KISHOR SINGH v. RAJASTHAN

KISHOR SINGH RAVINDER DEV ETC. _v._ STATE OF RAJASTHAN _November_ 4, 1980 [V. R. KRISHNA IYER & R . S. PATHAK, JJ.] 995 **A** **B** _Prisons A ct,_ _1894-Section_ _46-Keeping_ _of_ _Prisoners_ _in_ _solitary confine-_ _ment_ _and_ _putting bar fetters for loitering_ _and_ _insolent_ _behaviour-Validity_ _of_ _Natural_ _Justice-Prison_ _authorities,_ _if_ _should give an opportunity_ _of_ _being heard before imposing punishment_ _011_ _prisoners._ One of the petitioners, in a telegram to one of the Judges of this Court complained of insufferable, illegal solitary confinement. He also complained that he was kept in iron fetters alongwith the other two \)etitioners. By an order of this Court, the petitioners were directed to be set free from solitary confinement and brought before the Court. When the prisoners were brought before the Court they alleged that, while in transit, violence had been used by the escort police on the person of one of the petitioners resulting in deep wounds on his person. The Superintendent of Prisons who was present in the Court was directed to take special care of the prisoner after giving him proper medical treatment. Allowing the petition HELD: 1. Article 21 would become dysfunctional unless the agencies of the law in the police and prison establishments have sympathy for the humanist creed of that Article. The State must re-educate the police and inculcate a respect for the human person. If any of the escort were found to have ·misconducted themselves they should be given condign punishment. {999G, D, E] 2. By keeping the prisoners in separate solitary rooms for long periods ranging . fr6m 8 to 11 months, putting cross· bar fetters for several days on the flimsy grounds of loitering in the prison, behaving insolently and in an uncivilised manner the prison authorities have acted in utter disregard of the mandate of this Court in _Sunil Batra._ [lOOOD·E] 3. The Jail Superintendent's version that he had given a hearin~ to the prisoners before punishing them cannot be believed. Neither section 46 of the Prisons Act nor Rule 79 of the Rajasthan Prison Rules can be read in the absolutist expansionism, the Prison Authorities would like them to be read. . That would virtually mean that prisoners are not persons to be dealt with at the mercy of the prison echelons. Articles 14, 19 and 21 operate within the prisons in the manner explained in _Sunil Batra_ (1). A separate Cell is not different from solitary confinement. [lOOIB, 1002G·H] ## c **D** **F** G (i) If special restrictions of a punitive or harsh character have beeu imposed for convincing security reasons, it is necessary to comply with natural justice ~s indicated in _·sunil_ _Batra._ il'here must be an **H** appeal from a prison authority to ·a judicial organ when such treatment **ia** meted out. [1003A] 996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981) · 1 S.C.R. **A** **(ii)** **Section** **46** **of** **the Prisons Act** **and** **Rules 1(0** **and** **79** **of the Rajastban** **Prison Rules are valid subject to the directions given, by this. Court** in _Rakesh Kaushik._ [1003Gl B ### c **D** E F G H **(iii)** **The Sessions Judges in the State** **of** **Rajasthan should remember the** **rulings** **of** **this Court in** _**Sunil Batra**_ **I and II and** _**Rakesh KaUshik**_ **and.** **act in such manner that judicial** **authority** **over** sent~nces. **and** **the** **conditions** **of** **their** **inCarceration** **are** **not eroded by judicial in·action.** [1004AJ _**Sunil Batra**_ **v.** _**Delhi Administration**_ **[1979] 1 SCR** **392** _**Sunil Batra**_ **v.** _**Delhi**_ _**Administration**_ **[1980] 2 SCR** _**S51, Rakesh Kaushlk**_ **v.** _**B.**_ _**L.**_ _**Vig,**_ _**Superi•.ttndent**_ _Central Jail,_ _New_ _Delhi_ [19801 3 S.C.R. 929. applied. ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No. 5287 of 1980. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution). _P. H. Parekh,_ Amicus Curiae for the "Petitioner. _B._ _D. Sharma_ for the Respondent. , The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KRISHNA IYER, J.-The moral of this case is P,Oignant: So long as an iron curtain divides the law set by the Constitution and lit by the Supreme Court from the minions of the State, so long shall this Court's writ remain a mystic myth and harmless half-truth making law in the books and law-in-action distant neighbours. This shall not be. , The _sombre scenario_ unfurled by this _habeas corpus_ proceeding· begins with a telegram (dated 3-10-1980) on behalf of the prisoners-:-the petitioners- to one of us, complaining, _manu_ - _brevi._ or insufferable, illegal solitary confinement punctuated by periods of iron fetters, a lot shared by two others with him in Jaipur Central Jail. . This trauma-laden message reads : "We appoint Shri P. H. Parekh ;!S _amicus curiae._ # ----- (!) [1979) 1 S.C.R. 392. "Convict Kishore Singh Ravinder Dev Pareek Surjeet Singh Central Jail Jaipur