G. V. Ramanaiah v. The Superintendent of Central Jail, Rajahmundry and Others

852 G.V.RAMANAIAH t. THE SUPERI1'TENDENT OF CEN1RAL JAIL, RAJAHMUNDRY AND OTHERS _October_ 10, 1973 [H. R. KHANNA' AND R. S. SAJUCARIA, JJ.] _Constitution_ _of India, 19SO-Art. 161-V/l Schedule-Entry_ I _List_ _ll/,_ _Entry_ 93, _List_ _I and Entry_ 64, _List_ _//-Code_ _of_ _Criminal Procedure (Act_ 8 _of_ 1898) _s._ _402-Whether_ _State Government can remit sentence_ _in_ _respect of_ _oOences_ _under_ _ss._ _489A_ _10_ _489D;_ _/.P.C._ The petitiorier, along with others, was convicted and sentenced of offcnce3 under ss. 489-A to 489~u. I.P.C. relating to currency notes and bank notes. On the occasion of Gandhi Centenary the State Government granted special remiision of sentences to various categories of prisoners who were convicted of offences against laws relating to matters to which the executive power of the State extended. The jail authorities released some of the other accused but the petitioner was not released, because, accordit:ig to the respondent State. the State Government had no power to remit the sentence in respect _oi_ otfences relating to a matter which was within the sphere of the executive power of the Union and not of the State and that the release of the other accused was a mistake. Dismissing the writ petition under Art. 32, HEW: (l) Under s. 402 (3), Cr. P.C. the appropriate Government is the Central Government in respect of case., wh-~re the sentence is for an o rencc ~gainst any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union. extends. Under Art. 161, the Governor's power to give pardon etc .. is with respect t') an offence against _any law relating to a matter to which the execu·_ _five_ _power of the State extends._ Currency, coinage and legal tender, are matten which are expressly included in Entry 36, List I, Schedule VII. Entry 93 speci· fically confers on the ParJiament the power to legislate with regard to ' 1 0Jfencew against laws with respect to any of the matters in the Union List". Read together, these entries put it beyond doubt that currency notes and bank notel are matters which are exclusively within th! legislative comoetence of the Union Legislature. The offences for which the petitioner had been convicted were offences relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends and the appropriate Government competent to remit the sentenee would be the Central Government and not the State Government. (SSS B-DJ (2) Entry no. 1 of List III would show that the ambit of criminal law wa<i first enlarged by including in it the Penal Code and thereafter excluding all offen· _ces_ agaimt laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List ll. The reason for such inclusion and exclusion seems to be that offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II are given a place in Entry 93, List I and Entry 64, List II. The Penal Code is a compil'1.tion of penal laws, providing to the various entries in the different lists of VII Schedule. Many of the offences in the Code relate to matters which are specifically covered by the entries in the Union List. This excluding clause in Entry no. l of List lII read with Entries 36 and 93 of List I shows beyond all doubt that in respect of offences falling under ss. 489A to 4890 only the Central Govefnment is competent to suspend or remit the sentence of a convict. [856 B-CJ (3) The Government Order in question could not fall under the head "Cri· n1inal Law". It was an act done in the ext>rcise of his executive functions by the Governor under Art. 161 of the Constitution. (857 q .I B ### _c_ D E E G ( 4) The wrong release of .the other accu1ied did not give a right to the I-I petitioner to claim the benefit of the G. 0. [857,DJ _Re N. V. Nataraian_ A.I.R. 1965 Mad. II and _R._ _L_ _Aurora Ram Ditta Mal_ v. _State_ _of_ _U.P._ _&_ _Ors._ A.I.R. _19S8_ All. 126 distinguished. A ll # _c_ D E F G G. _¥._ RAMANAIAH _v._ SUPDT.•.CENTRAL JAIL _(Sarkaria,_ /.) 853 ORIGINAL JUIUSD!CTION : Writ Petition No. 1435 of 1973. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India for issue of a Writ in the nature of _habeas corpus._ ### ·.. ' . _P._ _K._ _Rao_ and _K •. R._ _Nagara;a,_ for the petitioner. _P._ _Ram Reddy,_ _J:>.,_ _P._ _Rao,_ for the respondents. #### The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKARIA, J .