MAHARASHTRA v. B. K. JOSHI

... _f_ ' A B ## c **D** E F **G** **H** continued to be operati,·e. It however dismissed the writ petition filed by Nanekar on the ground that he could not claim to be the seniormost person in his department. In the present writ petition filed by B. K. Joshi and P. S. Kane the High Court followed its decision in Nanekar's case and held that there was JH' order or decisiot1 dated 27.2.1963 so that the action of amalgamating the list of History and Political Science departments was invalid. A resolution was taken on 15.1.1970 in which it was mentioned that the earlier decision to amalgamate the two categories w~s given UP' on account of the difficulties which were experienced and an option was given by the 1970 resolution in order to obviate those difficulties. That resolution was challenged in the present proceedings. The High Court examined the effect of the Government . Resolution dated 15.1.1970 and held that in the absence of the earlier resolution dated 27.2.1963 the Director of Education was not competent to combine or amalgamate the seniority lists of History and Political Science Departments. lt assumed that legally there was no amalgamation at aU and any action taken on the basis of the amalgamation would also consequently have to fall on that ground. The High Court held that the option given by the 1970 resolution had the effect of perpetuating the effect of the working of the invalid list and amounted to viollttion of ATt. 16 of the Constitution. The High Court held that in Nanekar"s case no attempt was made to produce the resolution of 27.2.1963. Allowing the appeals. _Held:_ 1 : The High Court erred in observing that the resolution of 27.2.1963 did not exist. The High Court lost sight of the intrinsic evidence which was available on the record to prove beyond doubt that Government had passed the resolution on 27.2.1963 to amalgamate the two lists. In the 1970 resoiution, the Government itself reiterated the act that a decision was t~ken by Government in the year 1963 to amalgamate the lists of Lecturers in Hi.>tory and the Lecturers in Political Science into one common list. The reason for taking that decision to amalgamate the two .lists was also stated in that re.solution. in fact the 1970 resolution made a mention of the difficulties experienced in working· the 1963 resolution and that was why it was decided to revert to the decision to split up the combined seniority list which formed the l:>asis of prom10tio11 of some of the teachers. As the genuineness of the resolution· of 1970 was 782 STATE OF MAHARASHTRA BHALCHANDRA KHANDERAO JOSHI & ANR. _January_ 27, 1977 (P. K. GOSWAMI AND P. N. SHINGHAL, JJ.] _Maharashtra_ _Educational_ _Se1Tice_ _Class_ _II-Amalgamation_ _of_ _History_ _and'_ _Political_ _Science_ _lecturers-Proof_ _of_ _amalgamatio11--Grant_ _of_ _optio11_ _to_ _teacher_ _**to**_ _**join**_ _**History**_ _**or**_ _**Political**_ _**Science**_ _**se1Ticc.**_ After the reorganisation of the States a separate seniority Est was prepared by the State of Bombay for History and Political Science teachers. On 20.8.1963. the Director of Education issued a letter conveying the decision oi Government to amalgamate the list of lecturers in History and Lecturers in Political Science and to prepare a single seniority list for both the subjects. It was express!} stc.ted in the letter that it was issued in pursuance of the decision of the State Government. Thereafter a revised seniority list was prepared. One Nanekar filed a writ petition in the High Court challenging the said order on the ground that when two separate seniority lists had been prepared for the departments of History & Politicai Science in accordance with the earlier Government Order of 1960, the new list was invalid. The High Court took the view that the existence of the Gocernment resolution dated 27.2.1963, which was said to be the authority for the issue of Di rcctor·s letter dated 20.8.1963, had not been proved. It therefore held that there was no such resolution or order requiring the preparation of n combined seniority list. It decided that the earlier order of 1960 requiring the preparation of separate list of History and Political Science MAHARASHTRA _V._ B. K. JOSHI _(Shin.g/za[,_ J.) 783 mot challenged, the High Court ought to have taken notice of its intrinsic evi- **A** ,dentiary value fo.r the purpose of proving the earlier resolution of 1963. Jn ·fact the Director in his order specifically stated that the decision of the Government to amalgamate the two lists had to be brought' to the notice of all concerned. The combined seniority list, was therefore fully authorised and there was nothing wrong if it formed the basis of the subsequent promotions. [787 G-H, 788 A-El 2. No exception could be taken to the decision of the Government to 2ive option to the Lecture~s to e!ect either of the two departments. The decision **B** to amalgamate the semonty hsts of the two departments was not taken in consultation with them and if they were required to teach History or Political Science and were promoted as Professor of History or Political Science on the · basis .