Ellerman Lines Ltd. v. C.I.T., West Bengal, Calcutta

168 **ELLERMAN** **LINES** **LTD.** _v._ **C.I.T.** **WEST** **BENGAL,** **CALCUTTA** _October_ 22, 1971 [K. S. HEGDE AND A, N. GROVER, JJ.] _Income-tax Act,_ 1922, _ss._ 5(8), 10(2) _(vib)-lndian_ _Income-tax Ru/es,_ 1922, _r._ _33-Non-resident_ _shippin11_ _company-Computation_ _of_ _turnover-_ _Ratio certificate issued_ _by_ _U.K._ _Chief Inspector_ _of_ _Taxes mentioning_ _in·_ _**vestn1ent ollowance granted by U.K. authorities-In assessing Indian**_ **in--** _**co1ne**_ _**nf**_ _**non-resident whether**_ _**such**_ _**investn1en-1**_ _**allowance (corresponding**_ _**to**_ _**deve/op111e111**_ _**rebate**_ _**under India**_ _**Act)**_ _**whether**_ _**to**_ _**be taken**_ _**into consi-**_ _deration-Effect_ _of_ _circular_ _bv_ _Central Board_ _of Revenue._ Under a circular issued in 1962 by the Central Board of Revenue under s. 5(8) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 the assessing authorities were directed to permit British Shipping Companies to elect to be ass"sed on the basis of a ratio certificate granted by the U.K. authorities regarding the income or loss and the wear and tear allowance. In 1964 the Board in **structed the taxing** **autho'rities** **to** **take into consideration the investment** allowance granted by U.K. authorities in computing the taxable income of the British Shipping companies. The appellant was a non'resident British Shipping company whose ships plied all over the world including Indian waters. For the years 1960-61 and 1961-62 the Income-tax Officer computed its total iricome under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 by taking into account the ratio certificates issued by the Chief Inspector of Taxes U.K. which were based on the assessments made on the appellant in U.K. **In** **making assessment** **the** **Income-tax** **Officer** **purported to proceed** **on** **the** basis of r. 33 of the Indian Income-tax Rules, 1922. One of the points considered by the Income-tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commis**siuner** **\\'a'i** **\\'hcther the investment allowance** **was** **to** **be** **taken** **into account** in assessing the Indian income. Both of them rejected the contention of the appellant that it should be taken into account. The tribunal decided in favour of the appellant but the High Court in rderence took the opposite view. In appeal to this Court by special leave. HELD : (i I The authorjties under the Act proceeded on the !Y.isis that **the ·computati9n** **of** **the** **income** **of** **the** **assessee** **had** **to** **be** **made** **on** **the** second of the three bases mentioned in r. 33. Admittedly the profits of **the** **ac;sesscc** **were not computed** **in** **accordance with** **the** **provisions** **of** **the** Act. That being so. the second basis mentioned in r. 33 could not be applied. This aspect was brought to the notice of the High Court. But the High Court refused **Revenue** **as** **well** **as** **the** **assessee** to consider the same on the ground that both the **had** **proceed** **1** **ed before** **the** **authorities uoder** **the Act on the assumption** **that** **the** **seoond basis mentioned in** **r.** **33** **was** **the** relevant basis. The High Court erred in adopting this approach. The fact **that the authorities under the· Act** **as** **\\'ell** **as** **the** **.:>arties** **were** **under a** **mis-** taken impression could not alter the true position in law. [!74 H-175 Bl (ii) The computation of appellant"s income had to be made either under the first basis viz. the calculation of the profits and gains on such **percentage** **of** **the turnover accruing** **or** **arising** **as** **the** **Income-tax** **Officer** may consider to be reasonable, or on the third basis _i.e._ 'in such other manner as the Income-tax Officer may deem suitable'. [175 CJ **A** **B** # c **D** E **F** **G** **A** **B** # **c** **D** **E** **F** **G** **H** ELLERMAN LINES LTD. v. C.I.T. _(Hegde,_ _**J.)**_ 169 From the assessment orders it did not appear that the first basis was adopied. The most appropriate basis under which the income could have been computed was the last basis viz. "in such other manner as the lncometax Officer may deem suitable". While adopting that bas.is the Income-tax Officer is not required to rigidly apply the various cond11Ions prescribed 1n the Act in the matter of granting one or the other o! the permtsStble allowances. He may adopt any equitable basis as long as .the basts does not conflict either with r. 33 or with the instructions or directions given by the Board of Revenue. The power given t~ the Income-tax Officer on that basis is a 'very wide power. That power 1s aYatlable not only to the Income-tax Officer