Joginder Singh v. State of Himachal Pradesh

A **B** ###### c **D** E F G **H** 857 **JOGINDER SINGH** _v._ **STATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH** _November_ 30, 1970 [J. M. SHELAT AND C. A. VA!D!AL!NGAM, JJ.] _Army Act,_ 1950, .u. 70, 125 & 126(1)-Criminal _Cburt and Court•_ _Martial (Adjustment of Jurisdiction) Rules_ 1952, _r._ _4-Army_ _man·_ _**charged**_ _**1vith**_ _**rape-Concurrent jurisdiction of Court**_ _**Mt+-rtial**_ _**and Criminal**_ _Court-Offender handed orer_ b,v _military authorities to Civil Authorities_ _-Tried_ _and_ _convicted_ _hy_ _Assistant Sessions Judge-Trial_ _is_ _legal_ _and_ _ra/itl-When_ _c/i.1cretion_ _under_ _s._ 125 _to_ _hold Court Martial_ _Is_ _not exer-_ _**cised**_ _**by**_ _**n1ilitar;v**_ _**authorities**_ _**and**_ _**offender**_ **i')** _**handed**_ _**oVer**_ _**to Civil authori-**_ _ties provision•_ _of_ _s._ 126(1) _and_ _r._ 4 _are_ _not attracted._ The appellant was a Lance Naik in a military regiment. He was appointed as Granthi of a temple used by military personnel. While working as such he was charged with an offence under s. 376 of the Indian Penal Code.. The police officer investigating offence held an identification parade with the permission of the military authorities and there after the appellant was handed over to the civil authorities to stand his trial. The Assistant Sessions Judge convicted him. The Sessions Judge dismissed his appeal. The appellant then filed a criminal revision in the High Court where it was contended on his behalf that according to notification dated November 28, 1962 issued by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India, the appellant mllst be considered to have been oo active service on the material date and consequently the appellants' trial should have been before a court martial. It was further urged that it the Assistant Sessions Judge decided to proceed with the trial it was obligatory on him to have given notices to the Commanding Officer of the Army under s. 126(1) of the Army Act read with 'r. 4, and since these provisions had not been complied with the appellant's trial and con**viction** **were** **null** **and** **void. The High Court dismissed** **the** **revision l)eti-** :ion. With certificate the appellant appealed to this Court. HELD _:_ Since the appellant was alleged to have committed rape in **relation** **to** **a pefson who** **was** **not subject** **to** **military, naval** **or** **air** **law,** under s. 70 of the Army Act he would be normally triable by the ordinary criminal court but by virtue of notification dated November 28, **1962** **he** **must** **be** **deemed to have been on active service on the material** date. Therefore. this was a case where both the court martial and the ordinary criminal court had concurrent jurisdiction to try the appellant. [863 H] The provisions of the Army Act and the decisions of this Court make it clear that in respect of an offence whicl1 could be fried both by a criminal court as well as a court martial, ss. 125, 126 and the rules have made suitable provisions to avoid a conflict of jurisdiction between the ordinary criminal court and the court martial. But it is to be not~d that in the first instance the discretion is left to the officer mentloned m s. 125 to decide before which court the proceedings should be instituted .. Hence the officer commaoding the army, army corps. division or independent brigade io which the ac.cused person is ~ervill!l, o~ su~h other officer as may be prescribed, will hav.e to exer_Cise hIS d1Scr~t1on and decide under s. 125 in which court the proceedmgs shall be mstituted. 858 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [l 971 J 2 S.C.R. **It** **is only when he has** **so** **exercises his discretion and. decides that the** proceedings should be instituted before the court martial that the provisions of s. 126 ( 1) come into operation. If the designated officer does **not exercise his discretion** **and** **decide that the** **proceedings** **should be** instituted before a court martial the Army Act would not b~ in the way **.of criminal court exercising its ofllinary jurisdiction in the manner** pro~ vided by law. [865 H-866 CJ In the present case surrender of the accused by the military authorities .to the civil authorities to be dealt with the latter, after being made aware of the nature of the offence alleged against the appellant was clear indicati0n that the decision of the military authorities was that the appellant need not _be_ tried by a court martial and that his trial could take place. **before the criminal court.