Eastern Book Company & Ors. v. D.B. Modak & Anr.

A _r-_ ' # EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ ## D.B. MODAK & ANR. DECEMBER 12, 2007 B # **(B.N. AGRAWAL AND P.P. NAOLEKAR, JJ.)** _Indian Copyright Act, 1957,' Ss.2 (k), 13, 17 and 52:_ ..,,_ _Copyright in Law Report- Publishing of copy edited version_ c _[ofjudgments, order and proceedings ][of ][Supreme Court by appellant ]_ - _Copying by respondents_ - _Claim of copyright in the publication/_ - _published work Held: Originaliiy in work is a requirement of copyright_ - _It is a right to stop others from exploiting the work of owner without his consent_ - _There is no copyright in the facts per_ D _[se ][-All ][literary works have ][to ][be ][original/primary work for claiming ]_ - _such protection However, derivative/secondary work would qualifY for claiming such protection provided skill, labour and capital involved in its creation and creativity in the end product is such as to create a new work so as to make the creator of derivative work_ E _[author ][of ][it ]_[-] _[The ][Courts have only to evaluate as to whether the ] derivative work involved substantial amount of skill labour and capital and need not to evaluate the creative aspect of the same_ - - _Law Report of Supreme Court Judgments is derivative work Reproduction of judgments in public domain do not infringe the_ F _copyright_ - _Innovative thoughts are necessary to establish copyright_ - _in the judgments Copy-edited judgments would not satisfY the claim of copyright merely by establishing the amount of skill, labour and capital put in the inputs of the copy edited judgments excluding innovative thoughts for creativity_ - _But it should be such and_ G _sufficient to import to the judgments printed, some quality which original judgment does not possess and which differentiate the original judgment from the one printed in the Report_ - _Though appellants improved the readability of judgment of the copy-edited iudgment by doing considerable labour etc. but that does not meet_ H 182 H .. EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ 183 ## D.B. MOD AK & ANR. _the minimum requirement of creativity required for claiming_ A _copyright in it_ - _However, creation of paragraph and classification of opinion of judges would require extensive reading and careful study of the subject- It also requires considerable knowledge, sound iudgment and legal skill_ - _Hence, appellants have copyright in it_ - _Respondents are directed not to use the paragraphs and_ B _classification of Judges' opinion as in the Report._ _Copyright Act_ - _Object and scope of_ - _Dtscussed._ _Principles:_ c - _Principle of copyright Applicability of_ _Supreme Court Judgments_ - _Owner of for the purpose of_ - _copyright Held: Government is the first owner of the copyright in the judgment._ D _Words and Phrases:_ _'Copyright Protection'_ - _Meaning of in the context of Copyright Protection Act, 1957._ - _Literary works Classification of_ E _'Original work' and 'derivative work' -Meaning of_ **Appellant is the publisher of a law report publishing therein orders, practice directions, record of proceedings, short judgments and Judgments of the Supreme Court of India. After the initial** F **procurement of the judgments, orders and proceedings for publication from the Registrar, Supreme Court of India, the appellants make copy-editing of the judgments, orders and record of proceedings procured and various inputs are put in the judgments and orders by making an addition of cross-references,** G **formatting of the text, paragraph numbering, verification etc. to make them user friendly. The appellants also prepare the headnotes, which require considerable amount of skill, labour and expertise. And for the said work a substantial amount of** H [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. 184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS A capital expenditure on infrastructure, such as office equipments, computers and for maintaining extensive library, besides recurring expenditure on both the management of human resources and infrastructural maintenance has been made by the appellants. Appellants alleged that the Law Report, so prepared, constitutes B an 'original literary work' in which copyright subsists in terms of Section 13 of the Copyright Act, 1957 and thus the appellants alone have the exclusive right to m2ke printed as well as electronic copies of the same under Section 14 of the Act. Any scanning or copying or reproduction done of or from the Reports or pages or C paragraphs or portions of any volume of the Report by any other person, is an infringement of the copyright in the Report within the meaning of Section 51 oftheAct. Appellants further alleged that respondent No. 2, another publisher, has brought out a software called "Grand Jurix" published on CD-ROMs and the D other respondent, also a publisher, has brought out software package called "The Laws" published on CD-RO Ms; and that all the modules in the respondents' software packages have already been lifted verbatim from their work; copied the sequencing, selection and arrangement of the cases coupled with the entire E text of copy-edited judgments as published in the Law Report, along with and including the style and formatting, the copy-editing paragraph numbers, footnote numbers, cross-references, etc.; and such acts of the defendant-respondents constitute infringement F of the appellants' exclusive right to the same. The appellants moved the High Court for issuance of temporary injunction by filing applications in the Suit against the respondents. Single Judge of the High Court dismissed the applications for interim injunction. However, before the Single Judge, the respondents conceded G that the appellants have copyright in the headnotes and as such they undertook not to copy these headnotes in their CD-RO Ms. Aggrieved by the order of the Single Judge of the High Court refusing to grant interim injunction, the appellants preferred appeals before a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court and the H applications praying for interim relief were also filed in both the ,_ _J_ 185 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ ## D.B. MODAK&ANR. y appeals. The applications praying for the interim relief were A disposed of by the Division Bench of the High Court directing that during pend ency of the appeals the respondents would be entitled to sell their CD-RO Ms with the text of