M.C. Mehta v. Union of India

A ## M.C.MEHTA _v._ UNION OF INDIA AND ORS. B OCTOBER 10, 2007 [S.B. SINHA, S.H. KAPADIA AND D.K. JAIN, JJ.) _Constitution of India, 1950:_ C _Article 32 read with_ Artic~~s _49(8) and 51A-Scope of-"Taj Corridor Scam "-Writ petition as public interest litigation for issuance of writ of mandamus-Pursuant to direction of Court FIR registered leading to investigation into role of Chief Minister and a Minister of State and ultimately case coming before Special Court-Governor of_ D _State refusing to accord sanction-IA by amicus curiae for setting aside order of Governor-HELD: Once a final report has been filed in terms ofs. I 73(1) Cr.PC, it is the Magistrate alone who can take appropriate decision in the matter-Direction which could be issued had already been issued by Supreme Court in its earlier order-If no sanction of Governor was required or if he has committed an error in passing the_ E _order, appropriate Court would be entitled to deal therewith--,-Code of Criminal Procedure, 19_ 7 _3-s. l_ 7 _3 (1 )-Public Interest Litigation._ In the "Taj Heritage Corridor Project" case, on the report of the CBI pursuant to the directions of the Supreme Court, an FIR F was registered and the role of the then Chief Minister and the Minister for Environment, Government of Uttar Pradesh was investigated by the CBI. For further course to be adopted directions were given by the Supreme Court on 27.11.2006* and the said order was complied with. The Special Judge directed the CBI to obtain G sanction of the Governor of the State, who refused to accord sanction. The _amicus curiae_ who was assisting the Court filed the instant IA, _inter alia,_ contending that the Supreme Court, in terms of the provisions of Article 49 of the Constitution oflndia should set aside the order of the Governor ofUttar Pradesh refusing to accord H 1060 H -1 .., · _"(""_ _!-_ 1061 ## M.C. MEHTAv. UNION OF INDIA sanction to prosecute the Chief Minister and the Minister as, A keeping in view the existing political scenario, the CBI may not show further interest in the matter. Dismissing the application, the Court HELD: 1.1. Judiciary may step in where it finds that the actions B on the part of the Legislature or the Executive are illegal or unconstitutional but the same by itself would not mean that public interest litigation, in a case of this nature, should be converted into an adversarial litigation. The jurisdiction of the Court to issue a writ of continuous mandamus is only to see that proper investigation is c carried out. Once the Court satisfies itself that a proper investigation has been carried out, it would not venture to take over the functions of the Magistrate or pass any order which would interfere with its judicial functions. Once a final report has been filed in terms of sub-section (1) of Section 173 of the Code of Criminal D Procedure, 1973 it is the Magistrate and Magistrate alone who can take appropriate decision in the matter one way or the other. A judicial order passed by a Magistrate may be right or wrong, but having regard to the hierarchy of the courts, the matter which would fall for consideration before the higher court should not be a subject E matter of a decision of this Court at this stage. [Para 8] [1065-D, E, F, G; 1066-A] 1.2. Any direction which could be issued, has already been issued by the Court on 27.11.2006* and it need not go further than what has been said therein. If no sanction of the Governor was required F or if he has committed an error in passing the said order, the appropriate court, would be entitled to deal therewith. [Para 11and13] [1067-D; 1068-A, B] _*MC Mehta (Taj Corridor Scam)_ v. _Union of India and Ors.,_ G [2006] Supp. 9 SCR 683=[2007] 1 SCC 110, relied on. _Vineet Narain and Ors._ v. _Union of India,_ [1998] 1 SCC 226; _Raj iv Ranjan Singh 'Lalan' VIII_ v. _Union of India,_ [2006] 6 SCC 613 and _Union oflndiav.Prakash P. HindujaandAnr.,_ [2003] 6SCC195, referred to. H ); - \ 'r # 1062 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 10 S.C.R. A CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : I.A. NO. 465. ## IN Writ Petition (Civil) No. 13381 of 1984. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution oflndia) B Ghoolam, E. V ahanvati, S.G .. A. Sharan, A.S.G., Jyotindra Mishra Adv. Genl., Ajay Siwach, A.A.G., Shail Kumar Dwivedi, A.A.G., Dipankar Gupta, M.N. Rao, K.K. Venugopal, Dinesh Dwivedi, Krishan Mahajan, (A.C.), Shilpa Chauhan, K. Uma Shankar, Rajesh Singh, C A.D.N. Rao, Devadatt Kamat, P. Parmeshwaran, Gaurav Agrawal, Varuna Bhandari Gugnani, Rekha Pandey, R.C. Kathia, E.C. Agrawala, Gaurav Goel, Amit Kumar Sharma, Nikhil Nayyar, Ankit Singhal, B.V. Balramdas, Pradeep Mishra, T. Mahipal, Suraj Singh, Mohd. Taiyab Khan, Shakil Ahmad Syed, Sanjay R. Hegde, Anil Kr. Mishra, Ashok D K. Srivastava, Saurabh Trivedi, T.V. George, S. Wasim, A. Qadri, Vijay Pratap Singh, Anil Kumar Jha, Vijay Panjwani, Santosh Kumar, Dr. Kailash Chand, Rakesh K. Khanna, Dr. Rashmi Khanna, Jahanvi Warah, Reetesh Singh, Anil Katiyar, Atishi Dipankar, Ajay Kumar Aggaiwal, Binu Tamta, Rajiv Tyagi, Ranjan Mozumdar, Chanchal Biswal, V.K. Verma, E Pranab Kumar Mullick, K.K. Mohan, Vishwajit Singh, Mridula Ray Bhardwaj, S. Dutta for the appearing parties, M.C. Mehta, PetitionerIn-Person and Ajay K. Agrawal (In-Person). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by S.B. SINHA, J. 1. Whether this Bench should consider the F correctness of an order passed by the Governor ofUttar Pradesh refusing to grant sanction for prosecution of Ms. Mayawati and Shri Naseemuddin Siddiqui is the prime question involved in this application. 2. A public interest litigation was entertained by this Court in a writ G application filed by the writ petitioner. This Court with a view to ensure proper maintenance of cultural heritage oflndia as also the ecology has been passing orders in the writ petition from time to time. 3. A project known as 'Taj Heritage Corridor Project' was initiated by the Government ofUttar Pradesh. One of the main purpose for which H M.C. MEHTA _v._ UNION OF INDIA [SINHA, J.] 1063 _i_ the same was undertaken was to divert the River Y amuna and to reclaim A 75 acres of land between Agra Fort and the Taj Mahal and use the reclaimed land for constructing food plazas, shops and amusement activities. The said activities on the part of the Government of Uttar Pradesh was brought to the notice of this Court. An exception thereto was taken. A detailed inquiry was directed to be made by the Central Bureau of B Investigation (CBI). Upon consideration of the report submitted before it by CBI, this Court in its order dated 18.09.2003 directed it to register a First Information Report and make further investigation in accordance with law. CBI investigated into the matter, including the roles played by Ms. Mayawati, the then Chief Minister, and Mr. Naseemuddin Siddiqui, the C • then Minister for Environment, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Investigations were also carried out against some officers. CBI was later on asked to furnish a self-contained note as regards its findings against the erring officers and holders of public posts. A detailed report was submitted by it. A question arose as to what directions, D if any, should be issued by this Court having regard to the conflict in opinions expressed by different authorities of CBI in regard to Ms. Mayawati and Mr. Naseemuddin Siddiqui. The said question was considered by this Court in its judgment and E order dated 27.11.2006 in _MC Mehta (Taj Corridor Scam)_ v. _Union of India and Ors.,_ (2007] 1 SCC 110. 4. Indisputably, the said order ofthis Court has been complied with. It now appears that the learned Special Judge directed CBI to obtain sanction of the Governor ofUttar Pradesh. By reason of an order dated F 03.06.2007 the Governor of Uttar Pradesh has refused to accord the same. 5. Mr. Krishan Mahajan, learned Amicus Curiae, who has been assisting this Court very ably in the matter, filed an application, _inter alia,_ G praying for : "In the light of the facts and circumstances mentioned above it is most humbly prayed that this Hon'ble court may kindly be pleased to issue an appropriate writ, direction or order : [2007] 10 S.C.R. ~ SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1064 A - (i) Concerning the legal validity of the CBI seeking a sanction for the prosecution of Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Ms. Mayawati and Minister Naseemuddin Siddiqui under Section 197 Cr. P.C. by calling for the records of the materials it placed before the Governor for seeking such sanction. - B (ii) Directing the CBI to produce a copy of the June 3, 2007 sanction order of His Excellency the Governor of U.P. passed in connection with the case pending before the Special Judge/ competent court based on FIR RC 0062003AOOl8. c D E - (iii) Passing appropriate directions on the legal validity or otherwise of the June 3, 2007 order of His Excellency the U .P. Governor refusing under Section 197(1) Cr. P.C. sanction for the prosecution of Chief Minister Ms. Mayawati and Minister Naseemuddin Siddiqui in relation to FIR RC 0062003A0018 registered against them by the CBI pursuant