EXCISE COMMISSIONER, U.P., ALLAHABAD v. RAM KUMAR

A B EXCISE COMMISSIONER, U.P., ·ALLAHABAD _v._ RAM KUMAR _May_ 5, 1976 [A. N. RAY, C.J., R. S. SARKARIA, P. N. SHINGHAL AND JASWANT SINGH, JJ.J _Evidence_ _Act-Estoppe/ against Government in exercise of legislative,_ _sovere-_ _ign_ _or executive_ _powers-U.P._ _Excil"e_ _Act_ 1910-Sec. 24, 28, 31, 33, 40 _fllld_ 41_Whet!zer excise duty can be levied on unlifted stock_ _of_ _liquor._ ## C _U.P._ _Sales Tax_ _Act_ 1948, _Sec. 3A and_ _4-Whether_ _exemption fronl_ _payme11t_ _of_ _sales tax can be withdrawn-Estoppel._ .f ' D E F G H The State of Uttar Pradesh bas under the U.P. Excise Act, 1910, the exclusive right or privilegoe· of manufacturing and selling liquor in that State. Section 24 of the Act provides that subject to the provisions of s. 31 the Excise Commissioner may grant to any persOn a licence for the exclU5ive privilege of manufacturing or of supplying any country liquor etc. Section 31 provides for the conditions for the grant of licence. Section 33 invests the authority granting a licen~e to require the grantee to execute a counterpart agreement in conformity with the tenor of the licence. Section 28 authorises imposition of an excise duty or a countervailing duty by the local Government on any excisable article. Sections 40 and 41- of the Act empower the State Government and the Excise Commissioner subject to the previous sanction of the Government tomake rules. Para 38 of the Excisei Manual which contains the rules made under the Act shows that there are 4 licence fee systems in vogue. One of such sySterns is the auction fee system uRder which the amount of licence fee is determined by competition amongst bidders at an auction. The respondents were the highest bidders at various auctions. Before holding the auctions, the rates of excise duty and prices of different varieties of country liquor and also the conditions of licence were announced. No announcement was made as to whether the exemption from sales tax in respect of sale of country liquor granted by the notification dated 6-4-1959 was or was not likely to be withdrawn. One of the conditions of the licences was that the licensee shall lift each month certain quota of liquor and on the failure to lift the monthly quota the licensee shall be liable, to pay compensation to the State Government calculatffi at the rate of duty per litre on the uhlifted quota. On the day following the day when the licences were granted, the Government of U.P. issued a notification under s. 3A and 4 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948, superseding the earlier notification exempting the: payment of sales tax and imposing sales tax on the turnover in respect of country spirit at the rate~ of 10 P. per rupee. The respondents having failed to lift and sell the minimum quotas of liquor the appellant called upon them to pay by way of compensation the amounts of excise duty on the shortfalls. Aggrieved by the. demand, the -respondents mo\'ed the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution for issue of appropriate· writ or direction restraiaing the appellants from recovering the aforesaid amounts. The respondents in ~pecial appeals also challenged the notification issued under the Sates Tax Act on the Q'round that the State Government did not announce at the time of the auction that the earlier notification was likely to be withdrawn and that the appellant informed the respondents at the time of the auction that there was no sales tax on the sale of country liquor. The appe11allts were, therefore, estopped from making the demand in respect of the sales tax and recoverihg the same from them. The High Court allowed all the petitions _in_ _toto._ On appeal by s~cial leave, EXCISE COMMR. V. RAM KUMAR 533 HELD : (I) Neither s. 28 nor s. 29 nor any other provisions of the Act A authorise the levy_ of the, amounts SQUght to be recovered from the tespoIL".lents. The demand made by the appellant though disguised .,. compensatton is in reality a demand for excise du,ty on unlift<d quantity of liqu<ir which is not authorised by the provisions of the /'Ct. [538A-E] , < I _y_ ' _Bimal Chandra Banerjee_ v. _State_ _of_ _Madhya Pradesh,_ [1971] I S.C.R. 844, followed. _Panna Lal and Ors. etc._ v. _State_ _of_ _Rajasthan and others,_ [1976] 1 S.C.R. 219, distinguished. Appeals dismissed. (2) Sections 3A and 4 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act clearly authorise the State Government to impOSe sales tax. The fact that sales of country liquors had been exempted from sales tax by the earlier notification could not operate as estoppel against the State Government and preclude it from subjecting the sales to ta.