KEWAL SINGH v. LAJWANTI

A B _c_ D E F G B 854 KEWAL SINGH _v._ LAJWANTI _October_ 4, 1979 (S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, P. S. KAl:LASAM AND A. P. SEN, JJ.] _Frame_ _of Suit-Whether earlier giving up a cause of action_ _by deletion_ _from_ _the plaint and later on again requesting for inclusion_ _of the same cause_ _is barred_ _by_ _tile principle_ _of_ _Order_ _II_ _Rule_ 2 _C.P.C._ _Doctrine_ _of constructive Res-judicata-When_ _it_ _applies-Whether deletion_ _of_ _a cause of action from the plaint anti again a request for inclusion would amount_ _to a bar_ _of_ _Res-judicata._ _Delhi_ _Rent Control_ _Act,_ _Section_ _25B-Whether violative_ _of_ _Art._ 14 _of_ _the_ _Constitution._ The appellant was the tenant of respondent in Quarter No. IV-H/ 46 Lajpat Nagar frqm 1-7~1967. On 2-6-1976, the respondent filed an application under Sections 14A(l), 14(l)(e) and· 14{1) (f) of the Delhi Rent Control Act, for eviction _of_ the appellant firstly on the ground that as. her husband was required by the Government to vacate the Government quarters or pay the penal rent, the husband of the respondent bad to shift ~o the house of his wife which was in the tenancy of the defendant. A prayer was also made that even othemise the premises were required for a bonafide necessity of the landlord and also as the premises had become unfit for human habitation the respondent required the same for carrying out repairs which could not be done unless the premises were vacated. On 3-6·76 the respondent filed :m application withdrawing the causa of action mentioned by her regarding bonafide necessity and repairs as contemplated by Section 14(l)(e) and 14(l)(f) of the Act. The Rent Controller accordingly allowed the plaintiff to withdraw the two ca·uses of action mentioned in the application since no notice was served at this time on the appeUant. Thereafter •otice was served on the appellant. On 4-6-1976, the plaintiff again sought to amend her petition by deleting the cause of action mentioned under section 14A(l) of the Act i.e. requirement of the respondent because her husband had· been directed to vacate the Government Quarter. On 13-8-1976 the appellant appeared before the Rent Controller and filed an appliaction under section 25B, sub sections 4 and 5 requesting the Rent Controller to give him permission todefend the suit, on the ground that as the landlady was not a Government servant she was not entitled to maintain the eviction petition under Section 14A(l) of the Act. On 6-10-76 the husband of the respondent filed an application for being impleaded a.~ a party, but this application was rejected on 22-11-76; The resJ¥)ndent thereafter again filed another application on 27-1-77 praying for amendment of her eYiction application by re-inserting the cause of action con~ tained in section 14{1)(e) of the Act and sought to claim eviction on the ground' of bonafide requirement. .This application was contested by the appellant but was allowed by the Rent Controller by his order dated 19-2-77 leaving open to· the appellant to file his objection by a fresh application if he wanted to defend the suit. The appellant accordingly filed an application on 9-3-77 for permission to defend the suit on the ground that the amendment sought for by the pl-aintiff was uncalled for and illegal and could not be allowed. Ultimately, the Rent "---.. .,. • ., ~.' .. ### J KEWAL SINGH V. LAJWANTI 855 controller by his order dated 27-7-77 rejected the application for leave to appear and defend the suit and passed an order evicting the appellant from the premises. The revision petition filed by the appellant under Section 25B(8) in the Delhi High Court was dismissed on 6-4-1978 and hence the appeal by special leave of the Court. It was contended : (a) that the second application given by the respondent for re-a mending her plaint by inserting the relief under section 14 (1 )(e) which she had given up at a prior occasion when she had based her suit under sectian · 14A(l) was barred by the principles of Order II Rule 2 C.P.C. (b) that even if Order n Rule 2 C.P.C., had no application, the second application filed by the respondent was barred by the doctrfne of constructive res-judicata and (c) Section 25B which lays down the procedure for disposing of the applications filed by the landlord under the provisions of Section 14A and 14(1)(e) are violative of Article 14 of the Constitution inoomuch as the provisions are arbitrary and discriminatory in nature, and seek tO provide tWQ different procedures for tenants similarly situated. Dismissing the appeal by spcciai leave, the Court A B c HELD : 1. A perusal of order II Rule 2 C.P.C. would clearly reveal that this provision applies to cases where a plaintiff omits to sue a portion @{ the cause of action on which the suit _is_ based either by relinquishing the cause of . D action or by omitting a part of it. The provision has, therefore, no application to cases where the plaintiff has based his suit on separate and distinct oauses of action and chooses to relinquish one or the other of them. In such cases, it is always open to the plaintiff to file a fresh suit on the basis of a distinct cause of action [860 E-F] In the instant cese, the second amendment application was not barred by the principles of order TI, Rule 2 C.P.C. The respondent had first based her suit on three distinct causes of action, but later confined the suit only to the first cause of action, namely the one mentioned in Section 14A(l) of the Act and gave up the cause of action relating to section 14(1 )(e) and (f). Subsequently by virtue of an amendment she relinquished the fir§.t cause of action arising out of section 14A(l) •md sought to revive her cause of action based on section 14(1 )(e). At -the time when the respondent relinquished the cause of action arising out of Section 14(1)(e), the appcl4'nt was not in the picture at all. Therefore it was not open to the appellant to mise any objection to the amount sought by the respondent. [861 G·H, 862 A-C] _Mohammed Khalil Khan and Ors._ v. _Mahbub Al!klwn and Ors.,_ 75 I.A. 121 P.C_.; applied. E p· 2. One of the essential conditions of _res judicata_ is that there must be a G formal adjudication between the parties (jfter fu11 hearing. In other words, the matter must be finally decided between the parties. [862 c]' In the instant case, the doctrine of constructive res-judicata has no application whatsoever, since at the time when the respondent relinquished her first cause of action, the appellant was no where in the picture and there was no adjudication between the parties. The second amendment application wa'& ma<le in the same proceedings on a cause of action that she was allowed to insert with the permission of the Court. Although both the parties went to the Court on the basis of H i5i SUPREME COURT RBPORTS [1~10] 1 S.C.R. these facts, neither the her of r~sjudicata nor that ef Order • lbue 2 C.P.C. was raised before the Rent Controller. [862 C, B) _1..._ 3. It is well settled that what Article 14 forbids is hostile iiserimination 8Bd not reasonable classification. Discrimination may take place ill many ways and what Article f4 require!'