the judgment of the Supreme Court along with their own headnotes which should not in any way be a copy of the headnotes and the text of the B plaintiff-appellants. Disposing of the matter, the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court held that the appellants were not the author of the Supreme Court judgments and by merely making certain corrections therein or giving paragraph numbers, the character of a judgment does not change and it does not become C materially different from the original judgment; that once a person has a right to obtain certified copy of the judgment from the Registry of the Court and to publish it, it cannot be said that others have no right to take text of the judgment from the journal where it is already reported; that the act of reproduction of any D judgment or order of the Court, Tribunal or any other judicial authority under Section 52(1 )( q) of the Copy Right Act, is not an infringement of the copyright. Any person can, therefore, publish judgments of the Courts, however, there would be copyright in the E headnotes to the judgments prepared by the appellants. So far as footnotes and editorial notes are concerned, it cannot be denied that these are the publisher's own creations and based on publisher's own research and, thus, will have a copyright of the appellants. Hence, the Division Bench modified the judgment of F the Single Judge by allowing the respondents to sell their CDROMs with the text of the judgments of the Supreme Court along with their own headnotes, editorial notes, if any, which should not in any way be copy of the headnotes of the appellants. Thus, the High Court has not accepted the case of the appellants that they G have a copyright in the copy-edited judgments of the Supreme Court. Hence the present appeals and the Contempt Petition. In the present case, the questions which require determination by the Court were as to what shall be the standard H 186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. A of originality in the copy-edited judgments of the Supreme Court which is a derivative work and what would be required in a derivative work to treat it the original work of an author and thereby giving a protected right under the Copyright Act, 1957 to the author of the derivative work and as to whether the appellants B would be entitled for a copyright as an original literary work in the entire version of the copy-edited text of the judgments published in the appellants' law report or as to whether the appellants would be entitled to the copyright in some of the inputs which have been put in the raw text. c Appellants contended that the copyright subsists as a law report in their publication 'SCC' as a whole based cumulatively and compendiously on all the substantial contributions of skill, labour and capital in the creation of various parts of the Report; D that the copyright subsists in the copy-edited version; that they do not claim copyright in the raw text of the judgments, certified copies of which are being obtained from the Registry; that they do not claim a monopoly in publishing judgments of the Supreme Court as they are being published by other publishers also without E copying from each other publication; that their copyright is in the copy-edited version of the text of judgments as published in sec which is a creation of their skill, labour and capital and there are contributions/inputs/ additions in creating the version of the text of judgments as published in the report; that Section 52(1)(q)(iv) F of the Act does not bar the recognization of copyright in the copyedited version of the text of judgments of the courts as published in law reports; that the Government is the first owner of copyright in the judgments of the courts as per Section 2(k) read with Section 17 and Section 52(1)(q)(iv) of the Act provides that any person G wanting to reproduce or publish judgments would not infringe the copyright of the Government, but Section 52(1)(q)(iv) does not imply that in case a person has expended independent skill, labour and capital on the judgments of the courts to create and publish his version of the judgments, any other person is free to _r_ ... H EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ 187 i ## D.B. MODAK&ANR. copy that person's version of the judgments, substantially or in its A entirely; that Copyright subsists in the copy-edited version of the text of judgments of the courts as published in law reports, which have been created by the application of skill, labour and capital which is not trivial or negligible; that the inputs put in the copyedited judgments in SCC, is a derivative literary work created B from pre-existing material of the judgments ofthe court which is in public domain; that the exercise of independent skill, labour and capital in its creation by the author of such work, and the derivative literary work so created is by their independent skill, labour and capital, which gives them copyright in such creations; C that it is not necessary that work created should have a literary merit; that the courts can only evaluate whether the skill, labour and capital actually employed, required in creating the work, is not trivial or negligible; that in deciding whether a derivative work qualifies for copyright protection, it must be considered as D a whole, and it is not correct to dissect the work into fragments and consider the copyrightability of each such fragment piecemeal and individually apart from the whole; and that the respondents if wish to reproduce or publish a work already in public domain E was obliged to go to the public domain/common source of such work rather than misappropriating the effort and investment of the appellants by copying the version of such work which was created by them by their independent expenditure of skill, labour and capital. F Respondent submitted that the judgment of the court is a Government work as defined under Section 2(k)(iii) of the Act; that on account of Section.17 ( d) of the Act, the Government in the absence of any agreement to the contrary be the first owner of the copyright therein; that in terms of Section 52(1)(q)(iv) of G the Act, publication of the judgments of the apex court by the respondents would not tantamount to infringement of the copyright of the appellants; that the judgments published in the Supreme Court Cases is nothing but merely a derivative work based upon H I _:f-_ 188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. A