to the September 18, 2003 order of this Hon'ble Court in I.A. 376 in CWP 13381/1984 and the investigation on which with the opinion of the CBI Superintendent of Police was directed by this Hon'ble Court on Nov. 27, 2006 to be placed before the concerned court/Special Judge for deciding the matter in accordance with law. - (iv) Declaring that the sanction orders passed under Section 197(1) Cr. P.C. are in the public domain and hence cannot be classified as secret." F 6. Mr. Mahajan, in support of the said application, would submit that the task of protection of cultural heritage having been undertaken by this Court and keeping in view the provisions of Article 49 of the Constitution oflndia, the Court should interfere in the matter and set aside the order of the Governor ofUttar Pradesh refusing to accord sanction - G to prosecute Ms. Mayawati and Mr. Naseemuddin Siddqui, keeping in view the political scenario in the country, as CBI may not show any further interest in the matter at all. It was urged that in a case ofthis nature, sanction in terms of Section H 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is not imperative . ....... _I_ 1065· M.C. MEHTA _v._ UNION OF INDIA [SINHA,J.] 7. No doubt it is an unique case. In exercise of its jurisdiction under A Article 32 of the Constitution oflndia and having regard to Article 49 and clause (g) of Article 5 lA of the Constitution oflndia, this Court while entertaining the public interest litigation at the instance of the writ petitioner had been taking all steps which have been thought necessary and proper in the matter. The question which, however, has arisen for our B consideration is, should we undertake such an exercise. No doubt, a First Information Report has been lodged at the instance of this Court. Yet again this Court thought it fit to issue requisite directions in its order dated 27.11.2006 directing the learned Special Judge to apply its mind on the materials collected during investigation by CBI and pass appropriate orders c thereupon. This Court has been exercising its jurisdiction in public interest. It has been exercising its jurisdiction to issue a writ of continuous mandamus in the light of the decision of this Court in _Vineet Narain and Ors._ v. _Union of India,_ [1998] 1 SCC 226. 8. We have no doubt in our mind that judiciary may step in where D it finds the actions on the part of the Legislature or the Executive are illegal or unconstitutional but the same by itself would not mean that public interest litigation, in a case of this nature, should be converted into an adversarial litigation. The jurisdiction of the court to issue a writ of continuous mandamus is only to see that proper investigation is carried E out. Once the court satisfies itself that a proper investigation has been carried out, it would not venture to take over the functions of the Magistrate or pass any order which would interfere with its judicial functions. Constitutional scheme of this countty envisages dispute resolution mechanism by an independent and impartial tribunal. No authority, save F and except a superior court in the hierarchy of judiciary, can issue any direction which otherwise take away the discretionary jurisdiction of any court of law. Once a final report has been filed in terms of sub-section ( 1) of Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, it is the Magistrate and Magistrate alone who can take appropriate decision in the matter one G way or the other. If it errs while passing a judicial order, the same may be a subject matter of appeal or judicial review. There may a possibility . of the prosecuting agencies not approaching the higher forum against an order passed by the learned Magistrate, but the same by itself would not confer a jurisdiction on this Court to step in. We should not entertain the H .· ' (2007] 10 S.C.R. 1066 ## SUPREME COURT REPORTS A application of the learned Amicus Curiae on such presupposition. A judicial order passed by a Magistrate may be right or wrong, but having regard to the hierarchy of the courts, the matter which would fall for consideration before the higher court should not be a subject matter of a decision of this bench. In an unlikely event of the interested parties in not questioning B such orders before the higl:er forum, an independent public interest litigation may be filed. Instances are not unknown where this Court has entertained public intere~t litigation in cases involving similar question under Article 32 of the Constitution oflndia. (See _Rajiv Ranjan Singh 'La/an' VIII_ v. _Union of India,_ (2006] 6 SCC 613]. c 9. It will not be