Madhu Limaye v. Maharashtra

749 MAD HU LIMA YE _v._ THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA _October_ 31, 1977 [P. K. GOSWAMI, N. L. UNTWALIA AND D. A. DESAI, JJ.] _Code_ _of Cri111i11al_ _Procedure,_ _(Act II_ 1974), 1973 _Ss._ 397 (2) & _482-Scope_ _of-Whether_ _the bar_ _ins._ 397(2) _refers to revisional powers_ _of_ _the Iiiglt Courr_ _in all cases or only refers to revisional_ _pOl'V'ers_ _against interlecutory orders._ The appellant \\'as prosecuted for having made statements dafamatory to the then Law Minister of the Government of !\'faharashtra. The Government decided to prosecute the appellant for an offence under Section 500 of Indian Penal Code on the ground that the Law Minister was defamed in respect of his conduct in· the discharge of his public functions. Sanction was purported to have been accorded under section 199( 4) (a). Thereafter, the public prosecutor filed a complaint in the court of the Sessions Judge. Process was issued against the appeJlant upon the said complaint. The appellant filed an application to dismiss the con1plaint on the ground that the court had no jurisdiction to entertain the complaint. The appellant contended that the allegations were made against Shri Antulay in relation to what he had done in his personal capacity and not in his capacity as a l\.1inister. The appellant challenged the jurisdiction of the court on some other grounds, also challenging the validity of the sanction. The Sessions Judge rejected the contentions of the appellant and framed a charge against the appellant under section 500 of the Penal CoJe. The appellant, thereuoon, filed a revision· application in the High Court. The High Court without going into the merits held that the revision <ipplication was not maintainable in view of provisions of section 397(2). Allowing the appeal by special leave, HELD : 1. On a plain reading of section 482 it would follow that nothing in the code which would include section 397(2) shall be deemed to limit or affect the inherent powers of the High Court. However, it cannot be said that the said bar is 11ot to operate in the exercise of the inherent power at all because it would be setting at naught one of the lin1itation imposed u11on the exercise of revisional powers. A happy and harmonious solution would be to say that the bar provided in section 397(2) opera•tes only in cxerci~e of the revisional power of the High Court meaning thereby that the l-Tigh Court \Vlll have no power of revision in relation to any interlocutory order. The inherent power would come into play there being no other provision in the code for the redress of the grievance of the aggrieved party. In ;:ase the impugnet1 order brings about a situation which is an abuse of the process of the court or for the purpose of securing the ends of justice interference bv the High Cotirt is absolutely neces~ary, then nothing contained in Sf1ction 397 (2) can limit or affect the exercise of the inherent power by the High Court. Such c.ases wou'd be few· and far betv1een. The High Court must exercise the inherent po\vcr very sparingly. [753 H; H4 A-DJ _A111ar_ _Natl1_ _and_ _Ors._ v. _State_ _of_ _Haryt111t1_ & _Anr._ Crl. A. No. 124 of 1977 tlecit!ed on 29th July, 1977; niodified & reiterated. _R._ _P._ _Kapuf_ v. _The_ _State_ _of_ _Punjab,_ [1960} 3 S.C.R. 388, referred to. 2. Even if it is assumed that an order of the Court taking cognisance or hsuing process is an interlocutory order, the bar created by section 397 (2) will not pr~v~nt the Hi~ Court from exer~isin~ its inherent po~er for stopping the criminal nroceed1ng as early as possible instead of harassmg the accused u!ito the end. (754 El 3. Ordinarily and generally the expression "Interlocutory Order" has been understocxl and taken to mean as a converse of the term fina-1 order. 1735 J-11 A B c D E F G H # I I I #### .. ##### • I .. I A B c D E F G H 750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1978] I S.C.R. _S._ _Kuppusll'a111i_ l~ao v. _The King,_ [1947] Federal Court Report<>. 180 and _ScJ/e111an_ v. _Warner,_ (1881) 1 C.B. 734 refe1Ted to. The strict test for interpreting the words 'Interlocutory Order' cannot be applied while interpreting it as appearing in section 397(2). The interpretation that what is not a final order must be an interlocutory order is neither warranted nor justified. If it were so, it would render almost nugatory the revisional power of the Sessions Court or High Court conferred by section 397(1), Although the words occurring in a particular statute are plain and unambiguous they have to be interpreted in a manner \Vhich would fit in the context ot the other provisions of the Statute and bring about the real intention of the legislature. There may be an order passed during the course of a proceeding which may be not final but