the judgments of the court, which lacks originality as it does not depict independent creation even a modicum of creativity; that the inputs put by the appellants is nothing but expressing an idea which can be expressed in a limited way and as such there cannot be a copyright in it; that filling the blanks or gaps by providing B names of the parties or citations of the judgments, both of which are well known and unchangeable parts of that idea, are not original work to warrant copyright protection, either singly or in combination; and that the additions made in the reported judgment by the editors of the Report are only the well known extensions C of the reported decision. These extensions lack even the minimal degree of author's creativity or originality or intellectual labour nor does it create additional knowledge, the protection of which is the very basis of the copyright protection. D Respondents in the connected Civil Appeal submitted that there is a distinction between a 'law report' as understood in England and a 'law journal' as printed in India; thatthe appellants' journal 'SCC' is not a law report in the strict sense, inasmuch as it reproduces the judgments of the court verbatim along with E inputs. However, a law report known in the traditional English sense is when a law reporter present in the court would record in his own words and language the arguments of the counsel on both sides, give a summary of the facts and incorporate into the said report his transcript of the speech of the Judge. Thus, the F appellants' work could only be a law journal and not a law report; that the judgments were specifically made a part of the exception to copyrigh1 infringement and thus find place in Section 52(1)(q) of the Act; that for claiming protection of copyright in a derivative work, under the Indian law originality is a pre-condition and G originality means only that the work was independently created by the author as opposed to copied from other works, and that it possesses at least some minimal degree of creativity; that reporting of the judgments of the Supreme Court with certain inputs could only be said to be a discovery of facts already in existence; that ' H 189 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ ## D.B. MODAK&ANR. to create a copyright by alterations of the text, these must be A extensive and substantial practically making a· new version; that the copy-editing inputs of the appellants are only discoveries/ facts and there are limited ways/unique of expressing the various copy-editing inputs and thus no copyright can subsist in such limited/unique expressions; that the facts which are discovered B could be expressed in limited ways and as such ways adopted cannot give copyright protection to the inputs or the judgments as a whole; that recognizing the copyright in the copy-edited version of the law reports would amount to giving the appellants a monopoly in the judgments of the courts which is against the intendment of C Section 52(1)(q)(iv) and would defeat the purpose of putting judgments in the public domain; that for a derivative work, the originality test as applied in United States Supreme Court should be made applicable whereby the author of a derivative work would satisfy that the work bas been produced from his exercise of skill D and judgment; and that the exercise of skill and judgment required to produce the work must not be so trivial that it could be characterized a purely mechanical exercise. The work should be independently created by the author as opposed to copied from E the other works and that it possesses at least some minimal degree of creativity. Partly allowing the appeals, and disposing of the Contempt Petition, the Court HELD: 1.1. The copyright protection finds its justification[F ] in fair play. When a person produces something with his skill and labour, it normally belongs to him and the other person w.ould not be permitted to make a profit out of the skill and labour of the original author and it is for this reason the G Copyright Act gives to the authors certain exclusive rights in relation to the certain work referred in the Act. The object of the Act is to protect the author of the copyright work from an unlawful reproduction or exploitation of his work by others. - (Para 8) (229-D-E-F] H [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. 190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS A 1.2. Copyright is a right to stop others from exploiting the work without the consent or assent of the owner of the copyright. A copyright law presents a balance between the interests and rights of the author and that of the public in protecting the public domain, or to claim the copyright and protect it under the copyright B statute. One of the key requirements is that of originality which contributes, and has a direct nexus, in maintaining the interests of the author as well as that of public in protecting the matters in public domain. It is a well-accepted principle of copyright law that there is no copyright in the facts per se, as the facts are not C created nor have they originated with the author of any work which embodies these facts. (Para - 8) (229-F-G-H; 230-A) A 1.3. For copyright protection, all literary works have to be original as per Section 13 of the Act. Broadly speaking, there D would be two classes of literary works : (a) primary or prior works: These are the literary works not based on existing subjectmatter and, therefore, would be called primary or prior works; and (b) secondary or derivative works: These are literary works based on existing subject-matter. Since such works are based on E existing subject-matter, they are called derivative work or secondarywork. (Para-13)(234-F-G) 2. In many cases, a work is derived from an existing work. Whether in such a derivative work, a new copyright work is F created, will depend on various factors, and would one of them be only skill, capital and labour expended upon it to qualify for copyright protection in a derivative literary work created from the pre-existing material in the public domain, and the required exercise of independent skill, labour and capital in its creation by G the author would qualify him for the copyright protection in the derivative work. Or would it be the creativity in a derivative work in which the final position will depend upon the amount and value of the corrections and improvements, the independent skill and labour, and