-0f combined seniority list for which they themselves were not responsible, it would have been unfair if they had been required to serve in another dcpart**n1ent** **by** **n** **uni1aterri1** **executive** **fiat.** ## CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 1173 to c Tl 75 of 1976. Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order doted the 11-3-1975 of the Bombay High Court (Nagpur Bench) in Special 'Civil Application No. 695 of 1971. _L._ _N. Sinha,_ Sol Genl., _M. N._ _Shroff_ for the Appellants in 'CA 1173/76 for R. 3 in C.A. 1174/76 and 1175/76. _M: N. Phadke,_ _V._ _M._ _Phadke_ and _A.G._ _Ratnaparkhi_ for-RR. and 2 in CA 1173/76 and CAs. 1174-75/76. _Nilofer_ _(Mrs.)_ _Bhagwat, S._ _C._ _Agrawal_ :mcl _V._ _.f._ _Francis_ for '.R .. 5 in C.A. 1174 and 1175/76. _Y._ _J._ _Francis_ for' RR. No. 6 in CA 11'75/76. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by **D** E SHTNGHAL J.-These appeals arise out o( a judgment of the Bombay High Court dated March 11, 1975, by which the High Court qu:1shed that part of Government resolution dated January 15, 1970, "which holds that the respondents Nos. 3 to _5_ should not be com- F pell.eel to go back to their respective lists and which gives a further option to these three respondents to indicate whether tlley \vanted 'to go back to the; department of History." The High Col1rt has further held that the writ petitioners will be en.titled to be considered for promotion to Class I posts in the department of Political Science and the seniority of respondents Nos. 3 to _5_ "will be considered in the .seniority list relating to the Department of History.". G The controversy arose because 0if a writ petition filed by Bhalchandra Khanderao Joshi and Padniakar Siddhanath Kane. Both of .them were members of the Maharashtra Educational Service, Class II (Collegiate Branch). Bhalchandra Khanderao Jo5hi was M.A. in Poiitical Science as well as in History. He was appointed Lecturer in Political Science in 1958, and was confirmed in that capacity. Padmal:ar Siddhanath Kane passed M.A. Examination in Political Science in 1956 and was appointed Lecturer in Political Science in J 9.58. He was also .confirmed on that post. Both of them filed a writ. H A B ## c D E F G H 784 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977] 2 s.c.R_ petition and challenged the resolution of the State Government, iIT the Education and Social Welfare Department, No. SCP No. 1064-D· dated January 15, 1970, in pursuance of which respondents Smt. K. A. Parekh, S. A. Bari and Smt. R. S. Dossal were promoted as Professors of Political Science and were given the- option to opt for the History or the Political Science department. It may be mentioned that after the reorganisation of Stales, a. combined seniority list was prepared on November 1, 1956, for History and Political Science teachers. In that list respondent No. 3 was shown at serial No. 3, and respondent No. 4 at serial No. 5. One S. R. Nanekar was appoint~ as Lecturer in Political Science on June· 26. 1954. Respondents Nos. 3 and 5 were M.A. in History. It was not disputed in the High Court that Political Science was not a separate subject until 1956, in Bombay, because out of the eight papers for post graduation in History, four were in Political Science. Smt. K. A. Parekh was M. A. in History and was recruited as Lecturer on August 5, 1946. She however taught both History and Political· Science upto 1963, when she was appointed officiating Professor of Political Science on February 27. 1963. Dr. S. A. Bari was recruited'. as Lecturer in History on October 1; 194 7. He was thereafter promoted as Professor in that subject. Smt. M. G. Sonnal, who was M.A .. in History, was appointed as Professor ol] Political Science. Smt. R. S. Dossal was. recruited as Assistant Lecturer in His~ory on August 5, 1946, and taught both History and Political Science upto 1956 .. Thereafter she taught only Political Science, and was promoted as Professor in that subject in 1968. She was confirmed in that capacity in 1972. These facts are quite sufficient for purposes •)f the present appeals. The controversy relates to the question whether the Director of Education, Maharashtra State, had the authority to issue the letter dated August 20, 1963, which was addressed to all the Psh1cipals of the Government Colleges. · It was stated by the Director in that letter as follows, "It has been decided to amalgamate the two lists of lecturers in 'History' and 'Political Science' and to combine the two lists under the common subject of 'History' and 'Political Science'. The revised seniority list so prepared is enclosed herewith. Please bring this decision of Gov"ernment to the notice of the officers concerned." The Director thus conveyed_ the decision to amalgamate the lists of Lecturers in History and Political Science and to prepare a single seniority list fonboth the subjects. It was expressly stated in the letter that it had been issued in pursuance of the decision of the State Government. A revised seniority list was therefore prepared in which respondent No. 3 was placed at serial No. 4, respondent No. 4 at serial No. 5, and S. R. Nanekar at serial No. 7. Nanekar challenged that order in the High Court by Special Civil Application No. 120 of 1964, mainly on the ground that when two separate seniority lists had been prepared for the_ departments of History and Political Scien..:e, ... _f_ ' MAHARASHTRA _v._ B. K. JOSHI _(Shinghal,_ _I.)