India Pipe Fitting Co. v. Fakruddin M.A. Baker and Anr.

797 A B I INDIA PIPE FITTING CO. _v._ FAKRUDDIN M.A. BAKER AND ANR. _November_ 4, 1977 (P. K. GOSWAMI AND N. L. UNTWALIA, JJ.] _Constitution_ _of_ _J11dia,_ _1950-Powers_ _of_ _High_ _Power_ _of_ _Superintend'!nce, cannot_ _be_ _exercised to_ _facts .._ _however erroneous, they_ _n1ay_ _be._ _Court_ _under_ _Art._ 227_upset_ _the conclusions_ _of_ The appellant who carries on the business of hardware and pipe-fitting by purchasing the good-will and the tenancy rights of the shop along with the stock-in-trade, furniture, fixture etc. ffom the original tenant becan1e the C tenant in shop No. 1 on the ground floor of the suit buildng known as "Asghar Manzil" in Nagdevi Street Bombay, "predominantly a locality for the business of hardwares and pipe-fitting", The eviction suit filed by the respondent in the Small Causes Court on various grounds including bonafide and reasonable requirement was dismissed. The court held that greater hardship could be caused to the tenant, if the decr:e of ejectment was passed. An apepal against the said order having failed, the respondent moved the High Court Art. 227. The High Court allowed it interfering with the concurrent findings of facts and held that the landlord's requirement was reasonable and bonafide and there D was no question of greater hardship to the tenant. Allowing the tenant's appeal by special leave the Court : HELD : 1. The limitation of the Court while exercisin2 power under Art. 227 of the Constitution is well settled. Power under Art. 227 is one of judicial superintendence and cannot be exercised to upset the conclusions of facts, however, erroneous these may be. [799 B-C] _JVarya1n_ _Singh_ &: _Anr._ v. _An1ar11ath_ _and_ _A nr.,_ [1954] SCR 565; Nag~ndra _Nath_ _Bora and Anr._ v. _The Conunissioner_ _of_ _Hills Division_ _and_ _Appeals,_ _Assa111_ _and_ _Ors.,·_ [1958] S.C.R. 1240 and _Bathutn1al Raichand_ _Oswal_ v. _Laxmi-_ _bai_ _R._ _Tarta_ _and_ _Anr.,_ [1975] 1 S.C.C. 858 reiterated. E ##### • (2) It is possible that another Court may be able to take a different view of the matter by appreciating the evidence in a different manner, if it is determinedly choose-s to do so. That will not be justice administered according tL F Jaw to which Courts are committed not\vithstanding dissertation in season and out of season, about philosophies. [800 B] (3) In the instant case, the High Court arrogated to itself the powers of a court of appeal which it did not possess under the law and has exceeded i•s jurisdiction under Art. 227 of the Constitution. There was nothing so grosslv wrong and unjust or shocking the Court's "conscience" that it was absolutelv necessary in the interest of justice for the High Court to step in under Art. 227 of the Constitution, and interfere with the conclusions of facts. [800 C-D] G CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1725 of 1972. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and order dated 22-6-72 of the Bombay High Court in Special Application No. 1441of1968. _R. R._ _Zaiwala,_ _K._ _l. John_ and J. _S._ _Sinha_ for the Appellant. _V._ _S._ _Desai,_ _P._ _B._ _Agarwala_ and _B._ _R._ _Agarwala_ for Respondent No. 1. H / A **B** #### **c** **D** **E** **F** G 79 8 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 1 S.C.R. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GosWAMI, J.-This appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment and order of the Bombay High Court in an application under Article 227 of the Constitution against the judgment and decree of February 29,, 1968, passed by the Appellate Bench of the Small Causes Court at Bombay by which it affirmed the earlier decree of July 22, 1962, of the Small Causes Court at Bombay by which it affirmed the earlier decree of July 22, 1962, of the Small Causes Court at Bombay in Suit No. 4271 of 1959 dismissing the respondent's suit. There is no dispute in this appeal that the appellant is the tenant and the first respondent is the landlord. It is not necessary to describe th,, history of the assignment of the tenancy as well as the transfer of the ownership of the premises to the first respondent from his father who was the original landlord under which another party continu~d as tenant till May 1, 1951, when the present appellant became the tenant by purchasing the goodwill and the tenancy rights of the shop along with the stock-in-trade, furniture, fixture, etc., from the original tenant, Messrs United Tube & Hardware Co. The tenancy is in respect of the premises being Shop No. I on the ground floor of the building known as "Asghar Manzi!" at 146, Nagdevi Street, Bombay, "predominantly a locality for the business of hardwares and pipe-fitting". The Manzi! has a ground floor and three other storeys. The entire property has been let out by the respondent to different persons. The appellant carries on the business of hardware and pipe-fitting in this shop. The respondent sought to evict the appellant by instituting a suit in the Small Causes Court on March 17, 1959,, founding his claim on several grounds but we arc confined in this appeal only to the respondent's bana fide and reasonable requirement of the premises for his own use and occupation "as an architect and engineering designer" to run his "office-cnm-studio-cumshow-room" therein. "The dimensions of the suit premises are 5!