yet it may not be interlocutory order pure or sin1ple. Some kinds of orders may fall in behveen the two. The bar of section 397(2) is not meant to be attracted to such kind of intermediate orders. They may not be final orders for the purposes of Article 134 of the Constitution yet it would not be correct to characterise them as merely interlocutory \Vithin the meaning of section 397(2). (756 F-H, 757 A-F, 759 E] _Abdul_ _Rah1nan_ v. _D. K._ _Cassi111_ _and Sons._ (1933) 60 Indian Appeals, 76. _Baldevdas_ v. _Filniistan Distributors India (P) Ltd.,_ A.LR. 1970 S.C, 406 and _Paranieshwari Del·i_ v. _State and Anr.,_ rt9771 2 S.C.R. 160 and _Prakash Chand_ _Agarwal_ & _Ors._ v. _Mis_ _Hindustan_ _Steel Ltd.,_ [197TJ 2 S.C.R. 405 referred to. 4. If a complaint is disn1isscd under section 203 or 204(4) or the court holds the proceedings to be void or discharge the accused, a revision to the High Court at the instance of the complainant or the prosecutor would be competent. It, therefore, does not stand to reason why an accused '\Vill have no remedy to move the High Court in revision or invoke its inherent power for the quashing of .crin1inal proceedings initiated on a complaint or otherwise. [760 C~·EI The court allowed the appeal, set aside the High Court Judgment ~nd ren,itted the case back to the High Court to dispose of on n1crits. l760 Fl CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 81 of 1977 .. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 10-11-75 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Revision Application No. 180 of 1975. _K. Rajendra Chudhary_ and _Mrs. Veena Devi Khanna_ for ti1e appellant. _M._ _N._ _Nwdke_ and _M._ _N._ _Shroff_ for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by UNTWALIA J.-This is an appeal by special leave from the order of the Bombay High Court rejecting the application in revision filed by the appellant under section 397 (1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 hereinafter to be referred to as the 1973 Code or the new Code, on the ground that it was not maintainable in view of the pro· vision contained in sub-section (,2) of section 397. The High Court hn~ not gene into its merits. . It is not necessary to state the fact>; of the case in any detail for the disposal of this appeal. A bare skeleton of them will suffice. Tn a press conference held at New Delhi on the 27th September, 1974 the appellant i's said to have made certain statements and handed over a ## ,. MADIJL LIMAYE _v._ MAHARASHTRA ( _Untwaliil,_ J.) 75 I "press hand-out'° containing allegedly some defamatory statements concerning Shri A. R. Antulay, the then Law Minister of the Government of Maharashtra. The said statements were published in various newspapers. The State Government decided to prosecute the appellant for an offence under section 500 of the Indian Penal Code as it was of the view that the Law Minister . was deiamed in respect of his conduct in the discharge of his public functions. Sanction in accordance with section 199(4) (a) of the 1973 Code was purported to have been accorded by the State Government. Thereupon the Public Prosecutor filed a complaint in the Court of the Sessions Judge, Greater Bombay. Cognizance of the offence alleged to have been committed by the appellant was taken by the Court of Sessions without the case being committed lo it as permissible under sub-·section (2) of section 199. Process was issued against the appellant upon the said complaint. The Chief Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra was examined on the 17th February, 1975 as a witness in the Sessions Court to prove the sanction order of the State Government. Thereafter on the 24th February, 1975 Shri Madhu Limaye, the appellant, filed an application .to dismiss the complaint on the ground that the Court had . no jurisdiction to entertain the complaint. The stand taken on behalf A B c of the appellant was that allegations were made against Shri Antulay D in relation to what he had done in his personal capacity and not in his capacity of discharging his functions as a Minister. Chiefly on that ground and on some others, the jurisdiction of the Court to proceed with the trial was challenged by tlw appellant. The appellant raised three contentions in the Sessions· Court and · later in the High Court assailing the validity and the legality of the E lrial in question. They are : ( I ) That even assuming the allegations made against Shri Antulay were defamatory, they were not in respect of his conduct in the discharge of his public functions and hence the aggrieved person could file a complaint in the Court of a competent Magistrate who after F taking cognizance could try the case or commit it to the Court of Sessions if so warranted in law. The Court of Sessions could not take cognizance without the