~ if it felt impeiled to do so iu. the il).terest of' the revenues of dre State. There can be no question of estOppel against the Government in exercise of its legislative, sovereign or executive powers (case Jaw reviewed). The Government cannot divest itself of the right incidental to its office by conduct which in the case of a private pefS'On would amount to estoppel. The six appeals therefore, are partly allowed. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDiCTION : CIVIL APPEALS Nos : 276-395 AND 397-404 OF 1975 Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgments and Orders dated 21.2.72., 8.3.72., 21.2.72., 10.3.72., 21.3.72·, 16.12.71., 24.3.72., 21.3.72., 21.3.72., 22.3.72., 25.2.72., 8.3.72., 21.2.72., J0.3.72., 8.3.72., J0.3.72., J0.3.72., 18.2.72., 16.12.71., 9.3.73., 8.3.72.,25.2.72., 16.12.71., 25.3.72., 15.3.72., 25.3.72., 25.2.72., 25.3.72., 25.2.72., 14.3.72., 14.3.72., 21.3.72., 14.3.72., 14.3.72. 21.3.72., 21·3.72.,14.3.72., 25.3. 72., 25.3.72., 21.3.72., 21.3.72., 21.3.72, 21.3.72.,24.3.72, 24.3.72, 24 3.72., 24.3.72., 25.3.72., 213.72, 3.4.72., 21.3 72., 3.4.70. 24.3.72., 24.3.72 24.3.72, 24.3.72., 24.3.72., 24.3.72, 25.3.72., 25.3.72., 25.3.72 25.3.72 25.3.72., 25.3.72., 3.4.72., 3.4.72., 3.4.72., 3.4.72., 3.472' 14-3.72. 3.9.71., 3.9.71., 16.7.71., 14.3.71., 29.3.72., 14.3.72., 14.3.72, 14.3.72., 5.4.72., 5.4.72., 5.1.72., 5.4. 72., 18-2-72., 23.2. 72., 10.3.72., 20.1.72., 9.1.72., 31.1.72., 31.1.72., 31.1.72., 31.1.72., 8.3.72., 2.2.72 3.2.72., 25.2.72., 2.2.72., 10.3.72., 4.2.72., 25.9.72., 25.9.72., 6.10.72., 1.2 73., 13.2.73., 30.1.73., 9.4.73., 13.2.73, 14.2.72., 13.3.72., 13.3.72., 243 72., 18.7.72., 4 9.73 ' 25.2.72, 17.5.71., 21.3.72., 3.4172., 21.3.72., 16.7.71., 5.4.72, In Special Appeal Nos. 616, 643, 617, 644/74 and Civil Misc Writ Nos 2268, 448, 2280, 2254, 2255/69 and Special Appeal Nos. 730, 752, 647, 615, 611, 648, 645605. 610/71 and Civil Misc. Writ No. 449/68 and Special Appeal No. 86, 796, 775/71 an~ W.P. No. _450,169_ and C Misc. Writ No. 451, 2183, 5706, 2915/69, S. A. No. 690/71 C. Misc Writ No.3037/69 and S. A. No. 613171 and-C. Misc. Writ No. 2090/ 69 and Civil Misc. Writ Noo. 2094, 2119, 2122, 2172, 2188, 2189 -92, 2180-2182, 2187, 2256, 2273, 2274,2276-2279, 2282-2284, 2334 2347, 2576, 2608-2611, 2649 2690, 2742-2743, 2759, 2760, 2811, 2850, 2916, 2918, 2919, 3075, 3400/69 and 543-546, 786, 1039, 1246, 1248, 2169, 3881, 4035, 4428, 4563, 4821, 211, 250, 256, 7253, 607, 614, 618, 628, 7655, 691-694, 729, 732, 751, 776, 787, 799, 805/71 and Civil Misc . .Writ No. 1525, 1529,3387, 7051, 7253, 7588, 7575, 7980 and Special Appeal Nos. 6, 102, 115, 166, 309/72 and 1902/73 and Special Appeal No. 774/71 and Civil Misc. Writ No. 2121}69, 2194/69 547 /70, 3375/69 and writ Petition No. 3627 /70, 260/71 respectively. B c D E F G H **A** **.B** **c** **D** E **F** **G** **H** 534 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1976) SUPPLEMENTARY _B._ _Sen_ and _0._ _**P.**_ _Rana_ for the Appellant. _Yogeswar Prasad,_ _S._ _K._ _Bagga_ and _(Mrs.)_ _S._ _Bagga,_ for the Respondent in CA 399/75 and _400-405/15._ _(Miss) Kamlesh Bansal,_ for Respondent in CAs. 310 312 238 403, 357 and 313/75. ' ' _L._ _C._ _Goyal,_ for Respondent in CA No. 396/75. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by _JASWAN1: SINGH, J.