Jagannath Behera and Others v. Raja Harihar Singh and Mardaraj Bhramarbara Roy

S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1067 JAGANNATH BEHERA AND OTHERS ##### _v._ RAJA HARIHAR SINGH MARDARAJ BHRAMARBARA ROY (BHAGWATI, B. P. SINHA, JAFER IMAM, J. L. KAPUR and GAJENDRAGADKAR JJ.) _Merger_ _Agreement-Private_ _property of Ruler-Legisla-_ _tion restricting ejectment of_ _tenants-If_ _violates guarantee_ _of_ _full ownership, use_ _and_ _enjoyment-Jurisdiction_ _of_ _Courts in_ _di.Spute_ _be.tween Ruler and_ _tenants-Ruler_ _whether a landlord_ _-Orissa_ _Tenants Protection Act,_ 1948 _(Orissa III of_ 1948), _ss._ 2(a) _and (g)-Orissa Merged States_ (Laws) _Act,_ 1950 _(Orissa_ _IV_ _of_ 1950), _ss._ 7(a) _and (h)-Constitution of India, Arts._ 19(1) (f), 363. The respondent was the Ruler of the erstwhile State of Khandapara which merged in the State of Orissa on August 1. 1949. Article 3 qf the Agreement of Merger guaranteed that "the Raja shall be entitled to full ownership, use and enjoyment of all his private properties". The OrissaMerged States' (Laws) Act, 1950 extended the Orissa Tenant's Protection Act, 1948 to the merged areas. In 1951 the respondents evicted certain tenants. The tenants applied to the Revenue Officer under the 1948 Act for being restored to possession on the allegations that the respondent was their landlord and that he had unlawfully evicted them. The Revenue Officer allowed the applica _1957_ _Decemher 6._ tions and directed· restoration of possession. The respondent filed a petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution in the High Court for quashing the orders of the Revenue Officer contending, (1) that the application of the provlsions of the 1948 Act to his private properties violated the guarantee given. under the Agreement,, (2) that Art. 363 of the Constitution barred· the Court from dealing with any dispute arising out of the Agree m~nt, and (3) that the 1948 Act did not apply to him as he was not a ·landlord. The High Court accepted these contentions and quashed the proceedings taken under the 1948 Act : _Held,_ that the extention of the 1948 Act did not affect the full ownership, use and enjoyment of his properties guaranteed to the respondent under the Agreement. The provisions of the Agreement only protected· his rights to t.he properties declared to be his private properties so that they could not be claimed at anytime thereafter as State properties. The guarantee given under the Agreement could not be absolute but could only be co-extensive with the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property which is guaranteed to all citizens under Art. 19(1)(£) of the Constitution. _State of Bihar_ v. _Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshwar Singh_ of D)3SOI-3(11) . '1068 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _r957_ Darbhang~. [1952] S.C.R. 889 ~nd _Visheshwar_ _Rao_ v. _The State_ _of_ - _Madhya Pradesh,_ [1952] S.C.R. 1020, followed. _Jagannath Behera_ _H_ _Id_ h h . . . di . f th C . h _**and**_ _**o·tJurs**_ _**e**_ **,** **t** **at** **t** **e .Juns** **ct1on** **o** **e** **ourts to entertain** **t** **e** ... - · applications under the 1948 . Act, was not barred by Art. 363 of _Raja_ the Constitution. The dispute between the appellants and respon_Harihar_ _Singh_ dent was not a. dispute which arose.· out of the Agreement of _Mardaraj_ Merger, and so "!as not eov~red by,Art. 363. _Bhramarbara Roy_ _Held_ further, that the respondent was a landlord to whom the provisions of the 1948 Act, applied .. Whatever may have been the definition of the terms landlord and tenant in ss. 2(c) and (g) of the 1948 Act the definitions contained in s. 7(a) of the 1950 Act, made the appellants •the tenants' and the respondent 'the landlord' in regard to the lands in question. _Bhagwatt_ _]._ 'CIVIL Af>P'.i<:LiATE 'Juru;~1c'T10N: Civil Appeal No. 309 of 1955. - · - · Appeal fr~m. the· judg~ent' and cird~r dated Octo ber 7, 1953, of the.Orissa High Court in O.J.C .. No. 37 ##### of 1952. ·' · ·. O: K,; Daphtary, · Solicitor-General· of India· and B~ _Sen_ _(B:_ _M. Patnik; Advocate,·. Orissa'High_ ·. _Oourt-:-_ ##### with Special Permission of the Oourt. and R.H. Dhebar), for the appellants Nos. 1, 3 to 9 and 11 to 16 and the intervener. : ' . . _H. ]lahapatra_ and. _Gyan' Ohand .Mathur,_ for the respondent. . · · . . ·. _:_ - · . - . · ##### · 1957. December 6. 'The following Judgment of the Court was. delivered by· - · . · · . · ·· #### · BHAGWATi J.