_ 785 in accordance with the earlier Government Order of 1960, the new list was invalid. The High Court however took the view that the existence of the Government resolution dated February 27, 1963, which was said to be the authority for the issue of the Director's letter dated August 20, 1963, had not been proved. It therefore held that there. was no . su~h i:esolution o~ order requiring the _preparation of a combmed semonty li~t. It decided that the earlier order of 1960, requiring the preparation of separate lists for History and Political Science, continued to be operative and that as Nanekar could not claim to be the seniormost person in his department, he had no cause of ::iction. It therefore dismissed the writ petition. The High Court, in the present case, went by the decision in Nanekar's case, and held that there was no order or decision dated February 27, 1963, so that the actio_n of amalgamating the lists of History and Political Science departments was invalid. The High Court made a reference to the Director's letter dated July 27, 1967 asking the Principals to forviard information in the prescribed proforma in respect of those Professors and Lecturers of History in their respective colleges who were qualified to teach Political Science :md had been recognised tJierefor. It also made a reference to the impugned resolution dated January 15, 1970 which reads as follows, "A _decision was taken by_ Go~ermnent _in the year_ 1963 _to amalgamate the lists_ _of_ Lecturers_ in 'History' and Le,cturers in 'Political Science' into one common list of Lecturers in 'History and Political Science'. _Accordingly, a_ _combined seniority list was prepared_ with reference to the date of appointment of the officer concerned in the M.E.S. Cliiss II, irrespective of the fact as to whether the Lecturers are qualified in both the subjects of "History" and "Political Science" or in any one of the two. The _decision to_ _amalgamate the two lists into one ·was taken because'_ it was noticed that some of the Lecturers in the senioritv list of the subject "History" also possessed the qualifications in the subject "Political Science". Similarly, some of -the Lecturers in "Political Science" possessed the qualifications in "Hi~tory". But they were not considered eligible for ~ip­ pointment to a post of Professor in a subject other than the subject under which their names were included in the seniority list of their subject. _In_ _order to remove_ _this_ _anomaly,_ _deCJision_ _to amalgamate the seniority lists_ of Lecturers in "History" and "Political Science" and to make appointment to the posts of Professors on the basis of the combined seniority list in the subjects of "History" and "Political Science" _was taken_ _by_ _Government._ However, in view of the _difficulties experienced with regard_ _to_ _the imple-_ _mentation_ _of_ _the deeision_ _of_ _Govemmellt_ _referred to above,_ _Government_ on _reconsideration_ decided in the year 1967 to _revert to the old practice_ of having separate seniority lists of Lecturers for the two subjects., 'History' and 'Political Science'. A B ### c ·D E F G H '!" _r_ .. 786 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977) 2 S.C.R. **A** **B** #### **c** **D** **E** **F** **G** **H** ( i) Smt. K. A. Parekh, Officiating Professor of Political Science, **1.** Y. College, Jogeshwari. (ii) Shri S. A. Bari, Officiating Professor of History, Government Arts and Science College, Aurangabad. (iii) Smt. R. S. Dossal, Officiating Professor of Political Science, Elphistone College, Bombay. The option exercised by these officers have been accepted by _qovern~ent and their seniority in the Department of Political Science should be as shown in the accompanying statement." (Emphasis added). . It therefore gave option· to respondents Nos. 3 to 5 to go back to the department of History or not, and stated further that the option had been accepted and their seniority finalised in the Political Science department. It is this resolution of the Government dated January 15, 19~0 whlc? has been challenged in the present petition. The reason 1s that 1f respondents Nos. 3 to 5 had not been given the option to continue in the Political Science department. the- petitioners would have been promoted to a Class I Post. Thev have stated that they _would then not have been deprived of that chance in viobtion of article 16 of the Constitution. . 