** **U oder these circumstances there was** **no** **occa·** sion to follow the procedure under s. 126 or r. 4 as the military authorities had made abundantly clear that the appellant need not be tried by the court martial. That being so it would have been alto~ther superfluous for the magistrate to give notice as required by the srud pl:oviaions. (870 A-DJ The High Court was therefore right in holding that there had been substantial compliance with the provisions of the Act and the rules and hence the trial of the appellant and his conviction by the Assistant Sessions Judge were valid and legal. [870 D-E] _Som Datt Dalla_ v. _Union_ _of_ _India,_ [1969] 2 _S.C.R._ 177, _Major_ _E._ G. _Barsay_ v. _S,•"te_ _of Bombay,_ [19621 2 S.C.R. 195 and _Ram_ _Sarup_ v. _Union_ _of_ _India,_ [1964] 5 S.C.R. 931, applied. _**In**_ _**re Captain Hugh**_ _**May**_ _**Stollcry Mund,v**_ **&** _**Anr.**_ **A.LR ..** **1945 Mad.** 289, _In_ _re_ _Major_ _F._ _K. Mistry,_ 1949 2 M.L.J. 44, _C. Ramanuian_ v. _State_ _.of_ _Mysore,_ A.I.It. 1962 Mys. 196, _Major Gopinathan_ v. _Store_ _of_ M~dh,va _Pradesh,_ A.LR. 1963 M.P. 249, _Awc;dh Behari Singh_ v. _State,_ A.l.R. 1967 Calcutta 323 and _Ajit_ _Singh_ v. _State_ _of_ _Punjab,_ A.l.R. 1970 Punjab & Haryana 351, referred to. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 34 of 1969. Appeal from the judgment and order dated July 26, 1968 and September 27, 1968 o.f the Delhi High Court, Himachal Bench at Simla ih Cr. Revision No. 26 of 1968. _R. L._ _Kohli,_ for the appellant. _V._ C. _Mahajan_ and _R._ _N._ _Sachthey,_ for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by **Vaidialingam J.** In this appeal, on certificate issued by the Delhi High Court, the appellant who is governed by the Anny Act, 1950 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) challenges the legality of his trial and conviction for an offence under s. 376 l.P.C. by the Assistant Sessions Judge, Nahan. The main attack levelled against the proceedings is that the material provisions of the Army Act read with the Criminal Courts A B ###### c **D** E F G **H** A B ##### c D E F G H JOGINDER _v._ HIMACHAL PRADESH _(Vaidialingam,_ _J.)_ 859 and Court-Martial \Adjustment of Jurisdiction) Rules, 1952 (hereinafter referred to a the Rules) framed by the Central Government under s. 549 (1) r. P.C. have not been complied with by the Assistant Sessions Judge. The prosecution case is briefly as follows: The appellant was a military personnel attached to Punjab Regiment No. 24, which moved to Nahen on March 3, 1967. The appellant was a l ance Naik and was appointed as a temporary Gfanthi of the Kaccha-Johar temple used by the military personnel. One Jiwa Nand with his wife and children was living close by the temple. On March 8, 1967 at about 8.30 a.m. Gayatri Devi aged about 10 years and daughter of Jiwa Nand was called by the appellant and when she came near him she was taken inside the adjoining room where the appellant had forcible sexu11! inter· course with her. The victim narrated the occurrence to her mother and sist~r. When Gayatri Devi, her mother and certain others were proceeding towards the Cantonment to complain to the military authorities, they met 4 or _5_ sikh gentlemen and Gayatri Devi pointed out the appellant in that group as the one who .had misbehaved with her. The Sikh gentlemen, who were in military uniform declined to permit Gayatri Devi and others to go inside the Cantonment area on the ground that the entry into the same was prohibited to non-military personnel. Later on the father of Gayatri Devi took her to the police station and lodged a report Ex. 12/ A. The accused pleaded _alibi_ aind denied ili,: offence. He also let in defence evidence. The learned Assistant Sessions Judge accepted the prosecution case and disbelieving the plea of the appellant convicted him of the offence under s. 376 I.P.C. and sentenced him to three years rigorous imprisonment. The appeal filed by the appellant was dismissed by the learned Sessions Judge, whc confirmed the conviction and sentence. The appellant filed a criminal revision No. 26 of 1968 before the Delhi High Court, challenging his conviction and sentence passed by the learned Assistant Sessions Judge and as confirmed by the learned Sessions Judge. The learned Chief Justice before whom the criminal re~ision came for hearing held that the conviction of the appellant for the offence under s. 376 I.P.C. and the sentence imposed on him by the two subordinate courts on facts were justified and did not require anv interference. However, a plea was taker;i before the learned Chief Justice on behalf of the appellant that according to a notification issued by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India dated November 28. 