-· This appe~l with a certificate unde~ Arts. 132 and I33(l)(c) of the Constitution arises out ##### of a writ petition filed by the respondent in the, High Court of Orissa under Art: 226 seeking to quash the ##### proceedings taken by certain tenants of his private lands . under· the provisions . of. the Orissa . Tenants' Protection· Act, 1948 (Orissa III of 1948), hereinafter referred to as the·l948 Act. - - The respondent was the ruler ·of the . erstwhile Khandapara. State which merged with the Province of Orissa under the States' Merger (Governor's Provinces) Order, 1949 with effect from August 1, 1949. The respondent had on December 14, 1947 entered into an ##### agreement. with the Governor-Genernl of India art, 3 whereof vrovided that; ': ##### • S.U.H. SUP.RE.ME UOUHT ltEPOR'tS I OU!} "'The Raja shall be entitled to full ownership, use, and _w.;r_ . _I_ enjoyment of ail private properties (as distinct from State _.f"!'"""at'•_ _11.1,,,,,_ Properties) belonging to him on the date of the agreement." ""'1v~tli· ; .., _Raj11_ That article further provided that if any dispute arose _JJ11ri/1ar_ _Hi1!u"_ . f h . . Jfari{ma~ as to w I I 1ct ier any item o . property was t e private property n.~ _.._ _1.marhara_ _Uu"_ of the Raja or State property, it shall be referred to' such offi- _111_ _["•amori ]_ _[J. ]_ ccr with judicial experience as the Dominion Government might nominate and the decision of that officer shall be final and binding on both parties. The respondent claimed a. number of properties and the matter was referred to the Adviser for Orissa States for determining whether all the items claimed by him could be regarded as his private properties. On June 10. 1949, the Adviser communicated his decision that_ the respondent was entitled to 1,643 acres as his _K hai11ar_ lands and 29 and odd acres as lands settled with· his tcna1\ts. The lands comprised in the present proceedings ta ken •under the 1948 Act as aforesaid were peclared to be the private properties of the respondent. On March 3. 1950, the Orissa Legislature passed the Orissa Merged States' (Laws) Act. 1950 (Orissa IV of 1950> hereinafter referred to as "the 1950 Act". Section 4 of that Act extended _inter_ _alia_ the 1948 Act to the areas merged in the absorbing Province of Orissa. Section 7,provided for the modification of tenancy Jaws in force in the merged States; The relevant provisions of that section so far as they arc ma leria 1 for the purposes of this appeal may be set out herein: "Notwithstanding anything contained in the tenancy laws of the merged States as continued in force by virtue of article 4 of the States Merger (Governor's Provinces) Order, 1949: (a) all ~uits and proceeedings between landlord and t<.:nant as such shall be instituted and tried in revenue courts. _Explanation_ : In this clause the expression "landlord .. shall mean a person immediately under whom a tenant holds land, and the expression "ten;rnt" shall mean a person who holds land under another person and is or, but for a special ## 1070 SUPREME COURT REPOitTi:l L1!!5!! J _1957_ contract, would be liable to pay rent for that land to that _**Jaga1'nath**_ _**Bekt11**_ **person:** _**and Others**_ v. _**Raja**_ _**Harihar**_ _**Singh**_ _**Mardaraj**_ _**Bhramarbara Rog**_ (h) when a person holds K!iamar, nij-jote or any other private lands of a Ruler, which has been recognised as such by the Provincial Government, he shall not be liable to ejectment but shall be liable to pay such fair and equitable rent as may be fixed by any competent authority appointed in this behalf by the Revenue Commissioner or the Commissioner, Northern Division, as the ..:ase may be and thereupon he shall acquire right of occupancy in respect of such lands: " On April 14, 195 J, the State Legislatqre passed the Orissa Tenants Protection (Amendment) Act, 195 J (Orissa XVII of 1951) whereby the date the "!st day of September, 1947" wherever it was used in the 1950 Act, was substituted by the "lst day of August. 1949" for .the purposes of the merged States areas and it was further provided that in such areas whe1 c neither the Madras Estates Land Act, 1908, nor the Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913 was in force the special laws or customs prevailing therein shall be taken into considera tion for the application of that Act. _BhagU1atiJ,_ It appears that certain tenants who were in occupation of the private lands of the respondent were evicted by him during the year J 951 and other tenants were inducted by him and put in possession of the lands. The tenants who were thus evicted applied to the Revenue Officer some time in 1952 for being restored to possession of their tenancy lands under the provisions of the 1948 Act, alleging that the respondent was their landlord and that he bad unlawfully evicted them from their lands. These were numbered as O.T.P. Act Cases Nos. 21 to 25 of 1952. 