confined in cells with fetters illegally unconstitutionally more than eight months habeas corpus writ prayed order enquiry and save . . • • . . . • . . . . . . Daulat Singh". . ' < This grievance of the prisoners in 'twisted gyves' triggered off judicial action with telegraphic speed, as it were, and the Bench directed that the prisoners be forthwith liberated from solitary confinement and freed from fetters in terms of the law laid down by this Court in _Sunil Batra's case_ (1)( [1] ). That order dated Oc!Qber 6, 1980 reads: K!SHOR SINGH _v._ RAJASTHAN _(Krishna Iyer,_ J.) If the petitioner is in solitary confinement, he will be released from solitary confinement forthwith in the light of the decision of this Court in _Sunil Batra's case._ The Superintendent of the Central Jail concerned will report' to this Court on 21st October 1980 the number of cases with particulars of persons in solitary confinement in that prison. · He will appear in 'person on that date. Notice to Shri B. D. Sharma, Standing Counsel for the State of Rajasthan. Counsel's services, under our litigative process, are a necessary facility for remedial justice and so we took this step of appointing Shri P. H. Parekh as _amicus curiae._ The whole bar, if it has a larger dedication, is _amicus curiae,_ because no cause should be dearer to a people-oriented, justice-centred profession, despite its esoteric geµes, elitist strands and· lucrative slant, than to be a decisive actor in the democracy of judicial remedies so that no manbe he poor man or prisoner, dissenter, delinquent, eccentric or extremist-shall suffer what the law forbids. In this Court, the members of the bar, whenever called up by the ]:>ench have kept the door ajar and unfailingly helped the Court as free janitors of justice and free forensic functionaries at the ~ervice of any one aggrieved by injustice arid seeking legal justice. A~ter a11 1 the great proposition. that inspires the calling of justicing-by the Bench and the Bar alike--is best expressed by Dr. Martin Luther King (Jr) in his letter from Alabama Prison : Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. We must, even here, record our appreciation of Shri Parekh's passion for the prisoners' cause coupled with pains-taldng presentation of the grievances they had. So too Shri B. D. Sharma's commitment to jail justice, beyond jailor's injustice i.e. his client's brief. In retrospect, we feel it was right that we took quick action to liberate the three prisoners from their callously lonely, barbarously fettered solitary custody. Justice must be instant and it has been wisely said : "Caution, caution, sir ! It is nothing but _'Y_ - the word. of cowardice ! ( [1 ] ) Where human bondage and personal torture are involved, to wait is to defeat. In personal liberty jurisprudence, this court has not tarried or teetered and shall not. The reason is clear. The writ must right the wrong forthwith or must stand self-condemned as make-believe. Where justice is in jeopardy (1) John Brown: quoted by Bruce Catto:i, Life, Sept. 12, 1955. 3-6 S. C. IndiajND/81 997 A B #### c D E F G H 998 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1981] 1 S.C.R. A m freedom is in fetter5 the court is n0t non-aligned and acts with - sensitive speed. Time is of the essence where otherwise torture is the consequence. **B** ### **c** **D** E **F** **G** ##### **·tt** The order of this court dated 6-10-1980 brought counsel on both sides into tho scene, set free the prisoners from the hateful 'solitary' and summoned before us the presence of the Superintendent of the Prison on 21-10-1980 to answer for his breach of the fundamentail law laid down in _Sunil Batra(1)._ On that day, i.e. 21-10-1980, after a brief hearing, we directed : "The respondent will file a detailed affidavit giving particulars and also produc<:: the proceedings relating to the enquiry held resulting in solitary confinement. 'fhe prisoner will be produced on 24-10-1980 in this Court and Shri Parekh will be allowed to interview him." Pursuant to this order, th~ Superintendeat of the Jail submitted his explanation for what in tha light of the _Batra_ (supra) ratio, is unlaw. We will presently consider the conduct of the delinquent jailor but the more disturbing episode brought to our painful notice was the violence allegedly used by the escort police on the person of one prisoner, Surjeet Singh, while in transit and testified to by the visible wounds counsel found. Shri Parekh shocked us into shame by seeking to show us the physical injuries inflicted. If the writ of this court brings a person from the Jaipur Prison to jmlicial presence can it be that a little set of constables in custody during transit violate, with brazen bru!ality, and criminal immuJlity the person of their charges and the hands of r.he law hang limp in the face of such lawlessness ? "Justice without power is inefficient; :mwer without justice is tyranny. . . . Justice and power must therefore be brought together, so that