1962, the appellant on the material date must be considered to have been on active service. Based on this notification it was further urge:! that the appellant's trial should have been before a Court Martial and that if the Assistant Sessions Judge decided to 860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] 2 S.C.R. proceed with the trial, he should have given the required notice to · A the Commanding Officer of the Army as is mandatory under s. J 26(1) of the Act read with r. 4. As those provisions have not been coh1plied with, the appellant's trial and convicnion were illegal and null and void. The learned Chief Justice was, however, inclined to take the view that the omission by the Assistant Sessions Judge to follow the procedure indicated above does not affect his B jurisdic1lion to conduct the trial. In view of certain decisions of the High Courts wherein an opinion has been expressed that non-compliance with the provisions of the Act and the Rules vitiates the trial of a military personnel by the criminal courts, the learned Chief Justice referred _C_ the matter, by his order dated June 25, 1968, to a F·11l Bench. The Full Benell which consisted of the learned Chief Justice Kapoor and Tatachari, JJ. heard the criminal revision case. The learned Chief Justice and Tatachari, J. after a very elaborate reference to the material provisions of the Act and the relevant Rules held that the magistrates, before conducting a trial of a military personnel have to normally, conform to the relevant provisions of the Act D and the Rules. But they held that in respect of offences for the trial of which both the Court Martial and an ordinary Criminal Court had concurrent jurisdiction, the mere omission by a magistrate, before conducting the trial, to issue the necessary notice under r. 4 will not vitiate the proceedings as oeing illegal. Kapoor, J., on the other hand, disagreed with the majority opinion and held E that under the Act read with the Rules, the first option to try a military personnel lies with the Army authorities and they have to decide the forum of the trial and that the magistrate will get jurisdiction only after a decision in his favour by the Central Government in case of a conflict between the army authorities and the Magistrate. The learned Judge further held that a magistrate cannot assume jurisdiction straightaway withot1~ providing an op- F portunity to the military authorities to decide the forum. The iearned Judge accordingly held that the observance of the Rules is obligatory and non-observance thereof makes the trial illegal. In accordance with the majority judgment, the High Court by its order dated July 26, 1968 held that non-observance of rr. 3 and 4 of the Rules does not by itself deprive the magistrate of his in- G herent jurisdiction or make the proceedings conducted by hin1 P null and void. The High Court further held that the effect of the violation is to be dtermined on the facts and circumstances of each case keeping in view the nature of the violation and au other relevant factors. After expressing opinio11 on the lega1 aspects, the case was remitted to the Single Judge for final disposaL u The matter came again before the learned Chief Justice, who by his order dated September 27, 1968 held that the trial by the JOGINDER v. HIMACHAL PRADESH _(Vaiilialingam,_ J.) 861 Assistant Sessions Judge without confonning to the provisions of r. 4 has not caused any failure of ju5tice to the appellant in this <:ase. The learned Chief Justice further held that in view of cerQlin circwnstances it is legitimate to infer that there has been substantial compliance with the statutory provisions. Finally the learned Chief Justice held that the conviction of the appellant was proper and dismissed the revision filed by the appellant. M1. Kohli, learned counsel for the appellan~ has reiterated the same objections taken on behalf of the appellant before the Delhi High Court. According to Mr. Kohli, the offence in this case being one which could be tried, both by the Court MartiBl and the ordinary Criminal Court, it was for tlhe competent officer to decide, in the first instance, whether the appellant is to be tried by- a Court Martial.. If the criminal court was of the opinion that the proceedings should be instituted before itself in respect of the offence alleged, it should have followed the mandatory prOvisions contained in s. 126 of the Act read with rr. 3 and 4. Under s. 549(1) Cr. P.C. the magistrate was bound to have regard to the rules. In this case inasmuch as the said procedure had not been followed and the appellant accused was tried straightaway by the criminal court, the trial is illegal and void. Being a question of jurisdiction the objection raised by the appellant before the High Court goes to the root of the matter and vitiates the enilie proceedings. Mr. V. C. Mahajan, learned counsel for the State, on the other hand, urged two contentions : (i) as held by the High Court there has been a substantial compliance with the provisions of the Act and the Rules in this particular case and