26 to 28 ofl l 952. 29 to 32 of 1952 and 33 to 41 of 1.952. Notice was issued tOI the respondent but it appears that he did not care to enter appear ance before the Revenue Officer or to contest the applications. On the _ex parte_ evidence of the Applicants the Revenue Officer directed restoration of possession I<> them hold: ing lhat they were in possc~sion of the lands as tenants on ### S.C.H. SUPlrJ•J~U} C< IUH'l' n ~PORTS 1071 #### the I st day of August, 1949. and as such were entitled to the m• [7 ] benefits conferred by the 1948 Act, as amended in its appli- _.Juit''"';;;,}JeJ,.,-u_ - _and Otl1er.,_ cation to the merged States.,., The respondent thereupon filed a writ petition under JJari,Ji~.:nuTi Art. 226 of the Constitution in the High Court seeking to _Jfarrlaraj_ . . - h ~ . _JJ/n·f1ma1lrart1_ _Ruy_ quash the entire procccdmgs on the groun t at 111 _ respect of the disputed lands he was not a ''landlord" within _Blingwali_ ·'· the meaning of the 1948 Act. The petition as filed averred that the fundamental right conferred upon the respondent by Art. 19 of the Constitution was infringed, that the provisions of the 1948 Act which were inconsistent with that article were void as being _ultra vires_ the Constitution and the orders passed thereunder by the Revenue Officer were illegal and liable to be set aside. This petition was filed by the respondent on August 11, 1952. A further petition was thereafter filed on February 26. 1953 invoking art. 3 of the said Agreement and it was contended that by the application of the provisions of the _1948_ Act. to the said private properties of the respondent, , the respondent was deprived of the "full ownership, use and enjoyment" of the properties to which he was entitled under the said Agreement, and that under Art. 363 of the Constitution, no Court had jurisdiction to deal with any dispute aris" ing out of any provisions of the said Agreement. The decision of the Revenue Officer was thus called in question and it was contended that he had no jurisdiction to decide the dispute as to whether the tenants had any right to the personal properties of the responc:lr11t :incl ~•s such the proceedings were liable to be quashed as being without jurisdiction. The High Court accepted these contentions of the respondent and allowed the writ petition. It accordingly direct- \ cd the issue of a writ declaring that the proceedings under the 1948 Act taken by the Revenue Officer were void as heing without jurisdiction and that they should be quashed. The tenants then filed an application before the High _Court_ asking for a certificate under Arts. 132 and 133(1 )(c) 1072 ::!UPREME UOU1{1' HEl'Ull'ft:l ll958] _1957_ of the Constitution which was granted by the High Court. _Jagam;;;;;;- Behera_ The State of Orissa asked for leave to intervene in the appeal _and Other•_ which leave was granted by this Court and the learned Soliv. ##### Raja citor-General has appeared· before us in support ot the ap_**Harihar Bingk**_ _.1fard<1raj_ peal. both on b h e a Jf - · f t. h e tenants w o are t e appe ants h h ]] _Bhr<rnmrbara Roy_ htrein. and the State of Orissa, the Intervener _Bl<"u_ s _ati_ _J._ lt may be noted at the outset that no question has been raised in regard ·10 the _vires_ of the 1950 Act. which extended _inter alia_ the I 948 Act to the areas merged in the absorbing Province of Orissa. That being so, s. 7(h) of the 1950 Act in terms would apply to the appellants before us and they would not be liable to ejectment. The answer of the respondent, however. is that (I) the Revenue Court had by virtue of Art. 363 of the Constitution no jurisdiction in the disputes between the appellants and him arising out of the provisions of the said Agreement dated December 14, 1947, (2> that the full ownership use and enjoyment of the properties which was guaranteed to him under art. 3 of the said Agreement was afkcted by the application of the provisions of the J 948 Act, to the said lands and (3) that, he was not ·a "landlord" and the appellants were not the "tenants" within the meaning of the terms as defined in the 1948 Act, and, that in any event. these lands were not recognised as such by the Provincial Government which recognition was a condition precedent to the application of s. 7(h) of the 1950 Act lo these land~ and that therefore the appellants were not entitled to the protection thereof. The first two contentions are inter-related and can be disposed of together. The lands in question were declared to be the private properties of the respondent and he was guarunteed under art. _3_ of the said Agreement full ownership, use and enjoyment thereof. Article _363_ only ousted the jurisdiction of the courts in regard· to the disputes arising out of any provisions of the Agreement entered into by the Rulers of Indian States with the Government of India. The dispute which had arisen between the appellants and the respondent in the present case could hardly be said to be a dis ##### S.O.R. SUPRBME OOUR1; REPORTS 1073 #### pute arising out of any provisions of the said Agreement. 