should remain present at the hearings. There was considerable difficulty in serving the aforesaid notice, as another firm by the name of M/s. Murarilal Balkrishna haJ apparently starte~ doing: business at th.e place where the assesse.e firm was carrying on its busmess. Inttmat10ns were sent to the registered address of the firm and an Inspector of the D~partment went pcrsenally to effect the service. Eventually, on August 31, _!965_ respondent I pa"IBed ex-parte orders of re-assessment £or the penod 1-4-1~57 to 31-3-1958 and ex-parte orders of assessment for the penod 1-4-1958 to 31-3-1961. The assessment of the firm for the period A B c D E F G H MURARILAL _v._ B. R. VAD _(Chandrachud,_ _J.)_ 693 subsequent to 31-3-1958 was pending ever since, as it had to await the result of inspection of the incriminating docmnents seized from the firm's office in November, 1960. On October 22, 1965 demand notices were pasted on the office) of the firm at its Masjid Bunder Road address. M/s. Murarilal Balkrishna who were doing business there are said to have informed a partner of the firm that demand notices were so pasted. By the revised assessment order, respondent 1 held that .flor the period 1-4-1957 to 31-1-1958, the turnover of suppressed sales which had escaped assessment was Rs .. 41,47,090. He assessed on this turnover an additional tax of Rs. 1,95,582.47. Respondent 1 found that for subsequent periods also a large part of the turnover was suppressed by the firm. On that footing, he assessed the sales tax for the period 1-4-1'?68 to 31-3-1961, breaking up the period in four assessments. By the demand notices, the firm was called upon to pay a total tax of Rs. 6,70,969.96, inclusive of the sales tax quantified in the revised assessment. The notices apprised the firm of its liability to• pay penalty if the tax was not paid within the stated period. The assessment for the period 1-4-1957 to 31-12-1959 was made under the Act of 1953. The tax due for this period comes to Rs. 5,63,900 and odd. The assessment for the period 1-1-1960 to 31-3-1961 was made under the Act of 1959. The tax dne for this period comes to Rs. 92,300 and odd. The firm has filed appeals against the aforesaid orders, which are pending before the Assistant Commissioner, Sales Tax, Bombay. In view 0£ those appeals the recovery proceedings were stayed by the appellate· authority. .. A B c D E F On November 24,. 1965 the appellants filed a writ petition in the High Court of Bombay challenging the orders of re-assessment and assessment on varions grounds. In view of the fact that the appeals filed by the firm before the Assistant Commissioner of Sales Tax were pending, !lie High Court did not decide the question whether the proH cedure prescribed by law was followed in the assessment proceedings and whefuer the orders were justified on merits. The only question which the High Court considered was whether the impugned orders G . During the pendency of the assessment proceedings, no foffilal intimation appears to· have been given by or on behalf of the firm to the assessing authority that the firm was dissolved. It was on December 21, 1964 that in a letter written to respondent 1, one of the partners made a casual and fleeting reference to that fact : "you will also appreciate that the firm was dissolved ·4 years back". It is however futile to pursue this line of inquiry because, on being called upon to produce the deed of dissolution, the partners did produce a deed showing that the firm was dissolved on May 20, 1962. Responc dent 1 appears to have accepted the authenticity o~ the deed of dissolution and in fact, acting upon it, the Siales-tax authorities cancelled the registration of the firm under the Sales Tax Acts with effect from June 16, 1962. We cannot now go behind the-position that the firm was dissolved' on May 20, 1962. 694 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] 1 S.C.R. were without jurisdiction as having been passed a~ainst a dissolved firm. By its judgment dated December 8 1969 the Hirrh Court rej7cted the ~ontemion 0£ the firm and held that in view ~f the provis10ns conta~ed m the Bombay Sales Tax Acts of 1953 and 1959, it was pernuss1ble to assess a dissolved firm. The correctness of that . finding is challenged by the appellants in this appeal by special leave. The only question with which we are concerned in this appeal is whether the orders of re-assessment and assessment passed by respondent 1 are without jurisdiction by reason of the fact that the assessee firm was dissolved prior to the date on which those orders were passed. In fact, the very assessment and re-assessment proceedings for the relevant years were commenced after the dissolution of the firm. The notice under which those proceedings were started is dated November 20, 1963 while the firm was dissolved on May 20, 1962. We may mention that in a judgment to which we must immediately turn, this Court has taken the view that if under a statute a dissolved firm cannot be assessed to Sales Tax, it does not make any difference whether the proceeding was initiated be£ore or after the dissolution. Thus, the true question for decision is whether a dissolved firm can A B D \ [• ] _1_ .. _J_ ·· .. be assessed or re-assessed under the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1953 and the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959._ D A similar question came up for decision before this Court in _State_ _of Punjab_ v. _M/s._ _Jullundur Vegetables Syndicate(')._ That was a case under the East Punjab General Sales Tax Act, 1948. The respondent firm therein was assessed to sales tax in 1953 but that order was set aside for want of jurisdiction. Fresh proceedings were then started for assessment but the firm was dissolved before the commencement of those proceedings. The firm was thereafter assessed and the order of the Sales-Tax Officer was confirmed in further proceedings with some modifications. On a reference the Punjab High Court set aside the assessment on the ground that the East Punjab General Sales-Tax Act, 1948 did not provide for a machinery for assessing a dissolved firm in respect of its pre-dissolution turnover. The judgment of the High Court was oonfirtned by this Court. E F Since the learned counsel for the appellants has relied heavily on the aforesaid decision, it,is necessary to analyse it closely. The Court, 'Speaking through Subba Rao, J., observed at the outset that the question as regards the validity of the assessment depended upon the relevant provisions _0it_ the particular Act. On examining the relevant provisions, namely, sections 2(d), 4(1), 7(1), 16(b), 17 and Rule 40 G the Court held that there was no provision in the statute expressly authorising the assessing authority to assess a dissolved firm. The. Court then proceeded to find whether such a power could be gathered by neeessary implication from the other provisions o~ the Act and held in the negative. Thus, by reason of the language and scheme of the Punjab Act, a dissolved firm could not be assessed. Relying on 'Section 2(d) which deJined a dealer lo include a firm, the Court held H that though under the partnership law a firm was not a legal entity, (1). [1966] 2 S.C.R. 457. **A** " .. B c **0** E MURARJLAL _v._ B. R. VAD _(Chandrachud,_ !.) 695 the firm was an independent assessable unit for the purposes of the Punjab Act. If that be so, on dissolution, the firm ceased to be a legal entity and could not be assessed in the absence of a statutory provision permitting the asses~ment of a dis.solved firm. The Court found that there was a lacuna in the Punjab Act of 1948 which was filled up later by an amendment but that amendment was not retros pective. Finally, the Court touched upon the conflicting decisions o~ the High Courts on the point and observed that all of those decisions were over-burdened with the consequences of a contrary construction on the, incidence of taxation and also their mixing up the question of the statutory power of assessing a dissolved fil'm with the liability of the partners to pay the tax so assessed on the firm before its dissolution. The reasons given by some of the High Courts in support of a contrary conclusion were rejected by this Court. The _Jullundut Vegetable• Syndicate_ ·case is a clear and direct authority for the following propositions: (1) A dissolved firm cannot be. assessed to sales tax unless the statute under which the assessment is made authorise~ the assessment either expressly or by necessary implication; (2) If, by definition, a fi1111 is a dealer under an Act, it becomes a legal entity or an independent assessable unit for the .purposes of that Act. If that be so, the firm ceases to be a legal en tity on dissolution and thereafter, on principle it cannot be assessed to sales tax unless the statute so authorises expressly or by necessary implication; (3) Neither a provision requiring a dealer to infocm the **authorities.