committal of the case to it. _(_ 2) The sanction given was bad in as much as it was not given by the State Government but was given by the Chief Secretary. G ( 3) The Chief Secretary had not applied his mind to the entire conspectus of the facts and had given the sanction in a mechanical manner. The sanction was bad on that account too. The Sessions Judge rejected all these contentions and framed a charge against the appellant under section 500 of the Penal Code. The appellant. thereupon, challenged _the_ order of the Sessions Judge in the revision filed by him in the High Court. As already 'stated, without H A B c D E F G H 752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1978] I S.C.R. entering into the merits of any of the contentions raised by.the appellant, it upheld the preliminary objection as to the maintainability of the revision application. Hence this appeal. The point which falls for determination in this appeal is squarely covered by a decision of this Court to which one of us (Untwalia J.) was a party in _Amar Nath and Others_ v. _State_ _of Haryana_ & _Anr_ ('). But on a careful consideration of the matter and on hearing learned counsel for the parties in this appea•l we thought it advisablc to enunciate and reiterate the view taken by two learned judges of this Court in _Amar Nath's_ case but in a somewhat modified and modulated form. Jn _A mar Nath's_ case, as in this, the order of the Trial Court issuing process against the accused was challenged and the High Court was asked to qua'sh the criminal proceeding either in exercise of its inherent power under section 482 of the 1973 Code corresponding to section 561A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898-hereinafter called the 1898 Code or the old Code, or under section 397 (I) of the new Code corresponding to section 435 of the old Code. Two points were decided in _Amar Nath's_ case in the following terms : (I) "While we fully agree with the view taken by ·the learned Judge that where a revision to the High Court against the order of the Subordinate Judge is expressly barred under sub-s. (2) of s. 397 of the 1973 Code the inherent powers contained in s. 482 would not be available to defeat the bar contained in s. 397(2)." (2) The impugned order of the Magistrate. however, was not an interlocutory order. For the reasons stated hereinafter we think that the statement of the law _apropos_ point no. I is not quite accurate and needs some modulation. But we are going to reaffirm the decision of the Court on the second point. Under section 435 of the l898 Code the High Court had the power to "call for and examine the record of any proceeding before any inferior Criminal Court 'situate within the local limits of its ... jurisdiction for the purpose of satisfying itself ... as to the correctness, legality or propriety of any finding, sentence or order recorded or passed. and as to the regularity of any proceedings of such inferior Court", and **then to pass the necessary orders in accordance with the law engraftcd** in any of the section's following section 435. Apart from the rcvisional power, the High Court possessed and possesses the inherent powers to be exercised _ex debito justitiae_ to do the re<l\ and the ~ubstantia\ justice for the administration of which alone Courts exist. In express language this power was recognized and saved in section 561 A of the old Code. Under section 397 (I) of the 1973 Code, revisional power has been conferred on the High Court in terms which arc identical to those found in section 435 of the 1898 Code. Similar is the po'sition _apropos_ the inherent powers of the High Court We may read the language , {I) Criminal Appeal No. 124 of 1977 decided on the 29th July. 1977. MADHU L!MAYE _v._ MAHARASHTRA _(U11twalia,_ _!.)_ 753 of section 482 (corresponding to ·section 561A of the old Code) of the A 1973 Code. It says : "Nothing in this Code shall be deemed to limit or affect the inherent powers of the High Court to make such orders as may be necessary to give effect to any order under this Code, or to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice." B At the outset the following principles may be noticed in relation to the exercise of the inherent power of the High Court which have been followed ordinarily and generally, almost invariably, barring a few exceptions : (I) That the power is not to be resorted to if there is a speci- c fie provision in the Code for the redress of the grievance of the aggrieved party ; _(_ 2) That it should be exercised very sparingly to prevent abuse of process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice; ( 3) That it should not be exercised as against the expre55 bar D of law engrafted in any other provision of the Code. ###### • In most of the cases decided during several decades the