hence the trial by the Assistant Sessions J udgs! is legal and valid, and (ii) even assuming that there has been a breach of the rules, such a violation is at the most only an irregularity and not on illegalit;y, and as no prejudice has been shown to have been caused to the accused by such an irregular proceeding held by the Assistant Sessions Judge, the conviction .,is legal. At the outset we may state that the question regarding the competency of the criminal court to try thd appellant does not appear to have been raised before the learned Assistant Sessions Judg::. It is no doubt seen, that the learned Assistant Sessions Judge, appears to have made enquiries from the counsel appearing for the appellant and the State regarding the position of 1!hC appet. !ant who was in military employ. The public prosecutor drew the attention of the Court to s. 70 of the Act and appears 1D have pointed out that as the Punjab Regiment No. 24 to which the appellant was attached was not 'on_ active service', the appellant could be tried by the ordinary criminal court. ' A B c E F G H 862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS tl971] 2 S.C.R. On . behalf _of_ the appellant it was urged that in view of the A declaration of Emergency, the appellant must be deemed to be 'on acti~e service'. But fuis contention was not accepted by the Court. Nahan station where the Punjab Regfment was then stationed being a rest station, the court proceeded with the trial reserving liberty to the counsel for bot.h the parties to raise any further point before the close of the trial to. establi,sh that the appellant must be B eonsidered to be 'on active service'. Obviously neither party cared to place any material before the Court amd the trial was proceeded ' with resulting in the conviction of the appellant. MF. Kohli, learned .counsel for §e appellant, has .drawn oµr attention to certain decisions of the High Courts in support of his C . contention that a trial beld by a magistrate without conforming _to_ the provisions of the Act and the R:ule.s is illegal and not a· mere irregularity. Those decisions are : _'In_ _re_._ _Captain Hugh. May_ _Stollery Mundy and another(1), Ma/or F._ _K. Mistry(•), c._ _Rama-_ _nu/an_ v. _State of Mysore(•), Major Goplnathan_ v. _The State_ _of_ _Madhya Pradesh and another(')_ and _Awadh Behari Singh_ v. _The_ _State(')._ D On the other hand, Mr. Mahajan drew our attention to the Full Bench decision of the Punjab and Haryana High Court reported in _Ajit Singh_ v. _S.tate_ _of Punjab(')_ wherei.n the High Court has held that the tJrial suffers not from an illegality but only an irregularity. Such an irregularity does not render-the trial liable E to be set aside, unless it is shown that prejudice has· been caused to the accused. In view of certain decisions of this Court, to which we will presen~ly refer and having regard to the particular circumstances of this case, we do not think it necessary to consider the question F whether non-observance of the Rules by the magistrate trying and convicting a person who is governed by the Act is illegal or only irregular. The scheme of-.the Act and the Rules hav:e been considered in three decisions of this C'-0urt, which are being referre1 _t?_ presently and hence we do not think it. necessary to ei!her quote ss. 125 and 126 or s. 549 Cr, P.C. We will, however, refer to the relevant rules at the appropriate stage. They have been referred G to in particular in the latest decision o{ this Court in _Som_ _Datt_ _Datta_ v. _Union_ _of India and others(_ _[7]_ _)._ There is no controversy that the appellant is one subject to the Act as a person enrolled JJnder the Act under s: 2(1)(b), Sec I # l , (I)' A,T.R. 1945 Madras 289. (3) A. T.R. 1962 Mysore 196. (S) A.LR. 1967 Calcutta 323 (6) A .. T.R. 1970 Punjab & Haryan~ .151. (2) 1949 2 M.L.J.44. (4) A.LR,. 1963 M.P. 249. (7) [ 1969] 2 S.C.R. 177 H A 8 c D E F G H JOGINDER _v._ HIMACHAL PRADESH _(Vaidialingam,_ /,) 863' tion '3 (i) defines 'on active service'. Over and above tha~ power is given to the Central Government under s. _9,_ by notification. to declare any person or class of persons subject to the Act and who may be deemed to be 'on active service' within the meaning of the Act. The Government of India, Ministry of Defence, had issued the following notification on November 28, 1962·: "In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 9 of the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950), the Central Government hen;by declare that that all persons subject to that Act, who are not on active service under clause(i) of section 3 thereof, shall, where ever they may be ~­ ing, be deemed to be on active service within the meaning of that Act for the purpose of the said Act and of any other law for the time being in force." By virtue of tlhis