! i6 that equals must be treated alike. 1l equals and ·ua~ equals one also treated alike tlten also Article 14 is clearly attre.cted and diseri .. B mi11atioo reoUs. [862 F~G] ' (b) A reasonable classification based oft JfOUnds havin& a eleer 11exua wita the objective to be achieYed and grouping certain persona in a SeJ*"ate categOry in view of their special peculiarities ., undoubtedly permiaaible. Of cowse, clMsificatio.. shovld not be purely a class legislation. [86!1 G-11] (c) It i!'l also well settled that there i8 always a. pre&amptioll ill favour of 18e C sea~hNt1ow.lity of a statl!te and any party who seeks to cballeJIIe the leJ!illation oa the ground of. applicability of Article 14 must plead and prove the neMSSMf facti. 111 making a classification, the Court murt pre&\llllO matteM of commoa knowledge, common report, history of the time ud tVHY ether HI ... vant fact. [862 H, 863 Al _J_ _)_ .. D E F _Chiranjit_ _Lal Chowqhari_ v. _Union 01/lntlia and_ _Ors.,_ [1950] S.C.R. 1,9, _State of We1t_ _Bengal_ v. _Anwar Ali Sarkar,_ [1952} S.C.R. 284; _Sri Ramkrilhna_ _·nalmia_ v. _Shri_ _Justice_ _S.R. Tandolkar_ _and_ _Ors.,_ [1959] S.C.R. 279 _Mahant_ _Moti_ _Das_ v. _S. P. Sahi, the Special Offiper in charge_ _of Hindu_ _Religious_ _Trusts and_ _Ors.,_ [1959] 2 Supp. S.C.R. 563; _A._ _C. Aggarwal, Sub Divisional Magistrate_ _Delhi and_ _Anr._ v. _Mst._ _Ram_ _Kali etc.,_ [1968] 1 S.C.R. 205; referred to. 4. The Rent Control Act is a piece of social legislation _and is meant mainly te protect the tenants from frivolous evictions. At the same time, in order to do justice to the landlords and io avoid such restrictions on 1heir right to evitt the tenant so as to destroy their legal right to property certain salutary provisiGU have been made by the legislature which give relief to the landlord. In fue absence of such a legislation a landlord has a common law right to evict the knant either on the determination of the tenancy by efflux of time or for default in payment of rent or other grounds after giving notice under the Transfer of Property Act. Their broad right bas been curtailed by the Rent Control Legielation with a view to give protec.aoa to the tenants having regard to their genuine and dire needs. [864 C~E] While the rent control legislation has given a number of facilities to ~ _1'_ tenants, _it_ should not be construed so as to destroy the limited relief whick it .)..._ seeks to give to the landlord also. like the question of landlord•s bonafide,er~ sonal necessity. The concept of bonafide necessity should be msaningfull7 oeaG strued so as to make the relief aranted to the landlord real &ad practical. ..;. {864 E~G] _Bega Begum end- Ors._ v . _.Abdul_ _Al1mad_ _Khan_ _(dead)_ _by_ _1._ _rs_ _and_ _•rs ••_ U979] 2 S.C.R. 1; referred to. II Section 25B of the Delhi llettt Control Act was inserted in tlle statute by Act 18 of 1976 and was aiven restrospective effect from 1-12-75, with the 88la o\;ttt of 1implify,ing the procedure for eviction of tenants in case tho Ian~•r• requires the premisea bonafide for his personal occupation. Tho Legisla• ia Hs wisdom thought that a short and simple procedure should be proWled r .. to section 14U)(e). In other words, the bonafide ncce11sity of the landlord ba:; been put in a separate class or category having regard lo the peculiar incidents of his right. Section 14A also relates to ·a special situation where the landlord under the Go\·ernment Rules is asked lo ~hift to his own bouse, if ' B he has one or in a bouse that belongs to his spouse, failing which he bas to pay a penal l'cn~ which al~ost takes away a major part of his salary. Thus. 1uch a landlord becomes a class by himself. The statute thus puts personal necessity of the landlord as a special class requiring special treatment for quick eviction of the tenant and cuts out delays and plugs all the loopholes, which may,cause delay in getting the relief by the landlord. The classificatioH nt_adc by the legislature is in public interest and is in complete consonance with the, KIWAL SING~ _v,_ LAJWAN~I ., for those landlords who generally want the premises for their bcnafide necessity A se that th:ey may be able to get quick and expeditious relief, [865 G-H, 866 A-Bl Section 25B does not govern all grounds open to a landlord for evicting the tenant but it h confined only to 'the. ground in liection 14A and proviso objectives sought to be achieved. The landlords having personal · necessity .have been brought together as a separate class becaus'e of their spe-cial needs and such a classification cannot be said to be unreasonable particularly Wllell the legislature in its obvious wisdom feels th&t the landlords should get this relief as quickly as possible. [868 A-E] Even though a summary procedure has been evolved the tenant has been D afforded full opportunity to defend the. application provided he can disclQSe aood grounds for negating th:e case of "the landlord. No litigant has 'a riaht to protract the legal proceedings by taking frivolous, irrelevant, iwitiorial or uncalled for pleas. This is what Section 258 see~ to prevent. [86.9 E-F] An appeal is pnrely a creature of tbe statute and this right has not be.