** **if** **it** **discontinues its business,** **nor** **a provision imposing a** joint and several liability on the deialer and its partners for the. payment of tax, penalty or any either amount due under the Act or rules can be interpreted as conferring jurisdiction to assess a dissolved firm; (4) In interpreting a fiscal statute the court cannot proceed to make good the deficiencies, if any, in the statute : it shall interpret the statute as it stands and in case of doubt, it shall interpret it in. a manner favourable to the tax payer. The language of a taxing Act cannot be strained in order to bold ;i subject liable to tax. The deoision in the _Jullundur_ case was followed by this Court, without more, in _Khmhi_ _Ram_ _Behari Lal_ & _Co._ v. _The Assessing_ _Authority, Sangrur, and Anr.(1');_ and in _Addit,ional Tahsildar, Raipur,_ _and Ors._ v. _Gendalal(2)._ _Khushi Ram's_ case arose under the East Punjab General Sales Tax Act, 1948, the provisions of which were considered by this Court in the _Jul/undur_ case. _Gendalal's_ case arose under the Central Provinces and Berar Sales Tax Act, 194 7. The court did not examine the provisions of that Act separately, presum ably because those provisions were considered by the M.P. High Court in _Lalji_ v. _The Assistant Commissioner, Sales-tax,_ _Raipur(')._ and the decision of the Madhya Pradesh High Court was express! y dis approved by this Court in the _Jul/undur_ case. The Madhya Pradesh High Court had relied upon section 17 of the C.P. and Berar Sales Tax Act, corresponding to section ! 6(b) o~ the East Punjab Act, to (I) [1967] 19 S.T.C. 381. (2) [1968] 21 S.T.C 263. (3) [1938] 9 S.T.C. 571. 696 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1976] 1 S.C.R. sustain the continuity of the firm as a legal entity until information of dissolution was given to the prescribed authority. No other provision of the C.P. Act, apart from section 17, appears to have been canvassed before this Court in support of the argument that it was permissible under that Act to assessed dissolved firm. A Applying the1 ratio in the _Jullundur_ case was must examine the B provisions of the two Bombay Acts in order to find whether those **provisions, expres.sly or by** **necessary** **implication,** **authorise** **the** assessment of a dissolved firm. Turning first to the Act of 1953, section 2(6) of that Act defines **a 'dealer',** **in** **so** **far** **as.** **relevant, to** **mean** **any** **'person'** **who carries on** the business of selling or buying goods. This definition does not by C itsel.E make the firm a distinct assessable entity and the position obtaining under the general law that a firm is but compendious name for the partners who compose it remains outstanding. But section 3(35) of the Bombay General Clauses Act, 1904 defines 'person' as including "any company or association or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not''. The provisions cf the Bombay General Clauses Act apply to the interpretation of the Bombay Acts unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context of the Act under review. There is no such repugnancy and therefore the word 'person' in section 2(6) of the Act of 1953 must be taken to include a 'body of individuals' that a firm is. Not only is there nothing in the Act of 1953 which is repugnant to the notion that the firm could be a dealer, but section 24 ofl that Act furnishes a strong indication for saying that the framers of the Act intended to recognise firms as a legal entity. E That section provides that every dealer who is liable to pay the tax . and who is an undivided Hindu family, an association or a club, society, firm or company, shall send to the prescribed authority a declaration stating the name of the person who shall be deemed to be the manager of such dealer's business. Section 241 would be meaningless in its reference to a 'firm', unless the fundamental assumption of the provision was that a firm as distinct from its partners is an inde- - F pendent assessable entity. That assumption is made good by the combined operation of section 2(6) of the Act oll 1953 and section 3(35) of the Bombay General Clauses Act. .. Since the Act of 1953 considers a partnership firm to be a legal entity, on the dissolutiou of the firm its legal personality would cease to exist. On the firm ceasing to have existence in the eye <>f law, there can be no assessment of the firm as such for, in the absence of an express statutory provision or a clear statutory intendment, a dead person." cannot be assessed. G Section 2(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1922 defined an assessee as "a person by whom income-tax is payable". The Bombay High Court, in _Ellis_ C. _!Reid_ v. _Commissioner_ _of_ _Income:-tax,(')_ held that the definition in terms applied to living persons onlv, that the **H** treasury had no power to tax without the express permission ofl the (1) [19301 I.T.C. 100. .. A B c D MURARJLAL _v._ B. R. VAD _(Chandrachud,_ _l.)_ 697 legislature and therefore if an assessee failed to make a return of his income under section 22(2), the income-tax officer had no power to make as assessment under section 23(4) after the assessee's death. Seeing that, originally, in the Income-tax Act, 1922 there was no reference to the decease of a person on whom the tax was charged, the l~amed Chief Justice observed : "It must have been present to the mmd of the legislature that whatever privileges the payment of income-tax may confer, the privilege of immortality is not amongst them", and that it was very 'difficult to assume that the omission in th~ Act as regards the power to tax a dead assessee was unintentional. Section 24B which was introduced in the Income-tax Act, 1922 to remove the lacuna pointed out in the Bombay judgment extends the legal personality of a deceased assessee ·for the duration of a previous year, so that income received by an assessee during the previous year and the income received by his heirs and legal representatives after his death but in the previous year can be brought to tax after his death. In _Commissioner_ of _Income-tax,_ _Bombay City_ v. _Amarchand_ _N._ _Shroff(')_ this Court observed that the individual assessee under the Income-tax Act has -0rdinarily to be a living person, that there can normally be no assessment of a person after his legal personality ceases and that, apart from section 24B, no assessment could be made **on a dead person.** We must therefore proceed on' the basis that the first appellant firm was an independent assessable entity under the Act of 1953 and that on its dissolution on May 20, 1962 its legal personality ceased to have existence. Is there then any provision in the 1953 Act which permits or contemplates the assessment of a firm after its dissolution ? If not, the general rule would apply that a dead person cannot be E assessed. It is plausible that a distinction ought to be made between the death of an individual and the dissolution of a firm. Human beings, as assessees, are not generally known to court death to' evade taxes. Death, normally, is not volitional and it is understandable that on the death of an individual, his liability to be assessed to tax should come F to an end unless the statute provides to the contrary. With firms it is different, because a firm which incurs during its existence a liability to pay sales-tax may, with a little ingenuity evade its liability by the voluntary act of dissolution. The dissolution of a firm could therefore be viewed differently from the death of an individual and the partners could be denied the advantage ofi their own wrong. But we do not want to strike this new path because the _Jullundur_ case and G the two cases which follow it have likened the dissolution of a firm to the death of an individual. Let us therefore proceed to examine the other pro"isions of the 1953 Act. Section 5 of the 1953 Act provides that every dealer whose turnover exceeds the limits therein mentioned shall be liable to pay salestax. Snb-section (3) of section 5 says that every dealer who has thus become liable to pay the tax "shall continue to be so liable until cati H cellation of his registration under sub-section (6) of section 11, and G # • (I) [1963] 48 I. T.R. 59. 