whatever is just may be powerful, and whatever is powerful may be just." (Blaise Pascal) So, we ordered : "We are very disturbed to be told by Shri Parekh, _amicus_ _curiae_ that one of the prisoners, Surjeet Singh while being taken to this Court was manhandled severely. Counsel says that there are bruises and other signs of injuries on his person. The "'° Superintendent of the Jail, who is present in Court, will take special care !o see that this prisoner is taken to Jaipur safely. The Super-inten'1ent will take the prisoner Surjeet Singh to Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital today for examination of the prisoner ###### (I) [19781 4 se c 494. ###,_ Thereafter, the medical report, of which we have been apprised by Shri Parekh, the report against the constables concerned, reported to us by Shri Sharma, are taking their cours@. We do not make any observations thereon as that is the subject of a separate enquiry. Even so, no police life-style which relies more on fists than on writs, on torture more than on culture;~can control crime, because means boomerang on ends and re-fuel the vice which it seeks to extinguish. Secondly, !he State must re-educate the constabulary out of their ·sadistic arts and inculcate a respect for the human person-a process which must begin more by example than by precept if the lower rungs are really to emulate. Thirdly, if any of these escort policemen are found to have misconducted themselves, no sense of police solidarity or in-service comity should induce the authorities to hide the crime. Condign action, quickly taken is surer guarantee of community credence than bruiting about that 'all is we11 with the police, the critics are always iE1 the wrong'. Nothing is more cowarqly and unconscionable than a person in police custody being be!lien up and nothing inflicts a deeper wound on our con·stitutional culture than a State official running berserk regardless of human rights. We believe the basic pathology which makes police cruelty possible will receive Government's serious attention. Who will police the police ? What psychic stress and social deprivation of the constabulary's lifestyle need corrective healings ? When wiH 'wits, not fists' become a police kit ? When will the roots of 'third degree' be plucked out and the fresh shoots of humanis~ respect put out ? We make these tJbservations in the humane hope that Art. 21, with its profound concern for life and limb, will become dysfunctional unless the agencies of· the law in the police and prison establishments have sympathy for the humanist creed of t,hat Article. KISHOR SINGH _v._ RAJASTHAN _(Krishna Iyer,_ J.) 999 and also for proper treatment which may be suggested by the A Doctor in the Hospital. fo the light of the medical report the Superintendent will lay first informatLon be~ore the Police Station concerned against the constables who are. the escorting police. It will be open to the prisoner himself to lay a complaint and facilities will be afforded by the prison authorities. We make it clear that the investigation should not have the B slightest taint of departmental inclination to help a policeman if there is evidence of delinquency. A report wi11 be put into this Court about what has been done, by 31-10-1980." ### c D E F G This Court has frowned upon harrdcuffs save in the 'rarest of rare' cases where ·security will be seriously jeopardized unless iron H restraint is necessarily clamped on the prisoner. We are heartened to know that there are States where escorting is done with civility 1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981] 1 S.C.R. A B ### c D E F G The essence of the matter is that in our era of human rights consciousness the _habeas_ writ ha,s functional plurality and the constitutional regard for human decency and dignity is tested by this capability. We ideologically accept the words of Will Durant: ( [2 ] ) It is time for all good men to come to the aid of their ·party, whose name is civilization. and humanity. For instance, para 443 of the Kentla Police Manual. 1970, Vol. II, reads : and humanity. For instance, para 443 of the Kentla Police Manual. "443. (1) The use of hand-cuffs .or ro12es causes humiliation to the person subjected to the restraint, and is contrary to the modern policy regarding the treatment of offenders. Therefore, handcuffing and/ or binding shall be restricted to cases where a person in custody is of a desperate character, or where there are reasons to believe that he will use '!iolence or attempt to escape or where there are other similar reasons necessitating such a step. We mention this here since policemen who beat those in their custody may with easy conscience handcuff and footcuff their charges, a course contrary to Art. 21.. The harrowing facts, in substantial measure emerge even from the statement of the case by the,. State. The petitioners have admittedly been kept in separate solitary rooms for long periods from 8 months to 11 months-spells long enough to