inherent power of the High Court has been invoked for the quashing of a criminal proceeding on one ground or the other. Sometimes the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court has also been resorted to for the same kind of relief by cha1lenging the order taking cognizance or issuing processes or framing charge on the grounds that the Court had no jurisdiction to take cognizance and proceed with the trial, that the issuance of process was wholly illegal or void, or that no charge could be framed as no offence was made out on the allegations made or the evidence adduced in Court. In the background aforesaid we proceed to examine as to what is the correct position of law after the introduction of a provision like sub section (2) of section 397 in the 1973 Code. As pointed out in _Amar Nath's_ case (supra) the purpose of putting a bar on the power of revision in relation to any interlocutory order passed in an appeal, inquiry, trial or other proceeding is to bring about expeditious disposal of the cases finally. More often than not, the revisional power of the High Court was resorted to in relation to interlocutory orders delaying the final disposal of the proceedings. The Legislature in its wisdom decided to check this delay by introducing sub-section (2), in section 397. On the one hand, a bar has been put in the way of the High Court (as also of the Sessions Judge) for exercise of the revisional power in relation to any interlocutory order, on the otl)er, the power has been conferred in almost the same terms as it was in the 1898 Code. On a plain reading of section 482, however, it would follow that nothing in the Code, which would include subsection (2) of section 397 also, "shall be deemed to limit or affect the inherent powers of the High Court". But, if we were to say that the E F G H A B c D E F G H 7S4 SUPREME COURT REPORTS I 1978] I S.C.J<. said bar is not to operate in the exercise of the inherent power at all. it will be setting at naught one of the limitations imposed upon the exercise of the revisional powers. In such a situation, what is the harmonious way out? In our opinion, a happy solution of this problem would be to say that the bar provided in sub-section (2) of section 397 operates only in exercise of the revi"sional power of the High Court. meaning thereby that the High Court will have no power of revision in relation to any interlocutory order. Then in accordance with one of the other principles enunciated above, the inherent power will come into play, there being no other prnvision in the Code for the redress or the grievan'ce of the aggrieved party. But then, if the order assail<Xi is purely of an interlocutory character which could be corrected in exercise of the revisional power of the High Court under the 1898 Code. the High Court will refuse to exercise its inherent power. But in case the impugned order clearly brings about a situation which is an abuse of the process of the Court or for the purpose of securing the ends of justice interference by the High Court is absolutely necessary, then nothing contained in section 397(2) can limit or affect the exercise of tl1e inherent power by the High Court. But such cases would be few and far between. The High Court must exercise the inherent power very sparingly. One such case would be the desirability of the quashing of a criminal proceeding initiated illegally, vexatiously or as being without jurisdiction. Take for example a case where a prosecution is launched under the Prevention of Corruption Act without a sanction. then the trial of the accused will be without jurisdiction and even after his acquittal a second trial after proper sanction will not be barred on the doctrine of _Autrefois Acquit._ Even assuming, although we shall presently show that it is not so, that in such a case an order of the Court taking cognizance or issuing processes is an interlocutory order. does it stand to reason to say that inherent power of the High Court cannot be exercised for stopping the criminal proceeding as early as possible, instead of harassing the accused upto the end ? The answer is obvious that the bar will not operate to prevent the abuse of the pro cess of the Court and/or to secure the ends of justice. The label of the petition filed by an aggrieved party is immaterial. The Hi~h Conrt can examine the matter in an anoropriate ca'se under its inherent powers. The 'present case undoubtedly falls for exercise of the power of the HiQh Court in accordance with section 482 of the 1973 Code. even assumin~. althouQh not acceoting, that invoking the revisional power of the High Court is impermissible. In _R._ _P._ _Kapur_ v. _The State_ _of Punjab(')_ Gajendragadkar J., as he then was, delivering the judgment of this Court pointed out, if we may say so with respect, very succinctly the scope ot the inherent power of the High Court for the purpose of quashing a criminal proceeding. Says the learned Judge at pages 392-93 :- "Ordinarily criminal proceedings instituted against an accused person must be tried under the provisions of the Code, and the High Court would be reluctant to interfere with the said proceedings at an interlocutory stage. It is not possi (1) [1960] 3 S.C.R.388. MADHU LIMAYE _v._ MAHARASHTRA _(Untwalia,_ _J.)