<:n given in order to cut out unnecessary delay. Indeed the highest Court _oi_ tho &tate has been given a wid·e power of revision where the said Court can_ examine the, case of the tenant and the landlord and the validity of the order : passed by the Controller. The right of lhc tenant, therefore, is sufficiently safeguarded by the proviso to sub section 8 of Section 25B of the Act. In order to give the relief to the tenant against any apparent error of law or fact where no revision l:$s. been filed in the High Court, the statute confers power of review qn the Controller. [869 G-H, 870 A1 Thus, taking an overall plcture of the silu~tion, the circumstances under which the landlord's n!eds have been .classified and the safeguards givl!n by rhc statute it cannot be said by any stretch of imagination that Section _25B_ and its sub sections are violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. In fact, Section 25B contains valuable and ·sufficimt guidelines which completely exclude the exercise of tmcanaliscd or arbitrary powers of the ·Rent Controller. [870 A-B] _1_ . Section 25B is constitutionally va-lid. The leghlatl.~re has not taken: away the nght of ·the te.nant at all but has metely simplified the procedure for eviction 0f the tenant 10 case:. falling withiq the ambit of sections 14A and 14(1 )(e) of the Act: _A_ tenant can~ot challenge th'e validity of such a provision enacted by the .legis~ature £:o~ wht:h the tenant itself derive such rights. If the Iegis Jature c?ns1dered m Its wisdom to confer certain rights or facilities on that tenants, It could .due to changed circumstances curtail, modify, alter or even take away such nghts or the procedure enacted for the purpose of eviction and leave the tenants to seek their remedy under the common law. [870 G-H 171 A, B-C] ' 19-625 SCJ/79 F G H 858 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 s.c.a. A CML APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1291 of 1970. Ap~al by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 0-4-1978 of the Delhi High Court in Civil Revision No. 822/77. _Madan_ Mohan~ _V._ _J._ _Francis_ and _D. K. Garg_ for the Appellant. B _P._ _H. Parekh,_ C. _B. Singh, M. Mudgal_ ·and _B._ _L._ _Verma_ for the Respondent. ' The Judgment of the Court was delivered by FAZAL Au, J. This appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment and order of the Delhi High Court dated the 6th April, C 1978 dismissing the revision ~tition filed by the appellant against an order of the Rent Controller. For the purpose of brevity and to! avoid confusion the appellant shall hereafter be referred to as the Defendant and the respondent as the Plaintiff. The defendant appellant was inducted as a tenant by the plaintiff D in Quarter No. IV-H/46, Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi on 1-7 ... 1967. On 2nd June, 1976 the plaintiff filed an application under sections 14A(l) 14{1) (e) and 14(1 )(f) of the Delhi Rent Control Act, hereinafter referred to as the Act, for eviction of t11e tenant firstly on th~ ground that as the husband of the plaintiff was required by the Government E to vacate the Government quarter or pay the penal rent the husband of the plaintiff had to shift to the bouse of his wife which was in the tenancy of the defendant. -- A prayer was also made by the plaintiff that even otherwise the premises were required for a bonafide necessity of the land-lady and also as the p~emises had become unfit for human habitation the plain1iff required the same for carrying out repairs which F could not be done unless the premises mre vacated. On the next date, that is on 3rd June, 1976 the plaintilf filed an application with-drawing the cause of action mentioned by her regarding bonafide necessity and repairs as contemplated by sections 14(1) (e) and 14(1) (f)- of the Act. The defendant appellant at this time was nowhere in the picture and no notice had yet been served on him. The G Rent Controller accordingly allowed the plaintiff to withdraw the two causes of action mentioned in the application. Thereafter notice was issued to the defendant.. On the 4th. June, 1976 the plaintiff again sought to amend her petition by deleting the cause of action mentioned under section 14-A(l) of the Act, that is to say requirement of the plaintiff because her husband had been directed to vacate the GovernH ment quarter. This was perhaps necessitated because there were some amendments in the Government Rules oh the subject. On the 13th August, 1976 the defendant appeared before the Rent Controller KEWAL SINGH _v._ LAJWANTI _(Fazal Ali}_ J.) 859 A B c _-<_ ! _'_ _-)._ :and filed an application under section 25B sub-sections 4 and 5 requesting the Rent Controller to give the defe'ndant perniission to defend the - suit, on the ground that as the land-lady was not a Government servant she was not entitled to maintain t~~ eviction petition under section t4A(l) of the Act. The defenda'nt also raised some other contentions. On 6-10-1976 the husband of the plaintiff filed an application for being impleaded as a party, but this application was rejected on 22-11-197 6. The plaintiff thereafter again filed ano.ther application on 27-1-1977 praying for amendment of her eviction application by reinserting the cause of action contained in section 14(1 )(e) of the Act .and sought to claim eviction on the ground of bonafide requirement. This application was contested by the defendant but was, allowed by the Rent Controller by his order dated 19-2-1977. The Rent Controller however left it open to the defendant to file his objection by a fresh application if he wanted to defend the suit. The defendant accordingly filed an application on the 9th March, 1977 for permission to defend the suit on the ground that the amendment sought for by the plaintiff was barred by the principles of Order 2 Rule 2 of the Code of avil Procedure. It was next contended that even if Order 2 Rule 2 C.P.C. had no application, the second application for amendment filed by the plainti1f 20--:-62S SCI/79 It was next contended that even if Order 2 Rule 2 C.P.C. had no application, the second application for amendment filed by the plainti1f was uncalled for and illegal and could not be allowed. Ultimately ' D the Rent Controller by his order dated 27th July, 1977 rejected the application of the defendant for leave to appear and defend the suit and passed ~n order evicting the defendant fr<?m the premises. Being aggrieved by this order the defendant went up in revision to the Delhi High· Court as no appeal or second appeal against the order passed by the Rent Controller was maintainable under sub-section 8 of section E 25B of