-This batch of 127 appeals by special leave which are directed against various judgments rendered by the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in writ petitions and special appeals and rela:e to enforcement of certain obligations of licensees for retail vend of country liquor shall be disposed of by this judgment. The facts leading to these appeals are : The State of Uttar Pradesh has,. under the U.P. Excise Act 1910 (Act No. IV 0£ 1910) (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') which contains provisions relating to all aspects and manifestations of intoxicating liquors and intoxicating drugs, that is to say, their import, export, .transport, manufactw:e, sale and possession, the exclusive right or privilege of manufacturing and selling liquor in that State. Section 24 of the Act Jays down that subject to the provisions of section 31, the Excise Commissioner may grant to any person a licence for the exclusive privilege ( I) of manufacturing or of supplying by wholesale, or of both, or (2) of selling by wholesale or by retail, or (3) of manufacturing or of supplying by wholesale, or of both and or selling by retail any country liquor or intoxicating drug within any local area. Section 31 provides that every licence, permit or pass granted under the Act shall be granted( a) on payment of **such** **fees** **(if** any); (b) subject to such _restrictions and on such conditions; (cl shall be in such form and contain such particulars,, as t~e Excise Commissioner may direct either generally or m any particular instance in this behalf; and ( d) shall be granted for such period as the State Government **may, in** **like_** **manner, direct.** Section 33 of .the Act invests the authority granting a licence und~r the Act to require the grantee to execute a counterpart agree~ent 1n conformity with the tenor of his licence and to give such se:ur.1ty ~or the performance of such. agreemen.t or to make such deposit m lteu of security as such authonty may thmk fit. Section 28 of the Act which deals with imposition of excise duty or countervailing duty reads : "28. ( 1) Duty on excisable article.-An excise duty or a countervailing duty, as the case may be at such rate or rates as ' l ' #### EXCISE COMMR _v._ RAM KUMAR _(Jaswant_ _Singh,_ _!.)_ 535 the Local Government shall direct, may be imposed, either generally or for specified local area, on any excisable article (a) imported in accordance with the provisions of section **12(1);** or (b) exported in accordance with the provisions of section 13; or ( c) transported; or (d) manufactured, cultivated or collected under any licence granted under section 1 7; or (e) manufactured in any distillery established, or any distillery or brewery licensed, under section 18 .... " Section 29', of the Act lays down the manner in which the duty "· may be levied. One of the ways provided in the section for levy of the duty is by payment upon issue for sale from a warehouse established or licensed nnder section 18 ( d) of the Act. I Sectiol1S 40 and 41 of the Act empower. the State Government and the Excise Commissioner (subject to the previous sanction of the Government) to make rules for the purposes set out therein. These rules are con,tained in the Excise Macual, Uttar Pradesh (Volume I). - Paragraph 3 8 of the Excise Manual shows that there are four t licence-fee systems in vogue in the State of Uttar Pradesh. One of such symems is 'The auction fee system' under which the amount of licence fees _inter_ _alia_ for the retail sale of country spirit under the - distillery system and for the manufacture and retail sale of country spirit under the outstill system is determined by competition among bidders. According to paragraph 332 licences for the wholesale and retail ".en"d of intoxicants are usually granted for the excise year which commences from April 1 and lasts upto March 31. In accordance with the requirements of the auction system, auctions were held throughout Uttar Pradesh during the months of February and March, 1969 on various dates and at various places for the grant of licences to sell country spirit by retail at the specified shops during the excise year 1969-70. B~fore holding the auctions, rates _of_ excise duty and prices of different varieties of country liquor as also the conditions of licences for sale of country spirit for 1969-70 were announced. No announcement was, however, made as to whether the exemption from sales tax in respect of sale· of country liquor granted vi de Notification No. ST 1149/X-802(33)-51 dated April _6,,_ 1959, issued under sec tion 