_ 755 ble, desirable or expedient to lay down any inflexible rule which would govern the exercise of this inherent jurisdiction. However, we may indicate some categories of cases where the inherent jurisdiction can and should be exercised for quashing the proceedings. There may be cases where it may be possible for the High Court to take the view that the institution or continuance of criminal proceedings against an accused person may amount to the abuse of the process of the court or that the quashing of the impugned proceedings would secure the ends of justice. If the criminal proceeding in question is in respect of an offence alleged to have been committed by au accused person and it manifestly appears that there is a legal bar against the institution or continuance of the said proceeding the High Court would be justified in quashing the proceeding on that ground. Absence of the requisite sanction may, for instance, furnish cases under this category. Case·s may also arise where the allegations in the First Information Report or the complaint, even if they are taken at their face value and accepted in their entirety, do not constitute the offence alleged; in such cases no question of appreciating evidence arises; it is a matter merely of looking at the complaint or the First Information Report to decide whether the offence alleged is disclosed or not. In such cases it would be legitimate for the High Court to hold that it would be manifestly unju'st to allow the process of the criminal court to be issued against the accused person. A third category of cases in which the inherent jurisdiction of the High Court can be successfully invoked may also arise. In -cases falling under this category the allegations made against the accused person do constitute an offence alleged but there is either no legal evidence adduced in support of the case or evidence adduced clearly or manifestly fails to prove the charge. In dealing with this class of cases it is important to bear in mind the di"stinction between a case where there is no legal evidence or where there is evidence which is manifestly and clearly inconsistent with the accusation made and cases where there is legal evidence which on its appreciation may not support the accusation in question. In exercising its jurisdiction under s. 561-A the High Court would not embark upon an enquiry as to whether the evidence in question is reliable or not. That is the function of the trial magistrate, and ordinarily it would not be open to any party to invoke the High Court's inherent iurisdiction and contend that on a reasonable appreciation of the evidence the accusation made against the accus.ed would not be sustained." We think the law as stated above is not affected by section 397(2) of the new Code. It still holds good in accordance with 'section 482. A B c ·D E F G Ordinarily and generally the expression 'interlocutory order' has H · heen understood and taken to mean as a converse of the term 'final order'. In volume 22 of the third edition of Halsbury's Laws of England at page 742. however. it has been stated in para 1606 : A B c 756 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] I S.C.K. " ..... a judgment or order may be final for one purpose and interlocutory for another, or final as to part and interlocutory as to part. The meaning of two words must therefore be considered separately in relation to the particular purpose for which it is required." Jn para 1607 it is said : "In general a judgment or order which determines the principal matter in question is termed "final"." In para 1608 at pages 7 44 and 7 45 we find the words "An order which does not deal with the final rights of the parties, but either (1) is made before judgment, and gives no final decision on the matters in dispute, but is merely on a matter of procedure, or (2) is made after judgment, and merely directs how the declarations of right already given in the final judgment are to be worked out, is termed "interlocutory". An interlocutory order, though not conclusive of the main dispute, may be conclusive as to the subordinate matter with which it deals." J> In _S. Kuppuswami Rao_ v. _Tile King(1)_ Kania C. J., delivering the judgment of the Court has referred to some English decisions at pages 185 and 186. Lord Esher M. R. said in _Sa/aman_ v. _Warner(")_ "If their decision, whichever