but also to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Tribunal. [175 D-F] As the Tribunal had determined the tax due from the appellant on the ha.is of the ratio certificate given by the U.K. authorities, it could not be said that the decision reached by the Tribunal was an unreasonable one. The Tribunal"s decision was in accord with the instructions of the Board of Revenue. [175 FJ Tub fact that the proviso to s. 10(2) (vib) was incorporated into the Act after the Board issued its instructions could not affect either the vali• dity of r. 33 or the force of the instructions issued by the Board of Revenue because ncithor r. 33 nor the instructions issued by the Board were strictly in accordance with s. 10(2). [175 G-H] _Navnit Lal_ _C._ _Javeri_ v. _K. K. Sen, Appellate Asstt. Commissioner,_ _Bombay,_ 56 I.T.R. 198, applied. CIVIL APPELLATE JuRismcnoN : Civil Appeals No;, 2459 and 2460 of 1968 and 1161 and 1162 of 1971. Appeals by certificate/special leave from the judgment and order dated April 1, 1968 of the Calcutta High Court in In~ome­ tax Reference No. 163 of 1964. _N._ _A._ _Palkhiva/a, T._ _A._ _Ramachandran_ and _D._ _N. Gupta,_ for the appellant (in all the appeals). _Jagadish Swarup, Solicitor-General, B._ _**B.**_ _Ahuja,_ _**R.**_ _N. Sach-_ _they_ and _B._ _D. Sharma,_ for the respondent (in all the appeals). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by **Hegde,** **J.** The first two appeals have been brought by certificate and the other two by special leave. The .Jater two appeals came to be fi!ed because the certificates on the basis of which the earlier appeals were brought, were found to be defective inasmuch as t~e High Court had not given any reason in support of those certificates. Hence it is sufficient, if we deal with the later two appeals . . The appellant is a non-resident British Shipping Co. whose ships ply m waters all over the world including the Indian waters. For the. assessment years 1960-61, and 1961-62 (the relevant accounting years being calendar years 1959 and 1960). the In· come-tax Officer computed its total income taxable under the 12-L 256 Sup Cl/72 170 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1972] 2 S.C.R. Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (which will hereinafter be referred to as the Act) by taking into account the ratio certificates issued by the Chief Inspector of Taxes, U.K. which were based on the assessments made on the appellant in U.K. During the relevant period, there was in U.K. "investment allowance" corresponding to "development rebate" under the Act. The certificates issued by the Chief Inspector contained the percentage ratio of the total world profits of the appellant to its world earnings and similarly the percentage ratio of the wear and tear allowance and the investment allowance to its total world earnings. In making the ass<!Ssment, the Income-tax Officer purported to proceed on the basis of rule 33 of the Indian Income-tax Rules 1922. The said rule reaas: "In any case in which the Income-tax Officer is oC opinion that the actual amount of the income, profits or gains accruing or arising to any person residing out of the taxable territories whether directly or indirectly through or from any business connection in the taxable territories, or through or from any property in the taxable territories or through or from any assets or source of income in the taxable territoriei, or through or from any money lent at interest and brought into the taxable territories in cash or in kind cannot be ascertained, the amount of such income, profits or gains for the purposes of assessment to income-tax may be calculated on such percentage of the turnover so accruing or arising as the Income-tax Officer may consider to be reasonable, or on an amount which bears the same proportion to the total profits of the business of_ such person (such profits being computed in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act), as the receipts so accruing or arising bear to the total receipt of the business, or in such other manner as the Income-tax Officer may deem suitable." The Income-tax Officer proceeded to assei9 the appellantassessee on the second of the three bases mentioned in rule 3 3; but in computing Indian eamings, he did not include the desti nation earnings received in India _i.e._ freight received in Indian ports in respect of cargo loaded at non-Indian ports nor did he take into account the investment allowance granted to the appellant in its U.K. assessments. Aggrieved by the order of the Income-tax Officer, the assessee took up the matter in appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. The Appellate Assistant Com.missioner accepted the contention of the assessee as regards the inclusion of the desti A B ### c D E F G H A B D E F G H ## ELLERMAN LINES LTD. v. C.I.T. (l!.egde, J.l 171 nation earnings in the computation of the Indian eannings of the assessee but rejected its cootention as regards the investment allowance. Aggrieved by the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner both the assessee as well as the Revenue appealed to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal. The Tribunal allowed the appeal of the assessee and dismissed that of the Revenue. Thereafter at the instance of the Revenue, the following two questions of law were referred to the High Court under s. 66 (1) of the Act. "1. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal was right in holding that the destination earnings collected in India should be considered as part of the Indian earnings in determining the assessee's Indian income under Rule 33 of the Income-tax Rules ? Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal was right in allowing the claim of the assessee for the investment allowance under the U.K. Act (corresponding to the development rebate under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922) in the computation of its total world income for the purpose of determining the assessee's Indian income under rule 33 of the Income-tax Rules, 1922 ?" The High Court answered the first question in favour of the assessee and the second in favour of the Revenue. Hence these appeals by the assessee. The Revenue has not appealed against the decision of the High Court as regards Question No. 1. Hence we have only to consider whether the decision of the High Court relating to Question No. 2 is in accordance with law. At the commencement of his arguments Mr. Palkhivala, learned Counsel for the assessee indicated that rule 33 may not be applicable to the facts of the case; but he said that for the purpose of this ca,')e, he was prepared to proceed on the basis that the said rule is the governing provision. The authorities under the Act as well as the High Court have examined the facts of this case on the basis of rule 33. The second question referred to the High Court requires the High Court to express its opinion whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal was right in al!owing the claim of the assessee for the investment allowance under the U.K. Act in the computation of the total world income for the purpose of determining the assessee's Indian income under rule 33. Under these circumstances, it would not be appropriate for us at this stage to ignor!l the ~ earlier proceedings and examine the case afresh on a wholly diffe 172 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1972] 2 S.C.R. rent basis. Hence we have not gone into the question whether rule 33 is applicable to the facts of the case. We are proceeding on the assumption that it applies. An mentioned earlier, the assessee is a non-resident. Its liability to pay tax arises under ss. 3 and 4 of 1he Act. The total income that arose or accrued or deemed to have arisen or accrued to it in this country in the relevant previous years is liable to be taxed in this country. Section 10(2) provides for certain allowances to be deoucted while computing the taxable income. Section 10(2) (vib) deals with the development rebate. The material part of that section reads: "bl respect of a new ship acquired or new machinery or plant installed after the 31st day of March, ~954 which is wholly used for the purposes of the busmess carried on by the assessee, a sum by way of development rebate in respect of the year of acquisition of the ship or of the installation of the machinery or plant, ### equivalent to, ( i) in the case of a ship acquired after the 31st day of December, 1957, forty pl'r cent :lf the actual cost of the ship to assessee, and (ii) in the case of a ship acquired before the 1st day of January, 1958 aind in the case of any machinery or plant, twenty-five per cent. of the actual cost of the ship or machinery or plant to the asses see." #### The proviso to that dause says : "Provided that no allowance under this clause shall be made unless(a) the particulars p~scribed for the purpose of clause (vi) have been furnished by the assessce in respect of the ship or machinery or plant; and (b) except where the assessee is a company being a Jice>nsee within the meaning of the Electricity (Supply) Act; 1948 ( 54 of 1948), or where the ship has been acquired or the machinery or plant has been installed before the 1st day of January, 1948 an amount equal to seventy-five per cent of the development rebate to be actually allowed is debited to the profit and loss account of the relevant previous year and credited to a reserve account to be utilised by him A B ## c D E F G H A B # c D F G H ELLERMAN LINES LTD. _v._ C.I.T. _(Hegde,_ J.) 173 during a period of ten