4. of the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948 was or was not likely to be withdrawn. The respondents herein 1 participated in the aforesaid auctions and being the highest bidders were granted licences 'for retail sale of country spirit for the period beginning from April I, 1969 to the end of March,, 1970. **A** **B** **c** **D** **E** **G** **H** **A** **B** **c** **D** **E** F **G** **H** 536 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] SUPPLEMENTARY Each one of these licence!; contained _inter_ _alia_ the following coudition :- On the day following the commencement of the aforesaid licences i.e. on April 2, 1969, the Government of Uttar P'.adesh issued Noti- \c fication No. ST-1603/X-900 (12)/67 under section 3-A and 4 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act, l 948, superseding the earlier Notification No. ST 1149/X•802(33)-51 dated April 6, 1959, issued under section 4 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948, and imposing sales tax on the turnover in respect of country spirit at the rate of ten paise per rupee a'. the point of retail sale **with** **immediate** **effect.** The respondents herein having failed to lift and se'.l the minimum quotas of liquor prescribed in their licences were reqmrcd by the excise authorities of the State to -pay, by way of compe_nsation, t~e amounts of excise duty leviable on .the short-falls. Aggneve<;l by this demand, the respondents moved the High Court under Articles 226 "3. (a) The licensee shall lift each month the proportionate quota for the n;ionth, if any, fixed for his vend and deposit still,.. head d~ty rea!JSable th.ereon. On his failure to lift the monthly proportion~te quota m any month, he shall be liable to pay compensation. to the State Government at the rate equal to the rate of s!11lhead duty per litre of spiced spirit and stillhead dutx per litre of plain spirit as may be in the area in which the shop is situated on the quantity falling short of such monthly proportionate quota and such com pens~tion shall be paid by the 7th of the month following the month to which such shortfall relates. (b) He shall be bound to sell the whole quantity of country spirit obtained for the shop from the warehouse. On his failure to do so, he shall be liable to pay to the State Government compensation at the rate equal to the rate of stillhead duty per litre of spiced spirit and stillhead duty per litre of plain spirit as may be in force in the area in which the shop is situ<>'.ed on the unsold quantity of country spirit during. the period of the contract to which. the licence relates. ( c) In the evmc of the licensee being required to pay compensation to State Government under the aforesaid coodition due to the short lifting of the quota or non-deposit of < such compensation, the amount of said compensation may be realised from the amount of security deposited by him. The resultant deficiency in the amount of security shall be made gocd by the licensee within seven days of such adjustment. In case the short Ji£ting oC proportionate monthly quota or short deposit of compensation continues for two conseeutive months or the licensee fails to make up the deficiency in the amount of security within the prescribed period of seven days his Jicenc«_ may be cancelled in addition to the recovery of the deficiency in payment of compensation as arrears of I and revenue." ' EXCISE COMMR. _v._ RAM KUMAR _(Jaswanl Singh,_ _J.)_ 537 of the Constitution for issue of· apporpriate writ or directions rei$- A training the• appellants herein from recovering the aforesaid amounts contending _inter alia_ that the condition of their licences on the basis of which the demand was made was invalid, unconstitutional and u.nenforceable. The respondents in six appeals Nos. 399 to 404 of 1975 also challenged Notification No. ST-1608/X-900( 12)/67 (dated April 2, 1969) (supra) which superseded the earlier Notification No. ST 1149/X-802(33)51 dated April 6, 1959 and imposed B sales tax on the turnover in respect of the country liquor at the rate of ten paise per rupee at the point of retail sale by the vendor with effect from April 2, 1969 on the ground that since the state Government