way it is given, will, if it stands, finally dispose of the matter in dispute, I think that for the purposes of these rules it is final. On the other hand, if their decision, if given in one way, will finally dispose of the matter in dispute, but, if given in the E other, will allow the action to go on, then I think it is not final, but interlocutory." ·To the same effect are the observations quoted from the judgments of Fry L. J. and Lopes L. J. Applying the said test, almost on facts similar to the ones in the instant case, it was held that the order in revision passed by the High Court (at that time there was no bar like section 397 (2) was not a "final order" within the meaning of section 205 (1) of the Government of India Act, 1935. It is to F be noticed that the test laid down therein was that if the objection of the accused succeeded, the proceeding could have ended but not vice versa. The order can be said to be a final order only if, in either event, the action will be determined. In our opinion if this strict test were to be applied in interpreting the words 'interlocutory order" occurring in section 397 (2), then the order taking cognizance of an offence by a Court, whether it is so done illegally or without jurisdicG tion, will not be a final order and hence will be an interlocutory one. Even so, as we have said above, the inherent power of the High Court can be invoked for quashing such a criminal proceeding. But in our judgment such an interpretation and the universal application of the principle that what is not a final order must be an interlocutory order is neither warranted nor justified If it were so it will render almost nugatory the revisional power of the Sessions Court or the High Court H conferred on it by section 397 (I). On such a 'strict interpretation .. (1) (1947] Federal Court Reports, 180. (2) [1891J I Q.B. 734. ... MADHU LIMAYE _v._ MAHARASHTRA _(Untwalia,_ J.) 757 only those orders would be revisable which are orders passed on the A final determination of the action but are not appealable under Chapter 8 ## XXIX of the Code.' This does not seem to be the intention of the Legislature when it retained the revisional power of the High Court in terms identical to the one in the 1898 Code. In what cases then the High Court will examine the legality or the propriety of an order or the legality of any proceeding of an inferior Criminal court ? Is it circumscribed to examine only such proceeding which is brought for its examination after the final determination and wherein no appeal lies ? Such cases will be very few and far between. It has been pointed out repeatedly, vide, for example, _The River Wear_ Commis~ioners v. _William_ _Adamson(')_ and _R._ _M._ _D._ _Chamarbaugwal/a_ v. _The Union_ _of_ _India(")_ that although the word occurring in a particular statute are plain and unambiguous, they have to be interpreted in a manner which would fit in the context of the other provisions of the statute and C bring about the real intention of the legislature. On the one hand, the legislature kept intact the revlsional power of the High Court and, on the other, it put a bar on the exercise of that power in relation to any interlocutory order. In such a situation it appears to us that the real intention of the legislature was not to equate the expression "interlocutory order" as invariably being converse of the words "final order". I> There may be an order passed during the course of a proceeding which may not be final in the sense noticed in _Kuppuswami's_ case (sup;a). but, yet it may not be an interlocutory order-pure or simple. Some kinds of order may fall in between the two. By a rule of harmonious construction, we think that the bar in sub-section (2) of seetion 397 is not meant to be attracted to such kinds of intermediate orders. They may not be final orders for the purposes ·of Article 134 of the Constitution, yet it would ncit be correet to characterise them as merely interlocutory orders within the meaning of section 397(2). It is neither advisable, nor possible, to make a catalogue of orders to demonstrate which kinds of orders would be merely, purely or simply interlocutory and which kinds of orders would be final, and then to prepare an exhaustive list of those types of orders which will fall in between the two. The first two kinds are well-known and can be culled out from many F decided cases. We may, however, indicate that the type of order with which we are concerned in th!s case, even though it may not be final in one sense, is surely not interlocutory so as to attract the bar of subsection (2) of section 397. In our opinion it must be taken to be an order of the type falling in the middle course. F In passing, for the sake of explaining ourselves. we may refer to what has been said by Kania C. J. in _Kuppuswami's_ case at page 187 G by quoting a few words from Sir George Lowndes in the case of _Abdul_ _Rahman_ v. _D._ _K. Cassim and_ _Sons(')._ The learned law Lord said with reference to the order under consideration in that case : "The effect of the order from which it is here sought to appeal was not to dispose finally of the rights of the parties. It no doubt decided an important, and even a vital, issue in the case, but it left the suit alive . .., and provided for its trial in the ordinary way. Many a time a question H (I) [1876·77] 2 A.C. 743. (2) [1957] S.C.R. 930. (3) [1933] 60 Indian Appeals, 76. A **B** c **D** E **F** G **H** **758** SUPRE~1E **COURT** **REPORTS** [1978] I s.