the creativity in the end-product is such as to create H a new copyright work to make the creator of the derivative work , 191 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ ~ ## D.B. MODAK&ANR. -i _, i the author of it; and if not, there will be no new copyright work[A ] and then the original author will remain the author of the original work and the creator of the derivative work will have been the author of the alterations or the inputs put therein, for their nature will not have been such as to attract the protection under the law of copyright. (Para -14) [235-G-H; 236-A-B-C] B > 3.1. In the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the Government shall be the first owner of the copyright in the judgments of the Supreme Court, the same being a Government work in terms of Section 2(k) of the Act. (Para - 13) [235-C-D] c 3.2. The judicial pronouncements of the Apex Court would be in the public domain and its reproduction or publication would not infringe the copyright. The reproduction or publication of the judgments delivered by the Supreme Court by any number of persons would not be infringement of a copyright of the first D owner thereof, namely, the Government, unless it is prohibited. (Para -13) (235-E-F) 4.1. The reports in the Supreme Court Cases (SCC) of the judgments of the Supreme Court is a derivative work in public E domain. (Para-38) [257-H; 258-A] 4.2. The judicial pronouncements of the Apex Court would be in the public domain and its reproduction or publication would not infringe the copyright. That being the position, the copyedited judgments would not satisfy the copyright merely by F establishing amount of skill, labour and capital put in the inputs of the copy-edited judgments and the original or innovative thoughts for the creativity are completely excluded. Accordingly, original or innovative thoughts are necessary to establish copyright in the author's work. The principle where there is common source G the person relying on it must prove that he actually went to the common source from where he borrowed the material, employing his own skill, labour and brain and he did not copy, would not apply to the judgments of the courts because there is no copyright in the judgments of the court, unless so made by the court itself. H [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. 192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS A (Para - 38) [258-B-C-D-E] 4.3. To secure a copyright for the judgments delivered by the court, it is necessary that the labour, skill and capital invested should be sufficient to communicate or impart to the judgment B printed in the Report, SCC, some quality or character which the original judgment does not possess and which differentiates the original judgment from the printed one. The Copyright Act is not concerned with the original idea but with the expression of thought. Copyright has nothing to do with originality or literary merit. c Copyrighted material is that what is created by the author by his own skill, labour and investment of capital, maybe it is a derivative work which gives a flavour of creativity. The copyright work which comes into being should be original in the sense that by virtue of selection, co-ordination or arrangement of pre-existing D data contained in the work, a work somewhat different in character is produced by the author. On the face of the provisions of the 1957 Act, the principle laid down by the Canadian Court would be applicable in copyright of the judgments of the Apex Court. It is clarified that the decision of this Court would be confined to the E judgments of the courts which are in the public domain as by virtue of Section 52 of the Act there is no copyright in the original text of the judgments. (Para - 38) [258-E-F-G-H; 259-A] F _Feist Publications Inc._ v. _Rural Telephone Service Co. Inc.,_ 18 USPQ 2d. 1275; _Key Publications, Inc._ v. _Chinatown Today Publishing Enterprises, Inc.,_ 945 F.2d.509; _Macmillan and Company_ v. _K. and J Cooper,_ 1924 Privy Council 75; _CCH Canadian Ltd._ v. _Law Society of Upper Canada,_ 2004 (1) SCR 339 (Canada) - referred to. G 5.1. No doubt the appellants have collected the material and improved the readability of the judgment by putting inputs in the original text of the judgment by considerable labour and arranged it in their own style, but that does not give the flavour of minimum requirement of creativity. The exercise of the skill and judgment H I t EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ 193 ,, ## D.B.MODAK&ANR. .., required to produce the work is trivial and is on account of the A labour and the capital invested and could be characterized as purely a work which has been brought about by putting some amount of labour by the appellants. Although for establishing a copyright, the creativity standard applies is not that something must be novel or non-obvious, but some amount of creativity in[B ] the work to claim a copyright is required. It does require a minimal degree of creativity. Arrangement of the facts or data or the case law is already included in the judgment of the court. Therefore, creativity of the Report, SCC, would only be addition of certain facts or material already published, case law published in another[c ] law report and its own arrangement and presentation of the judgment of the court in its own style to make it more userfriendly. The selection and arrangement can be viewed as typical and at best result of the labour, skill and investment of capital D lacking even minimal creativity. It does not as a whole display sufficient originality so as to amount to an original work of the author. (Para-40) (260-E-F-G-H; 261-A-B] 5.2. Novelty or invention or innovative idea is not the requirement for protection of copyright but it does require minimal E degree of creativity. The inputs put by the appellants in the copyedited judgments do not touch the standard of creativity required for the copyright. (Para- 40) [261-C-D] \ 5.3. The task of paragraph numbering and internal F referencing requires skill and judgment in great measure. The editor who inserts para numbering must know how legal argumentation and legal discourse is conducted and how a judgment of a court of law must read. Often legal arguments or conclusions are either clubbed into one paragraph in the original judgment or G parts of the same argument are given in separate paragraphs. It requires judgment and the capacity for discernment for determining