did not announce at the time of the aforesaid auction that Noti fication No. ST l 149/X-802t33)51 dated April 6, 1959, was likely to be withdrawn and the sales of country liquor were likely to he subjected to the levy of sales tax during the excise year and in reply C to the query made by them at the time of the auction they were told by the authorities that there was no sales tax on the sale of country liquor, the appellants herein were estopped from making the demand in respect of sales tax and recovering the same from them. TI1e High Court allowed all these petitions _in toto._ Having failed to secure certificates of fitness from the High Court, the appellants applied for and obtained special leave to appeal from this Court. D The common question of law that arises for determination in all these appeals is whether the condition incorporated in the licences of the respondents that they would lift the fixed minimum quantity of liquor and sell the same at their allotted shops and in c~se of their default or failure to do so, they would be liable to pay compensation E eq:ic! to t!cc mccou!lt of the excise duty leviable on the lll1lifted quantity is valid and enforceable. This point is no longer _res_ _integra._ In _Bimal Chandra Banerjee_ v. _State_ _of_ _Madhya Pradesh(')_ this Court held that : _i_ # ###### - ' < f _t_ ., _}_ "No tax can be imposed by any bye-law or rule or regulation unlegs the statute under which the subordinate legislation is made specially authorises the imposition. In the pre":nt case, the legislature has levied excise duty or counten·ailing duty on the excisable articles which have been either imported. exported, transported, manufactured, cultivated or collected under any licence granted under section 13, or manufactured in any distillery or brewery established or licensed under the Act; and the State Government has not been empowered to le\'Y any duty on liquor which the contractors failed to lift Therefore. the State Government was exercising a power which it did not possess and hence the rule imposing the condition in the licences and _the_ demand notices _are_ invalid." F G Thus the aforesaid question arising for determinatio.n by us stands already settled by the ratio of the decision of this Court in _Bimal_ H _Chandra Banerjee's_ case (supra.) 0) [1971] I S.C.R. 844. 538 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1976] SUPPLEMENTARY **A** It will also be noticed that neither section 28 nor section 29 nor aay other provision of the Act authorises the levy of the amounts sought to be recovered from the respondents. **B** The decision of this Court in _Panna Lal and Ors. etc. etc._ v. _State_ _of_ _Rajasthan and Ors.(')_ which is sought to be relied upon on behalf of the appellants is clearly distinguishable. In that case, the contractual obligation of the appellants to pay the guaranteed sum or the stipulated sum mentioned in the licences was not dependent on the quantum of liquor sold by them and no excise duty was charged or chargeable on undrawn liquor under the licences. The excise duty there was collected only in relation to the quantity and quality of the country liquor whiah was drawn. C We have, therefore, not the lightest hesitation in holding that the ' **D** E **F** **H** deaiand made by the appellants though disguised as compensation, is in reality a demand for excise duty on the unlifted quantity of liquor which is not authorised by the pcovisions of tho Act. This being the sole point involved in appeals other than Appeals Nos. 399 to 404 of 1975, the former Appeals cannot succeed. In the result they are dismissed with costs. Appeals Nos. 399 to 404 of 1975 which raise another point as well viz. the validity of the appellants' demand from the respondents in respect of sales tax at the rate of ten paise per rupee on the retail sales of country spirit made by the latter with effect from April 2, 1969 stand on a slightly different footing. Section 3-A and 4 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948 clearly authorise the State Government to impose sales tax. The fact that sales of country liquor had been exempted from sales tax vide Notification No. ST 1149/X-802(33)51 dated April 6, 1959 could not operate as an estoppel against the State Government and preclude it from subjecting the sales to tax if it felt impelled to do so in the interest of the Revenues of the State which are required for execution of the plans designed to meet !he ever ir.creasing pressing needs of the developing society. It is now well settled by a catena of decision that there can be on question of estoppel against the Government in the exercise of its legislative, **sovereign** **or** **executive po\vers.