Jaisinghani v. Union of India

A B ##### c D E F G _lncomt-tax Service-Seniority Rules,_ 1952, _r._ 1(/) (iii) _and_ _(iv)-_ _3eniority between direct recruits and_ _promotees-lf_ _violative of Arts._ 14 _and_ 16 _of Constitution-Promotion Rules,_ _r._ _4--Promotion from_ _Class_ _I,_ _Grade_ _If_ _to Grade_ _I-Different_ _periods_ _of_ _service for direct recruits and_ _promotee:r-If discriminatory-Income-tax_ _Officers_ _(Class I, Grade_ II) _Service Recruitment Rules,_ _r._ _4--Fbcation_ _of_ _quota-Duty_ _to_ _follow,_ _if_ _11iandatory._ In 1944, the Government of India created ·two classes of Income-tax Servie<:, namely, Class I service with Grades I and II, and Class II service with Grade III. Recrwtment to Class I, Grade II was to be made : (a) by direc- recruitment through a competitive examination, and (b) by promotion from Class II, Grade Ill. A Class II officer is considered by the Departmental Promotion Committee for promotion to Class I, Grade Il, after _5_ years' service in Class II ( 2 years of probation and 3 years as Income-tax Officer). In 1951, ti: ... ratio between direct recruits and prOmotees was fixed at 2 : I, presumably under r. 4 of the Income-tax Officers (Class I Grade II) Service Recruitment Rules. Under r. 1 (f)(iii) of the Seniority Rules, 1952, dealing with seniority between direct recruits and promotees, a promotee becomes senior to a ditect recruit who has completed the probationary period of two years in the very year in which the Department Promotion Committee recommends the officers in Class II for promotion to Class I. Rule 1 (f) (iv) deals with a special situation in ,vhich an officer initially appointed to Class 11 service is given seniority in the same manner as a departmental promotee, if subsequent to his passing the departme.ital examination he is appointed in Class I on the results of the competitive examination. Rule 4 of the Rules of Promotion of the Central Board of Revenue Office Procedure Manual, states; that the prescribed minimum service for an officer of Class I, Grade II for promotion to Grade I is 5 years gazetted service including 1 year in Cla~ I, Grade II. For a promotee from Class II, the minimum period of service for promotion to Class I, Grade I, would be actually 4 years service in Class II and 1 year service in Class I, Grade II. [K. S. G. JAISINGHANI _v._ UNION OF INDIA AND ORS. _(With Connected Writ Petition)_ _February_ 22, 1967 #### SuBBA RAo, c. J., J. c. SHAH, s. M. SIKRI, V. RAMASWAMI AND C. A. VAIDIALINGAM, JJ.J Respondents 4, _5_ and 6 were appointed in Class II, Grade Ill Service in 1947. They and the appellant (who was a direct recruit) were appointed in Class I, Grade II service in 1951 after having successfully completed in the 1950 competitive examinf..tion The three respo!ldents were however ~hown as seniors to the appellant as "deemed promotees" under r. 1 H (f)(iv). The appellant filed a writ petition in the High Court and contended that (I) r. l(f)(iii) and (iv) of the Seniority Rules and r. 4 of the Promotion Rules were discriminatory and violative of Arts. 14 and 16 of the 704 SUPREME **COURT** **llEPORTS** [1967) 2 S.C.R. **Constitution.** **and** **(2)** **that** **during** **1951-56** **there was excessive** **recruit-** **A** **meat** **of** **pron1otces.** **in** **violation** **of** **the** **quota** **rule** **prescribing** **the** **ratio** Of 2 ; I. TI1c High Court rejected the petition. In appeal to this Ccurt, HELD: (l)(a). Ruic l(f)(iii) ol' the Seniority Rules, 1957, does **not violate** **the** **guarantee** **unde·r** **Arts.** **14** **and** **16.** It is pot corrected to say that all officers appointed to Class I, Grade II **scivice formed one class** **and** **that after the officers have been once re-** **cruited** **there** **could** **be** **no** **distinction** **between** **direct** **recruits** **and** **promo-.** **tees.** **It** **is** **really a case** **of** **recruitment** **to** **the service from two different** **sources** **and** **the** **adjustment of seniority between** **them.** **The concept** **of** equality in the matter of promotion can be predicated only when the pro**motces** **arc** **dra\VIl** **from'** **the** **same** **source.** **If** **the** **preferential** **treatment** **of** **one source in** **Telation** **to** **the** **other** **is** **based on** **the** **differences between** **the** **t\\'O** **sources,** **and** **the** **said differences have** **a** **reasonable relation to** **the** nature of the office it can legitimately be sustained on the basis of a valid **classification.** **The reason** **for** **the** **classification** **in** **the** **present** **case** **was** that the higher echelons of the service should be filled by experienced officers possessing not only a high degree of ability but also first-rate expe**rience.** **A** **rule** **which gives seniority** **to** **outstanding officers with** consider~ **able** **experience,** **and** **selected on merit** **and** **limiting** **the** **promotion** **to a** **pcrcen:agc** **not** **exceeding** **the** **prescribed** **limit** **cannot** _**per se**_ **be** **regarded** **as** unreasonable. The net effect of the rule is that 3 years of outstanding work in Class II is equated to 2 years of probation in Class I, Grade II ~crvice. **and** **on** **a** **consideration of this aspect** **of** **the** **mattet,** **the promotee** **is** **given seniority** **over a** **direct** **rccrPit** **completing** **the** **period** **of** **probation** in the same year. [711 E-H; 712 B. E, G-H] _The General Manager, Soutliem Railway_ v. _Rangachari,_ (1962) 2 S.C.R. 586. 