years next following for the purposes of the business of the undertaking except(i) for distribution by way of dividends or pro fits, or (ii) for remittance outside India as profits or for the creatiQ!l of any asset outside India, and if any such ship, machinery, or plant is sold or otherwise transferred by the assessee to any person other than the Government at any time before the expiry of. ten years from the eind of the year in which it was acquired or installed, any allowance made under this clause shall be deemed to have been wrongly allowed for the purposes of this Act." It may be noted that in the case of a shipping company like the appellaint before us, whose ships ply all over the world, it may not be possible to strictly comply with· the provisions contained in s. 4 of s. 10(2). The proyisions dealing with the levy #### of Income-tax are not identical in all countries. lt may well nigh be impossible for a shipping. company like the appellant to rigidly comply with the requirements of the laws in force in the numerous countries where it can be said to have earned income. Possibly to get over such a difficulty rule 33 was enacted. That is how the Revenue had proceeded in assessing the appellant. Evidently in exercise of its power under s. 5(8) of the Act, which says that "all officers and persons employed in the execution o.f this Act shall observe and follow the orders, instructions and directions of the Cr.ntral Board of Revenue .... ", the Central Board of Revenue had issued the notification dated February 10, 1942. Under that notification instructions had been issued to the assessing authorities laying down the principles to be applied in assessing the foreign shipping companies. As regards the British Shipping Companies, they were directed to permit those companies "to elect to be assessed on the basis of a ratio certificate granted by the U.K. authorities regarding the income or loss and the wear and tear allowance". At the time that n'.Jtification was issued the Act did not provide for a development rebate. Therefore that notification d0es not refer to any development rebate. But it is made clear by that notification that a British Shipping Company can elect to be assessed on the basis of a ratio certificate granted by the U.K. authorities regarding the income or loss which means the net #### income or net loss. During the relevant previous years, tbe Act 174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1972 J 2 S.C.R. provided for deduction of the development rebate in the computation of the taxable income. During those years the U .K. Income-tax Act provided for a similar allowance; but that allowance was known as investment allowance. We were informed at the bar that in those years, the percentage of devlopment rebate allowed under the Act was the same as that allowed under the U.K. law as investment allowance. In about the beginning of 1964 M/s. Turner Morrison & Co. which was the agent of several British Shipping Companies in India appears to have written to the Board of Revenue seeking its advice as to how the British Shipping Companies could claim development rebate. In reply to that letter, the Board of Revenue wrote to them as follows : "Sub : Assessment of British Shipping Companies on the basis of ratio certificates--Treatment of investment allowance granted in the U.K. I am directed to reply your letter dated 8th Feb. 1957 on the above subject and to state that as the development rebate which corresponds to the investment allowance granted in the U.K. is allowed under the Indian Income-tax Act from the assessment year 1956-57, there is no objection to allow the investment allowances for the purpose of the computation of the Indian Income of British Shipping Companies. This would, however be subject. to the condition that. the investment allowance would be permitted as a deduction only to the extent to which the rate of the allowance granted in the U.K. is not greater than the rate of development rebate allowed under the Indian Income-tax Act." We were informed that the copies of that Jetter were sent to the II' . )IT,e-tax Commissioners in the va:ious States. From this letter, it i> clear that the Board of Revenue had instructed the taxing authorities to take into consideration the investment allowance granted by the U.K. authorities in computing the taxable income of the British Shipping Companies. At this stage, it is necessary to mention that the proviso to cl. (vib) of s. 10(2) referred to e:irlier was incorporated into the Act sometime after the above instructions were issued by the Board of Revenue. The authorities under the Act have proceeded on the basis that the computation of the income of the assessee has to be made on the second of the three bases mentioned in rule 33. This assumption appears to be incorrect. Admittedly the profits of the assessee company were not computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. TI!at being so, the second basis mentioned D E F G _H_ ELLERMAN LINES LTD. _v._ c.I.T. _(Hegde,_ /.) 