14-I.925SupCI/75 698 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 11976.J l S.C.R. upon such cancellation his liability to pay the tax shall cease". This proviswn shows that if a firm has incurred the liability to pay salestax, that liability continues until the cancellation of the registration. There may be a hiatus between the dissolution of the firm and the cancellation of its registration and during this interregnum the liability of the firm is expressly kept alive by the statute. Under section 11(6), the prescribed authority has to cancel the registration with effect from the prescribed date if, _inter alia,_ the business in respect of which a certificate has been granted under section 11 has been discontinued or transferred. On being satisfied that the business has been discontinued or transferred, the authority concerned has undoubtedly to cancel the registration but the obligation to cancel the registration would arise not on the statement of an assessee that the business has been discontinued or transferred but on the satisfaction of the authority that this is truly so. In other words, by virtue of section 5(3), the mere fact of dissolution does not by itself bring to an end the firm's liability to be taxed. Section 15(1) of the 1953 Act has an important bearing on the question under consideration. That section reads thus : "15. (1) If in consequence of any information which has come into his possession the Collector is satisfied that any turnover in respect of sales or purchases of any goods chargeable to the tax has escaped assessment in any year or has been under-assessed or assessed at a lower rate or any deductions have been wrongly made therefrom, the Collector may, in any case where such turnover has escaped assessment or has been under-assessed or assessed at a lower rate for the reason that the provisions o~ sub-section (I) of section 2 of the Bomb<\y Sales Tax (Validating Provisions) Act, 1957 were not then enacted, at any time within eight years, and in any case where he has reason to believe that the dealer has concealed the particulars of such sales or purchases or has knowingly ~urnished inc:mcct returns, at any time within eigl1t years and in any other case, at any time within five years of the end of that year, serve on the dealer liable to pay the tax in respect of such turnover a notice containing all or any of the requirements which may be included in a notice under sub-section (3) of section 14 and may proceed to assess or re-assess the amount of the tax due from such dealer and the provisions 0£ this Act shall apply accordingly as if the notice were a notice served under that sub-section : Provided that the amount of the tax shall be assessed after making the deductions permitted .from time to .time under the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1946, the Bombay Sales Tax (No. 2) Ordinance, 1952; and this Act, as the case may be, at the rates at which it would have been assessed had the turno¥cr not escaped assessment or full assessment as the case may be: A B c D E ll G H ## ., A ll )> _)_ c 0 E F ' G H MURARILAL _v._ B. R. YAO _(Chandrachud,_ _J.)_ 699 Provided further that where in respect of such turnover or deduction, as the case may be, an order has already been passed under section 30 or section 31, the ·collector shall make a report to the appropriate appellate or revising authority, as the case may be, which shall thereupon after giving the dealer concerned a reasonable opportunity of being heard, pass such order as it deems fit." This provision leaves no doubt that the dissolution of a firm cannot operate as a bar to a tresh assessment of the turnover which had escaped assessment, provided that the action contemplated therein is taken within th" specified period. In substance, section 15(1) provides that if the Collector is satisfied that any turnover has escaped assessment or has been under-assessed or assessed at a lower rate or any deductions have been wrongly made therefrom, he can after serving a notice on the assessee proceed to assess or re-assess the amount of the tax due from him. It is a dear and necessary implication of section 15(1) that even a dissolved firm can be assessed or reassessed within the period mentioned therein. The dissolution cannot operate as a bar to the exercise by the Collector of his power to reopen an assessment and indeed it is difficult to conceive that in matters as vital to the administration of sales-tax as the assessment of suppressed turnovers, the legislature could have coritemplated that the liability to re-assessment could be avoided by the erring firm by the simple expedient of winding up its affairs. Section 15(1) contains an important clause that action thereunder can be taken by the Collector after giving a notice to the assessee under section 14(3) ofi the Act within the prescribed period. Once such a notice is given, the Collector gets the jurisdiction to assess or re>-assess the amount of tax due from the dealer and all the provisions of the Act "shall apply accordingly as if the notice were a notice served under" section 14(3). Section 14(3) speaks of the power of the ColleCtior to "'5Sess the amount of tax due from the dealer after giving notice to him, if the Collector is not satisfied that the returns furnished are correct and complete. The jurisdiction to assess or reassess which is confurred by section 15(1} is thus equated with the original jurisdiction to assess the dealer under section 14. By this method, the continuity of the legal personality of the assessee is maintained in order to enable the asses&ment of turnover which has escaped a.ssessment. It is no answer to a notice under section 15 that the partners having dissolved the firm, the assessment cannot be reopened. It puts a premium on one's credulity to accept that having created a special jurisdiction to assess or re-assess an escaped turnover, the legislature permitted that salutary jurisdiction to be defeated by the device of dissolution. The argument of the appellants really comes to this : suppress the turnover, evade the sales-tax, dissolve the firm and earn your freedom from taxation. Importantly, the notice dated November 21, 1963 for re-opening the assessment for the period 1-4-1957 to 31-3-1958 was served on the firm under section ]5. On re-assessment, the firm was assessed to a sales-tax of Rs. 1,95,582.47 on sales suppressed during that period. 700 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l 976J l S.C.R. Section 15A confers on the Collector analogous powers to aS.Sess or re-assess a dealer for taxes due prior to November 21, 1956 whe:1 the States were reorganised, if either no assessment was made for tb prior period or if any turnover had escaped assessment. This provision like the one contained in section 15, is of general application and makes no exception in favour of dissolved firms. Therefore, if a firm was not assessed prior to the re-organisation of States or if any part 0£ its turnover had escaped assessment, it is competent to the Collector to assess or re-assess the firn1 notwithstanding its subsequent dissolution. This is the necessary inlplication of section 15A. It must follow as a corollary that the power to rectify a mistake apparent from the record can be exercised by the Collector under section 35 of the Act of 1953 even after the dissolution of an assessed firm, though on conditions specified in the section. The section contains a compelling implication that evident errors can be corrected no matter whether the firm is in existence or is dissolved. Dissolution is not a panacea for liability to pay sales-tax. A difficulty was raised on beha\fl of the appellants that on the dissolution of the !inn the principle of agency would cease to apply as amongst the partners and there.fore no partner would have the right to represent either the firm or any of the other partners in the proceeding under section 15, commenced or continued after the dissolution of the firm. This question does not bear on the liability of a dissolved firm to be assessed or the power of the Collector to assess a dissolved firm under section 15. It may perhaps be that in the assessment of a dissolved firm, each of the erstwhile partners may have a right to be heard because each of them would be interested in warding off a liability which may fall on them jointly and severally. But that is more a matter of procedure which the assessing authority must adopt in the assessment proceedings in order to give efficacy to the order which may eventually be passed in the proceedings. Who, in the assessment proceedings against a dissolved firm, has the right to be heard will not determine whether a dissolved firm can be assessed under the Act of 1953. Sub-sections 3 (i) and 3 (ii) of section 26 provide that when a firm liable to pay the tax is dissolved, it shal1 be liable to pay the tax on the goods allotted to any partner "as if the goe>Js had been sold to such partner, uilless he holds a, certificate of registration or obtains it within the prescribed period. This provision in terms envisages the assessment of a dissolved firm, though only to the limited extent and for the limited purpose that the goods allotted to a partner at the time of dissolution· shall be deemed to have been sold to that partner. By the use of the words "as if", section 26(3) (ii) creates a fiction that the allotment of goods to a partner on dissolution of the firm shall be deemed _to_ be a sale made by the dissolved firm to that partner. The fiction cannot be extended further than the sub-section warrants but there is no fiction in regard to the liability of the dissolved film to be assessed to sales-tax in respect of the goods thus deemed _to_ be sold. The imposjtion of such a li!tbility is in keeping with the general scheme A B ~ ( ###### . c D E _t_ F G _I_ H A ....,,, _i_ B " _>_ ; I c D E F - G H MJJRARJLAL _v._ B. R. VAD _(Chandrachud,_ !.) 