596, followed. (b) Rule 1 (f) (iv) is also based on a reasonable classification and does not offend the guarantee under Art. 14 or Art. 16(1) of the Constitution [715 DI **B** ##### c **D** **E** The "deemed promotees" were appointed in Class II, Grade III ser~ **F** vice in 1947 and completed 5 years service in that Class by the year 1952 and if the Departmental Promotion Committee had then recommended their promotion to Class I, Grade II, each one of them would have be"~me senior to the appellant by :.1e operation of r. ~(f) (iii). Further, if •,: (iv) did not exist there would be no incentive to a promotee of this type to sit for the competitive examination. Also, if the service of the promotees in Class II, Grado HI was entirely ignored and if they join Oass I, Grade II service as direct recruits, they might become junior to **G** others by the operation of r. l(f) (iii). [715 B-D) ##### ' (cl Once it is held that r. \(f) (iii) of the Seniority llules is legally valid. he rule of promotion cannot be held to lead to any discrimination as bctllteQli direct recruits and p'fOmotees. The object of the rule of promotioi; is really to carry out the policy of r. l(f)(iii) and not allow it to be defeated by the requirement of _5_ years •ervice in Class I, Grade II itself, before consideration for ?romotion to Class I, Grade I. Otherwise, **H,** a promotee certified fit by the Departmental Promotion Committee in 1952 wil1 be senior to the direct recruits who completed their probation in that year, but the seniority would be an empty formality. For, if the A B #### c D E #### c JAJSINGHANI _v._ UNION _(Ramaswami,_ _!.)_ 705 promotee-officer is not allowed to count his period of service in Class II for the purpose of promotion to Gr?de I Clas> I, he will have to wait till 1957 or 1958 to go to Grade I, ..:lass I, while direct recruits who completed their probation in 1952 or 1953 could go. to Grade I, Class I in 1955 er 1956 counting the _5_ years' period from the date on which they were placed on probation [714 A-D, E-G] (2) The appellant was entitled to a writ in the nature of _ma11damus_ commanding respondents 1 to 3 to adjust the. seniority of the appellant and other officers similarly situated and to prepare a fresh seniority list in accordance with law after adjusting the recruitment for the period 1951 to 1956 and onwards in accordance with the quota rule. [718 D-E] Rule 4 of the Income-tax Officers (Class I, Grade II) Service Recruitment Rules is a statutory rule and the·re is a statutory duty cast on the Government under this rule to determine the method to be employed for the purpose of filling the vacancies and the number of candidates to be recruited. Having fixed the quota under the rule, the·re is no discretion left with the Government to alter it according to the exigencies of the situation or to deviate from it, in any particular year, at its own will and pleasure. The absence of arbitrary pO\\ler is the first essential of the rule of law and discretion, \Vhen conferred upon executive authorities, must be confined \Vithin clearly defined Jimits, and their decisions should be made by the application of known principles and rule•. The quota rule is linked up with the seniority rule and unless the quota rule is strictly observed in practice, it will be difficult to hold that the seniority rule, that is, rule l(f) (iii) and (iv) of the Seniority Rules, is not unreasonable and docs not offend Art. 16. Therefore, the promotees from Class II, Grade III to Class I, Grade II service, in excess of the prescribed quom for each of the years 1951 to 1956 and onwards stoul<l be held to have been illegally promoted. [717 H; 718 A.D, G-Hl [The. order will not affect such Class IT officers who have been appointed permanently as Assistant Commissioners of Income-tax. [718 F] For the future years Government should adopt the roster system, by framing an appropriate rule for working out the quota between the direct recruits and the promotees and the roster should be maintained indicating the order in which appointments are made by direct recruitment and by promotion, in accordance with the percentage fixed under the statutory rules.] [719 Fl CrVTL APPELLATE/ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1038 of 1965. Appeal from the judgment and order dated the March 11, 1964 of the Punjab High Court, Circuit Bench at Delhi in Civil Writ Petition No. 189-D of 1962. AND WRIT PETITION No. 5 OF 1966. H Petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution of India for the enforcement of fundamental rights. The aopellant appeared _in_ _person_ (in C.A. No. 1038 of 1965). 706 **SUPllllMI** **OOUllT** **llPOllTS** ( 196 _i]_ _2_ S.C.R. _S._ _V._ _Gupre,_ _Soliciror-Gcneral._ _N._ _S._ _Ril/(lm,_ _R._ _Ge111e1parhy_ _IJW. R._ _H._ _Dhebar_ and _R._ _711iagaraj11n._ for. rcspundc1m '\c)S. 1-3. _A._ _K._ _Sen,_ _N._ _S._ _Binclra,_ _R._ _Ganaparh,1·_ _Iyer_ and _R._ _Thillg<ll'aian,_ for rc,pondent No. 4. A _A._ "· _Sen,_ _R._ _Gmwparhy_ _!ya_ and _R._ _Thic:g11mja11,_ for resp,m- B dents :-;os. 5 and 6 . _. If._ _N._ _Shroff_ for / .. V. _Shroff,_ for re,pondcnts Nos. 12, 22, 25, 28. ~9. 38. 40. 43, 54, 79. 86. 107 and 117. _,Viren_ _De,_ _Addi. Soliciror-General, R._ _Ganaparhy_ _[J't'r_ and _R._ _T/1i11f?11rajan,_ for respondents Nos. 20, 116 and 123. C The respondent No. 34 appeared _in_ _person._ _R._ _Gopalakrisl1111111,_ _Bislwmberlal_ _Khanna_ and _H._ _K_ _P11ri,_ for intervener. _H._ _R._ _Goklw/e, A._ _S._ _R._ _Chari,_ _A._ _N._ _Sinha._ _J.B._ _Dadaclwnji,_ _0._ _C._ _Marhur_ and _Rarinder Narain._ for the petitioner (in W. P. D No. 5 of 1966). _S._ _V._ _Gupre,_ _Soliciror-Grnera/,_ _N._ _S._ _Bindra._ _R._ _Ganapathy_ _[)'er._ _R._ _H._ _Dlwhar_ and _R._ _Thiagamim1,_ for respondenls Nos. 1--4. _S._ _V._ _G11pte,_ _Soliciror-General,_ _R._ _Gmwparhy_ _Ira,_ and _R._ _T/1i11f.al'!lint1,_ for respondents Nos. 6. 