(9) ( 63) feet". The other grounds, namely, of subletting and irregular payment of rent were given up. The trial court dismissed the suit on July 2, 1962, holding that the premises were not reasonably and bona fide required by the respondent. The court also held that greater hardship would be caused to the tenant if the decree in ejcctment were passed. The respondent's appeal to t'ie Appellate Bench of the Small Causes Court met with the same fate and the findings of the trial court were affirmed. That led to the application under Article 227 of the Constitution before the High Court at the instance of the landlord. This time the landlord was successful as the learned single Judge of the High Court allowed the petition on June 23, 1972, interfering with the concurrent findings of fact and held that the landlord's requirement was reasonable and bona fide. and there was no question of greater hardship to the tenant. The learned Judge of the High Court observed : **j** \ ### **''In** **iny** **judgment, every one of** **the** **reasons** **and** **the** **entire** **H** approach of the learned Judges of the appellate Bench was per verse and shows a lack of awareness of the real conditions **of accommodation** **in** **Bo1nbay.** **at** **all** **tin1es** **tnatcrial** **to** **the** **suit** **and** **c\·en** **no\v,"** INDIA PIPE co. _v._ FAKRUDDIN _(Goswami,_ J.) 799 The learned Judge further observed that "it seems that in the view of the learned trial Judge, richer the man greater the hardship to him and poorer the man lesser the hardship to him ...... ", The appellant made a grievance before us that the learned J u<lge of the High Court did not grant any time to him to obtain stay orders from the Supreme Court which was then in vacation. Any way, the appellant moved the learned Vacation Judge of this Court (Mathew, J.) on June 30, 1972, and obtained e.ic-parte stay of eviction and later obtained special leave to appeal after notice of motion. That is how the matter has come before us. The lin1itation of the High Court while exercising power under Article 227 of the Constitution is well-settled. Power under Article 227 is one of judicial superintendence and cannot be exercised to upset conclusions of facts however erroneous those may be. Jt is well-settled and per)laps too late in the day to refer to the decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in _Waryam Singh and Another_ v. _Amarnath and Another(_ _[1]_ _)_ #### where the principles have been clearly laid down as follows : A #### c ### ## ' .· i "If an error of fact, even though apparent on the face of the record, cannot be corrected by means of a writ of certiorari it should follow a _fortiori_ that it is not subject to correction by the High Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 227. The power of superintendence under Article 227 cannot be iT.voked to correct an error of fact which only a superior court can do in exercise of its statutory power as a court of appeal. The High Court cannot in gu;se of exercising its jurisdiction under Article 227 convert itself into a court of appeal wnen the Legislature has not conferred a right of appeal and made the decision of the subordinate court or tribunal final on facts". F G "This power of superintendence conferred by article 227 is, as pointed out by Harries C.J. in _Dalmia Jain Airways Ltd._ v. _Sukumar Mukherjee(_ _[2]_ _)_ to be exercised most sparingly and D only in appropriate cases in order to keep the Subordinate Courts within the bounds of their authority and not for correct**ing mere** **errors".** The same view was reiterated by another Constitution Bench of this Court in _Nagendra Nath Bora_ & _Another_ v. _The Commissioner_ _of Hills_ _Division and Appeals, Assam and Others.(_ _[3 ]_ _)_ Even recently in _Bathut_ E _mal Raichand Oswal_ v. _Laxmibai R. Tarta and Another,(_ _[4 ]_ _)_ dealing with a litigation between a landlord and tenant under Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 194 7, this Court relying on its #### earlier decisions observed as follows : Whether the landlord's requirement is _bona fide_ and reasonable has been concurrenily found by the two courts below against the landlord by appreciating the entire evidence. After examining the reasons given by H (I) [19541 S.C.R. _565._ (2) A.I.R. 1951 Cal 193. (3) [1958] S.C.R. 1240. (4) [1975] I S.C.C. 858. 800 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 1 S.C.R. A both the courts it is not possible to hold that the conclusions are "perverse" or even that these are against the weight of evidence on record. It is a case of reasonably possible factual appreciation of the entire evidence and circumstances brought ori the record. It is possible that another court may be able to take a different view of the matter by appreefating the evidence in a different manner, if it determinedly chooses to do so. However, with respect to the learned Judge (Vaidya, J.) that will not be justice administered according to law to which courts are committed notwithstanding dissertation, in season and out of season, about philosophies. # ### #### c D E We are clearly of opinion that there was no justification for interference in this case with the conclusions of facts by the High Court under Axticle 227 of the Constitution. We are also unable to agree with the High Court that there was anything so grossly wrong and unjust or shock· ing the court's "conscience" that it was absolutely necessary in the interest of justice for the High Court to step in under Article 227 of the Constitution. Counsel for both sides took us through the reasonings given by the High Court as well as by the courts below and we are unable to hold that the High Court was at all correct in exercising its powers under Article 227 of the Constitution to interfere with the decisions of the courts below. In our opinion the High Court arrogated to itself the powers of a court of appeal, which it did not possess under the law,, and has exceeded its jurisdiction under Article 227 of the Constitution. In the result the appeal is allowed. The judgment and order of the High Court are set aside and those of the trial court and the appellate Bench are restored. Since there was an order at the time of granting the special leave that costs would be borne by the appellant in any event, the first respondent will be entitled to his costs in this appeal. S.R. _Appeal al/awed._ I