the Act. The revision ~tition was heard by Justice Prakash Narain of the Delhi High Court who by his order dated 6th April, .1978 dismissed the revision petition with costs. Thereafter, the petitioner approached this Court and obtained special leave. Hence this appeal. F On a perusal of the judgment of the Rent Controller and that of the High Court _prima facie_ it seems to us that the appeal was clearly concluded by findings of fact inasmuch· as both the Courts had found that E the plaintiff had proved that she required the premises for her bonafide necessity. Learned counsel for the appellant, however, raised three points of law before us. In the first place, it was argued that the G ~econ~ applicati~n given by the plaintiff for re-amending her plaint by Inserting the rehef under section 14 ( 1) (e) which she had given up at a prior occasion when she had based her suit under section 14A(l) H 860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [1980) 1 S.C.R., _r_ A was barred by the doctrine of constructive _res_ _judicata._ Finally, it was argued that section 25B which lays down the procedure for disposing of applications filed· by the landlord under the provisions of sections 14A and 14(1)(e) are violative of Article 14 of the Constitution inasmuch as the provisions are arbitrary and discriminatory in nature, and seek to provide two different procedures for tenant similarly B situate. ·' _)_ # . _f_ . ., A .... c D So far as the first two contentions are concerned, we are of the opinion that do not merit any serious consid~ration. Regarding the question of the applicability qf Order 2 Ruld 2, C.P.C. too argument of the learned counsel for the appellant is based on serious miscon~ ception of law. Order 2 Ru1e 2 C.P.C. runs thus :"2 ( 1) Every suit shall include the whole of the claim which the plaintiff is entitled.to make in respect of the cause of action but a plaintiff may relinquish any portion of his claim in order to bring the suit within the jurisdiction of any Court. (2) Where a plaintiff omits to sue in P~spect of, or intentionally relinquishes, any portion of his claim, he shall - not afterwards sue in respect of the portion so omitted or relinquished". E A perusal of Order 2 Rule 2 would clearly reVt~al that this provision applies to cases where a plaintiff _omits_ to sue a portion of the cause of action on which the suit is· based either by relinquishing the cause of action or by omitting a p~rt of it. The provision has, therefore, no application to cases where the plaintiff basis his suit on separate and distinct causes of action and chooses to relinquish one or the other - F of them. In such cases, it is always open to the plaintiff to file a fresh suit on the basis of a distinct cause of action which he may have relinquished. G H In the case of _Mohammad Khalil Khan_ & _Ors._ v. _Mahabub Ali Mian_ _&_ _Ors._ _C)_ the Privy Council observed as follows : "That the right and its infringement, and not the ground or origin of the right and its infringement, constitute the cause of actiont but the cause of action for the Oudh suit (No. 8 of 1928) so far as the _Mahbub brothers_ are concerned was only a denial of title by them as that suit was mainly against _Abadi_ _Begum_ for possession of the Oudh property; whilst in the present suit the cause of action was wrongful -··----(1) 75 I. A. 121. '1111 .( ##### . KEWAL SINGH v. LAJWANTI _(Fazal_ _Ali, ].)_ 8 G I possession by the Mahbub brothers of the Shahjahanpur property, and that the two causes of action were thus different." "Their Lordships are satisfied that there is no force in the ·contention that the plaintiffs in the present suit could not reasonably commence an action in respect of the Shahjahan pur property while their right to mutation in the Revenue registers was the subject of an appeal to the Commissioner which had not been decided, or, in other words, that it was not open to them to <lme the defendants in respect of the Shahjahanpur property at a date earlier than October 29, 1928 and to include the Shahjahanpur property in the earlier , suit No. 8 instituted on September 14, 1928". "Th,~ principles laid down. in the cases thus far discussed may be tlms summarized; (1) the correct test in cases falling under 0. 2. r. 2 is "whether the! claim in the new suit is, in fact, founded on a cause of action distinct from that which was the foundation for the former suit. _Moonshee Buzloor_ _Ruheem_ v. _Shamsoonnissa Begum_ _e)._ (2) The cause of action means every fact which will be necessary for the plaintiff to prove, if traversed, in order to support his right to the judgment _Read_ v. _Brown(2)._ (3) If the evidence to support the two claims is different then the causes of action are also different _Brunsden_ v. _Humphery(a)._ (4) The causes of action in the two suits may be considered to . be the same if in substance they are identical. _(Brunsden_ v. _Humphery)._ (5) The cause of action has no relation whatsoever to the defence that· may be set up by the defendant, nor does it depend on the character of the 'relief prayed; for by the plaintiff. It refers "to the media upon which the plaintiff askes the court to arriv~ at a conclusion in his favour." _Muss. Chand Kour_ v. _Partab Singh(_ _[4]_ _)._ This observation was made by Lord Watsoh in a case under s. 43 of the Act of 1882 (corresponding to 0.2.r.2) where plaintiff made various claims in the same suit''. Applying the afores_aid principles !aid down by the Privy Council yve find that none of the conditions mentioned by the Privy Council are applicable in this case. The plaintiff had first based her suit on (1) 11 Moo. I. A. 551, 605. (2) 22 Q. B. D. 128, 131. (3) 14 Q. B. D .. 