<.R. arose in India as to what is the exact meaning of the phrase ··case decided" occurring in section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Some High Courts had taken the view that it meant the final order passed on final determination of the action. Many others had, however, opined that even interlocutory orders were covered by the said term. This Court struck a mean and it did not approve of either of the two extreme lines. In _Baldevdas_ v. _Filmistan Distributors (India) l'vt._ _Ltd.(')_ it has been pointed out : ·'A case may be said _to_ be decided, if the Court adjudicates for the purposes of the suit some right or obligation of the **parties** **in** **controversy** : " We may give a clear example of an order in a civil case which may not be a final order within the meaning of Article 133 (1) of the Constitution, yet it will not be purely or simply of an interlocutory character. Suppose for example, a defendant raises the plea of jurisdiction of a particular Court to try the suit or the bar of limitation and succeeds. then the action is determined finally in that Court. But if the point is decided against him the suit proceeds. Of course, in a given case the point raised may be such that it is interwoven and interconnected with the other issues in the ca·se, and that it may not be possible to decide it under Order 14 Rule 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure as a preliminary point of law. But, if it is a pure point of law and is decided one way or the other, then the order deciding such a point may not be interlocutory, albeit-may not be final either. Surely, it will be a case decided, as pointed out by this Court in some decisions, within the meaning of section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure. We think it would be just and proper to apply the same kind to test for finding out the real meaning of the expression 'interlocutory order occurring in section 397(2). In _Amar_ _Nath's_ case, reference has been made to the decision ol this Court in _Mohan Lal Magan Lal Thacker_ v. _State_ _of_ _Gujarat('_ I After an enquiry under section 476 of the 1898 Code an order was made directing the filing of a complaint against the appellant. It was affirmed by the High Court. The matter came to this Court on grant of a certificate under Article 134(1)(c). A question arose whether the order was a "final order" within the meaning of the said constitutional provision. Shelat J., delivering the judgment on behalf of himself and two other learned Judges, said that it was a final order. The dissenting judgment was given by Bachawat J ., on behalf of himself and one other learned Judge. In the majority decision four tests were culled out from some English decisions. They are found enumerated at page 688. One of the tests is "If the order in question is reversed would the action have to go on?" Applying that test to the facts of the instant case it would be noticed that if the pica of the appellant succeeds and the order of the Sessions Judge is reversed, the criminal proceeding as initiated and instituted against him cannot go on. If. hov.ever, he loses on the merits of the preliminary point the proceeding will go on. Applying the test of _Kuppuswami's_ case such an order will ·----·--- - . (l} A. T. R. 1970 S.C. 406. (2) [t968] 2 S.C.R. 685. 1 ### MADHU LIMAYE _v._ MAHARASHTRA _(Untwalia,_ _J.)_ 759 .L not be a final order. But applying the fourth test noted at page 688 A in _Mohan Lal's_ case it would be a final order. The real point of dis - tinction, however, is to be found at page 693 in the judgment of Shela!, J. The passage runs thus : "As observed in _Ramesh_ v. _Patni-[1966]_ 3 S.C.R. 198 the finality of that order was not to be judged by correlating that order with the controversy in the complaint, viz., whether B the appellant had committed the offence charged against him - therein. The fact that that controversy still remained alive **is** **irrelevant.''