7. 9, J2 .. 17, 19. 22, 24, 26, _30,_ 31, 35, 37. 41. 42-50. 52 ·-61, 63, 64, 66, 68 -iO, 72-74, 80, 82-85, 87, 91, 95 and 96. _A._ _S._ _R._ _Chari, R. Gopalakrishnan,_ _Bi.1lu1111halal_ _Klu11111a_ and _II._ _K._ _Puri,_ for intervener. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Ramaswami, J. Cil'il _Appeal_ _No._ 1038 _of_ 196:> This appeal is brought. by certificate, from the judgment of the High Court of Punjab dated March 11. 1964 dismissing the writ petition of the appellant---Civil Writ No. 189-D of 1962. In hi_: petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution. the appellant, S. _r·_ Jaisinghani. challenged the constitutional validity of what has t-ecn described as the .. seniority rule" in regard to Incometax Service, Class I, Grade JI along with the improper implemen tation of the "quota" recruillne<1t to that Scr\'ice as infringing the guarantee of Arts. 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution. The original respondents to the petition were 1he Union of India, Secre E F G **H** B #### c D F G H JAISINGHANI _v._ UNION _(Ramaswami,_ I.) 707 tary to the Government of India in !he Ministry of Finance and the Central Board of Revenue-respondents 1 to 3. Subsequently, respondents 4 to 126 were added and those are promotees in the Income-Tax Service who will be affected by the result of the petition. In order to improve the Income Tax administration the Government of India, on September 29, 1944, reconstituted and classified the existing Income-Tax Services as Class I and II. The re-organisational scheme provided for recruitment of Income-Tax Officers, Class I Grade II Service partly by promotion and partly by direct recruitment. The re-organisational scheme was set out in Government of India, Finance Department (Central Revenues) letter dated September 29, 1944 (Ex. B). It created two classes of Income-Tax Service, Class I with Grade I and Grade II and Class II Service with Grade III. Recruitment to Class I Grade II Service was to be made : (a) by direct recruitment through a competitive examination, and lb) by promotion from Class II Grade III, the ratio prescribed in paragraph 2( d) of the letter being 80% by direct recruitment nnd 20% by promotion from Class II Grade III Service, and in case sufficient number of suitable candidates was not available for promotion, surplus vacancies would be filled by direct recruitment. In Government of Ind;a, Ministry of Finance (Revenue Division) letter dated January 24, 1950 (Ex. G to the writ petition), the rules of seniority were laid down. These rules laid down the principle for determination of seniority (a) as between direct recruits recruited on the result of the combined competitive examination; (b) as between promo tees selected from Class II and (c) as between the direct recruits who complete their probation in a given year and the promotees in the same year for appointment to Class I. These rules were revised on September 5, 1952 by the Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Revenue Division, letter No. F. No. 58(3)-Ad. IT/50, dated September 5, 1952. The relevant rule, _viz.,_ rule I (f) as framed ### in 1950 was as follows : "The seniority of direct recuits recruited on the results of the examinations held by the :Federal Public Service Commission in 1944, and subsequent years ### shall be reckoned as follows : (i) Direct recruits of an earlier examination shall rank above those recruited from subsequent examination. _(ii)_ Direct recruits of any one examination shall rank _inter se_ in accordance with the ranks obtained by them at that examination. _(iii)_ The promotees who have been certified by the Com mission in any calendar year shall be senior to all M2Sup. Cl/67-16 ) 708 **SUPllBMB COUIT** **UPOl.TS** **(1967]** 2 S C.R. direct recruits who complete their probation during thal year or after and are confirmed with effect from a date in that year or after. Provided that a person initially recruited as Class II Income-tax Officer, but subsequently appointed to Class I on the results of a competitive examination conducted by the Federal Put-lie Service Commission shall, if he has passed the departmental examination held before his appointment to Class I Service, be deemed to be promo tee for the purpose of seniority." The rule, as revised in 1952 was to the following effect: "The seniority of direct recruits recruited on the results of the examinations held by the Federal Public Service Commission in 1944, and subsequent years shall #### be reckoned as follows : (i) Direct recruits of an earlier examination shall rank above those recruited from a subsequent examination. _(ii)_ Direct recruits of any one examination shall rank _inter_ _se_ in accordance with the ranks obtained by thell' at that examination; (iii) Officers promoted in accordance with the reconm;enda tion of the Departmental Promotion Committee before the next meeting of the Departmental Promotion Committee shall be. senior to all direct recruits appointed on the results of the exa,-.;nations held by the Union Public Service Commission during the calendar year in which the Departmental Promotion Committee met and the three previous years. (iv) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (iii) a Class II Income-tax Officer subsequently appointed to Class I on the results of a Competitive Examination conducted by the Federal ?ublic Service Commission shall, if he has passed the Departmental Examination held before his appointment to Class I Service be deemed to be a promotee for the purpose of seniority." Clau'c (iv) of the 1952 Rule is almost a reproduction of the proviso to clause (iii) of the rule framed in 195ll and clause (iii) has been