175 in rule 33 cannot be applied. This aspect was brought to the notice of the High Court. But the High Court refused to consider the same on the ground that both the Revenue as well as the assessee had proceeded before the authorities under the Act #### o.n the assumption that the second basis mentioned in rule 33 is ~e relevant basis. In our opinion the High Court erred in adoptmg that approach. The fact that the authorities under the Act as well as the parties were under a mistaken impression cannot #### alter the true position in law. It is obvious that that basis could not have been applied. That being so the computation of the appe!Jant's income had to be made either under the first basis _viz._ the calculation of the profits and gains on such percentage of the t1:1rnover accruing or arising as the Income-tax Officer may consider to be reasonable or on the third basis _i.e._ 'in such other manner as the Income-tax Officer may deem suitable'. A B # c D E F G H From the assessment orders made by the Income-tax Officer, it does not appear that in computing the taxable income of the assessee, he adopted the first basis. The most appropriate basis under which he could have computed the income was the last basis _viz._ "in such other manner as the Income-tax Officer may deem suitable." While adopt)ng that basis, the Income-tax Offi cer is not required to rigidly apply the various conditions prescribed in the Act in the< matter of granting one or the other of the permissible allowances. He may adopt any equitable basis so long as that basis does not conflict either with rule _.:_ 3 or with the instructions or directions given by the Board of Re\ e1me. The power given to the Income-tax Officer under that basis is a very wide power. That power is available not only to the Income-tax Officer but also to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Tribunal. As the Tribunal had determined the tax due from the appellant on the basis of the ratio certificate given by the U.K. authorities, it cannot be said that the decision reached by 1he Tribunal was an unreasonable one. The Tribunal's decision accords with the instructions given by the Board of Revenue. The fact that the proviso to s. I 0 ( 2) ( vib) was incorporated into the Act after the Board issued its instructions cannot affect either the validity of rule 33 or the force of the instructions issued by the Board of Revenue because neither rule 3 3 nor the instructions issued were strictly in accordance with s. 10 (2). They merely lay down certain just a,nd fair methods of approach to a difficult problem. The learned Solicitor-General appearing for the Revenue at one stage of his arguments contended that the instructions issued [1972] 2 S.C.R . . SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1'76 by the Board of Reven!!e cannot hav7 any bindin.g. effect and those instructions cannot abrogate or modify the prov1S1ons of the Act. But he did not contend that rule 3 3 is _ultra vires_ the Act. ~he instructions in question merely lay down the manner of applymg rule 33. Now coming to the questio!li as to the effect of instructions issued under s. 5(8) of. the Act, this Court observed in _Navnit_ _Lal_ C. _Javeri_ v. _K. K._ _Sen,,_ _Appellate Asstt. Commissioner Bom-_ _bay:_ (1) "It is clear that· a circular of the kind which was issued by the Board would be binding on all officers and persons employe4 in the execution of the Act under section 5(8) of the Ac~. This circular pointed out to all the officers that it was likely that some of the companies might have advanced loans to their share-holders as a result of. genuine transactions of loans, and the idea was not to affect such transactions and not to bring them within the mischief of the new provison." The directions given in that circular clearly deviated from the provisions of the Act, yet this Court held that tlie circular was binding on the Income-tax Office~. For the reasons mentioned above, Civil Appeals Nos. 1161 and 1162 of 1971 are allowed and in substitution of the answer given by t'.ic High Court to question No. 2, we answer that question in th, affirmative and in favour of the assessee. The assessee is entitled to its costs in those appeals both in this Court as well as in the High Court-costs one set. Civil Appeals Nos. 2459 and 2460 of 1968 are dismissed as being nat maintainable. In those appeals, there will be no order as to costs. G.C. _C.A.s Nos._ 1161 _and_ 1162/71 _allowed._ _C.A.s Nos._ 2459 _and_ 2460/68 _dismissed._ {I) 5 ~~6~~ ~~l.T.R.~~ ~~198.~~ A B ## c 0 E