19a1 The full ownership, use and enj?yment of ~he properties _Jagannath&hcra_ which were declared to be the private properties of the res- _arui Others_ pondent was not sought to be affected by extending the 1948 _R:ja_ Act, to the merged State of Khandapara. The properties _Hari!iar Singh_ which had been declared to be the private properties of the _.Jfaraaruj_ respondent were not claimed as State properties but the _Bl.mmarbara Roy_ whole legislation proceeded on lhe basis. that the respondent _Bhagwati_ _J._ was the owner of these properties .wherein he had inducted tenants and what was sought to be done was to enact a measure for the protection of those tenants. A measure for the protection of the tenants ind.ucted by the respondent could hardly be said to affect the full ownership. use and enjoyment of these properties by the respondent. It no doubt imposed certain restrictions on the absolute rights which the respondent claimed in regard to the user and enjoyment of the said properties; but these measures wer~ imposed upon him in common with all the citizens of the Union and the justification for the same could be sou!!ht un'der cl. _5_ of Art. _19_ of the Constitution. ~ Similar contentions which had been raised on behalf of the erstwhile Rulers, whose States had merged with the Provinces, were answered by this Court in _The State. of Bihar_ v. _Mahm·ajadhiraja Sir_ _Ka111e.1·!11rnr_ _Singh_ _of_ _Darbhanga(')_ and in _Visweshwar_ _Rao_ _v._ _The_ _State_ _of_ _Madhya Pradesh(')._ Patanjali Sastri C. J. observed in the former case at page 915: ' "But a short and obvious answer is that there was no contravention of any guarantee or assurance given by the Government under the convenant of merger, as the estates in question are sought to be acquired only as the "private pro perty., of !he Rulers and not otherwise. The compensation provided for, such as it is, is in recognition of their private proprietorship, as in the case of any other owner.·· Mahajan J. (as he then was) observed in the latter case at page 1041: "It is true that by the covenant of merger the properties (') [19~2] S.C.R. 889, !ll5. (') [Hl52] S.C.R. 10:20. 1041. 1054. 1074 HUPREi\lE UOUR'l' R.MPOR'l'H Llll58] _1957_ of the petitioner became his pri vale properties as distinguish _J•fl"7'nalh_ _Ber..ra_ ed f.rom properties of the State but in respect of them he is _and Olllera_ in no better position than any other owner possessing private v. _11/Jj•_ - property. Article 362 does not prohibit the acquisition of _Harlliar S•ng1'_ . d 1 d . . b h f _Mardaraj_ properlles · ec are as pnvate properties y t e covenant o _BAromarbara Bou_ merger and does not guarantee their perpetual existence. The _Blmgwuti_ _J._ guarantee contained in the article is of a limited extent only. It assures tb.at the Rulers' properties declared as their private properties will not be claimed as State properties. The guarantee has no greater scope than this. That guarantee has been fully respected by the impugned statute, as it treats those properties as their private properties and seeks to acquire them on that assumption. Moreover, it seems to me that in view of the comprehensive language of article 363 this issue is not justiciable." Das J. (as he then was) also observed in that case at page 1054: "The guarantee or assurance to which due regard is to be had is limited to personal rights, privileges and dignities of the Ruler _qua_ a Ruler. It docs not extend to personal property which is different from personal rights. Further, this article does not import any legal obligation but is an assurance only. All that the covenant does is to recognise the title of the Ruler as owner of certain properties. To say that the Ruler is the owner of certain properties is not to say that those poperties shall in no circumstances .be acquired by the State. The fact that his personal properties are sought to be acquired on payment of compensation clearly recognises his title just as the titles o_f other proprietors are recognised." It is clear therefore that neither Art. 363 nor Art. 362 of the Constitution would avail the respondent and the courts would have jurisdiction to entertain the dispute