2. Some of the teaching members of the Departm~nt of History brought to the notice of Government that m the western Maharashtra formerly there were no separate _posts for Political Science as "Political Science" did not ey.1st as distinct subject. **All** teachers were designated as Lecturers/ Professors in History, but they used to teach the subject "Political Science" also. The question of giving option to those Lecturers/Professors, who were qualified to teach both, the subjects, _viz.,_ "History" and "Political Science" and recognised as such, to elect either of the two subjects, was under consideration of Government for some time past. While _reverting to the decision to_ _split_ _up_ the •:on1bined seniority list of "History and Political Science", Gm;ernment considers that those who were promoted to the posts of professors on the basis of the _combined seniority list_ should not be compelled to go back to their respective lists. Government bas now decided that an option should be given to those Lecturers/Professors of the **Old** Bombay State, who were recruited as Lecturers/Professors of Historv but have been recognised as teachers of Political Science' and also those who have been promoted to the posts of Professors in M.E.S. C. II (Collegiate Branch) on the basis of the _combined_ _seniority list,_ to elect either of the two Departments, _viz._ 'History' or 'Political Science'. Accordin~ly the concerned Lecturers/Professors were asked to exercise their option. The following officers have opteu for their being treated as belonging to the Department of Political Science: # A B ## c D E #### • I MAF!ARASHTRA _v ._ .II. K. JOSHI _(Shins:hal,_ /.) 787 Respondents Nos. 4 and 5 did not enter app,~arnnce in the High Court, but it was urged on behalf of respondent No. 3 that in view of the curriculam for the Master's degree in History, upto 1956, a person -obtaining the Master's degree in History w_as equally '.qualified to teach Political Science. It was also urged that the respondent taught Politi.cal Science and had been recognised by the University as a teacher of Political Science. The High Court examined the effect of the Government resolution dated January 15, 1970, and held that in the absence of the earlier resolution dated February 27, 1963, the Director of Education was not competent to combine or amalgamate the &eniority lists of the History and Political Science departments. lt assumed that "legally there was no amalgamation at all and any action taken .on the basis of such amalgamation would also consequently have to fall on the ground:" In that view of the matter, the High Court held _that promotions were not permissible on the basis of the combined list. It accordingly held tfiat the Government n::solution dated Jnnu:ary 15, 1970 proceeded on a "misapprehension" that the icspondent>. had peen promoted as Professors on the basis of the combined :seniority list, which was itself invalid. The High Court 11eld that there was "no valid reason why persons who were qualified in the Department of Political Science itself could be prevented from having their names considered for the post of Professor in Class I." That led the High Court to hold-further' that the option which was given by the resolution dated January 15, 1970 had the effect or perpetuating the effect of the working of the invalid list, and amounted to violation of article 16 of the Constitution. This is why the State of Jvlaharashtra, Smt. K. A. Parekh and Smt. R. S. Dossal have come up in appeal by special leave to this Couti. The controversy therefore is whether the State government passed the aforesaid resolution dated February 27, 1963, to amalgamate the lists of Lecturers in History and Political Science, as stated in the Director's aforesaid letter dated August 20, 1963, or whether there was no such resolution and the· Director's order was unauthorised ? The High Court has taken the view that as no attempt was made to F produce the resolution dated February 27, 1963 in Nanekar's case, there was no such resolutiuu ~t all. On that basis, it held that the Director had no authority to take the decision to amalgamate the lists. We find however that in taking that view the High -Court lost sight of the intrinsic evidence which was available on the record, to prove G beyond doubt that Governmen~ had passed the aforesaid' resolution dated February 27, 1963, to amalgamate the two lists. We have extracted the Government resolution dated January 15, 1970 and the underlined portions thereof clearly show that the Government itself reiterated the fact that "a decision _was taken by Government in the year 1963 to amalgamate the lists of Lectur.;;rs in "History" m:d Lect'urers in "Political Science" into one common list _oE_ Lecturers m H "History and Political Science". " It has further been stated: in th<it resolution