141J ' } A c D E F H' A B c .D E 862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 S.C.R.. three distinct causes of action but later confined the suit only to the first cause of action, namely, the one mentioned in section 14A(1) of the Act and gave up the cause of action relating to section 14(1) (e) and (f). Subsequently, by virtue of an amendment she relinquished the first cause of action arising out of section 14A(l) and sought to revive her cause of action based on section 14 ( 1 )(e) . At the time when the plaintiff relinquished the cause of action ·,·rising out of section 14 ( l) (e) the defendant was not in the picture at all. Therefore, it was not open to the defendant to raise any objection to the amendment sought by the plaintiff. For these reasons, we are satisfied that the second amendment application was not -barred by the principles of 0.2 r.2 C.P.C. and the contention of the learned counsel for the appellant must fail. Secondly, as regards the question of constructive _res judicata_ it has no application whatsoever in the instant case. It is well settled that one of the essential conditions of _res_ _judicata_ is that there must be a formal adjudication between the parties after full hearing. In other words, the matter must be finally decided between the parties. Here also at a time when the plaintiff relinquished her first cause of action the defendant was no where in the picture, and there being no adjudication between the parti~ the· doctrine of _res judicata_ do~s not apply. The second amendment application was made in the same proceedings on a cause of· action that she was allowed to insert with the permission of the court. Although both the parties went to the court on the basis of these facts, neither the bar of _res_ _judicata_ 'nOr that of 0.2 r.2 ~ppear to have been raised befor~ the Rent Control).er. For thesa reasons, therefore, the second plank of the argument put forward by counsel for the appellant also must be rejected. Lastly, we come to the question of the application of Article 14 to the provisions of ·the Act. This is undoubtedly a que,tion which merit~ serious consideration. Before approaching this question we might observe that it is well settled that what Article 14 forbids is hostile di~crirnination and not reasonable classification. DiscriminaG tion may take place in many ways, and what Article· 14 requires is that equals must be treated alike. If equals and unequals are also treated alike then also Article 14 is clearly attracted and discrimina~ tion results. A reasonable classification based on grounds having a clear nexus with the objective to be achieved and grouping certain persons in a separate category in view of their !Special pecularities is B undoubtedly permissible. Of course, classification should not be purely a class legislation. It is also well settled that there is always a presumption in favour of the comstitutionality of a ~Statute and any •• KEWAL SINGH _v._ LAJWANTI _(Fazal_ _Ali,!.)_ 863 party who seeks to challenge the legislation on the ground of applica~i­ lity of Article 14 must plead and prove the necessary facts. In makmg - a classification t~ .~;ourt must presumed matters of common knowledge, i common report; u1story of the time and e'V'~ry other relevant fact. ~ the case of _Chiranjit Lal Chowdhuri_ v. _The Union of India_ ·. _&_ OJIJL: [1] ) this Court observed as follows.:- \ "The legislature undoubtedly has a wide field of choice in determining and classifying the subject of its laws, and if the law deals alike with all of a certai'n class, it is normally not abnoxious to the charge of denial of equal protection; but the classification should never be arbitrary. It must always rest upon some real and substantial distinction bearing a reasonable and just relation to the things in re.,t;pect to which the classification is made; and cla-ssification made without any substantial basis should be regarded as invalid". A B c Same view was taken in the case of _The_ _Sta.te_ _of West_ _Bengal_ v. _Anwar_ _Ali_ _SarkarC)._ D E. ~ F G H .. __.._ ' •• In the case of _Shri Ram Krishna Dalmia_ v. _Shri Justice_ . _S._ _R._ _Tendolkar_ & _Ors._ C) it was held that in determining whether there is any intelligible differentia on the basis of which the petitioners a'nd their companies could have been grouped together it is permissible to look to the facts appearing in the notiftcation as also those brought to the notice of the court. 1n the case of _Mahant Moti_ _Das_ v. _S._ _P._ _Sahi,_ _The_ _Special Officer_ _in_ _charge_ _of Hindu Religious Trusts_ & _Ors.(_ _[4 ]_ _)_ this Court held that apart from there being a presumption in favour of the constitutionality of an enactment the burden is upon the party who alleges that there has been a clear transgression of· the constitutional guarantee. It was further pointed out that the legislature correctly appreciated the needs of its own people and that its laws are directed to problems made manife5t by experience and that any discrimi'nation made are ~based on adequate grounds as the legislature is fro~ to recognise degrees of harm and may confine its restrictions to those cases where the need is d~emed to be the clearest. These observations . clearly _justify the classification made by the legislature in enacting the Delhi. Rent Control Act as we shall show later. (1) [1950] S. C. R. 869. (2) [1952} S. C. R. 284. (3) [1959] S. C. R. 279. (4) [1959] 2 Supp. S.C. R. 563 .,, A **c** **D** **E·** / ###### .. **G** ' **H** 864 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 s.c.R. To the same effect is the decision m the case of _Slzri_ _A._ C. _Aggarwal, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Delhi_ & _Anr._ v. _Mst. Ram_ K~li _etc.C)_ In the light of the principles enunciated by the decisions of this Court we would now brlefly appr_oach the relevant provisions o,_ the Delhi Rent Control Act which have been applied to the facts _f'.__ the · present case. To begin with, it is not necessary for. us to deal with section 14A(l) because the cause of action contained in this section has been given up by _thr~ plaintiff-respondent. We would, therefore, confihe ourselves to the validity of section 14( 1 )(e) and the procedure prescribed to give relief mentioned in the aforesaid section in section 25B. Before discJ.Issing the relevant provisions of the Act it may be necessary to observe that the Rent Control Act is a piece of social legislation and is meant mainly to prgtect the tenants from frivolous evictions. At the same time, in order to do justice . to the landlords and to avoid placing such restrictions on their right to . evict the tenant as to destroy their legal right to property certain salutary provisions have been made by the legislature which give relief to the landlord. In the absence of such a legislation a landlord has a common law right to evict the **tenant** **either** **on** the determination of the tenancy by efflux of time or for default in payment of rent or other