between the appellant~ and him which arose out of his action in ejecting them from his private lands. The provisions of the said Agreement only protected his rights in the properties declared to be his private properties so that they could not be ckiimcd at any time thereafter as Stale properties_ The 1948 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPOR'fS 1075 Act did not dispute his ownership over the same but pro- _196'1_ ceeded on the basis that they were his private properties and _Jagan;;;J;Beliem_ sought to impose upon him certain obligations in order to _and_ Oilier• v. protect the rights of the tenants whom he had inducted _Raja_ _Harikar Singh_ therein and there was no infringement of the guarantee or ~.Mardaraj assurances which had been given to him under art. 3 of the _Bl.ramarbara Roy_ said Agreement: It could not also be urged that by imposing _Bhagwati_ _J._ reasonable restrictions in the interests of the tenants on his right to acquire, hold and dispose of properties under cl. _5_ of Art. 19 of the Constitution, the 1948 Aet affected his rights of full ownership, use and enjoyment of those properties. If anything was done by extending the 1948 Act to the merged State of Khandapara, it was done in the interests of the tenants and it was done for the protection of the tenants who were indueted by him and such restrictions did not affect the full ownership, use and enjoyment of his private properties, any more than they did in the case of other owners of lands. As a matter of fact, under the tem1s of the 1950 Act which extended the 1948 Act to the merged State of Khandapara, he was entitled to the 'payment by the tenants of such fair and equitable rent as may be fixed by any competent authority appointed in this behalf by the Revenue Commissioner or the Commissioner of the Northern Division as the case may be and so Jong as the tenants continued to pay such rent he was _no_ worse off than were other proprietors of lands. The tenants would no doubt acquire rights of occupancy in respect of such lands but the acquisition of the occupancy rights by the tenants would not be calculated to affect his right to full ownership, use and enjoyment of his lands. because he would be entitled to eject the occupancy tenants also if the tenants used the lands comprised in their holdings in any manner which rendered them unfit. for the purposes of the tenancy or committed a breach of conditions consistent with the provisions of the tenancy laws in force in the merged State concerned on breach whereof they were under the terms of the contract between themselves and the landlord liable to be ejected. As already stated' these restric 1076 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] _'957_ these restrictions were for the protection of the tenants - who were inducted on the lands by the erstwhile J•g;;;·~h~::•ra Rulers themselves and by the extension of the 1948 v. Act to the merged State of Khandapara, the respon_Raja_ dent was treated in the same manner as any other #### Hadhar Si~gh citizen of the Union. ·If at all there was any infringe _Bh_ l\Iar~ar•J _R_ ment of his rights to full ownership, use and enjoy##### r•m•r ara oy ment of his properties that was also in accordance _Bhagwati_ _1._ with the provisions of the ConRtitution itself and whatever may have been the guarantee or assurance given to him under the terms of the said Agreement, ##### it could not be absolute but would only be co-extensive with the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property which is guaranteed to all the citizens of the Union under Art. I!J(l)(f) of the Constitution .. These content:ons of the respondent therefore-are of no avail. ##### If, then, the provisions of the 1950 Act could be validly applied to the merged State of Khandapara in spite of art. 3 of the said .Agreement thus. attracting ##### the operation of the 1948 Act to his private lands it remains to consider whether the respondent was a landlord and the appellants were his tenants within the meaning of the terms as defined in.that Act. The contention of the respondent, in the first instance, is that under the terms of s. 2(ii) of the Orissa Tenants Protection (Amendment) Act, 1951 (Orissa ##### XVII of 1951) which added sub-s. 5 to s. 1 of the 1948. Act, in such areas where neither the Madras .Eatates Lands Act, 1908, nor the Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913, was in force-and the State of Khandapara was such ##### an area-the special laws or customs prevailing therein shall be taken into consideration for the application #### of that Act. It is urged that the relationship between the respondent and the