out of place to mention that in _Vineet Narain_ (supra), this Court categorically stated that unless a proper investigation is made followed by a proper prosecution under the general law applicable to such investigation, the rule oflaw will lose its significance. This Court in its order dated 27.11.2006 upon noticing _Vineet Narain_ (supra) and _Union of_ D _India._ v. _Prakash P. Hinduja and Anr.,_ ((2003) 6 SCC 195] held : E F G "26. Analysis of the above judgments shows that there is a clearcut and well-demarcated sphere of activities in the field of crime detection and crime punishment. Investigation of an offence is the field reserved for the executive through the Police Department, the superintendence over which vests in the State Government. The executive is charged with a duty to keep vigilance over the law and order situation. It is obliged to prevent crime. If an offence is committed allegedly, it is ·the State's duty to investigate into the offence and bring the offender to book. Once it investigates through the Police Department and finds an offence having been committed, it is its duty to collect evidence for the purposes of proving the offence. Once that is completed, the investigating officer submits report to the court requesting the court to take cognizance of the offence under Section 190 CrPC and his duty comes to an end. Therefore, there are well-defined and well-demarcated functions in the field of crime detect ion and their subsequent adjudication by the court. Lastly, the term "investigation" under Section 173(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code includes opinion of the officer in charge of the police station as to whether there is sufficient evidence H _I_ M.C. MEHTA _v._ UNION OF INDIA [SINHA, J.] 1067 _f_ or reasonable ground of suspicion to justify the forwarding of the A case to the court concerned or not. This opinion is not legal evidence. At the stage of Section 173(2) the question of interpretation of legal evidence does not arise. In any event, that function is that of the courts." 10. The parameters within which this Court should function in such matters are, therefore, well-defined. B 11. It is one thing to say that this Court will not refrain from exercising its jurisdiction from issuing any direction for protection of cultural heritage and the ecology and environment; but then in discharge of the said duty, C this Court should not take upon itself the task of determining the guilt or otherwise of an individual involved in the criminal proceeding. It should not embark upon an enquiry in regard to the allegations of criminal misconduct so as to forn1 an opinion one way or the other so as to _prima facie_ determine guilt of a person or otherwise. Any direction which could D be issued, in our opinion, has already been issued by us on 27 .11.2006, stating:· "34. We, accordingly, direct CBI to place the evidence/material collected by the investigating team along with the report of the SP as required under Section 173(2) CrPC before the court/Special E Judge concerned who will decide the matter in accordance with law. It is necessary to add that, in this case, we were concerned with ensuring proper and honest performance of duty by CBI and our above observations and reasons are confined only to that aspect of the case and they should not be understood as our F opinion on the merits of accusation being investigated. We do not wish to express any opinion on the recommendations of the SP. It is made clear that none of the other opinions/recommendations including that of the Attorney General for India, CVC shall be forwarded to the courJSpecial Judge concerned." G G 12. We do not think that we should go beyond the same. 13. We may observe that while entertaining a public interest litigation in a given case, this Court may exercise a jurisdiction to set aside the H [2007] 10 S.C.R. 1068 'Y ## SUPREME COURT REPORTS A decision of a constitutional authority, but we are not concerned with such a situation. We, therefore, are of the view that we need not go further than what we have already said in our order dated 27 .11.2006 to go into the correctness or otherwise of the order of the Governor. If no sanction of the Governor was required or ifhe has committed an error in passing B the said order, the appropriate court, in our opinion, would be entitled to deal therewith, but not this Bench. 14. We, therefore, are of the opinion that this Bench should not entertain the application filed by the learned Amicus Curiae. The said application is dismissed with the aforesaid observations. c RP. Application dismissed.