grounds after giving notice under the Transfer of Property Act. This broad right has been curtailed by the Rent Contro1 Legislation with a view to give protection to the tenants having regard to their genuine and dire needs. ·While the rent control legislation has given a numb2.r of facilities to the tenants it should not be construed so as to destroy the limited relief which it seeks to give to the landlord also. For instance one of the grounds for eviction which is contain~ ed in almost all the Rent Control Acts in the country is the question of landlord's bonafide personal 'necessity. The concept of bonafide necessLty should be meaningfully construed so as to make the relief granted to the landlord real and practical. In the case of _Bega_ _Begum_ _&_ _Ors._ v. _Abdul Ahad Khan (dead)_ _by.L.Rs and_ _Ors.C)_ this Court to which one of us (Fazal Ali, J.) was a party and spoke for the Court observed as follows : "Moreover, section 11 (h) of the Act uses the words 'reasonable requirement' which undoubtedly postulate that (1) [1968} 1 S. C. R. 205. (2) [1979] 2 S. C. R. 1. _¥_ \ KEWAL SINGH _V._ LAJWANTI _(Fazal Ali,_ J.) 865 there must be an element of need as opposed to a mere desire or wish. - The distinction between desire and need should doubtless be kept in mind but not so as to make even the genuine need as nothing but a desire as the High Court has done in this case. It seems to us that the connotation , '} of the term 'need' or 'requirement' should not be artificially \,,~xtended nor its language ~o unduly stretched or strained as B , to make it impossible or extremely difficult for the· landlord to get a decree for eviction. Such a course would defeat the very purpose of the Act which affords the facility of eviction ~f the tenant to the landlord on certain specified grounds. This appears to us to be the general scheme· of all the Rent Control Acts prevalent in other States in the country. This C Court has considered the import of the word 'requirement' and pointed out that it merely connotes that there should be - an element of need". Coming back to the Delhi Rent Control Act it appears that section 25B was inserted in the statute by Act 18 of 1976 and was given retrospective effect from 1-12-1975. The statement of objects and -reasons which formed part of the Delhi Rent Control Act run thus : "There has been a persistent demand for amendments to the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 with a view to conferring a right of tenancy on certain heirs fsuccessors of a,deceased statutory tehant so that they may be protected from eviction by landlords and also for _simp.lifying the procedure for_ _eviction_ _of tenants in case the landlord requires the premises_ _bona_ _fide_ _for_ _his_ _personal_ _occupation._ Further, Government decided on the 9th S>~ptember, 1975 that a person who owns his own house in his place of work should vacate the Government accommod<ftion allotted to him before the 31st December, 1975. Government considered that in the circumstances, the Act requires to be amended urgently. As the Parliament was not in session the Delhi Rent Control (Amendment) Ordi'nance 1975 was promulgated on the 1st December, 1975. The Bill seeks to replace tl)e said Ordinance". I (Emphasis ours) This Act actually replaced the Ordinance which was promulgated on 1st December, 1975. The objects and reasons clearly reveal that the amendment has been made for simplifying the procedure for eviction ()f tenants- in case the landlord requires the premises _bona_ _fide_ for D E G H 866 SUPREME .COURT REPORTS [1980) 1 S.C.R. A his personal occupation. It is a matter 0~ com~on know:edge ~at even though ·the landlord may have an ·unmedia1e ~nd Jmpcrauve necessity for vacating the house given to a tenant he 15 compelled to resort to the time consuming any dilatory procedure of a suit which takes yean; before the landlord is able to obtaiil tbe decree and in most cases by the time the decree is passed either the landlord dies B . or - the need disappears and the landlord is completely deprived of getting any relief. It appears to us thM jt was for these reasons th.af the legislature in its wisdom thought that a short and· simple procedure should be provided for those landlords who generally want tbe premises for their _bo11a_ _fide_ necessity so that they may be able to get quick and expeditious relief. Section 25B of tbe Act runs thus:- _ c . . and expeditious relief. Section 25B of tbe Act runs thus:- _ . . "25.B (1) Every application by a bndlord for the recovery of po."scssion of any premires on tbe ground specified D E F G Jl \VJth an. cndorst!m~nt purporting _to_ ·have been m::tdc by a P:J~.tal employee tn the. effect thnt the tenant or his agent _c._ h.tJ rdu--cd to tak·· - ddivery · or th ~ regys ' t ercu arttc e. .1 - 1 tb e (lflholkr ·muy uecli.\rc that there has bc~n a valid service of bUmmons. ~ _(_ 4) The tcna'nt on wh h (wh~::ther in th.. r . om t c summons is duly served, ~ or< [103] TJ w~y or by registered post) in the in clause (e) of the proviso to sub-s~:ction .0) of section 14, or under section 14A, shnU be d~alt with in accordance with the procedure specified in this section. (2) The Controller shan. issue summons, in relation to cvc:ry application referred in sub--section ( 1) in the form spccifkd jn the Third Schedule. (J)(;1) The Controller shall, in addition to, and simultaneously with, the is su~ of summons for service on the tenant, aho dir~ct the summons to be served by registered post, acknowkdgC"mcnt due. addressed to the t~nant or his aoent _;;>_ emro,\•::r~d. tn 0Ctt.'pt the service at the place where the tenant or h1s agent ncttnUy and voluntarily rcsidc:!s or carries 0:1 bu s int ~s or r·~rsonaUy works for gain and mn.y, if the . ~Trcumstnncl'S 0f th~ ca5:~ ~o rcq\Jirc; also direct tbe publica~ ~1on o~ the t';Ununl)ho;; in <1 tl.:wspapcr cir<"ubtin~ in the locality 10 'vh1ch th·~ tenant is f:l~t knmvn to ll::l\'e r..:siJed or carr~: :I on husincsl\ _nr_ p: : r~('lnJHy work~d for g:1in. (b) \\'lh'n an n<:knfJwledgemC"nt pnrf'('rtin~ to be signed hy .thr kn:l'nt or his ~Ig\'tlt i" n'ceivC'J by the C~ntroller o; the r .... ·.~·t-., t·~r~J :Jrtid..: Ct)ntainrng the !iUmmons is received back _(_ 4) The tcna'nt on wh h (wh~::ther in th.. r . om t c summons is duly served, .. -- ~ ' KEWAL SINGH _V._ LAJWANTI _(Fazal Ali,/.)