701 of the Act, the various provisions of which show that the assessment of a dissolved firm is within the clear intendment of the statute . The construction which we have placed on these provisions of the 1953 Act does no violence to the familiar principle which in _Cape_ _Brandy Syndicate_ v. _Commissioner_ _of Inland_ _Revenue('),_ was expressed thus by Rowlatt J. : . "In a taxi_ng statute one has to look at what is clearly sard. There 1s no room for any intendment. There is no equity about a tax. There is no presumption as to a tax. Nothing is to be read in, nothing is to be implied. One can only look fairly at the language used." This principk was approved and adopted by this Court in several decisions : (A. _V. Fernandez_ v. _The State_ _of_ _Kerala(_ _[2]_ _),_ _The_ _Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay_ v. _The Provident Investment Co._ _Ltd._ ( [3] ) _Commissioner_ _of_ _Income-tax, Madras_ v. _Ajax Products Ltd.,_ _through its Liquidator(_ _[4]_ _),_ _Coriimissimwr_ _of_ _Income-tax, Gujarat_ v. _Mjs.· B._ _M._ _Klwrwar(_ _[5]_ _),;_ _Commissioner_ _of Income-tax, West Bengal_ v. _Vegetable Products Ltd.(_ _[6]_ _)._ The principle is variously expressed by saying that in fisoal statutes one must have regard to the letter of the law and not to the spirit of the Jaw, that the subject cannot be taxed by inference or analogy, that in a taxing Act there is no governing principle to look at and one has simply_ to go on the Act itself to see whether the tax claimed is that which the statute imposes, that while construing taxing Acts it is not the function of the court to give to the words used a strained and unnatural meaning and that the subject can be taxed only, if the revenue satisfies the court that the case falls strictly within the provisions of the law. The principle thus stated has hardly ever been doubted but it is necessary in the application of that principle to remember that though the benefit of an wmbiguity in a taxing provision must go to the subject and the taxin!( provision must receive a strict construction, "that is not the same thing as saying that a taxing provision should not receive a reasonable construction."('). If the statute contains a lacuna or a loophole, it is not the function of the court to plug it by a strained construction in reference to the suwased intention of the legislature. The legislature must then step in to resolve the arnbi!!Uity and so Jong as it does not do so, the tax-payer will get the benefit of that ambiguity. But, equally, courts ought not to be astute to hunt out ambiguities by an unnatural construction of, a taxing section. Whether the statute, even a taxing: statute, contains an ambi!!Uitv has to be determined by applying normal rules of construction for interpretation of statutes. As observed by Lord Cairns in _Pryce_ v. _Mommonthshire Canal and Railway Companies('),_ cases which have decided that Taxing Acts are to be construed with strictness, and that no payment is to be exacted from the subject which is not clearly and unequivocally required by Act of Parliament to be made, probably ---(f)[l92I]i2Tax-cases 358. (2) fl957J s. c. R. 837. (3) [1957] S. C.R. 1141. (4) [1965] 1 S.C.R. 700. (5) [.1969] 1S.C.R.651. (6) [1973] 1s.c.R.442. (7) Wealth Tax Commissioner vs. Kripashankar, [1971] 2 S.C.C. 370. (8) [I 879] 4 A.C. 197. / 702 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] \ S.C.R. meant little more than this, that, inasmuch as there was not any _a_ _priori_ liability in a subject to pay any particular tax, nor an yantecedent relationship between the tax payer and the taxing authority no reasoning founded upon any supposed relationship of the tax-payer and the taxing authority could be brought to bear upon the construction of the Act and therefore, the t~x-payer had a right to stand upon a literal construction of the words used, whatever might be the consequences. The tnie implication 0£ the principle that a taxing statute must be construed strictly is often misunderstood and the principle is unjustifiably extended beyond the legitimate field of its operation. Indeed, the more well-expressed the principle as in the _Cape Brandy_ case, greater the reluctance to sec its limitations. In that famous passage marked by a happy turn of phrase, Rowlatt J. said, "there is , no equity about a tax, There is no presumption as to a tax." There is no equity about a tax in the sense that a provision by which a tax is imposed has to be construed strictly, regardless of the hardship that such a construction may cause either to the treasury or to the tax-payer. If the subject falls squarely within the letter of law he must be taxed, however inequitable the consequences may appear to the judicial mind, If the Revenue seeking to tax cannot bring the subject within the letter of law, the subject is free no matter that such a construction may cause serious prejudice to the Revenue, In other words, though what is called equitable construction may be admissible in relation to other statutes or other provisions of a taxing statute. such a construction is not admissible in the interpretation of a charging or taxing provision of a taxing statute. Speaking for the court in C. _I._ _T._ _Madras_ v. _Ajax_ _Products_ _Ltd.('),_ Subba Rao J., after citing the passage from the judgment of Rowlatt J. in the _C<1f1Je_ _Brandy_ case said: "To put it in other words, the subject is not to be taxed unless the charging provision clearly imposes the obligation''. We are concerned in this case to determine not whether a particular turnover can be brought to sales-tax but whether if the turnover was liable to be charged to sales-tax, the furn can be re;sessed to tax after its dissolution. In other words, we are concerned with a provision which prescribes the machinery Jior the computation of tax and not with a charging prnvision of the Sales Tax Acts. In _C.J.T., Bengal_ vs. _Mahaliram_ _Ramjeedas(_ _[2]_ _),_ it was held by the Privy Council that section 34 of the Income-tax Act, 1922, although a part of a taxing Act, imposed no charge on the subject but dealt merely with the machinery of assessment. Lord Normand who delivered the judgment of the Judicial Committee observed: "In interpreting provision~ of this kind the rule is that that construction should be preferred which makes the machinery workable, _ut_ _res_ _valeat_ _11oti11µ_ _quam pereat."_ In _India_ _United Mills_ v. _Commissioner_ _of Excess Profits_ _Tax(_ _[3]_ _),_ this Court held that section 15 of the Excess Profits Tax Act was not a charging section but a machinery section " And a machinery section should be so construed as to effectuate _the_ charging sections". Section 15 was intended to vest in the Excess ---··- ---·--(!) [1965] I $.C.R. 700, 706, (2) 67 I.A. 239, 247. (3) [1955] S.C.R. 810, 816. n c ID E F G H ' A B c D E F - G H MURARILAL _v._ B. R. VAD _(Chandrachud,_ _!.)_ 703 Profits Tax Officer a power to amend the assessment, when it was found that the relie~ granted was in excess _ot_ what the law allowed. One of the sections under which relief could be granted was section 26(3). This Court held that section 15 must be so interpreted as to confer a power on the Excess Profits Tax Officer to revise the assessment when relief had been erroneously granted under section 26(3). In _Gursahai Saigal_ v. _C.l.T. Punjab(!),_ an assessee was called upon to pay interest under section 18A(8) of the Income-tax Act, 19'22 for failure to make an estimate of his income and pay tax according to that estimate under section 18A(3). The assessee relief on the rule of construction formulated by Rowlatt J. in the _Cape Brandy_ case and contended that he could not be charged with interest as it was not possible to calculate interest in accordance with sub-section (6) by reason of his not having paid tax at all. This Court approved the ratio of the Privy Council in _Mahaliram Ramjeedas's_ case and held that it was well-recognised that the rule of construction on which the assessee relied applied only to a taxing provision and had no application to all provisions in a taxing statute. The Court observed that the rule did not apply to a provision not creating the charge for the tax but laying down the machinery for its calculation or procedure for its collection. Sarkar J., speaking for -the Court, said : "The provisions in a taxing statute dealing with machinery