whether to carve out a separate paragraph from an existing paragraph in the original judgment or to club together separate paragraphs in the original judgment of the court. Setting of H /' .. / 194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. A paragraphs by the appellants of their own in the judgment entailed the exercise of the brain work, reading and understanding of subject of disputes, different issues involved, statutory provisions applicable and interpretation of the same and then dividing them in different paragraphs so that chain of thoughts and process of B statement of facts and the application of law relevant to the topic discussed is not disturbed, would require full understanding of the entire subject of the judgment. Making paragraphs in a judgment could not be called a mechanical process. It requires careful consideration, discernment and choice and thus it can be called as C a work of an author. (Para - 41) [261-F-G-H; 262-A-B] _r-_ > 5.4. Creation of paragraphs would obviously require extensive reading, careful study of subject and the exercise of judgment to make paragraph which has dealt with particular aspect D of the case, and separating intermixing of a different subject. Creation of paragraphs by separating them from the passage would require knowledge, sound judgment and legal skill. This exercise and creation thereof has a flavour of minimum amount of creativity. The said principle would also apply when the editor E has put an input whereby different Judges' opinion has been shown to have been dissenting or partly dissenting or concurring, etc. It also requires reading of the whole judgment and understanding > the questions involved and thereafter finding out whether the Judges have disagreed or have the dissenting opinion or they are F partially disagreeing and partially agreeing to the view on a particular law point or even on facts. In these inputs put in by the appellants in the judgments reported in the Report, the appellants have a copyright and nobody is permitted to utilize the same. (Para - 41) (262-B-C-D-E] ## G 6. The High Court has already granted interim relief to the plaintiff-appellants. It is further directed that the defendantrespondents shall not use the paragraphs made by the appellants . in their copy-edited version for internal references and their H editor's judgment regarding the opinions expressed by the Judges EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ 195 D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] by using phrases like 'concurring', 'partly dissenting', etc. on the A basis of reported judgments in SCC. The judgment of the High Court is modified to the extent that in addition to the inkrim relief already granted by the High Court. (Para - 42) (262-F; G-H; 263-A) B 7. In view of the decision so rendered, it is not necessary to pass any order on the contempt petition. The contempt petition stands disposed of accordingly. (Para - 43) (263-B) CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 6472 of2004. C From the final Judgment and Order dated 27.9.2002 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in FAO (OS) No. 43 and 45/2001. ## WITH D C.A. No. 6905 of2004 and Contempt Petition (C) No. 158 of 2006 in C.A. No. 6472 of2004. Raju Ramachandran, Sudeep Mallik,Anitha Shenoy, Saurab Sinha, RishadAhmad Chowdhury, Raj Shekhar Rao, M.R. Vij, Nitin Ramesh, Samar Bansal, S.K. Mohanty, Lokesh Kumar, M.K. Garg, Pratibha M. E Singh, Gaurav Sharma, Bishwajit Dubey, Shruti Kakker, Sumeet Bhatia and Maninder Singh for the Appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by P.P. NAOLEKAR, J. 1. These appeals by special leave have F been preferred against the common judgment of a Division Bench of the High Court ofDelhi involving the analogous question and are, therefore, decided together by this judgment. 2. Appellant No. 1 - Eastern Book Company is a registered G partnership firm carrying on the business of publishing law books. Appellant No. 2- EBC Publishing Pvt. Ltd. is a company incorporated and existing under the Companies Act, 1956. The said appellants are involved in the printing and publishing of various books relating to the field oflaw. One of the well-known publications of appellant No. 1 - H ' t 196 SUPREMECOURTREPORTS [2007] 13(Addl.)S.C.R. A Eastern Book Company is the law report "Supreme Court Cases" (hereinafter called "SCC"). The appellant publishes all reportable judgments along with non-reportable judgments of the Supreme Court of India. Yet another category included in SCC is short judgments, orders, practice directions and record of proceedings. The law report B SCC was commenced in the year 1969 and has been in continuous publication ever since. The name "Supreme Court Cases" has been coined by the appellants and they have been using the same continuously, exclusively and extensively in relation to the law reports published by them. For the purpose of publishing the judgments, orders and C proceedings of the Supreme Court, the copies of judgments, orders and proceedings are procured from the office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court of India After the initial procurement of the judgments, orders and , proceedings for publication, the appellants make copy-editing wherein the judgments, orders and record of proceedings procured, which is the D raw source, are copy-edited by a team of assistant staff and various inputs are put in the judgments and orders to make them user friendly by making an addition of cross-references, standardization or formatting of the text, paragraph numbering, verification and by putting other inputs. The appellants also prepare the headnotes comprising of two portions, E the short note consisting of catch/lead words written in bold; and the long note, which is comprised of a brief discussion of the facts and the relevant extracts from the judgments and orders of the Court Headnotes are prepared by appellant No. 3-Surendra Malik. As per the said appellant F (plaintiffNo. 