-The principal question· of law that falls to be determined in this writ petition filed under Article 32 of the Constitution of India by the petitioner is : which is tne appropriate Government-Central or th_e State. Government-empowered to remit the sentence of a person convicted of offences under. sections 489-A to 489:0 of the Penal Code ? H The material facts giving rise to this question. are not in dispute and may be stated as under : G. V. Ramanaiah was convicted of offences under sections 489-A to 489-D, Penal Code, on 17th July, 1968, by the Sessions Court, Nellore (Andhra Pradesh) and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for a period of IQ years. Six other persons namely, (I) B. Sitarami· reddi; (2) M. Rarigareddy; (3) Ch. Somireddy; (4) K. E. Lakshman; (5) K. Balaram and (6) T .. Mallikharjundu, were also tried and convicted of offences under all or some of the sections 489-A to 489D, Pe~! Code and were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment by the same Court. On the occasion of Gandhi Centenary celebrations, the Governor of Andhra Pradesh, purporting to exercise the powers under Article 161 of the Constitution, issued G.O. No. Ms. 1321, Home (Prisons A) Department, dated 25th September. 1969, granting special remission of sentenres to various categories of prisoners mentioned therein. The preamble of this G.O. expressly limits its operation to "prisoners who are convicted of offences against laws relating to matters to which the executive power of the State extends". The jail authorities obviously misinterpreting the aforesaid G-0., granted the benefit of remission thereunder to prisoners: B. Sitaramireddi, M. Rangareddi, K. Balaram and T. Mallikharjundu and released them from jail. The mistake came to the notice of the Inspector-General of Prisons, and, as a result of his intervention, the release of the petitioner and another prisoner, K. E. Lakshman, was stopped and they are still undergoing the .remaining terms of their sentences. The petitioner submitted several applications to the State Government, urging it to release him in exercise of its power of clemency under section 401. Crime Procedure Code, but without suc:ess. The petitioner moved the Hi~h Court of Andhra Pradesh by application under section 491 (1) (a) and (b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which was dismissed by a judgment, dated 18th January, 1973. The petition has been opposed bv the respondents on the ground that the State Government has no power to remit the sentence of the petitioner, who was convicted of offences relating to a matter, which 854 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1974] 1 s.c.R. was within the sphere of the executive power of the Uni?n and n<!t of the State. It has also been averred that· the aforesaid four 1:1~­ soners were released owing to a mistake on the part of the Jail authorities and they arc liable to be remanded to undergo the vnexpired terms of their sentence, if. the State Government cancels the remission granted to them by 1I11Stake. Section 401 ( 1), Criminal Procedure Code, gives power to the appropriate Government to suspend the ex7cution of the .sentence, or to remit the whole or ai1y part of the purushment to which .a person conYicted of an offence has been sentenced. Its sub-section (6) provides : B "The appropriate Government may, by general !'Ulc or C special orders, give directions as to suspension of sentences and the conditions on which petitions should be presented and dealt with ........ " Seetio11 402(3) of the Cock dc1ines 'appropriate Government' thus: "In this section and in section 401, the expression appro- D priate Government' shall mean (a) in cases where the sentence is for an offence against, or the order referred to in sub-section ( 4A) of section 401 is passed under, any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends, the Central Government; and E (b) in other cases. the State Government." Article 161 of the Constitution gives power to the Governor of a State, "to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law _relating_ _to_ _a matter_ _to_ _which_ _the_ _executive power of the State extends"·_ Article 72 confers similar F powers on the President, to be exercised within the sphrre of the executive power of the Union. As under the Government of India Act, 1935, so under the Constitution, the distribution of executive powers follow, in substance, the distribution of legislative powers. The provisions primarily concerned with such distribution are to be fotmd in Articles G 73 and 162. Subject to the limitations mentioned in these Articfes (73 and 162), the executive power of the Union or the State, broadly speaking, is co-extensive and co-terminus with its respective kgislative power. The question is to be considered in the light of the above criterion. Thus considered, it will resolve itself into the issue : Are the provi- H sions of sections 489-A to 489-D. Penal Code, under which the peti tioner was convicted, a law relating to a matter to which the legislative power of the State or the Union extends [0 ] A II ## c D E f G H G. v. RAMANAIAH _v._ SUPDT. CENTRAL JAIL _(Sarkaria,_ _!.)