for assessment have to be construed by the ordinary rules of constfl\ction that is to say, in accordance with the clear intention ot the legislature which is to make a charge levied effective." (p. 899). Sub-section (6) was acoordingly read by the court in a manner which made it workable, thereby preventing the clear intention of sub-section (8) being defeated. It is indisputable that the first appellant firm was liable to be charged to sales-tax on its business turnover. The charging provisions are contained in Chapter III of the Act of 1953 and Chapter II _of_ the Act of 1959. In this appeal, we have to construe the machinery provisions of those Acts. In accordance with the view taken in the . cases cited above, the machinery sections ought to be construed so as to effectuate the charging sections. The construction which we have placed on the machinery provisions of the 1953 Act will give meaning and content to the charging sections, in the sense that our construction will effectuate the provision contained in the charging sections. The resourcefulness and ingenuity which go into well-timed dissolution of firms ought not to be allowed to be used as convenient instruments of tax evasion. As observed by Lord Dunedin in _Whitney_ v. _Commissioners of Inland Revenue(2),_ " A statute is designed to be workable. and the interpretation thereof by a court should be to secure that object, unless crucial omission or clear direction makes that end unattainable." Farj from there being any crucial omission or a clear direction in the present case which wou\d. make the end unattainable, the various provisions to which we have drawn attention leave it in no doubt that a dissolved firm can be assessed on its pre-dissolution turnover. The Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959 presents no difficulty as its provisions are even clearer than those of the 1953 Act. Section (1)"[1963] 3 S.C.R. 893. (2) [1925] 10 T.C. 88. 704 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ll976] ! S.C.R. 2(11) of the 195'9 Act defines a dealer to mean any "person who carries on the business of bnying or selling goods ". Under section 2(19), "person" in~ludes, _inter alia,_ a firm. There is therefore no doubt that a firm is a distinct assessable entity under the 1959 Act also. Section 19(3) o~ the 1959 Act puts the matter under inquiry beyond all doubt by providing : "Where a dealer, liable to pay tax under this Act is a firm, and the firm is dissolved, then every person who was a partner shall be jointly and severally liable to pay to. the extent to which he is liable under section 18, the tax (including any penalty) due from the firm under this Act or under any earlier law, up to the'time of dissolution, whether such tax (including any penalty) has been assessed before such dissolution but has remained unpaid, or is assessed after dissolution." This provision in terms envisages the assessment of a dissolved firm by providing that erstwhile partners of a dissolved firm shall be liable jointly and severally to pay the tax and penalty due from the firm whether the tax, including any penalty, has ·been assessed before or after the dissolution. The assessment which the sub-section speaks of is assessment of the. firm as ~uch because where the assessment is made on the partners themselv~s. it was unnecessary to provide that they shall be liable jointly' aria severally to pay the tax assessed on them. The joint and several liability of the partners in respect o\f taxes which the firm is liable to pay is provided by section 18. The purpose of section 19(3) is to make the partners jointly and severally liable even if the firm is assessed to sales-tax after its dissolution. Section 19(3) would otherwise be otiose. Thus,, section 19(3) of the 1959 Act makes explicit what was implicit in the Act of 1953. Jt is relevant, though we did not refer to his aspect while dealing with the provisions of the 1953 Act, that section 19(3) of the 1959 Act contains a clear indication that the legislature intended that a dissolved firm could be assessed under the 1953 Act also. Section 19(3) speaks of the liability of partners for the tax due from a dissolved firm and provides that they shall be jointly and severally liable to pay the tax due from the firm under the Act of 1959' or "under any earlier law", whether such tax has been assessed before or after dissolution. Section 2(12) of the 1959 Act defines "earlier law" to mean, _inter a/ia,_ the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1953. Thus, one of the postulates of section 19(3) at any rate is that a dissolved firm could be assessed under the 1953 Act. Such a postulate accords with the principle that if the legislature provided for a charge of sales-tax, it could not have intended to render that charge ineffective by permitting the partners to dissolve the firm, an easy enough thing to do. Nothing, in fact, would be easier to evade a tax liability than to declare that the fim1, admittedly liable to pay tax, has been dissolved. Section 19(3) of the 1959 Act not only makes clear what was necessarily implied in the 1953 Act, but it throws' additional light on the true constru~tion of the earlier law. But we thought it advisable to keep section 19(3) of the 1959 Act apart while construing the 1953 Act because it is the courts, not the legislature, who have to construe ' A B c D E F ' .. G H MURAR!LAL _v._ B. R. VAD _(Gupta,_ _J.)_ 705 the laws of the land authoritatively. As said in Craies on Statute Law, "Except as a parliamentary exposition, subsequent Acts are not to be relied on as an aid to the: construction of prior unambiguous Acts." (6th Ed., p. 146). The limited use which may be made of the language of section 19(3) o,f the 19.59 Act, though such a course is unnecessary, is for saying that it serves to throw some light on the Act of 1953, in case the· argument is that the Act of 1953 is ambiguous. Section 1'!(3) being quite clear and explicit, it is unnecessary to dwell on the other provisions ofl the Act of 1959 in order to show that a dissPlved finn can be assessed under it. We may only point ont that the Act of 1959 contains provisions similar to those in section~ 15, 15A and 35 of the Act of 1953 on which we have dwelt at some length. Thosio provisions can be found in sections 35, 35A and 62 of the Act. A B c The view taken by a Full Bench of the Madras High Court in _The_ _SqJes_ _Tax Officer_ _(XIX),_ _Enforcement Branch, Bombay_ v. _K. M. S._ D _Mari Chettiar('),_ that a dissolved firm can be assessed under the Act of 1959 is, in our opinion, correct though it was wholly unnecessary to say that the words "is assessed after dissolution" occurring in section 19(3) should be read as "is assessed after dissolution as if the firm exists". Such an addition is superfluous and serves to make the meaning of the sub-section no clearer than it is. E For these reasons, we uphold the judgment of the Bombay High Court and dismiss the appeal with costs. GUPTA, J.- I regret my inability to agree. This appeal by special leave is directed against an order of the Bombay High Court dismissing the writ petition filed by the app~llants before us for quashing certain assessment orders and demand notices issued under the Bombay Sales Tax Acts of 1953 and 1959. Of the five appellants, appellants 2 to 5 are the partners of a dissolved firm, and the name of the dissolved firm appears as the first appellant. The firm had another partner who died before the writ peition was filed. The firm, M/s. Murarilal Mahabir Prasad, constituted on December 3, 1953, used to carry on business at Bombay as importers and commission agents and also as wholesale dealers in chemicals, dyes and· various other goods. The firm was registered as a dealer both under the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1953 and the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959 (hereinafter referred to as the 1953 Acn and the 1959 Act) and had been assessed by the Sales Tax authorities for the period from July 1953 to March 31, 1958 on the basis of the returns filed by it. On ··-- ··-·-----~~--- . (l) [1975] 35 S.T.C. 148. F G H 706 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] 1 S.C.R. November 10, 1960 the Sales Tax Officer seized a number of documents from the office of the firm. According to the appellants the firm discontinued its business from the month of May, 1961. On May 20, 1962 the firm was dissolved. On June 26,. 1962 the Sales Tax Officer cancelJed the firm's registration certificate under the Central Sales Tax Act as welJ as the registration certificate, authorisation and licence under the Bombay Sales Tax Act which the partners of the firm had surrendered. On November 20, 1963 the Sales Tax Officer jssued two notices to the firm, one asking for elucidation of certain items in the books of accounts seized, and the other under sec. 15 of the 1953 Act calling upon the firm to show cause why the assessment already made for the period April !. 