3 in the suits filed in the Delhi High Court), the preparation of the headnotes and putting the various inputs in the raw text of the judgments and orders received from the Supreme Court Registry require considerable amount of skill, labour and expertise and for the said work a substantial amount of capital expenditure on the infrastructure, such as G office, equipment, computers and for maintaining extensive library, besides recurring expenditure on both the management ofhuman resources and infrastructirral maintenance, is made by the plaintiff-appellants. As per the appellants, sec is a law report which carries case reports comprising of the appellants' version or presentation of those judgments and H orders of the Supreme Court after putting various inputs in the raw _f_ EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 197 -'1 H text and it constitutes an 'original literary work' of the appellants in A which copyright subsists under Section 13 of the Copyright Act, 1957 (hereinafter referred to as "the Act") and thus the appellants alone have the exclusive right to make printed as well as electronic copies of the same under Section 14 of the Act. Any scanning or copying or reproduction done of or from the reports or pages or B paragraphs or portions of any volume of sec by any other person, is an infringement of the copyright in sec within the meaning of Section 51 of the Act. 3. The defendant-respondent No. 2 Spectrum Business Support c Ltd. (in Civil Appeal No. 6472/2004) has brought out a software called "Grand Jurix" published on CD-ROMs and the defendantrespondent No. 2 Regent Data Tech Pvt. Ltd. (in Civil Appeal No. 6905/2004) has brought out software package called "The Laws" published on CD-RO Ms. As per the appellants, all the modules in D the defendant-respondents' software packages have been lifted verbatim from the appellants' work; the respondents have copied the appellants' sequencing, selection and arrangement of the cases coupled with the entire text of copy-edited judgments as published in the plaintiff-appellants' law report SCC, along with and including E the style and formatting, the copy-editing paragraph numbers, footnote numbers, cross-references, etc.; and such acts of the defendantrespondents constitute infringement of the plaintiff-appellants' exclusive right to the same. F 4. The plaintiff-appellants herein moved the Court for temporary injunction by filing applications in Suit No. 7 5 8/2000 against Spectrum Business Support Ltd. and in Suit No. 624/2000 against Regent Data Tech Pvt. Ltd. before a learned Single Judge of the High Court of Delhi. The interim orders of injunction were passed in the suits from time to (i time. However, the defendant-respondents filed application for vacation of the stay order. By a common judgment dated 17. l.2001, the Single Judge oftlie High Court dismissed the appellants' applications for interim injunction and allowed the respondents' application for v~cation of stay. 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. A However, before the Single Judge, the respondents conceded that the appellants have copyright in the headnotes and as such they undertook not to copy these headnotes in their CD-RO Ms. 5. Aggrieved by the said order dated 17.1.2001 refusing to grant B interim injunction, the appellants preferred appeals before a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court and the applications praying for interim relief were also filed in both the appeals. The applications praying for the interim relief were disposed of by the Division Bench on 9.3.2001 directing that during the pendency of the appeals the respondents will be c entitled to sell their CD-RO Ms with the text of the judgment of the Supreme Court along with their own head.notes which should not in any way be a copy of the headnotes and the text of the plaintiff-appellants. 6. The Division Bench of the Delhi High Court heard the matters D finally and has held that the appellants are not right in submitting that although the respondents have a right to publish the raw judgments they could do so only after obtaining the same from the original source, i.e. after obtaining certified copy of the judgment. The Division Bench did not agree with the submission of the appellants that by E making certain corrections in the judgments or putting paragraph numbers or arranging the said judgments in a particular manner while printing, the appellants can claim that the copy-edited judgments become their 'original literary work'. If the right of a person like the appellants who are merely reporting the judgments of the courts is F stretched to this extent, then after a judgment is reported by a particular journal, others would be barred from doing the same and the very purpose of making these judgments in public domain, therefore, would be frustrated. The Court has further held that the appellants are not the author of the Supreme Court judgments and G by merely making certain corrections therein or giving paragraph numbers, the character of a judgment does not change and it does not become materially different from the original judgment. Once a person has a right to obtain certified copy of the judgment from the Registry of the Court and to publish it, it cannot be said that he has _r_ H 199 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] --, no right to take text of the judgment from the journal where it is A already reported. The act of reproduction of any judgment or order of the Court, Tribunal or any other judicial authority under Section 52( 1 )( q) of the Act, is not an infringement of the copyright. Any person can, therefore, publish judgments of the Courts. The appellants may have happened to have first published the judgments, but the B same will not mean that they can have a copyright therein. It is the considered opinion of the Division Bench that no person can claim copyright in the text of the judgment by merely putting certain inputs to make it user friendly. The appellants cannot claim copyright in the judgment of the Court. But it has been held by the Court that reading C the judgment and searching the important portions thereof and collecting sentences from various places for the purposes of making headnotes would involve labour and skill; and that there is originality and creativity in preparation of the headnotes, but not when they are D verbatim extracts from the judgment and, therefore, there would be copyright in the headnotes. to the judgments prepared by the appellants. So far as footnotes and editorial notes are concerned, it cannot be denied that these are the publisher's own creations and based on publisher's own research and thus will have a copyright of E the appellants. The Division Bench modified the judgment of the Single Judge by directing the respondents that they shall be entitled to sell their CD-ROMs with the text of the judgments of the Supreme Court along with there own headnotes, editorial notes, if any, which should not in any way be copy of the headnotes of the appellants. F The respondents shall also not copy the footnotes and editorial notes appearing in the journal of the appellants. Thus, the Court has not accepted the case of the appellants that they have a copyright in the copy-edited judgments of the Supreme Court. Aggrieved by the decision of the Division Bench of Delhi High Court, the appellants (; have filed these appeals by special leave. 