tenants whom he had inr.l.ucted on his private properties was governed by special laws and customs and that therefore the application of the ##### Act was excluded. It is, however, to be observed that no such contention was ever taken in the proceedings before the Revenue Officer or before the High Court and it was urged for the first time in the course of the arguments befo_re us. The question is one of fact, # S.O.R. SUPRl:£l\'IE courr REPORT:-> 1077 toms .vere prevailing in the merged State of Khandapara, and _1961_ we canno~ allow the respondent to urge this contention for _Jagannath Belle"'_ the first time before us. We shall, therefore, proceed on the _anrl_ _Other<_ basis that the 1948 Act was quite properly extended to the _v.__ merged State of Khandapara. JJari~~;~SingJ, ft is next contended that the definition of landlord and tenant given in s. 2(c\ and <g> of the 1948 Act did not apply to the relationship between the parties. The definitions of these terms are as under: _Section_ 2(c)-"landlord" means a person, whether ·a proprietor. sub-proprietor, tenure-holder or raiyat or underraiyat, either in the raiyatwari area or in the zamindari area or land-holder or permanent under-tenure-holder. whose land a person. whether immediately, or mediately cultivates as a tenant: _Section_ 2(g)-"tenant'' means a person who, under the system generally known as Bhag, Sanja, Kata or such similar expression, cultivates the land of another person on condition of delivering to that person- (i) either a share of the produce of such land, or (ii) the estimated value of a portion of the crop raised on the land, or (iii) a fixed quantity of produce irrespective of the yield from the land, or <iv) produce or its estimated value partly in any one of the ways described above and partly in another; but shall not include ..................... " It is urged that the tenants who were inducted by the respondent on these lands did not fulfil the terms of this definition and they were therefore not tenants and, as a logical corollary to that, the respondent could not be a landlord _qua_ them. It is also contended that even though these lands were declared to be the private properties of the Respondent under the decision of the Adviser for the Orissa States, that was a recognition of the lands as such by the Dominion Government and not by the Provincial Government; which recognition was a condition precedent of the application of s. 7<h) of the 1950 Act to these lands. Herc _Jfordarai_ _/Jhromarbal'fl' Jf,,11_ JJ/1'4fl~l'!flli ./. _**1961**_ _**Jagannath Bekra**_ _**and Othera**_ v. _**Raja**_ _**Jlarilzar Sin.oh**_ .~Cardaf'aj _**!Jhmmarbaf'fl**_ _**lto11**_ RUPHJD~rn COUHT HJ~l'OHTl'.l l1H51>] also, the respondent is confronted with this difficulty that these questions were not mooted either before the Revenue Officer or the High Court in the manner in which it was sought to be done before us. It was a 11 along assumed that the appellants had been the tenants of the respondent but had been ejected by him in the year 1951 and other tenants were inducted in their place some time in 1952. The land' in question were also assumed to have been recognised as the private lands of the respondent by the Government without making any distinction between the Dominion Government and the Provincial Government as was sought to be done before us. Reliance was mainly placed by the respondent in the High Court on his plea that the jurisdiction of the Revenue Officer was barred under Art. 363 of the Constitution and it was nowhere urged that the appellants were not the tenants and he was not the landlord within the terms of the definitions contained in the 1948 Act or that in the absence of recognition of these private lands of his as such by the Provincial Government, the condition precedent to the application of s. 7th) of the 1950 Act was not fulfilled and that section has no application at all to these lands. The determination of these questions also requires evidence in regard to the same and it would not be legitimate to allow these questions to be agitated for the first time at this late stage. The matter is. however. concluded by the provisions of s. 7(a) of the 1950 Act. That section enacts a statutory extension of the definition of the terms landlord and tenant and provides that the expression 'landlord' shall mean a person immediately under whom a tenant holds land, and the expression 'tenant' shall mean a person who holds land under another person and is or, but for a special contract, would be liable to pay rent for that land to that person. Whatever may have been the definitions of the terms landlord and tenant in s. 2(c) and