recast in somewhat different language, though in substance it contains what the main body of clause (iii) of the Rule of 1950 stated. The effect of clause (iii) of 1952 Ruic is that the promotec becomes senior to the direct recruit who has completed **A** **B** ### **c** **D** I!. **F** G **H** _{_ JAISINGHANI _v._ UNION _(Ramaswmni,_ /,) 709 **A** a probationary period of two years in the very year in which **the** Departmental Promotion Committee meets recommending **the** officers in Class II for promotion to Class I. The following illustrations clarify the application of the rule : Position of direct recruit _5_ Promo tees seniority 6 **B** ### **c** **D** E **F** G **H** A Class II Officer when directly recruited had to be on probation for two years during which period he had to und~rgo a course of theoreticr.l and practical training and shou:d pass a departmental examination for being confirmed. After a minimum Year of Competitive Exam. **1** _Illustration_ 'A' Year Year Departof of mental appoint- comple- promoment ti on tion by of Comdirect 2 mittee recruit- years' met ment probation 2 3 4 1947 the three 1948 previous 1950 Has completed Senior probation. years. 1948 1949 1951 1948 1949 1951 Has no< completed Do. probation. 1949 1950 1952 Has not completed probation. i950 1951 1953 1950 Do. Do. 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1950 Do. Do. Has completed probation. H>ls not completed probation. Do. Do. 1950 thethree 1951 Senior Do. Dr. Do. prev10us 1951 1952 1953 years. 1952 1953 1954 _Illustration_ _'B'_ 1953 1954 1955 1956 in 1953 710 SUPllBMB COURT RBPOllTS [I 967)2 S.C.ll. period of thre} years of work as Income-tax Officer (after his probation of two yea rs} he is considered by the Departmental Promotion Committee for promotion to Class I. That is to say that he has to have a minimwn service of 5 years in all in Class II before he is qualified for being considered for promotion to Class I, Grade II Service. Clause (iv} of rule l(f) deals with a special situation in which an officer initially appointed to Class II Service is given seniority in the same manner as a departmental promotee if &ubse###### quent to his passing the departmental examination in Class II he is appointed to Class : on the results of the combined competitive examination held by the Union Public Service Commission. On October 18, 1951 the recruitment quotas of 80% and 20% under the re-organisation scheme dated September 29, 1944 were revised. Under the revised recruitment quota rule 66-2/3% of the vacancies in Grade II Class I would be filled by direct recruitment and the remaining 33-1/3% by promotion frcm Grade III Class II Servi re. Any surplus vacancies which could not be filled by promotion for want of suitable candidates we!"} to be added to the quota or vacancies to be filled by direct recruitment. Rule 4 of the Rules of Promotions at_ page 251 of the Central Board of Revenue Office Procedure Manual has also been the subject-matter of controversy in this appeal and is set out below. A B #### c D E F G H "Income-tax Officer, Class I (Grade !}.-Promotions to this grade are made from the grade of Income·tax Officers Class I, Grade II. The promotions are made on the basis of seniority subject to fit11ess, and not by selection. Nor###### mally promotions from Class II are made to Grade II of Class I only in the first instance. Howeve'l in the initial stages of the re-organisation of the Income-tax Services, several senior officers were promoted direct from Class II to Class I, Grade I, but such promotions will not ordinarily take place in future. NoTB.-The Union Public Service Commission has ruled that the promotion to Class I, Grade I of officiating l.T.Os., Class I, Grade II-whose retention in that grade has been approved by the Departmental Promotion Committee would also be in the nature of promotion from l.T.O., Class II, Grade III to I.T.O., Class I, Grade I and require consultation with the Commission, even though the promotion from I.T.O., Class I, Grade II to Class I, Grade I is made on the basis of scniori!y cum-fitness without reference to the Departmental Promotion Committee. Appointments to Class I, Grade I ##### ~\\Q\\\d, therefore, be referred to the Commission for approval so long as the officers have not been confirmed #### in the Class I, Grade ll post. 711 A B ##### • ### c _D_ E F G H TJ-.e Full Bench of the Punjab High Court rejected the writ petition of the appellant holding that the principles for determining seniority between direct recruits and promotees laid down in rule l(f)(iii) and (iv), 1952 were not discriminatory and there was no infringement of Arts. 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution. It was also decided by the Full Bench that the quota ru~· announced by the Government of India was merely a policy statement and had no statutory fuce a;:d departure from the quota did not give rise to any justiciable issue. It was further observed that the promoti0n rule from Class I, Grade II to Class I, Grade J was not discnminatory and _ultra vires_ of Arts. 