** While speaking for the Court in _M. Ramanathan Pillai_ v. _State_ _of_ _Kera/a(')_ the learned Chief justice quoted with approval the following statement contained in American Jurisprudence 2d. at page 783 paragraph 123 : "In American Jurisprudence 2d at page 783 paragraph 123 it is stated "Generally, a state is not subject to an estoppel to the same extent as an individual or a private corporation." Otherwise, it might be rendered helpless to assert its powers in government. Therefore as a general rule the doctrine of estoppel will not be applied against the State in its governmentat public or sovereign cattacity." (I) [1976] l S.C.R. 219. (2) [1973! 2 s.c.c. 650. ' < EXCISE COMMR. _v._ RAM KUMAR _(laswan! Singh,_ l.) 539 In _State of Kerala and Anr._ v. _The Gawalior Rayon Silk Manu-_ _facturing_ _(Wvg.)_ _Co. Ltd._ _Ltd.(')_ where the respondent company established itself in the State of Kerala for production of rayon cloth pulp on an understanding that the Government would bind itself to supply raw J1Jaterial and later the Government on finding that it was not able to supply the material undertook not to legislate for the acquisition of the pi:ivate forests for a period of 60 years if the company purchas<;d forest lands for the purpose of its supply of raw material and accordingly, the company did purchase 30,00 acres of private forests from an estate for Rs. 75 lakhs for the afores11id purpose but the Government enacted Act 26 of 1971 expropriating vast forest areas without paying compensation as a measure of agrarian reform whereupon the respondent company sought to invoke the doctrine of equitable estoppel against the Government, Palekar, J. delivering the majority judgment observed : "We do not see how an agreement of the Government can preclude legislation on the subject. The High Court !has rightly pointed out that the surrender by the Government of its legislative powers to be used for public good cannot avail the company or operate against the Government as equitable estoppel." ' Approving the decision of the House of Lords in _Howell_ v. _Falmouth Boat Construction Co._ _Ltd.(')_ where the observations of Lord Denning in _Robertson_ v. _Minister_ _of Pensions_ (') that the action of the War Office which was an agent of the Crown in assuming authority over the matter and assuring the appellant who had been - <- serving in the army that his disability had been accepted as attributable to military service bound the Crown and through the Crown the Minister of Pensions, who while administering ~he Royal warrant issued by the Crown has to honou~ all assurances given by or on behalf of the Crown were unequivocally disapproved by observing that the character of an act done by an officer of a Government, however high or low in the hierarchy in face of a statutory prohibition, is not affected by the fact that it had been induced by a misleading assumption of authority and neither a Minister nor any subordinate officer of the Crown can, by conduct or representation, bar the Crown from enforcing a statutory prohibition. It was held by Bench of this Court in _Assistant Ciistodian Exacuee Property and Ors._ v. _Brij Kishore_ _A garwala and Ors.(')_ that the Evacuee Department was not bound by the reply given by the Assistant Custodian to the first respondent's - ' enqniry that the property in question was not an evacuee property . ' ### .. by the reply given by the Assistant Custodian to the first respondent's enqniry that the property in question was not an evacuee property . Following the above decision, the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir has in _Malhotra and Sons and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors(')._ rightly held that : A B c D E F G H "The courts will only bind the Government by its promises to prevent manifest injnstice or frand and will not make the Government a slave of its policy for all times to come when (1) [1971]2 s.c.c. 713. (2) (1951] A.C. 817. (3) [·1949]1K.B.227. (4) [1975] I S.C.C. 21. (5) A.LR. 1976 J. & K. 41. 