7. The appellants have claimed that the copyright subsists in sec as a law report as a whole based cumulatively and compendiously on all the substantial contributions of skill, labour and H [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS _r_ > A capital in the creation of various parts ofSCC, i.e., headnotes, editorial notes, footnotes, the version of the copy-edited text of judgments as published in the appellants' law report sec, the selection of cases as published in sec, the sequence and arrangement of cases as published in SCC and the index, table of cases, etc. which are B published in each volume ofSCC, that give it the SCC volumes and thereby complete SCC set, its character as a work as a whole. The appellants claim that the copyright subsists in the copy-edited version. The appellants do not claim copyright in the raw text of the judgments, c[certified copies ][of ][which ][are ][obtained ][from ][the ][Registry. ][The ] appellants do not claim a monopoly in publishing judgments of the Supreme Court as they are being published by other publishers also without copying from each other publication. The appellants claim that their copyright is in the copy-edited version of the text of D[judgments ][as ][published ][in ][sec ][which ][is ][a ][creation ][of ][the ][appellants' ] skill, labour and capital and there are contributions/inputs/ additions of the appellants in creating their version of the text of judgments as published in SCC. The appellants placed before us the following contributions, inputs and additions made by them to the text in the . E[certified ][copies ][of ][the ][judgments ][received ][by ][them ][from ][the ][Registry ][. ] The appellants assert that originality inheres in the following aspects of its editorial process which are selected, coordinated and arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of the appellants. F ## **MATTERADDEDPERSETOTHERAWTEXTOFTHE JUDGMENTS** • **1. Cross-citations are added to the citations(s) already given in the original text** G _For example,_ - a. SCC/ AIR/LLJ citations added in addition to the SCR citation given in the text and cross-citations separated by":" H I ' - EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 201 |Raw text obtained|secPage:||Corresponding||A| |---|---|---|---|---|---| |from Registry:|||citations from||| |||.|SCC Page:||| |R.Chitralakhaand|_R.Chitralakha_|v.|388:AIR1964SC||| |Anr.v.Stateof|of_StateofMysore_and||1823||B| |Mysore&Ors. 1964<br>(6)SCR368at388<br>andTriloki Nathv.<br>J.&KState1969(1)|_TrilokiNath_v._State_<br>_ofJ & K (II)_and_K._<br>C._VasanthKumar_<br>v.<br>_State_<br>_of_||(1969) 1SCR103,<br>105:AIR 1969SC1:<br>(1970)1LLJ629<br>_of_||| |SCR 103at105and|and<br>_Karnataka._|.|.1985Suppsec714:||c| |K.C.VasanthKumar|Kumar<br>(1964) 6SCR368,||1985Supp 1 SCR||| |v.Karnataka1985|1985||352||| |Supp.(1)SCR352|||||| |b.<br>FCR,IA,|BornLRcitationsaddedinadditiontotheAIR||||AIRD| |citationgiveninrawtextandcross-citationsseparatedby":"||||by":"|by":"| |Raw text obtained|Raw text obtained<br>SCC Page:||Corresponding||| |from Registry:|||citations from||| ||||secPage:||| |DrHoriRamSingh|_HoriRamSingh_|_Singh_|AIR1939FC43:||E| |vs.Emperor|_(Dr)_v._Emperor,_|_Emperor,_|1939FCR159||| |(AIR1938<br>FC43),<br>Gokulchand<br>Dwarkadas|_Gokulchand_<br>_Dwarkadas_<br>_Morarkav._<br>_R.,Shreekantiah_|_R.,Shreekantiah_|AIR1948PC82:75<br>IA30<br>AIR1955SC287:.||F| |Morarkavs.The|_Ramayya_||57BomLR632||| |King(AIR1948|_Munipalli_v._State_||||| |PC82),|_ofBombay._||||| |Shreekantiah|||||| |RamayyaMunipalli|||||| |vs.Stateof|||||| |Bombay(AIR1955|1955||||| |SC287)|||||| ||||||H| [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. 202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS - _!_ ' A 2. (a) Names of cases and cross-citations are added where only the citation of the case is given in the original text. _For example,_ Citation alone given in text replaced with full case name: B "M.P. Oil Extraction (P) Ltd. v. State ofM.P." and Jab LJ crosscitation added to AIR citation already in raw text, and separated by":" c D |citation added to AIR citation already in raw text, and separatedto AIR citation already in raw text, and separated<br>by":"|citation added to AIR citation already in raw text, and separatedto AIR citation already in raw text, and separatedAIR citation already in raw text, and separatedcitation already in raw text, and separatedalready in raw text, and separatedin raw text, and separated|citation added to AIR citation already in raw text, and separatedto AIR citation already in raw text, and separatedAIR citation already in raw text, and separatedcitation already in raw text, and separatedalready in raw text, and separatedin raw text, and separatedraw text, and separatedtext, and separatedand separatedseparated| |---|---|---| |Raw text obtained<br>from Registry:|secPage:|Corresponding<br>citations from<br>secPage:| |Thesaiddecisionhas<br>beenreportedinAIR<br>1982M.P.1.|Thesaiddecision<br>has been reported in<br>_MP.OilExtraction_<br>_(P)Ltd._v._State_<br>_ofMP._|AIR 1982 MP1:<br>1982JabLJ795| 2(b). Citations and cross-citations are added where only name of the case is given in the original text. E _For example_ Name of case in text replaced with full case reference and crosscitations added as per sec style. F G H |Name of case in text replaced with full case reference and cross-of case in text replaced with full case reference and cross-case in text replaced with full case reference and cross-in text replaced with full case reference and cross-text replaced with full case reference and cross-<br>citations added as per sec style.as per sec style.per sec style.er sec style.|Name of case in text replaced with full case reference and cross-of case in text replaced with full case reference and cross-case in text replaced with full case reference and cross-in text replaced with full case reference and cross-text replaced with full case reference and cross-full case reference and cross-case reference and cross-<br>citations added as per sec style.as per sec style.per sec style.er sec style.sec style.style.yle.le.