** I ; .,. The majority view is based upon the distinction pointed out in the above passage and concluding that it is a final order within the meaning of Article 134(1) (c). While Bachawat J.. said at page 695: c .. It is merely a preliminary step in the prosecution and therefore an interlocutory orders." Even though there may be a scope for expressing different opinions _apropos_ the nature of the order which was under consideration in _Mohan Lal's_ case, in our judgment, undoubtedly, an order directing the filing of a complaint after enquiry made under a provision of the 1973 Code, similar to section 476 of the 1898 Code will not be an interlocutory order within the meaning D of section 397(2). The order will be clearly revisable by the High Court. We must, however, hasten to add that the majority decision in _Mohan_ _Lal's_ case treats such an order as an order finallv concluding the enquiry started to find out whether a complaint should he lodged or not, taking the prosecution launched on the 1lling of the rnmplaint as a separate proceeding. From that point of view the matter nnder discussion may not be said to be squarely covered by the E decision of thfa Court in _Mohan Lal's_ case. Yet for the reasons already alluded to, we feel no difficulty in coming to the conclusion, after due consideration, that an order rejecting the plea of the accused on a point which, when accepted, will conclude the particular proceeding, will surely be not an interlocutory order within the meaning of section 397 (2). We may also refer to the decision of this Court in _Parmeshwari_ _l>evi_ v, _State and A nr._ (') that an order made in a criminal proceeding against a person who is not a party to the enquiry or trial and which adversely affected him is not an interlocutory order within the meaning nf section 397(2). Referring to a pas·sage from the decision of this Court in _Mohan Lal's_ case- the passage which is to be found in Halsbury\ Laws of England. Volume 22, it has been said by Shinghal L delivering the judgment of the Court, at page 164 : - · ·'Jt may thus be conclusive with reference to the stage at which it is made, and it may also be conclusive as to a person who is not a party to the enquiry or trial. against whom it is directed." F G **.** \s already mentioned, the view expressed in _Mohan Lal's_ case may be H open to debate or difference. One such example is to be found in the _(1)_ [197712 S.C.R. 160. A _B_ c **D** E 760 **SUPREME** **COURT REPORTS** [ 1978] 1 S.C.R. decision of this Court in _Prakash Chand Agarwal_ & _Ors._ v. _Mis_ _Hin-_ _dustan Steel Ltd._ ( [1] ) wherein it was held that an order of the High Court setting aside an cx-parte decree in the suit and restoring the suit to the file of the Trial Court is not a final order within the meaning of Article 133. It is to be noticed that if the High .Court would have refused to set aside the ex-parte decree, the proceeding for setting it aside would have finally ended and on some of the principles culled out by the majority in _Mohan Lal's_ case, such an order would have been a final order. We are, however, not under any necessity to enter into this controversial arena. In our opinion whether the type of the order aforesaid would he a final order or not, surely it will not be an interlocutory order within the meaning of sub-section (2) of section 397 of the 1973 Code. Before we conclude we may point out an obviou·s, almost insurmountable, difficulty in the way of applying literally the test laid down in _Kuppuswami Rao's_ case and in holding that an order of the kind under consideration being not a final order must necessarily be an interlocutory one. If a complaint is dismissed under section 203 or under section 204 ( 4), or the Court bolds the proceeding to be void or discharges the accused, a revision to the High Court at the in.stance of the complainant or the prosecutor would be competent, otherwise it will make section 398 of the new Code otiose. Does it stand to reason, then, that an accnsed will have no remedy to move the High Court in revision or invoke its inherent power for the quashing of the criminal proceeding initiated upon a complaint or otherwise and which is fit to be quashed on the face of it ? The legislature left the power to order further inquiry intact in ·section 398. Is it not, then, in consonance with the sense of justice to leave intact the remedy of the accused to move the High Court for setting aside the order adversely made against him in similar circumstances and to quash the proceeding ? The answer must be given in favour of the just and reasonable view expressed by u·s above. I For the reasons stated above, we allow this appeal, set aside the F judgment and order of the High Court and remit the case back to it to dispose of the appellant's petition on merits, in the manner it may think fit and proper to do in accordance with the law and in the light of this judgment. P.H.P. _Appeal allowed._ (l) [197112 S.C.R. 504.