540 SUpREME COURT REPORTS [1976] SUPPLEMENTARY A **B** c **D** E **F** G **H** (!) 332 U.S. 380-92 Led. 10. 12) 94 N. Car. 891. (J) 86 N. Car. 588. (4) 10 !rd. 110. the Government acts in its Governmental, public or sovereign capacity." We may as well refer here to the celebrated decision of tbe Supreme Court of th,e. United States in _Federal Crop Insurance Cor-_ _poration_ _v._ _Morrill(')._ In that case where the agents 6f the petitioner a wholly Government owned Corporation, created by the Federal Crop Insurance Act to insure producers of wheat against Joss in yields due to unavoidable causes including drought, advised the respo.:idents in ignorance of and contrary to the duly promulgated controlling re~ula­ tion which expressly precluded insurance cm·erage of sprir.g wheat re-seeded on winter Wheat acreage that their entire 460 acres of spring wheat crop including the spring wheat which had been reseeded on winter wheat acreage in ihe 1945 crop year was insurable by the Corporation and recommended to the Corporation'-; branch office acceptance of the respondent's formal applicatio·1 which, however, did not disclose that any part of the insured CrD? was re seeded and the Corporation accepted the application and a few months later, most of the responden.l'S' crop was destroyed by drought, and the Corporation on the loss being notified to them rdu';ed to pay the loss on the ground that the wheat crop insurance regulations expressly prohibited the insurance of spring wheat which was re-seeded on winter wheat acreage, fhe Court by majority held thac though a private insurance Corporation would be bound on similar '.oc'.s, the same was not true of a Government Corporation engaged in the insurance field and the latter was not estopped from repudiating the liability. The following observations made by the court in _Federal Crop_ _Insurance Corporation_ v. _Marrill_ (supra) are worth quotin.g : "It is too late in the day to urge that the Govemm~nt is just another private litigant, for purposes of charging it with liability, whenever it takes over a business theutofore conducted by private enterprise or engages in competition with private ventures. . . . . . Whatever the form in which the Government functions, anyone entering into an arrangement with the Government takes the risk of having accurately ascertained that he who purports to act for the Government stays within the bounds of his authority. Anet this is so even though, as here, the agent himself may have been unaware of the limitations upon his authority .... "Men mnst turn sqnare corners when they deal with the Government", does not reflect a callous outlook. It merely expresses the duty of all courts to observe the conditions defined by Congress for charging the public **treasury."** In his Treatise on the Law of Estoppel, Melville M. Bigelow has stated that in _State_ v. _Williams,(_ _[2 ]_ _)_ _State_ v. _Bevars,(')_ and _Wallace_ v. _Maxwell(_ _[4 ]_ _)_ it has been held that estoppel does not operate against the Government or its assignee. ·------- ·##### - EXCISE COMMR. _v._ RAM KUMAR _(lasivant Singh,_ _J.)_ 541 The High Court was, therefore, clearly in error in ignoring that the **A** Go.vernment cannot divest itself of the right incidental to its office by conduct which, in the case of a private person, would amount to estoppel and in characterizing the demand for sales tax made by the aJ'pel!ants as illegal. Accordingly Appeals Nos. 399 to 404 of 1975 are partly allowed, and it is held that the demand made by the appellants from the respondents in these appeals in respect of sales tax on the turnover of sales of country spirit made by them between April **B** 2, 1969 and March 31, 1970 was valid and could not be struck down. The parties in these six appeals shall pay and bear their own costs. , **P.H.P.** _Appeals partly aJlowed ._ ....!.... _-{_