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The first question to be considered in this appeal is whether rule l(f}(iii) of the seniority rules as framed in 1952 violates the guarantee under Arts. 14 and 16 of the Constitution. It was contended on behalf of the appellant that the impugned rule was based upon an unjustifiable cla~,ification between direct recruits and promotees after they had entered into Class I, Grade II Service and on the basis of that classification promotees are given seniority with weightage over direct recruits of the same year and three previous years. It was contended that there was a discrimination between officers of Cla~s I, Grade II Service after their recruitment and the actual working of the rule kept on pushing down the direct recruits and postponing their chances of promotion to higher posts in Class I Service. It was submitted that all officers appointed to Class I, Grade II Service formed one class and after the officers have been once recruited there could be no distinction between direct recruits and promotees. In other words, it was contended that the promotees and direct recruits became one class immediately on entry and thereafter there cannot be any class within that class. We are unable to accept the conteution of the appellant as correct. In our opinion, it is not righi to approach this problem as if it is a case of classification of one service into two classes for the purpose of promotion, and as the promotion rule operating to the disadvantage of one of the two classes. It is really a case of recruitment to the Service from two different sources and then adjustment of seniority ·between the recruits coming from the two sources. So far as Art. 16(1) is concerned, it cannot be said that the rule of seniority proceeds on an unreasonable basis. The reason for the classification is the objective of filling the higher echelons of the Income Tax Service by experienced officers possessing not only a high degree of ability but also first-rate experience. Having regard to the particular circumstances of this case, we JAISINGHANI \'. UNION _(Ramaswami,_ J.) Basis of promotion is seniority-cum-fitness and prescribed minimum service is five years gazetted service including one year in Class I. Grade II." 712 SUPllllME COUllT llEPORTS [196712 s.c.R. are of opinion that the seniority rule is n, t unreasonable when read with the quota rule which provides for a special reservation of a small perc,ntage of posts for the promotees who are selected by a special Committee, which determines the fitness of the candidates for promotic.n after they have put in at least three years of service as Income-tax Officers. A rule which gives seniority to outstanding officers with considerable experience, and selected on merit and limiting the p• .,motion to a percentage not exceeding the prescribed limit cannot _per se_ be regarded as nreasonable. As we have already pointed out, the direct recruits joinir.g Class I, Grade II Service have to undergo a penod of two years training and thereafter they become qualified for confirmation. A promotee having already undergone the very same training during the period of probation of Class II, Grade Ill, joins Class 1, Grade II with three years period of assessment and working experience of the Income-tax Department. It is necessary to add tha• the sek-<:tion of a promotee to Class I is based on merit and great weightage is given by the Departn1ental Promotion Committee to outstanding qualifications, record of work and the ability of the candidate, so that those who come to Class 1, Grade II are officers who have shown outstanding capability as' Income-tax Officers in Class II Service. The statement in Annexure 2 of the affidavit on behalf of respondents 1 to 4 in Writ Petition No. 5 of 1966 shows that the standards of selection are very stiff inasmuch as a very small proportion o:- officers considered for selection is actually promoted. The net effect of rule I (f)(iii) therefore is that three years of outstanding work in Class II is equated to two years of probation in Class I Service and on consideration of this aspect of the matter the promotee is given seniority over a direct recruit completing the period of probation in the same year. The relevant law on the subject is well-settled. Under Art. 16 of the Constitution, there shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State or to promotion from one oflice to a higher office thereunder. Article 16 of the Constitution is only an incident of the application of the concept of equality enshrined in Art. 14 thereof. It gives effect to the doctrine of equality in the matter of appointment and promotion. It follows that there can be a reasonable classification of •he employees for the purpose of appointment or promotion. The concert of equality m the matter of promotion can be predicated only when the promoteL. are drawn from the same S')urce. If the preferential treatment . Jne source in relation to ti.~ other is based on the differences betwee:i the said two sources, and the said differences have a reasonable relation to the nature of the oflice or offices to which recruitment is made, the said recruitment can legitimately be sustained on the b~;is of a valid classification. Dealing with the A B ###, c D E F G H A B ## c D E G H JAJSJNGHANJ _v._ UNION _(Ramaswami,_ _1.)_ 713 extent of protection of Art. 16(1) of the Constitution, this Court -observed in _The_ _General_ _Manager,_ _Southern_ _Railway_ v. _Ranga-_ _chari(1)_ : "It would be clear that matters relating to employment cannot be confined only to the initial matters prior to the act of employment. The narrow construction would confine the application of Art. 16 (I) to the initial employment and nothing e!se; but that clearly is only one of the matters relating to employment. The other matters relating to employment would inevitably be the provision as to the salary and periodical increments therein, terms as to leave, as to gratuity, as to pension and as to the age of superannuation. These are all matters relating to employment and they are, and must be, dee.med to be included in the expression 'matters relatmg to employment' in Art. lo(!). What Art. 16{1) guaran· ###### tees is equality of opportunity to all eiti2erts in respect of all the matters relating to employment illustrat~.d. by us as well as to an appointment to any office as explained by us. The three provisions Art. 16(1 ), Art. 14 and Art. 15(1) form part of the same constitutional code of ###### guarantees and supplement each other. If that be so, there would be no difficulty in holding that the matters relating to empluyment must include all matters in relation to employment both prior, and subsequent, to the employment which are inc:dental to the employment and form part of the terms and conditions of such emrloy**ment."