1957 to March 31, 1958 should not be reopened. It is not relevant to the question arising for decision in this case and therefore not necessary to recount all that happened before August 31, 1965 on which date the Sales Tax Officer passed five orders, alt against the dissolved firm : the first was a reassessment order for the year April 1, 1957 to March 31,, 1958 on the ground that certain sales and purchasQs during that period had been concealed, and the other four were as~essment orders for subsequent years covering the period from April _1,_ 1958 to March :11, 1961. On these five orders a total sum of Rs. 6,56,365/47p. was found due from the firm. On October 22, 1965 the demand notices issued upon these assessment orders. all in the name of the dissolved firm, were affixed to the premises in which the firm had its office before it was dissolved. The partners of the defunct firm filed a writ petition in the Bombay High Court challenging as invalid the assessment orders and the demand notices issued in the name of the dissolved firm which was dismissed. In this appeal the appellants question the .;orrectness of the order of the High Court dismissing the writ petition. The point that was u-·ged before the High Court and also canvassed in this appeal is _that_ there is no provision either in the 1953 Act or in the 1959 Act which permits the Sales Tax authorities to assess or reassess a dissolved firm. The dates mentioned above disclose that the impugned orders of the Sales Tax Officer were all made after the firm was dissolved. The respondents' contention is that 'firm in the context of the 1953 Act or the 1959 Act mean Qnly the partners of the firm, and that the firm, if at all an assessable unit, continues to be so even after its dissolntion in respect of its pre-dissolution turnovers. The first question therefore is whether a firm is a distinct assessable unit under either of the two Acts and, if it is so, the next question that arises is, whether it remains so even after its dissolution. This leads to an examination of the provisions of the two Acts. Taking the 1953 Act first, Sec. 2(6) of the Act defines a dealer. The relevant part of the definition is as follows : "Dealer means any person who carries on the business of selling or buying goods .......... and includes ......... . any society, club or association which sells goods to or buys goods from its member~." A. B c D E G H A ll c D E F G H "The reference to any society, club or association, which sells goods to or buys goods from its members in the defini!Jcn of the .word dealer has a special purpose of its own and that 1s to mc!ude within th.~ definition of the word "sales" made as ment10n1Cd therein which otherwise may not amount to sales and could not have been intended to exclude the (l) [1958] 9 S.T.C. 683. MURARILAL _V._ B. R. VAD _(Gupla,_ _J.)_ _70T_ This definition of dealer does not specifically include a firm. Under the general law a firm is not a distinct legal entity but a compendious name for all its partners. The uefimtion mcludes an association, but it is limited to such associations only which sell goods to or buy goods from its members. A firm carrying on the business of selling or buying ~oo<ls would be a .dealer according to this definition only if it could be called a 'person'. Tue Bombay General Clauses Act, 1904 defines 'person' in sec. 3(35) as including "any company or associa tion or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not''. This. definition of 'person' will include a firm which is a body of individuals "unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context" as the opening words of sec. 3 of the Bombay General Clauses Act indicate. It is thus necessary to find out if there is any provision in the 1953 Act which repels the notion cif a firm being a 'person'. In this case, as stated earlier,, the firm was registered as a dealer both under 1953 and 1959 Acts, but the question remains whether the registration certificate was legally for the benefit of the partners. and not the firm as such. Sec. 5 of the 1953 Act provides, inter alia, that every dealer whose turnover exceeds the amount specified in the section is liable to pay tax under this Act on his turnover. Sec. 11 requires that a dealer carrying on business and liable to pay tax under the Act must apply for registration and get a certificate of registration from the prescribed authority. Sec. 13(6) provides that the prescril>ed authority shall cancel the registration of a dealer on the application of the dealer if he has discontinued or transferred his business, or if during any year his tumoever does not exceed the limits specified in sec. 5 (I). Sec. 13 requires every registered dealer to furnish return of his turnover. Sec. 14 provides, inter alia, that the amount of the tax due from a registered dealer shall be assessed separately for each year. Sec. 15 empowers the Collector to serve on the dealer within the period specified in the section a notice in case his turnover had escaped assessment and to assess or reassess the amount of tax due from such dealer. Sec. 16 contains provisions for the payment and· recovery of tax. None of these sections appears to be repugnant to· the finn being a dealer as defined in sec. 2 ( 6). It was however argued on behalf of the respondents that the definition _of_ 'dealer' in sec. 2( 6) which includes an association that sells. goods to or buys goods from its members, by implication excludes aR assoc1at1on of persons, that a firm is,, which does not sell goods to or buy goods from its members, and admittedly the firm concerned in this case did not. This contention is similar to that raised on behalf of the revenue before the Bombay High Court in _State_ v. _R._ _M. Shah_ observed : & _Co._ Cl and . in repelling this contention th-~ Bombay Hicrh _0_ Conrt _0_ 708 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1976] 1 S.C.R. operation of the definition as given in the General Clauses A Act. That also appears to be abundantly clear from the fact that dealings between the members of the club, society or association, which normally may not amount to sales are intended to be included in the definition of "sale"." I think that the lines quoted above effectively answer the respondents' -contention. ll Apart from the provisions we have referred to so far, there an, other sections in the 1953 Act which indicate positively that a firm ·could be a dealer under the Act. Sec. 24 of the 1953 Act reads as follows : '"24. _Dealer_ _to_ _declare_ _the_ _name_ _of manager of his busi-_ _ness.-Every,_ dealer who is liable to pay the tax and who is an undivided Hindu family, an association or a club,, society, firm or company or who carries on business as the guardian or trustee or otherwise on behalf of another person, shall within the prescribed period send to the prescribed authority a declaration in the prescribed manner stati~ the name of the person who shall be deemed to be the manager of such dealer's business for the purposes of this Act. Such declaration may be revised from time to time." This section requires every dealer who is liable to pay the tax and who is an undivided Hindu family, an association or a club, a society, a firm or a company to declare in the prescribed manner the name of the manager of such dealer's business. Sec. 24 thus makes it clear that a firm can be a dealer, and does not seem to be limited in its application to such firms that buy goods from or sell goods to their partners. Sec. 26(3) which is also relevant in this context provides that when "a firm liable to pay the tax is dis_solved" or when an un-divided Hindu family liable to pay the tax is partitioned, "such firm or family, as the case may be, shall be liable to pay the tax on the goods allotted to any partner or member thereof as if the goods had been sold to such partner or member unless he holds a certificate of registration or obtains it within the prescribed period". This section clearly indicates that a firm as such may be a dealer under the Act Sec. 36A appears to put the issue beyond doubt. It is in Chapter VIII which deals with offences and penalties. The section provides that where an offence unckr this Act has been committed by a company, every person who at the time the offence was committed was in charge of, and W<\S responsible to the company,, as well as the company shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to _be_ proceeded against and punished accordingly. The section includes an explanation which states that for the purpose of this section,( a) "company" means a body coroorate, and includes a firm or other association of individuals; and (b) "director" in relation to a firm means a partner in the firm. This section making the persons incharge of the business of the firm when the offence was committed, and the firm as such, both guilty of the offence, is clearest indication that a firm as distinct from its partners could be a dealer under the 1953 Act. c _D_ E F G H •• _,_ _+_ MURARILAL v. B. R. VAD _(Gupta, J.)