fg) of the 1948 Act, this definition contained in the explanation to s. 7(a) of the 1950 Act makes the appellants 'the tenants' and the respondents 'a landlord' in regard to the lands in question. This statutory extension of S.O.R. SUPREME COURT R.J~POH.TS 1079 the definition of the terms 'landlord' and 'tenant' therefore _1957_ is sufficient, in our opinion, to repel the last contention urged _Jagannath Bchei-a_ on behalf of the respondent before us. _and Others_ . v. The respondent further contends that in spite of s. 7 of . _lla.ia._ the 1950 Act. enacting that all suits and proceedings between _llarzhar_ 13 the 1950 Act. enacting that all suits and proceedings between _llarzhar_ 13'~" landlord and tenant rs such shall be instituted and tried in B/,,!':!;.'t;~~ _Roy_ revenue courts, the provisions of the 1948 Act in regard to the hierarchy of revenue courts and the procedure and the _lllwff'""';_ _.1._ penalties provided therein are not attracted: to the merged State of Khandapara. The contention is that the provisions contained in the 1950 Act are special provisions which eliminate the operation of the general provisions contained ill the 1948 Act, and in so far as nothing more is stated in regard to how the revenue courts' are to act in the matte'r of the institution and trial of all suits and proceedings between landlord and tenant, there is a lacuna and the revenue courts as envisaged by the 1948 Act, have no jurisdiction to entertain the proceedings in question. The simple answer to this contention of the responltent is that both these Acts have to be read together. The _1950_ Act is an Act to extend certain Acts arid regulations to certain areas administered as part of the Province of Orissa. The merged State of Khandapara is one of such areas. By virtue of s. 4 of this Act the 1948 Act is _inter alia_ extended to the merged State of Khandapara and the provisions there of are made applicable in that area. The other sections of this Act enact further provisions which are applicable to these merged States including the merged State of Khanda para ancf s. 7, in particular, enacts the modification of the tenancy Jaws in force in those merged States. These provisions are therefore supplementary to those contained in the 1948 Act, and it follows that not only the provisions of the 1948 Act but also the provisions of the 1950 Act are applicable to the merged State of Khandapara. If both these Acts are thus read together. as they should be, there is no inconsistency between the provisions of these Acts and it is clear that the provisions of sub-s. (a) and (h) of s. 7 of the 1950 _**1!JfJ1**_ _**Jagannath**_ B~litra **nnd** _**Otliers**_ v. _**Raja**_ _**Harihar**_ _**Singh**_ _**Mardaraj**_ _BAramarbaro_ _Ro,_ 1080 SUPRE.ME UOURT REPORTS [1958] Act which applied to the dispute which arose between the appellants and the respondent read together with the relevant provisions in regard to the procedure, penalties, etc., contained in the 1948 Act did give jurisdiction to the Revenue Officer to entertain the dispute between the parties. This contention of the respondent also therefore fails. We are therefore, of opinion that the judgment of the High Court was clearly wrong and is liable to be set aside. We accordingly allow the appeal, set aside the order made by the High Court, and restore the orders passed by the Revenue Officer in the O.T.P. Act Cases Nos. 21 to 25 of 1952, 26 to 28 of 1952, 29 to 32 of 1952 and 33 to 41 to 1952. The respondent will pay the appellants' costs of this appeal as also of the writ petition in the High Court. The State of Orissa will, of course. bear and pay its own costs. _Appeal allowed._ KHEMCHAND _v._ THE UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS _**.1Ihtv,;umt1**_ _**J.**_ _19.il_ _Doc•mlw_ J.j (S. R. DAS C. J., VENKATARAMA A.IYAR, S. K. DAS, A K. SARKAR and VIVIAN BOSE **JJ** .) _Constitution, InterpTetation of-'Reasonable opportunity_ _of_ _**shoiving cause', Meaning**_ _**of-Punishment**_ **of** _**dismissai on Gov-**_ _**ernment Servant-Constitutional**_ _**Protection-Procedure-Con-**_ _stitution of India, Art._ 311(2). **'Reasonable opportunity** **to** **show** **cause'** **in** **Art.** **311(2) of** the Constitution contemplates not merely the opportunity to do so at the enquiry stage but also when the competent autho**rity, as a result of the enquiry, proposes to inflict one** **of** **the** **three punishments mentioned** **in** **the Article on the delinquent** **servant. Such reasonable opportunity must,** **therefore, in-** clude, (1) opportunity to deny his guilt and establish his innocence, which means that he must be told what the charges