** This Court further observed in that case : "Art. 16(2) prohibits, discrimination and thus assures the effectiv" enforcement of the fundamental right of equality of opportunity guaranteed by Art. 16{1 ). The words, in respect of any employment used in Art. 16(2) must, therefore, include all m1tters relating to employment as specified in Art. 16(1). Therefore, we are satisfied that promotion to selection posts is included both under Art. 16(1) and (2)." We next proceed to consider the argument of the appellant that fle rule of promotion from Income-tax Officers Class I, Gra.de II to Class I, Grade I is discriminatory in character. It was contended that while a direct recruit has to put in 5 years as Income Tax Officer Class I, Grade II, a promotee oftker gets into Grade I with a minim~m of one Far's service in Class I, Grade II, the other four years being counted in Class II, Grade III. It was (I) [1962] 2 S.C.R. 586, 596-598. 714 !uPREMB COURT REPORTS (1967) 2 S.C.R. therefore submitted that the rule operated against the direct re· cruit in a discriminatory manner. In our opinion, there is no -Jb· stance in the contention of the appellant. Once it is held that the rule of senior'.ty enacted in rule I (f)(iii) is !~gaily valid, the rule of promotion _i.e.,_ rule 4 of Ch. IX of the Central Board of Revenue Office Procedure Manual cannot be held to lead to any discrimination as between direct recruits and promotces. Rule 4 states that the prescri~d minimum service for Class I, Grade II Officer in the matter of promotion to Grade I of that ServicP is bve years gazetted service including one year in Class I, Grade II. For a promotee therefore th• minimum period rif service for promotion to Class I, Grade I is actually 4 years service in Class II, Gr.1<1e Ill and one year service in Clas> I, Grade II. The object of the rule is really to carry out the policy of rule l(f) (iii) of the Rules of Seniority and not allow it to be defeated by the require· ment of five years service in Class I, Grade II itself before consideration for promotion to Class I, Grade I. The promotee is placed senior to a direct recruit who completes probation in the year in which the promotee is selected by the Depa:tmental Promotion Committee. If it should be laid down that the past ser###### vice as Income-tax Officer in Class ll is not to be counted, then rule l(f)(iii) would be nullified, because directly recruited ofli· cers junior to the promotecs would go to Grade I earlier than the promotce officers. For example. a promotee certified fit by the Departmental Promotion Commit!ee in 1952 will be senior to the dirL-c! recruits who comp!ete their probation in that year. And if it is to be laid dowi; that the promotee officer shall not count his period of service in Class II for the purpose of promotion to Grade I. Class I he will have to wait till 1957 or 19)8 to go to Grade I, Class I. while direct recruits who completed their probation in 1952 or 1953 would have gone to Grade I. Class I in 1955 or 1956, counting the five years period from the date on which they were plac~d on probation. To remove this anomaly the promotion rule has been framed and we arc unahle to accept the argument of the appellant that ther~ is any discrimination in the working of this rule. The rule of promotion is inextricably linked with the rule of weightage and seniority in Grade II. If in the ru'~ of promotion the service in Grade III is not to be taken i,,to account, seniority in Grade II would be an empty formality. In regard to rule l(f)(iv) of the Seniority Rules, there are only thr!:'! respondents _i.e.,_ respondents 4, 5 and 6 who have been pro· mot ' as "deemed promotees" under this clause of the rule. Each one of them was appointed in Class II, G~ade III Service in 1947 and was appointed in Class I, Grade II Service in 1951 after having successfully competed in the competitive examination of the year 1950, the sam~ year in which the appellant was successful. The arpcllant also joined Class I, Grade II Service in 1951. The B ##### c D ##### r G H A B ##### c D E F G H JAISINGHANI _v._ UNION _(Ramaswami,_ _].)_ 715 three respondents have been shown as· senior to the appellant in the seniority list. The objection of the appellant.is that while they qualified in the same competitive examination, they had become senior to him because of the operation of the artificial rule by which they are treated as "deemed promotees"; otherwise they would have remained junior to him. On behalf of these respondents it was argued by Mr. Bindra that they had been appointed to Class 11, Grade III Service in 1947 and completed _5_ years service in that class by the year 1952 and if the Departmental Promotion Committee met in 1953, as it actually did meet, and if it rewmm~nded their promotion to Class I, Grade II, each one of them would have become senior to the appelli1nt by the operation of cl. (iii) to rule l(f). There was also the further consideration that if rule l(f)(iv) did not exist there was no incentive to a promotee of this type to sit for the competitive examination. It should also be taken into account that if the service of the promotees in Class II, Grade Ill is entirely ignored and if they join the Class I, Grade II Service as direct recruits they might well find themselves becoming junior