_ 855 These four scctio~ were added to the Penal Code under the caption, "Of Currency Notes and Bank Notes", by Currency Notes Forgery Act. 1899, in order to make better provisions for tbe pro tection of Currency and Bank Notes against forgery. It is not disputed, as was done before the High Court in the application under section 491 (1 ), Criminal Procedure Code, that this bunch of sections is a law by itself. . "Currency, coinage and legal tender" are matters, which are expressly included in Entry No. 36 of the Un.ion List in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Entry No. 93 of the Union List in the same Schedule specifically confers on the Parliament the power to legislate with regard to "offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in the Union List". Read together, these entries put it beyond doubt that Currency Notes and Bank Notes, to which the offences under sections 489-A to 489'D relate, are matters which are exclusively within the legislative competence of the Union Legislature. It follows therefrom that the offences for which the petitioner has been convicted, are offences relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends, and the "appropriate Government" competent to remit the sentence of the petitioner, would be the Central Government and not the State Government. Mr. P. K. Rao, learned Counsel for the petitioner, however, contends that the entire Indian Penal Code, including sections 489-A to 489-D, as at the co=encement of the Constitution, would fall under the Head "Criminal law", which finds a place in Entry No. 1 of the Concurrent List. According to the learned counsel in that Entry, the clause, "excluding offences against laws with respec.t to matters in List I or List II", takes effect and operates only so long as no law is made in respect of any of those matters specified in List I or List 11, and since in the present case, the Governor has made the G. 0., which is a "criminal law", the aforesaid excluding clause in Entry I does not operate. In support of this argument . the learned counsel bas relied on certain observations of a Bench of the Madras High Court in Re. _N._ _V._ _Natrajan.(1)_ He has also referred to paragraph 22.128, page 965 of H. M. Seervai's Constitutional Law of India; Articles 245 and 246 of the Constitution and _R. L. Aurora Ram Ditta Mal_ v. _State_ _of_ _U.P._ & _others(_ _[2]_ _)._ In reply, Mr. Rama Reddy, learned counsel for' the respondents, maintains that the G. 0. in question does not fall under the head "Criminal law" and that this pOSition is crystal clear on a combined reading of Entry 1 of List Ill and Entries 36 and 93 of List I. According to the learned counsel, even if the G. 0. is assumed to fall under the head "Criminal law" in Entry 1 of List III, then also the proviso to Article 162 read \\ith Articles n·and 73 of the Constitution would prevent this matter from falling within the executive power of the State. Our attention has also been invited in this connection to the Government of India letter No. 40/58-Judl.I, dated 31st December, 1958, addressed to all State Governments (Annexure R. 1). (1.) A.I. R. 1965 Madra' 11. (2) A. T. R. 1958 Allahabad 126. _856_ SUPREMI! COURT REPORTS [ 1974 ~ 1 s.c.R. Entry 1 of the Concurrent LiSt reads thus : "Criminal law including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the commencement of this Constitution _but excluding offences against laws with respect to any_ _of the_ _matters specified in List_ _I_ _or List_ _II_ and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or_ any other armed forces of the Union in aid of the civil power." , (emphasis supplied> A plain reading of the .above Entry No. 1 would show that the ambit of 'Criminal law' was frst enlarged by including in it the Indian Penal Code, and, thereafter, from such