be regarded as barbarous if _Sunit_ _Batrds_ (supra) is to prevail. Aqmittedly, cross-bar fetters were put in Kishore Singh for several days and on Surjeet Singh for 30 days---counsel for the petitioner has rightly submitted that flimsy grounds like "loitering in the prison", behaving insolently and in an "uncivilised" manner tearing off his history ticket, were the foundation for the torturesome treatment of solitary confinement and cross-bar fetters. We have read the affidavit of ~he Superintendent and feel utterly unsatisfied, that the mandate in _Sunil_ _Batra_ (supra) has been obeyed. This case and the uncivilised orders of cellular solitude and traumatic fetrters compels us to repeat what we stated earlier in _SunU_ _Batra_ _(II)_ : ( [1 ] ) Likewise, we endorse, as part of our constitutional thought, ""f" what the British Government's White Paper ( [3] ), titled "People in Prison", stated with telling effect : (1) Sunil Batra v. Pelhi Admn. [1980] 3 SCC 488 at 494. . . H (2) Will Durant's Article: "'What Life Has Taught Me" pub. in Bhavan's Journal, Vol. XXIV, No. 18, quoted in [1978] 4 SCC 494 at 514, para 42. (3) Will Durant's Article quoted in [1978] 4 SCC 494 at 514. KISHOR SINGH _v._ RAJASTHAN _(Krishna Iyer,_ _J.)_ 1001 _A_ society that believes in the worth of individual beings A can have the quality of its belief judged, at least in part, by the quality of its prison and probation services and of the resources made available to them. We do not accept the Superintendent's version that he had given a hearing to the prisoners before punishing them. It is a self-defensive pretence and perhaps the only veracious _alibis_ available to him are that the vintage Prison Rules (Rule 1 (f) Part 16 and Rule 79 of the Rajasthan Prison Rules, 1951) suppont the administrative absolutism of the prison boss and more to the point as counsel Shri Sharma candidly stated. The Superintendent was 'innocent' of the benign prescriptions in _Sunil Batra_ _(II)_ _decision(!)._ Indeed, Shri Sharma, convincingly persuaded us to take a lenient view of the delinquency of the Superintendent by emphasising that he had taken the Prison Superintendent through the effective exercise of reading and explaining the _Batra rulings(_ _[2 ]_ _)_ and assuring us that no more of solitary confinement disguised as "keeping in separate cell" and imposition of fetters will take place, save in the rarest of rare cases and with strict adherence to the procedural safeguards contained in the decisions of this Court relating _to_ the punishment of prisoners. We accept the _bona fides_ of the prison official but emphasise that violation of Art. 21 as interpreted by this Court in its recent decisions, if repeated, will be visited with more serious consequences. Even so, we will refer to the scripture relied on as absolvent of the sin complained of and reiterate tersely the mandatory prescriptior1s and prescriptions implicit in Art. 21 and elucidated by case-law. Rules 79 and 1 (f) of Part VI of the Rajasthan Prisons Rules, may be extracted here : 79. "Special Precautions for security : The Superintendent shall use his discretion in ordering such special precautions as may be necessary to be taken for the security of any important prisoner, whether he has received any warning from the Magistrate or not, as the Superintendent is the sole Judge of what measures are neces~ary for the safe custody of the prisoners; he shall be held responsible for seeing that precautions taken are reasonably sufficient for the purpose. 1 (f) Cells may be used for the confinement of convicted criminal prisoners who are in the opinion of the Superintendent, likely to exercise a bad influence over other prisoners, if kept in their association. ###### (1) [1980J 3 se c 488. (2) [1978] 4 sec 494 and [1980] 3 sec 488. B ### c D E F G H J.002 SUPRE~1E COURT REPORTS (1981] 1 S.C.R. A These Rules were framed under s. 46 of the Prisons Act which also may be read at this stage : 46. The Superintendent may examine any person touching any such offence, and determine thereupon and punish such ###### offence by ..... . B #### c E ( 6) imposition of handcuffs of such pattern and weight, in such manner and for such period, as may be prescribed by rules made by the Governor General irr Council; ~7) imposition of fetters of such pattern and weight in such manner and for such period, as may be prescribed· by the rules made by Governor General in Council; (8) separate confinement for any period not exceeding three months; _Explanation.-Separate_ confinement mean~ such confinement with or without labour as secludes a prisoner from communication with, but not from sight of other prisoners, and allows, him not less than one hour's exercise per diem and to have his meals in association with one or more other prisoners; (9) Cellular confinement means such confinement with or without labour as entirely secludes a prisoner from .