of the Government that "accordingly, a combined seniority list was prepared with reference to the date of appointment of the A B ## c D E F G H 788 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1977) 2 S.C.R. oflicer concerned in the M.E.S. Class II, irrespective of the fact as to whether the Lecturers are qualified in both the subjects of 'History' '.ind 'Political Science' or in any one of the two''. The reason for takmg that "decision, to amalgamate the two lists" has also been stated in the resolution. Then it has been stated that in "view of the difficulties experienced with regard to the implementation of the decision of Government referred to above," the Government "on reconsideration'• had decided to nevert to the old practice of having separate seniority lists of Lectnrers of History and Political Science. It has also been stated that the decision had been taken for "reverting to the decision to i>plit up" the combined seniority list which formed the basis of promotion of some of the teachers. It would thus appear that the resolution dated January 15, 1970, repeatedly refers to the earlier decision of the State Government of 1963 for amalgamating the lists, states the reason for the amalgamation, makes a mention of the ditticulties experienced in the implementation of that decision, and gives the reasons for the government's decision to revert to the old practice of having separate seniority lists. As it was not challenged in the High Court that the resolution dated January 15, 1970 was genuine, the High Court should have taken notice of its intrinsic evidentiary value for the purpose of proving the earlier resolution dated February 2 7, 1963. If it had done so, it would have inevitably reached the conclusion that the Governm.ent had really decided in 1963 to amalgamate the lists, and that the Director had rightly conveyed that decision in his order dated August 20, 1963, and it was therefore an authorised communication. In fac~ the Director specifically stated in that order that the "decision of Government" to amalgamate the two lists had to be brought to the notice of all concerned. The combined seniority list was therefore fully authorised, and there was nothing wrong if it formed the basis of the promotions which were given to the persons mentioned above. We have no doubt that the High Court did not read the relevant document carefully and that was why it arrived at a contrary conclusion. The resolution dated January 15, 1970 shows that as the (iovernment had decided to split up the seniority list for the lfopartment of History and Political Science, it thought it desirable to give an "option" to those Lecturers/Professors of the old Bomb'.ly State, who were recruited as Lecturers/Professors of History, but were recognised by the University as teachers of Political Science, to dect for either of the two departmc'lts. No exception can be taken to tl1at ck:ision to give the option to the Lecturers/Professors concerned for, in the absence o.f such an option, they would have been deprived of the opportunity of expressing their desire to serve in the one or the other department on the basis cf their experience and prospects of promotion. It was to be appreciated that the decision to amalgamate the seniority lists of the two departments was not taken in consultation with them, and if they were required fo teach History, or Political Science, and were promoted as Professors of History or Political St:icnce, on the lJasis of a combined seniority list for which they themselves \were not responsible, it would have been unfair if they had been required to serv,e in :mother department by a unilateral executive fiat. .. l ·\( • A ### c ## " J MAHARASHTRA _v._ B. K. JOSHI _(Shinghal,_ _J.)_ 789 It may' be mentioned that Mr. Phadke tried to argue that even if the resolution dated January'. 15, 1970 were held to be valid, it would not be permissible for the teachers concerned to take advantage of it because they did not fulfill its requirements. We do not find any merit in this argument. As has been stated, tho~e tea.chers were promoted to posts of Pro.fessors on the basis of the combined list, they were recognised as such teachers by the University, and were recruited initially as Lecturers in History. They were therefore entitled to take the benefit of the resolution dated January 15, 1970, as there is nothing wrong with it. We have no doubt that in the facts and circumstances mentioned above, there could be no justification for the view • taken by the High Court that there was violation of article 16 of the Constitution. The appeals are allowed, the impugned judgrnenL of the High Ccurt dated March 11, 1975 is· set aside and the writ petition is dismissed. The State _of Maharashtra will pay the· costs of respondents Nos. l and 2 (Bhalchandra K. Joshi and Padm~kar Sidharath R:rn) in Special Leave Petition No. 915 of 1976, as directcJ by this Court on October 8, 1976. P.H.P. _A p[Jeals_ _allowed .._