enlarged ambit all offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List· JI were specifically excluded. The reason for such_ inclusion and exclusion seems to be that offences against laws with respect to any. of the matters specified in List I or List II are given a place in Entry. No. 93 of List I and Entry No. 64 of List Il in the Seventh Schedule. The Indian Penal Code is a compilation of penal Jaws, providing for offences relating to a variety of matters, which are referable to the various Entries in the different Lists of the 7th Schedule of the Constitution. Many of the offences in the Penal Code relate to matters, which are specifically covered by the Entries in the Union List. Examples of sµch offences are to be found in Chapter VII, offences relating to the Army,' Navy and Air Force; Chapter IX-A, offences relating to Elections; Chapter Xll, offences relating to coin and Government stamps; Chapter XIU, offences relating to Weights and Me1!5ures; and the bunch of sections 489-A to 489-E, offences relating to· Currency-Notes and Bank-Notes, which are referable to Entries Nos. 4, 72, 36, 50 and 36, respectively, of List I of the Seventh Schedule. This excludln~ clause in Entry No. 1, List ID read with Entries Nos. 36 and· _93_ of the Union List, shows beyond all manner of doubt that in respect of offences falling under sections 489-A to 489-D, only the Central Government is competent to suspend or remit the sentence of a convict. In _N._ _V._ _Natarajan's_ case (supra), the High Court of Madras was considering the constitutional validity of section 5 of the Madras Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1957. The primary question before that court was, whether the impugned provision related to a matter covered by 'public order' in Entry 1, read with Entry 64 of List II. After answering this question in t..1e affirmative, the learned Judges considered, in addition, whether that matter would also fall ## under the head, "Criminal law" in Entry 1 of List m. There, it was contended that because National honour falls under the residuary Entry 97 in the Union List, it is excluded from the purview of "Criminal law" in the Concurrent List. This contention was negatived· and, in that con.text. the learned Judges observed : A B ## c f), E G "Our understanding of the effect of the exclusion by the words 'excluding offences against laws "ith respect to any H of the matters specified in List I or List II' is that, till a law is made with respect to any of the matters, in List I or List #### II; no limit is placed upon and the exclusion does-not operate A II ## c G. v. RAMANAIAH _v._ surir. CENTRAL JAIL _(Sarkaria,_ J,) 857 to limit the ambit of lli!MllJwer under the head of 'Criminal law' in List ill." It will be seen that the prec~ question for decision in that case was materially different. : The occasion for examining the limits of the executive powers of the Union and a State with reference to the various types of offences in tha Indian Penal Code never arose in that case. It is, therefore, not a profitable task to cull out an observation from the oontext of that case and use it for a different purpose. Moreover, in that case the High Court was considering the validity of a statutory provision enacted by the State Legislature. In the instant case, the Government Order ·in question cannot fall under the head "Criminal Law". It is an act .done in the exercise of his executive functions by the Governor under Article 161 of the Constitution. The observations in _N._ _V._ _Natarajan's_ case, therefore, are of little assistance in determining the question before us. Nor do the general observations in paragraph 22.12& of H. M. Seervai's Constitutional Law of India advance the case of the petitioner. The learned author did not comment with regard to the scope and the effect of the excluding clause in Entry 1 of List III. D The facts ol' _R._ _L._ _Aurora_ _Ram_ _Ditta Mal's_ case (supra) were entirely different and we do not propose to discuss the same. Mr. P. K. Rao next contends in a somewhat half-hearted maJll\er that even if the State Government had extended the benefit of its G.O., owing to a mistake to four other persons, similarly placed, it was not fair to deny the same treatment to the petitioner. This contention must be repelled for the obvious reason that two wrongs never make a right, For the foregoing reasons, the petition fails and is dismissed. P. B. R. _Petition dismissed._