_ 867 form specified in the Third Schedule shall not contest the prayer for eviction from the premises unless he files an affidavit stating the grounds on which h~ seeks to contest the application for eviction and obtains leave from the Controller as hereinafter provided; and in default of his appearance in pursuance of the summons or his obtaining such leave, the statement made by the landlord in the application for eviction shall be deemed to be admitted by the tenant and the applicant shall be entitled to an order for eviction on the ground aforesaid. ( 5) The Controller shall give to the tenant leave to contest the application if the affidavit filed by the tenant discloses such facts as would disentitle the landlord from obtaini'ng an order for the recovery of possession of ~e premises on the ground specified in clause (e) of the p\oviso to sub-section (1) of section 14 or under section 14A. (6) Where leave 'is granted to the tenant to contest the application, the Controller shall commence the hearing of the application as early as practicable . . (7) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2) of section 37, the Controller shall, while holding an inquiry in a proceeding to which this Chapter applies, follow the practice and procedure of a Court of Small Causes, including the recording of evidence. A B c D E ( 8) No appeal or second appeal shall lie against an ordt:=r for the recovery of possession of any premises made by the Controller in accordance with the procedure specified in t_his section; F Provided that the High Court may, for the purpose of satisfying itself that an order made by the Controller under this sectio'n is according to law, call for the records of the case and pass such order in respect thereto as it thinks fit. (9) Where no application has been made to the High Court on revision, the Controller may exercise the powers of review in accordance .with the provisi9ns of Order XL VII of the First Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. (10) Save as otherwise provided in this Chapter, the pro-_ ccuure for the disposal of an application for eviction on the ground specified in clause (e) of the proviso to sub-section (1) of section 14, or under section 14A, shall be the same G H · A I 868 ~ SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 S.C.R. as the procedure for the disposal of applications by Controllers". It is obvious that this section does not govern all grounds open to · a landlord for evicting the tenant but is confined only to the ground in section 14A and proviso to sectio~ 14(1) (e). In other words, the il. _bona_ _fide_ necessity of the landlord has been put in a separate class or category having regard to the peculiar incidents of this right. Section 14A with which we are not concerned in this case also relates to a special situation where the landlord under the Government Rules is asked to shift to his own house if he has one or in a house that belongs to his spouse failing which he has to pay a penal rent which almost ·C takes away a major part of his salary. Thus, such a landlord be _t_ .... ~ " . ' ~ ## • ,. ###### r·,, ~ come~ a class by himself. The statute thus puts personal necessity of the landlord as a special class requiring special treatment for quick eviction of the tenant and cuts out all delays and plugs all the loop· holes which may cause .delay in getting the relief by the landlord. It is obvious, therefore, that the classification made by the legislature is ·D in public interest and is in complete consdnance with the objectives sought to be achieved: The landlords having personal necessity have peen brought together as a separate class because of their special needs and such a classification cannot be said to be unreasonable particularly when the legislature in its wisdom feels that the landlords ,1 should get this relief as quickly as possible. Sub-section (2), -of section 25B enjoins on the Controller is.sue summons as soon as an to application for eviction has been filed before the Rent Controller. Sub-section 3 (a) further provides that along with the issue of summons in the ordinary way summons should also be served by registered post acknowledgement due addressed to the tenant or his agent F empowered to accept the service. Sub-section 3 (b) provides that when the acknowledgement due purporting to be signed by the tenant m his agent is received by the Controller with an endorsement made by a postal employee that the tenant or his agent has refused to take delivery of the registered article the Controller may declare that there has been a valid service of summons. This provision is designed to ·G cut out delays by the conduct of the d·~fendant in trying to evade service of summons in a variety of ways. Sub-section ( 4) provides that the tenant on whom the summons is served shall not be allowed to contest an application for eviction unless he files a'n affidavit stating the grounds on which he seeks to contest the application for eviction and he has to obt~in leave from the Controller to contest the applica.:. _r_ 'H tion. In case the tenant does not appear the Controller can presume that the application for eviction shall be deemed to have been admitted by the tenant. Sub-·section (5) provides that the Controller shall give \ I v .;"> ~ . . -•• _I_ KEWAL SINGH _v._ LAJWANTI _(Fazal Ali,_ J.) 869 to the tenant leave to contest the application if the tenant discloses such facts as would disentitle the lahdlord from obtaining an order for the recovery of possession of the premises. This is also a very salutary provision in order to prevent frivolous pleas taken by the ,..tenants. to avoid eviction. Sub-section (6) provides that where leave If.._ to defend is granted to the tenant the Controller shall proceed to hear ;r. ~the application and in order to ensure a quick decision sub-section \,(7) enjoins that the Controller shall follow the practice and procedure of the Court of Small Causes including recording of evidence. Subsection (8) bars appeal or second appeal against an order passed by the Controller for recovery of possession of the premises: Nevertheless, the proviso to sub-section (8) confers on the High Court a power of revision for satisfying itself whether or not the order made by the Controller is according to law. Sub-section (9) confers a power of review on the