to those who were left behmd in Class II, Grade III Service by the operation of rule l(f)(Hi). We are accordingly of the opinion that rule l(f)(iv) is based on a reasonable classification and does not offend the guarantee under Art. 14 or Art. 16(1) of the Constitution. We proceed to consider the next question arising for consideration in this appeal, _viz.,_ the allegation of the appellant that there was excessive recruitment of proll'_otees in viC'lation of the quota rule. Rule 3 of the Jncome-tax Officers (Class I, Grade II) ##### Service Recruitment Rules is to the following effect : "The Service shall be recruited by the tollowing method~: _(i)_ By competitive examination held in India in accordance with Part lI of these Rules. _(ii)_ By promotivn ori the basis of selection from Grade III (Class II Service) in accordance with Part Ill of these Rules." Rule 4 reads _:_ "Subject to the provisions of Rule 3, Government shall determine the method or methods to be employed for the purpose of filling any particular vacancies, or such vacancies as may require to be filled during any particular period, and the number of candidates to be recruited by each method." 716 SUPllMI! COURT RE.POllTS (1967] 2 **S.C.ll.** Ruic 5 states : "Vacancies in the Sccvicc which arc filled otherwise than by promotion shall 0e apportioned between the various communities in India in accordance with the provisions of the Government of India (Home Department) Resolution No. F. 14/17-B/33-Ests. dated the 4th July, 1934 (regarding communal representation in the services) and No. 23/5/42-Ests. (S) dated the I I th August, 1943 (regarding representation of Scheduled Castes in the Services) and the supplementary instructions connected therewith." Jn the Jetter of the Government of India dated September 29, 1944 (Ex. B to the writ petition of the appellant) it is stated that the recruitment to Grade II of Class I will be made partly by prom1,tion and partly by direct recruitment and that "80% of the vacancies arising in the Grade will be filled by direct recruitment through the Indian Audit and Allied Serv:.:cs Examination and the remaining 20% vacancies will be filled on the basis of promotion by selection provided suitable number of men are available for promotion". It was also stated in the letter that if there are any vacancies which could not be filled by promotion for want of suitable candidates. these will be added to the quota 'Of vacancies to be filled by direct recruitment. The quota was altered by the Government of India subsequently in their letter dated O<:tober 18, 1951 (Ex. E to the writ petition). In this letter the Government of India said that they had decided in consultation with the Union Public Service Commission that fnr a period ###### of five years, in the first instance, 66-2/3 % vacancie. in Class I, GradP. II will be filled by direct recruitment and the remaining 33-1/3% vacancies on the basis of promotion and any surplus vacancies which cannot be filled for want of suitable candidates will be added to the quota of ~acancies to be filled by direct re,cruitmcn'.. There has been no argument, in this case, with regard to the operation of the rule between the years 1945 and 1950, though in the petition the appellant has alleged that in those years .also there were excessive recruitments of promotecs. It appears from the affidavit of respondent No. I that these were formative years of the Income Tax Service and re-organisation of the Department was being completed and the initial period of re-organisation lasted uptill 19~0. The argument was confined to the years 1951 to 1956. According to the appellant, there was excessive recruitment of 7 I promotees more than the figure permitted by the quota 1ulc. In the judgment under appeal the High Court has examined the matter and found that the excess number of promotees was 3 I ~or the four years 1951 to 1954. During the hearing of the ##### .appeal "c had ordered the Secretary of the Finance Ministry to **A** **B** ##### c **D** **E** **F** **G** **H** A B #### c D E G H It is not clear from the affidavit of Mr. R. C. Dutt wheth\.r the quota rule was strictly followed for the years in question. In the counter-affidavits of respondents I to 4 in Writ Petition No. 5 of 1966 there is however an assertion that the quota rule "has been substantially complied with." The Solicitor-General on behalf of respondents I, 2 and 3 .submitted that the quota rule was merely an administrative direc· tion to determine recruitment from two different sources in the proportion stated in the rule and a breach of that quota rule was not a justiciable issue. The Solicitor-General said that there was, however, subst::ntial compliance with the quota rule. But in the absence of figures of permanent vacancies in Class I, Grade II for the relevan: years the Solicitor-General was unable to say to wllat extent there had. been deviation from the rule. We are unable to accept the argument of the Solicitor-General that the quota rule was not legally binding on the Government. It is not disputed that rule 4 of the Income-tax Officers (Class I, Grade II) Service Recruitment Rules is a statutory rule and there is a statutory duty cast on the Government under this rule to determine the method or methods to be employed for the purpose of filling the vacancies and the number of candidates to be recn.ited by each rr>ethod. In the letter of the Government of India dated October 18, 19~1 ###### JAISINGlL\Nl v. UNION (Ramaswami, J.) 717 furnish the number of vacancies which had arisen from year to year from .1945 onwards, the nature of the vacancies-permane.nt or temporary and the chain of vacancies and such other details which are relevant to the ·m"ltters pending before this Court. In his affidavit dated January 31, 1967 Mr. R. C. Dutt said that he was not able to work out, in spite of his best endeavours, the number of v&cancies arising in a particular year. However, a sta~ment, Ex. E, was furnished showing the number of o!ficers ~ecrmt~d by the two methods of recruitment to Class I Service durmg the relevant years : War Officers Service selected candi- from dates Class ##### II 2 49 38 30 24 . 