>communication with, but not from sight o~ other prisoners; ··~ # _(_ We cannot agree that either the Section or the Rules can be F read in the absolutist expansionism the prison authorities would like us to read. That would virtually mean that prisoners are nonpersons to be dealt with at the mercy of the· prison echelons. This. country has no totalitarian territory even within the walled world we call prison. Articles 14, 19 and 21 9perate within the prisons in the manner explained in _Sunil Batra_ (I) (supra), by a Constitution G Bench of this Court. It is significant that t.lie two opinions given separately in that judgmefrt agree in spirit and substance, in reasoning and conclusions. Batra in that case was stated to be in a separate confinement and not solitary cell. An identical plea has been put forward here too. For the reasons given in _Sunil_ _Batra's case_ we must overrule the extenuatory submission that a H separate cell is different from solitary confinement. The petitioners will, therefore, be entitled to move within the confines of the prison like others undergoing rigorous imprisonment. If special restrictions. KISHOR SINGH _v._ RAJASTHAN _(Krishna Iyer,_ _J.)_ 1003 A B #### c D E F G # ) of a punitive or harsh character have to be imposed for convincing security reasons, it is necessary to comply with natural justice as indicated in _Sunil Batra case._ Moreover, there must be an appeal not from Caeser to Caeser, but from a prison authority to a judicial organ when such treatment is meted out. Sobraj in the same case _(Sunil Batra, supra)_ was kept in fetters and reasons more persuasive than in the present case were put forward in defence. This Court, however, directed "such fetters shall forthwith be removed". Of course, we do not place any absolute ban but insist that only in extreme cases of compelling necessity for security of other prisoners or against escape can such fettering be resorted to. Human dignity is a dear va·lue of our Constitution not to be .bartered away for mere apprehensions entertained by jail officials. The latter decision of this Court in _Sunil Batra_ ###### ll (1) clothes with flesh and blood the principles laid down in _Sunil Batra_ (I) (supra). In _Rakesh Kaushik(_ _[2 ]_ _)_ the position has advanced further and concrete directions have been issued which we extract here because t)l.e law laid down by this Court applies not to one State or the other but to all national institutions in the country: "(2) He will furrther enquire, with specific reference tO the charges of personal assault and compulsion for collaboration in canteen swindle and other vices made by the prisoner against the Superintendent and the Dy. Sup.'.)rintendent. ( 3) He will go into the question of the directives issued in the concluding portion of _Sunil Batra's_ case (W.P. 1009/79) (3) with a view to ascertain whether these directions have been substantially complied with and to the extent there is shortfall or default whether there is any reasonable explanation therefor. ( 4) Being a Visitor of the jail, it is part of his visitatorial functions for the Sessions Judge to acquaint himself with the condition of tension, vice and violence and prisoners' grievances ..... . y We hold that the jail authorities in Rajasthan will comply with the principles so laid down. We read down s. 46 and Rules 1 (f) and 79 ·Of the Rajasthan Prison Rules and sustain them in this limited fashion. ~~OJ~~ [1980] 4 ~~s~~ ec 488. (2) _Rakesh Kaushik_ v. _B._ _L._ _Vig,_ _Supdt._ _Ce11tral_ _Jail,_ _New_ _Delhi_ & _Anr._ [1980] 3 S.C.R. 929. ###### (3) [ 1980] 4 sec 488. 1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981] 1 S.C.R. A B ### c D We direct the Respondents to act accordingly. Further we remind that the Sessions Judges in the State of Rajasthan _to_ remem###### ber the rulings of this Court in Sunil Batra I & ll and Rakesh Kaushik (supra) and act in such manner that judicial authority over sentensees and the conditions of their incarceration are not eroded by judicial in-action. We find that the old rules and circulars and instructions issued under the Prisons Act are read incongruously with the Constitution, especially Art. 21 and interpretation put upon it by tl]is Court. We. therefore, direct the State Government of Rajasthan-and indeed, all the other State Government,') in the country-to convert the rulings of this Court bearing on Prison Administration into rules and instructions forthwith so that violation of the prisoners' freedoms can be avoided and _habeas corpu:t_ litigation may not proliferate. Afiter all, human rights are as much cherished by the State as by the citizen. Since the petitioners have been released from separate confinement and from cross-bar fetters and since counsel for the State has assured us that nothing will be done in violation of the propositions set out in the catena of cases of this court _(Sunil Batra I_ _&_ _II_ and _Rakesh_ _Kaushik_ (supra)), we deem it unnecessary to give any further E directives pursuant to this _habeas corpus_ application. N.V.K. _Petition allowed._