Controller where no application for revision has been filed before the High Court. Sub-section ( 1 0) provides that procedure mentioned above shall apply also to an application for eviction on the~ ground as specified in clause (e) of the proviso _to_ section 14 (1); That is to say _bona._ _fide_ re4uirement of the landlord in respect of the tenanted premises. It was then argued by counsel for the appellant that where an application has been allowed for eviction of the tenant, no appeal or second ap~al is provided by the Act. An appeal· is purely a creature of the statute and this right has hot been given in order to cut out unnecessary delay. Instead the highest Court of the State has been given a wide power of revision where the said Court can examine the case of the tenant and the landlord and the validity of the order . passed by the Controller. The right of the tenant, therefore, is suffi ~iently safeguarded by the proviso to sub-section ( 8) of section 2SB ()f the Act referred to above. lrt order to give relief to the tenant _I_ _I_ ·. The comments by the learned counsel for th·~ appellant are first that there was no reason to discriminate the landlord suing for personal ne~essity by trying his application in a summary fasl\ion. We have already pointed out that the classification mad~ by section 2SB is a reasonable classification and cannot be said to be in any way discri~ minatory or arbitrary. Even though a summary procedure has been evolved the tenant has been afforded full opportunity to defend the application provided he q1n disclose good grounds for negativing the' case of the landlord. No litigant has a right to protract the legal proceedings by taking frivolous, irrelevant, irrational or uncalled for pleas. This is what the section seeks to prevent. A B c D E G H A 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 1 s.c.R. against any apparent error of law or fact w:h.ere no revision has been filed in the High Court the statute confers power of review on the Controller. Thus taking an overall picture of the situation, the circumstances under which the landlord's needs have been classified and the safe " guards given by the statute it cannot be said by any stretch of imagi: }k B nation that section 25B and its sub-sections are violative of Articl~ _J_ 14 of the Constitution of India, or that section 25B suffers from the vice of excessive delegation of powers. In fact ~Section 25B contains valuable and sufficient guidelines which completely exclude the exer #### ., . c D cise of u:rltanalised or arbitrary powers by the Rent Controller. As di~cussed above the rights of the tenants are sufficiently protected. For instance if the tenant presents a plausible defence the plaintiff can be no'n suited if the defence is accepted by the Controller. The tenant however cannot claim a legal right to take all sorts of frivolous, baseless or irrelevant pleas which alone the statute bars. We have already indicated that summary procedure relates only to a particular ground on the basis of which the landlord can seek eviction and does not apply to other grounds on which the tehant can be evicted. There is yet another important aspect of the matter which may b~ mentioned here. Prior to the enactment of the Rent Control legislation in our country, the relationship of landlord and tenant · was E governed by our common law _viz._ the Transfer of Property Act '(Sections 107 to 111). The tenant was inducted with this tacit agreement to be regulated by the conditions embodied in the contract and could not be allowed to repudiate the agreement reached between - him and the landlord during that period. The tenant was, therefore, bound ih law to vacate the premises either voluntarily. or through a F suit after he was given a notice as required by the Transfer of Property Act under the terms and conditions of the lease. However, as a piece of social reform in order to protect the tenants from capricious and frivolous eviction, the legislature stepped in and afforded special protection to the· tenant by conferrihg on him the status of a statutory tenant who could not be evicted except under the conditions specified G and the procedure prescribed by the Rent Control Acts. ·'l"hus to this extent, the agreement of ]ease and the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act stood superseded. At the Same time, the Rent Control Acts provided the facilities of eviction to the landlord on certain -s~ecified grounds like _bona_ _fide_ personal necessity or default in pay [4 ] ment of ren~ etc. Thus any right that the tenant possessed after the H expiry of the lease was conferred on him only by vjrtue of the Rent Control Act. It is, therefore, manifest that if the legislature considered in its wisdom to confer certain rights or facilities on the tenants,. ... . KEWAL SINGH V. J,AJWANTI _(Fazal Ali,_ J.) 871 . . . _it_ could due to changed circumstances curtail, modify, alter or even take away such rights or the procedure enacted for the purpose of eviction and leave the tenants to seck their remedy under the commob Jaw. Thus, we do not sec how can the tenant crutllengc the validity of such a provision enacted by the legislature from which the tenant itself derived such rights. In the instant cnsc, the legislature h:lS not taken away the right of the tenant at all but has merely simpl:fi~d the procedure for eviction of - tbe tcn:~nt in cases falling within the ambit of Sections 14A & 14(1) (e) of the Act as discussed in the judgment. In these circumstances, th~refore, any challenge by the tenant to the constitutionality of the Act · must necessarily fail and hence Scctio·o 25B is constitutionally valid. A B c D E ·. - For these reasons, therefore, all lhe .contentions raised by the appellant fail nnd tbc appeal is dismi~ed. But in the peculiar circwnstances of the case there will be no order as to costs. Time till 31-5-1980 _is_ given to the tenant to hand O't-er peaceful and vacant possession to tho landlord on filing an undert.aking to this Court within a month accompanied by nn affidavit that be would do so on the date tiled and shall not imluct any other person on the preoilies. The temnt will, during this period, coutin~ to pay the compensation for wrongful use of the premises equivalent to lhe nmount of the rent and clear all arrears. V.D.K. _Appeal dismi.tsed._