notification it follows that on the materiaJ date Punjab Regiment No. 24, to which the appellant was attached though it was at Nahan, which was a rest station, must be considered to have been 'on active service'. This notification was issued in die .year 1962. Unfortunately, it was not brought to the notice of the learned Assistant Sessions Judge, notwithstanding the specific enquiry he made about the position of the accused .. Section 70 of the Act runs as follows : "A person subject to this. Act who commits an offence of murder against a person not subject to military, naval or air force law, or of culpable homicide not amounting to murder against such a person or of rape in relation to such a person, shall not be deemed to be guilty of an offence against this Act and shall not be tried by a court-martial, unless he commits any of the said offences (a) while on active service, or (b) at any place outside India, or (c) at a frontier post specified by the Central Government by notification in this behalf." As the appellant was alleged to have committed rape in relation to a person who was not subject to military, naval or air law, under s. 70, normally he could be tried by the ordinary criminal court, but inasmuch as he was on active service at the time of the alleged offence, the court-martial also gets jurisdiction tG try the appellant. Therefore. this is a case where both the oourt-martial and the ordinary criminal court had concurrent jurisdiction t.o try the appellant. To meet such a situatlion suitable provisions have been made in ss. 125, 126 of the Act and the Rules framed under SUPREME COURT REPORTS [197i] 2 s.c.R. s. 549 Cr.P.C. In _Major E._ G. _Barsay_ v. _The State_ _of Bombay(')_ A _lhe_ jurisdiction of the Secial Judge to try an. officer who. was subject to the Anny Act was questioned. No do1,1b~ the ultimate .decision of the Court rested on a construction of the provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 194 7 and the jurisdiction of lhe Special Judge to tjry the il1ilitary officer iu that case was upheld. But in dealing with tlie contention raised on behalf of the **B** .appellant therein that the Special Judge had no jurisdiction tO take cognizance of the offences with which the accused was charged .and that he should have been. tried only by a court-martial under .the Act, this Court had to consider the scheme of the Act. After holding that the Act does not expressly bar the,jurisdic.tion of the criminal court in respect of the acts or omission punish- C .able under the Act if they are also punishable under any other **Jaw...,,_** fo force in India, this Court held that ss. 125, 126 and 127 excluded any inference about prohibition regarding jurisdiction of the criminal courts and t~ose sections in express nerms provide not .only for resolving conflict of jurisdiction between a criminal court :and a court-martial in respect of the san1e offence, but also pro- **D** vide for successive trials of an accused in respect of the same .offence. _This_ Court has further \fl.id dowrr thaQ ss. 125 and 126 provid1~ a satisfactory machinery to resolve the conflict of jurisdic1ion having regard to the exigencies of the situation. This decision in our opinion, lays down that there is no exclusion of jurisdiction of the ordinary- criminal. court\; in respect of offences which are E 1riable also by the courhnJ:artial. In·~~ with the Act, this Court in _Ram Sarup_ _v._ _Th¢_ _iUnion of India and another(')_ has observed that there could be a variety of circwnstances which may influence the decision as to whether fue offender is to be tried by the court-martial or by the ordinary criminal court and the military officers, who are charged F with the duty of exercising discretion are to be guided by the cir·cumstanees and the e1Cigencies of the service, maintenance of discipline in the army, speedier trial, na~ure of the offence and the person against whom the offence is committed. In _Som Datt Datta_ v. _Uniolf/_ _of India_ _ad_ _others(')_ this Court has again elaborately copsidered the scheme of the A~t. as well as the R.ules. Dealin,g with sections 125 and 126, at page 183 1his Court observes : "Section 125 presupposes that in respect of an offence both a criminal court as well as a court-martial have each concurrel)t jurisdiction. Such a situation can arise in the case of an act "or omission punishable both (I) [1962] 2 S.C.R. 195. (2) [1964] _5_ S.C.R. 931. (3) [1969] 2 S.C.R. 177., G **H** A B c D JOGINDER _v._ IDMACHAL PRADESH _(Vaidialingam,_ _!.)