25 Year 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 lJPSC Exam. recrui\s 50 52 44 45 718 SUPREME COURT REPOR7S [1967] 2 S.C.R. there is no specific reference to rule 4, but the quota fixed in their letter must be dct>med to have been fixed by the Government of India in exercise of the statutory power given under rule 4. Having fixed the quota in that letter under rule 4, it is not now open to t:1e Government of India to say that it is not incumbent upon it to follow the quota for each year and it is open to it to alter the quota on account of the particular situation (See para 24 of the counter affidavit of respondents I to 3 in Writ Petition No. 5 of 1966). We are of opinion that having fixed the quota in exercise of their power under rule 4 between the two sources of recruitment. there is no discretion left with the Government of lndie. to alter that quota according to tre exigencies of the situation or to deviate from the quota, in any )>articular year, at its own will and pleasure. As we have already indicated, the quota rule is linked up with the seniority rule and unless the quota rule is strictly observed in practice. it will "'- difficult to hold that the seniority rule _i.e.,_ rule l(f)(iii) & (iv), is not unreasonable and d~ not offend Art. 16 of the Constitution. We are accordingly of the opinion that prOf!IOtees from Class II, Grade Ill to Clas~ I, Grade II Service in excess of the prescribed quotas for each of the years 1951 •O 1956 and onwards have been iUegally promoted and the appellant is entitled to a writ in the nature of _mandamus_ commanding respondents I to 3 to adjust the seniority of the appellant and other officers similarly placed like him and to prepare a fresh seniority list in accordance with law after adjusting the recruitment for the period 1951 to 1956 and onwards in accordance with the quota rule prescribed in the letter of the Government of fndia No. F. 24(2)-Admn. l.T./51 dated October 18, 1951. We, however, wish to make it clear that this order will not affect such Class II Officers who have been appointed pt.mancntly as Assisti>.nt Commissioners of Income Tax. But this order will apply to all .:ithcr officers including those who have been appointed A~is­ tant Commissioners of Income Tax provisionally pursuant to the orders of the High Court. In this context it is important to emphasize that the absence of a1bitrary power is the first essential of the rule of law upon which our whole constitutional 'ystem is based. In a system governed by rule of law, discretion, when conferred upon executive authorities, must be confined within clearly defined limits. The rule of Jaw from this point of view means that decision., should be made by the application of known principles and rules and, in general, such decisions shouid be predictable and the citizen should ###### know where he is. If a decision is taken without any principle or without any rule it i~ unpredictable and such a decision is the antithesis of a decision taken in accordance with the rule of law. (See Dicey·-·"Law of the Constitution"-Tenth Edn., Introduction ex). "Law has reached its finest moments", stated Douglas, J. D #### c D E # ' G H A B ##### c D E F .TAISINGHANI _v._ UNION _(Ramaswami,_ _J.)_ in _United States_ _v._ _Wunderlick('),_ "when it has freed man from ##### the unlimited discretion of some ruler .. : ..... Where discretion is absolute, man has a,lways suffered". It is in this sense that the rule of law may be said to be the sworn enemy of caprice. Discretion, as Lord Mansfield stated it in classic terms in the _case_ _of John_ _Wilkes(>),_ "means sound discretion guided by law. It must be governed by rule, not by humour : it must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful." We should also like to suggest to the Government that for future years the roster system should be adopted by framing an appropriate rule for working out the quota between the direct recruits and the promotees and that a roster should be maintained indicating the order in which appointments are made Ly direct recruitment and by promotion in accordance with the percentages fixed under the statutory TUle for each method of recruitm.ent. For these reasons we allow this appeal in part and order that a writ in the nature of _mandamus_ should be granted to the appellant to the. extent indicated above. There will be no order as to costs in this appeal. _Writ_ _Petition_ _No._ 5 _of_ 1966 The questions arising for determination in this case are similar in character to the questions which have been the subject-matter of consideration in Civil Appeal No. 1038 of 1965. For the reasons given in that case, we hold that this petition should be allowed and a writ in the nature of _mandamus_ under Art. 32 of the Constitution should be granted commanding' respondents I to 3 to adjust the seniority of the petitioner and other officers similarly placed like him and to prepare· a fresh seniority !i;;t in accordance with law after adjusting the rec1uitment for the period 1951 to 1956 and onwards in accordance with the quota rule prescribed in the letter No. F. 24(2) Admn. I.T./51 dated October 18, 1951. of the Government of India. There will be no order a.s to costs. V.P.S. _Petition allowed._ _Appeal_ _allowed in part._ (1) 342 U.S. 98. (2) (1770) 4 Burr. 2528 at 2539.