_ 709' Turning now to the 1959 Act which came info operation from· Jannarv I 1960, "dealer" as de,IJJ;ied in sec. 2(11) of this Act is a little ciiffe;ently worded from the definition in the 1953 Act, but in substance there is no difference between the two. Here also the 'dealer' is a person who carries on the business of buyill$ and selling goods and it includes, among others, any society,, club or. other association of persons which buys goods from or sells goods to its members . Here a"ain. the definition docs not specifically mention a firm. But the 195'iJ Act itself defines 'person' in sec. 2(19), and it is not necessary to· cefer to the Bombay General Clauses A~t. . 'Person' as de~ne~ in sec. 2(19) includes "any company or associal!on or body of md1viduals whether incorporated or not, and also Hindu undivided family, a firm and a local authority". Sec. 18 of the 1959 Act provides: "Notwithstanding any contract to the contrary, where any firm is liable to pay tax under this Act, the firm and each of the partners of the firm shall be jointly and severally liable for such payment : Provided that, where any such partner retires from the firm, he shall be liable to pay the tax and the penalty (if any) remaining unpaid at the time of his retirement, and any tax due up to. the date of retirement though uuassessed at that date." In plain terms this section recognizes the liability of a firm to pay tax as· distinct from the liability of its partners. Clearly, therefore,, a firm can be a dealer also under the 1959 Act. The question that now remains to be answered is whether a firm as such 'continues to be liable to pay tax under these Acts even after its dissolution on its pre-dissolution turnovers. Sec. 15 of the 1953 Act provides, inter a!ia. that in the case of escaped assessment or under-assessment or assessment at a lower rate or where any deductions have been wrongly made from the turnover, the Collector may within the period specified in the section proceed to assess or re-assess the amount of the tax due after serving a notice on the dealer concerned . This is a provision, it was argued, which shows that it is permissible to proceed against a dissolved firm because under the section the Collector can proceed to assess or re-assess the amount of tax due within the prescribed period, ·and no exception has been made for firms which may have been dissolved befor0 the expiry of that time. This argument overlooks that the foundation of the Collector's jurisdiction is the notice which must be served on the dealer before the Collector proceeds against him, and 'dealer' has been defined in the Act as a person who carries on the business of selling or buying goods. Jn a case, as the one before us, where the dealer was a firm dissolved before the notice was issued, there is no person carrying on the business of selling or buying goods on whom the notice can be served. If the section admits of a construction as suggested on behalf of the respondents,, then a notice under. the section in the name of a dead man who used to be a dealer when alive, would a!So be effective if issued within the specified period. I do not think that position can be maintained. The question here is not how and against whom the .. A B c D E F G H SUPREME COURT REP OR 1 S [ 1976] 1 S.C.R. 710 -dues of a dissolved firm can be realised, but whether the firm as such A <'an be proceeded against after it has boen dissolved. Sec. 35 of the 1959 Act is in terms similar to sec. 15 of the 1953 Act. Sec. 18 of the 1959 Act makes the firm as well as each of its pariners jointly and severally liable for the tax payable by the firm. Subscc. ( 3) of sec. 19 of the 1959 Act reads : "Where a dealer, liable _ta_ pay tax under this Act, is a firm, and the firm is dissolved, then every person who was a partner shall be jointly and severally liable to pay to the extent to which he is liable under section 18, the tax (including any penalty) _due from the firm under this Act or under any earlier law, up to the time of dissolution, whether such tax (including any penalty) has been assessed before such dissolution but has remained unpaid, or is assessed after dissolu**tion."** Sec. 19(3) thus provides that on the dissolution of a firm, every per son who was a partner shall be jointly and severally liable to pay the tax including any penalty due from the firm under the 1959 Act or under any earlier law upto the time of dissolution, whether such tax including penalty has been assessed before the dissolution of the firm and has remained unpaid, or is assessed after dissolution. "Earlier law" as defined in sec. 2(12) of the 1959 Act includes, inter ali~, the 1953 Act. Sec. 19(3) of the 1959 Act makes the erstwhile partners jointly and severally liable for the tax aue from a dissolved firm but does not say that assessment or recovery proceedings may be initiated or continued against a firm as such even after its dissolution. A Full Bench of the Madras High Conrt in _Sales Tax Officer_ v . _.K._ _M._ S. _Mari Cheitiar(')_ held that sec. 19(3) of the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959 provides a procedure for assessing a defunct firm by deeming it as continuing to exist for pnrposes of assessment. Titis is what the Full Bench observed : "'It seems to us that the expression "whether such tax has been assessed before such dissolution but has remained un paid or is assessed after dissolution" is clearly indicative 'Of the fact that the legislature addressed its mind to assess ment and collection of tax not only from an existing firm but also from a defunct firm in respect of its transactions when the firm existed. There can be no doubt that charge, assessment and collection, though they are all related, have got to be separately provided for. But such provision may bo express or implird. The implication must be clear and the circumstances should warrant it to be necessary. The words "is assessed after dissolution", to our minds, are not ambiguous and are capable of being understood as "is assessed after dissolution as if the firm exists". No other construction appears to us to be reasonable., The object of the legislature being clear, namely, that where the joint and several (I) [1975] 35 S.T.C. 148. B c **D** E F G **H** ##### ' MURARILAL _v._ B. R. VAD _(Gupta,_ J.) 7 11 fo1 bili ty of the partners of a firm has been declared, it is followed by a provision to quantify it by laying down the procedure therefor and the provision so laid down provides both for assessment and collection of tax from a defunct firm." I do not think sec. 19 ( 3) can bear such a construction. It allows the dues of a firm to be assessed or collected even after its dissolution, but in my opinion it is not pcn'nissible to read in this provision the additional words "as if the firm exists". To provide that the tax due from a firm may be assessed or collected after its dissolution is not the same thing as allowing the assessment or recovery proceeding to be started or continued against the dissolved firm. As Subba Rao J. pointed out in _State_ _of_ _Punjab_ v. _M/s._ _Jullundur Vegetables Syndi-_ _cate,_ (') to which I shall presently refer in more detail-"the question of the statutory power of assessing a dissolved firm" is not to be 'mixed up' with the liability of the partners. A firm under he two Acts we are concerned with is a distinct assessable entity; on the dis solution of the firm that entity ceases to exist, unless the statute by a fiction of law keeps it alive for any specified purpose. For instance, Sec. 189(1) of the Income-Tax Act, 1961 states: "Where any business or profession carried on by a firm has been discontinued or where a firm is dissolved, the Incometax OJlicer shall make an assessment of the total income of · the Jirm as if no such discontinuance or dissolution had taken place, and. all the provisions of this Act, including the pro visions relating to the levy of a penalty or any other sum chargeable under any provision of this Act, shall apply, so **far·as** **1nay** **be, to such** asse~sment." There is no such provision either in the 1953 or in the 1959 Act. In this context it may be relevant to refer to sec. 34 of the 1959 Act which provides : "'Where in respect of any tax (including any penalty) due from a dealer under this Act or under any earlier law, any other person is liable for the payment thereof under sec. 19, al! the relevant provisions of this Act or, as the case may be, of the ea.rlier law, shall in respect of such liability apply to such person also, as if he were the dealer himself." Therefore all the provisions relating to the assessment or recovery of tax including provisions requiring service of notice on the assessee would, in the case of a dissolved firm, apply to the erstwhile partners and all proceedings intended against the firm must be taken against them. Neither the 1953 Act nor the 1959 Act contains any provision_ permitting Assessment or recovery proceedings being taken against a dissolved firm. The cases cited at the bar on this question may now be examined. The appellants' case rests on the decision of this Court in _State_ _of_ (I) [1966] 2 S.C.R. 457. ~t ,. **A** B ~ _>_ c **D** E F ' G **H** 712 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1976] 1 S.C.R. _Punjab_ v. _M/ s._ _Jullundur Vegetables Syndicate_ (supra). In this case the respondent firm liable to pay sales tax under the East Punjab General Sales Tax Act, 1948 was dissolved before assessment was made. The Sales Tax Officer however proceeded to complete the assessment against the dissolved firm. The question therefore arose as to lhe statutory rights of a taxing authority to assess a dissolved firm in res pect ot its pre-dissolution turnover. In the aforesaid Act, 'dealer' was defined as "any person, firm or Hindu Joint Family, engaged in the business of selling or supplying goods in East Punjab .. .''