_ 865 under the Army Act as well as under any law in force in India. It may also arise in the case of an offence deemed to be an offence under the Army Act. Under the scheme of the two sections, in the first instance, it is left to the discretion of the officer mentioned ins. 125 to decide before. which court the proceedings shall be instituted, and, if the officer, decides that they should be instituted before a court-martial, the accused person is to be detained in military custody; but if a criminal court is of opinion that the said offence shall be tried before itself, it may issue the requisite notice under s. 126 either to deliver over the offender to the nearest magistrate or to postpone the proceedings pending a reference to the Central Government. On receipt of the said requisition, the officer may either deliver over the offender to the said court or refer the question of proper court for the determination of th~ Central Government whose order shall be final. These two sections of the Army Act provide a satisfactory machinery to resolve the conflict of jurisdiction having regard to the exigencies of the situation in any particular case." A reference tx> the Act particularly to Chapter VI, which comprises of ss. 34 to 70, under the head~n:g 'offences'. the position that emerges according to the above decisions is that under Chapter VI there are three categories of offences, namely, (1) E offences committed by a person subject to the Act triable by a court-m.artial in respect whereof specific punishments have been assigned; (2) civil offences committed by the said person at any place in or beyond India, but deemed to be offences committed under the Act and, if charged under s. 69 of the Act, triable by a court-martial; and (3.) offences of murder and culpable homicide· F not amounting to murder or rape committed by a person subject to th.: Act against a person not subject to the military law. Subject to a few exceptions, they are not triable by court-martial, but are triable only by ordinary criminal courts. The said categorisation of offences and tribunals necessarily bring about a conflict of jurisdiction. Where an offence is for the first time created by the G Army Act, such as those created by ss. 34, 35, 36, 37 etc., it would be exclusively triable by a court-martial; but where a civil offence is also an offence under the Act or deemed to be an offence under the Act, both an ordinary criminal court as well as a court- ·· martial would have jurisdiction to try the person committing the offence. . H It is further clear .that in respect of an offence which could be· tried both by a criminal court as well as a court-martial sections 125, 126 and the Rules, have made suitable provisions to avoid a 13-L694SUJ> Cl/71 E F 866 SUPREME COURT· REPORTS (1971] 2 S.C.R. conflict of jurisdiction between th~ ordinary criminal courts and A the court-martial. But it is to be noted .that in the first instance, discretion is left to the officer mentioned in s. 12.5 to decide before which court the proceedings should be instituted. Hence the officer commanding the army, army corps, division or independent brigade _in_ which the accused person is serving or such other officel" as may be prescribed will "have to exercise his discretion .B and decide under s. 125 in which court the proceedings shall ·be instituted. It is-only when he so exercises his discretion and deciaes that the proceedings should be institun:d before a courtmartial, that the provisions of s. 126(1) come into -operation. If the designated officer does not exercise his discretion and decide that the proceeding~ should be il1stituted before a coµrt-martial, c the Army Act would not obviously be in the way. of .a criminal court exercising its ordinary ex-jurisdiction in the manner provided by Jaw. ## 1 ### I ##### I . We will presently show that in the case before us the desig·nated officer· in s. 125 has not chosen to exercise his discretion anif decided before whlch court the proc~edings should be institu.ted and in partic·ular he has also not decided that the proceedings should be instituted before a court-martial. When that is so, in D our opinion, there was no occasion for the Criminal Court in this case to adopt the procedure laid dowp. in s. 126 of the Act. This 'view finds support from the second part of s. 126(1) which re·quires the criminal court to issue a notice to the pfficer designated E in s. 125 of tfie Act to deliver over the offender _to_ the nearest magistrate or to poslpone the proceedings pending a reference to the Central Government. This is a clear indication that s. 126(1) presupposes that the designated officer has decided under s. 125 that the proceedings shall be instituted before a court-martial and bas also directed that tlie accused person shall be detained "in mili F tary custody. As the facts on which we are basing our conclusion that there was no necessity for the criminal court in question to adopt the .procedlire;laid down in s. 12~ of the Act, will have also bearing ·on the construction of the relevant rules, it is desirable to refer to the relevant rules relied on by the appellant. G F As the facts on which we are basing our conclusion that there was no necessity for the criminal court in question to adopt the .procedlire;laid down in s. 12~ of the Act, will have also bearing ·on the construction of the relevant rules, it is desirable to refer to The rules have been fram~ by the Central Government under ·s. 549(1) Cr. P.C. That section provides for the Central Govern ment making rules consistent with the Criminal Procedure Code and the Acts mentioned therein in respect of offences whlch could be tried by an ordinary criminal court or by a court-martial. It enjoins upon a magistrate when any person is broqght beforn him, in respect of such an offence, "to have due regard to the rules and to deliver him in proper cases .to th\' appropriate ·officers mentioned H JOG!NDER _v._ HIMACHAL PRADESH _(VaidiG/ingam,_ _!.)_ 867 A therein, for being tried by a court-martial. The material rules ·that are to be referred are rr. 2, 3, 4, _5_ and 8. _B_ c _D_ I' G H Rule 2 defines the expressions "commanding officer", "competent military authority", "competent naval authority" and "com,petent Air Force authority". Rules 3, 4,5 and ·8 are as follows: Rule 3. "Where a person subject to military, naval or Air Force law is brought before a Magistrate and charged with an offence for which he is liable to be tried by a court-martial, such magistrate shall not proceed to try such person ..... or to inquire with a view to his commitment for trial by the Court of Sessions or t:he High Court for any offence triable by such Court, unless (a) he is of opinion, for reasons to be recorded, he should so proceed without being moved thereto by competent military, naval or Air Force Authority, or (b) he is moved thereflo by such authority, Rule 4. Before proceeding under clause (a) of rule 3, the Magistrate shall give a written notice to the Commanding Officer of the accused and until the expiry of a period of- "(i) three weeks, in the case of a notice given to a Cornman~ Ofliccr in command of a unit or detachment loc:alled iii any of the following areas of tho hill ·districts of the State of Assam, that is to say (1) Mizo, (2) Naga Hills, {3) Garo Hills, (4) Khasi and Jaintia Hills; and (5) North Cachar Hills. (ii) seven days, in the case of a notice given to any other Commanding Offic~r in command of a unit or detachment located elsewhere in India. from the date of the service of such notice, he shall not (a) convict or acquit the accused under section 243, 245, 247 or 248 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, i 898 (Act _'5_ of 1898), or hear him in his defence under section 244 of the said Code; or SSS SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] 2 s.c;.&. (bJ frame in writing a charge against the accused A under section 254 of the said Code; or (c) make an order committing the ~.ccused for trial by the High Court or the Court of Sessions under section 213 of the said Code; or ( d) transfer the case for inquiry or t;rial under section 192 of the said Code. B Rule 5. Where within the period of seven days mentioned in rule 4; or at any time thereafter before the Magistrate has done any act or made any order referred to in that rule, the Commanding Officer of the accused C or competent military, naval or Air Force authority, as the case may be, gives notice to the Magistrate that in the opinion of such authority, the accused should be tried by a court-martial, the Magistrate shall stay proceedings and if the accused is in his power or under his control, shall deliver him, with the statement pre- D scribed in sub-section (1) of section 549 of 1!he said Code to the authority specified in the said sub-sr.ction. Rule 8. Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing rules, where it comes to the notice of a MagistratP, that a person subject to military, naval or Air Force law has committed an offence, proceedings in respect of_ E which ought to be instituted before him and that !he reasons of such person cannot be procured except through military, naval er Air Force authorities, the Magistrate may by a written notice require the Commanding Officer of such person either to deliver such person to a Magistrate to be named in the said notice for F being proceeded against according to law, or to stay the Central Government for determination as to the martial, if since instituted, and to make a reference to the Central Government for determination as to the Court before which proceedings should be instituted." The main contention that has been urged by Mr. Kohli, on behalf of the appellant is chat in this case the Assistant Sessions Judge had no jurisdiction to proceed with the trial of the appellant as he has not complied with the provisions of rr. 3 and 4. From a perusal of rr. 3 and 4, the scheme of these two rules appears to us to be that the magistrate shall not proceed to try a , military personnel unless he forms an opinion for reasons to be re corded to proceed with the trial withput being moved by the competent authority or the magistrate has been so moved by the com G H JOG!NDER _v._ HIMACHAL PRADESH _(Vaidia/ingam,_ _!.)