. Rule 40 of the East Punjab General Sales Tax Rules, 1949 provided that "a dealec and his partner or partners shall be jointly and severally responsible for payment of the tax, penalty, or any amount due under the Act or these Rules". It was held that though .under the partnership law a firm was not a legal entity but consisted of individual partners for the time being, under th East Punjab General Sales Tax Act, 1948 it was a legal entity and, that being so, on dissolution the firm ceased to exist. It was observed that unless there was a statutory provision permitting the assessment of a dissolved firm there was no scope for assessing the firm which ceased to have a legal existence. Referring to rule 40 of the East Punjab General Sales Tax Rules, 1949,, it was held that this only imposed a joint and several liability on the dealer and its partners for the payment of tax, penalty or any amount due under the Act or the Rules and that it did not "provide for a case of the dissolution of the firm and the assessment of the dissolved firm". This Court held further that unless there was a provision expressly empowering the assessing authority to as~ess a dissolved firm in respect of its turnover before its dissolution or unless such a power could be gathered by necessary implication from the other provisions of the Act, the assessment proceeding against the dissolved firm was not maintainable. The decision in _Jullundur Vegetables case_ (supra) was followed by this Court in _Khushi Ram Bihari Lal_ _&_ _Co._ v. _The Assessing Authority,_ _Sangrur._ _C)_ This also was a case under the East Punjab General Sales Tax Act, 1948. It was held that an assessment of a dissolved firm, whether the proceeding was initiated before or after the dissolution of the firm, was unsustainable. In _Additional Tahsildar, Raipur_ _&_ _Ors._ v. _Gendala/,(_ _[2 ]_ _)_ this Court in an appeal from the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, again following the _Jullundur Vegetables case,_ affirmed the decision of the High Court quashing the orders of assessment against a dissolved firm. In this case the firm before its dissolution was registered as a dealer under the Central Provinces and Berar Sales Tax Act, 194 7. B c D E F G ' _+_ _i-_ ' It was contended before us on behalf of the respondents that though the 1953 Act and the 1959 Act contained no express provision permitting a dissolved firm to be taxed, it should be held that tbe Acts authorised such a course by necessary implication. In answer the appellants relied on _A._ _V. Fernandez_ v. _State_ _of_ _Kerala(•)_ in which it was held that if the revenue satisfies the court that the case falls H (I} [1967] 19 S.T.C. 381. (2) [1968] 21 S.T;C. 263. (3) [1957] S.C.R. 837. A ~ #### " ... B ###### " • MURARILAL _v._ B. R. VAD _(Gupta,_ _!.)_ 713 strictly within the provisions of the law, then only the subject can be taxed and that no tax can be imposed by inference or by analogy or by trying to probe into the intentions of the legislature and by considering what was the substance of the matter. This decision was followed by this Court in _Commissioner of Income-tax_ v. _Provident Investment_ _Company Ltd.,_ (') where it was held that in construing fiscal statutes and in determining the liability of the subject to tax, one must have regard to the strict letter 0£ the law and the true legal position arising out of the transaction in question. Counsel for the respondents pointed out that this Court in _Gursahai_ _Saigal_ v. _Commissioner_ _of Income-tax, Punjab_ ( [2 ] ) observed referrin!l to A. _V. Fernandez_ v. _State of Kera/a_ (supra) and _Commissioner_ _of_ _Income-tax_ v. _Provident Investment Company Ltd.,_ (supra) that the rule of construction stated in these two cases "applies only to a taxing provision and has no applicaton to all provisions in a taxing statute. It does, not, for example, apply to a provision not creating a charge for the tax but laying down t_he machinery for its calculation or procedure for its calculation. The provisions, in a taxing statute dealing with the machinery for assessment have to be construed by the ordinary rules of construction, that is to say, in accordance with the clear intention of the legislature which is to make a charge levied effective" _Gurshai's_ case refers to the Judgment of the Privy Council in _Conm1is-_ _sioner of Income-tax_ v. _Mahali Ram Ramji_ Das( [3 ] ) where a similar principle has been stated, and the fo!lowingi observation of Lord Dunedin in _Whitney_ v. _Commissioner of Inland Revenue(')_ : "A statute is designed to be workable,, and the interpretation thereof by a court l!hould be to secure that object, unless crucial omissions or clear direction makes that and unattainable. Now, there are three stages in the imposition of a tax; there is the declaration of liability, that is the part of the statute which determines what persons in respect of what property are liable. Next. there is the assessment. Liability does not depend on assessment. That, exhypothe•i, has already been fixed. But assessment particularises the exact sum which a person liable has to pay. Lastly come the methods of recovery, if the person taxed does not voluntarily pay." On the authority of _Gursahai's_ case (supra) was submitted that though under the Acts of 1953 and 1959 a firm might be a separate legal entity and a distinct assessable unit, if its liability to pay tax arose before it was dissolved, we should interpret the provisions of the Acts in a manner to effectuate the charging provision, and that we ought to prefer a construction which would make lhe machinery of· assessment workable. This only means that we should permit a dissolved firm to be proceeded against because the liability had arisen before the dissolution. I have already said that it is open to the (I) [!957] 32 I.T.R. 190. (2) [1963] 48 I.T.R. 1 (3) [1940] 8 I.T.R. 442, A.LR. 1940 P.C. 124. (4) [1925] 10 Tax Cases 88, 110. !5-L925SupCI/75 t c D E F G H 714 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] J S.C.R. legislature by a legal fiction to keep alive a dissolved firm for some definite purpose,, I have also referred to the relevant provisions of the Acts, including those making the erstwhile partners liable for the dues of the dissolved firm; I have found no provision like >cc. 189 ( 1) of the Indian Income-Taic Act, 1961 in these Acts, and nothing that expressly or by implication permits action against the dissolved firm itself. A dissolved firm may be equated with a dead person; both cases to be assessable units. The apprehension that the firm may be dissolved voluntarily in order to avoid liability should not, in my opinion, make any difference in principle; a man who takes his own life is in no worse position that one who dies of a natural cause, so far as the tax dues are concerned. As for avoidance of liability, it is up to the Legislature that created the liability to prevent evasion. Sec. 19 ( 3) of the 1959 Act which makes the erstwhile partners of a dissolved firm jointly and severally liable for the tax (including any penalty) due from the firm, was obviously enacted with that purpose; but making the partners liable for the dues of a dissolved firm does not mean that the dissolved furn as such can be assessed. Therefore the assessment orders made and the demand notices issued in the name of the dissolved firm in the instant case must be held to be invalid. The appeal is accordingly allowed with costs. ORDER A B c D In view of the decision of the majority, the appeal _is_ dismissed with costs. E V.M.K. _Appeal dismissed._