_ 869 A petent military authority; but before a magistrate decides to pro ceed with the trial without being moved by the competent authority, he is obliged to give a written notice to the Commanding Officer of the accused and is further enjoined not to pass any of the orders enumerated as (a) to (d) in Rule 4, till the expiry of the said p~riod of the notice mentioned in clauses (I) and (2). B According tu Mr. Kohli the criminal court has not been moved by the competent military authority to conduct the trial before it. The magistrate has not also framed an opinion that he should try the accused without being moved by the competent military authority. Even assuming that he has formed such an opinion, he has not given .the requisite notice and waited for the required ·C period under r. 4. Hence it is argued that the criminal cc,urt has acted illegally in proceeding with the trial of the appellant. We are not inclined to accept this contention of the learned counsel. Rule 4 is related to cl. (a) of r. 3 and will be attracted only when the magistrate proceeds to conduct the trial without having D been moved by the competent military authority. It is uo doubt true that in this case the Assistant Sessions Judge has not given a written notice to the Commanding Office( as ~nvisaged under r. 4. But,.in our view, that was unnecessary. When the competent military authorities, knowing full well the nature of the offence alleged against: the appellant, had released him from miliE tary custody and handed him over to the civil authorities, the magistrate was justified in proceeding on the basis that the military authorities bad decided that the appellant need not be tried by the court-martial and that he could be tried by the ordinary criminal court. We will now refer in some detail to the particular circum>t ances F in this case which will show that there has been no violation of the - Act or the Rules. The High Court bas pointed out tliat the District Inspector of Police. P.W. 12, has stated that after recording \he statements of some of the witnesses he proceeded to the Cantonment area and contacted the officer comnm1ding the Punbb Regiment No. 24. The said witness bas also stated that with the perG mission of the said officer he interrogated the accused ~·nd examined his person. The Commanding Officer w~1s not willing to hand over the accused till he obtained oermission from the headquarters. The Commanding Officer as'sisted P.W. 12 in carrying out the identification pm·ade of the accused. The High Court has further stated that after having full knowledge of the charge H against the appellant and the investigation that was bein>Z conducted by the po.lice, the competent authority ultimately r~leased the appellant from military custody and delivered him to th" civil authorities for being tried according to law. 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1971] 2 S.C.R, From these circumstances, in our opinion, it is legitimate to A hold that the competent authority had handed over the appellant to the civil authorities for beiqg tried after Vie former had considered the question of so handing him over after consulta~ons with the headquarters. In these circumstances, ·it follows that the designated officer under s. 125, who had the discretion in the first instance txJ decide that the appellant should be tried before a B court-martial had decided to the contrary. Surrender of the ac· cused to the civil authorities to be dealt with ·by the latter, after being made aware of the nature of the offence against the appel• lant, is a. clear indication that the decision of the military authorities was that the appellant neaj not be tried by a court-martial ###### and that his trial can take place before the criminal court. Under c these circumstances there was no occasion to follow the procedure under i'. 126 or r. 4 as the military authorities had made abundantly clear that the appellant need not be tried by the courtmartial That being so, it would have been altogether superfluous for the. magistrate to give the notice as required by fue said provisions. Rules 5 and 8 have no application to the facts of this case. D B ###### c D We agree with the High Court that there has been a substantial compliance with the relevant provisions of the Act and the Rules and hence the trial of the appellant and his conviction by the learned Assistant Sessions Judge are valid and legal. In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed. G.C. _Appeal_ _dismissed._ E