|Name of case in text replaced with full case reference and cross-of case in text replaced with full case reference and cross-case in text replaced with full case reference and cross-in text replaced with full case reference and cross-text replaced with full case reference and cross-full case reference and cross-case reference and cross-reference and cross-| |---|---|---| |Raw text obtained<br>from Registry:|secPage:|Corresponding<br>citations from<br>secPage:| |DivisionBenchofthis<br>CourtinKishanLal<br>Sharma(supra).<br>d)<br>Among<br>the (d) Among the<br>pensioners also, the pensioners also, the<br>above anomaly will<br>prevailaspointedout<br>inJanakiPrasad.|DivisionBenchofthis<br>Court in_KishanLal_<br>_Sharma._<br>the (d) Among the<br>pensioners also, the pensioners also, the<br>above anomaly will<br>prevailaspointedout<br>in_JanakiPrasad._|KishanLalSharmav.<br>Prem Kishore, AIR<br>1983Raj100:1983<br>RajLR164<br>Janaki<br>Prasad<br>Parimoov.StateofJ<br>&K,(1973) 1sec<br>420| I. \ EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 203 2(c). Citation inserted in case-history where only the title A and year of the impugned/earlier orders are given. _For example,_ From the Judgment and Order dated June 17, 1980 of Gujarat High Court in Special Civil Application No. 2711 of 1999: AIR 1981 B Guj 15 '--------~~ Citation supplied by SCC c ## 3. sec style of presenting (repeatedly) cited cases _For example,_ Changes have been made in the name of the cited cases as per SCC style as "Rattan Singh's case (supra)"; "Mohilmmad's case (supra)" and "Range Forest Officer's case" in the raw text consecutively changed to _"Ratan Singh case"; "Mohammed case_ and _"Range Forest Officer case"_ in SCC. D E Raw text obtained sec Page: from Registry: In Rattan Singh's case (supra), 140. In _Ratan Singh case_ the the High Court of Madhya High Court of Madhya Pradesh F Pradesh finding certain illegalities finding certain illegalities in the in the prosecution relating to prosecution relating to setting setting aside aside In Mohammad's case (supra), 141. In _Mohammed case,_ the G the observation of the Kerela observations of the Kerela High High Court that "if a clear illegality Court that "if a clear illegality or or injustice comes to the notice injustice comes to the notice of of the High Court the High Court H 204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. _r_ A B In the third case relied on by Justice M.K. Chawla, namely, Range Forest Officer's case, a vehicle belonging to the respondent was confiscated. 142. In the third case relied on by Justice M.K. Chawla, namely, _Range Forest Officer case_ a vehicle belonging to the respondent was confiscated. * The changes have been underlined. ## 4. Precise references to quoted matter are provided C _For example,_ a. The exact page and paragraph number as in the original case source is inserted. Raw text obtained sec Page: D from Registry: In _Balaji_ it is stated: In _Balaji_ it is stated: (SCR p. 458) "It seems fairly clear that the "It seems fairly clear that the E backward clas.ses of citizens for backward classes of citizens for whom special provision whom special provision After referring to the provisions After referring to the provisions of Articles 338(3), 340 (1),341 of Articles 338(3), 340(1), 341 and 342, the Court proceeded and 342, the Court proceeded F to hold as follows: to hold as follows: (SCR p.458) "It would thus be seen that this "It would thus be s~n that this provision contempates that provision contemplates that some Backward Classes may by some Backward Classes may by G the Presidential order be the Presidential order be included. included H It may be appropriate to quote It may be appropriate to quote the relevant holding from the the relevant holding from the judgment: judgment: (SCR pp.467, 470) 1. 205 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] · |D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ·MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ·&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ·[NAOLEKAR, J.] ·|D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ·MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ·&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ·[NAOLEKAR, J.] ·|D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ·MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ·&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ·[NAOLEKAR, J.] ·J.] ··||| |---|---|---|---|---| |"WhenArt.15(4)referstothe||"When Article15(4)refersto||A| |special provision for the||thespecial provisionforthe||| |advancementofcertainclasses||advancementofcertainclasses||| |or scheduled castes or||or Scheduled Castes and||| |scheduledtribes,itmustnotbe<br>ignoredthattheprovisionwhich||ScheduledTribes,itmustnotbe<br>ignoredthattheprovisionwhich||B| |isauthorisedtobemade||isauthorisedtobemade||| |ThePrivyCouncilobserved:"It||ThePrivy Councilobserved:||| |maybewelltoaddthat their||(IA p.302,para17)||| |Lordshipsjudgmentdoesnot<br>implythateverysumpaidllllder<br>mistakeisrecoverable||"Itmaybewelltoaddthattheir<br>Lordships' judgmentdoesnot<br>implythateverysumpaidunder||c| |||mistakeisrecoverable||| |||*The changes have been||D| |||highlighted||| |b.Theexactpageandparagraphnumberasintheoriginaltreatises/||||| |referencematerialisinserted.||inserted.<br>·||| |Raw text obtained||SCC Page:||E| |from Registry:||||| |isveryinstructive,||isveryinstructive:_(CAD,_Vol.||| |"Supposing, for instance,||7, pp. 701-02)||| |reservationsweremadefora||"Supposing, for instance,||F| |communityor a collection of||reservationsweremadefora||| |communities,thetotalofwhich||community or a collectionof||| |||communities,thetotalofwhich||| |is a community which is||is a community which is||| |backwardintheopinionofthe||backwardintheopinionofthe||| |Government".||Government"._(CAD,_Vol.7,||| |||pp. 702)||| |||* The changes have been||| |||highlighted.||| |||||H| 206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. _t_ A 5. Margin headings are added to quoted extracts from statutes/rules etc. when missing. _For example,_ Section number and Margin Heading of the Section have been B supplied. Raw text obtained SCC Page: from Registry: deals with sovereignty over, and deals with sovereignty over, and limits of, territorial waters and limits of, territorial waters and says: says: "(l) The sovereignty of India _"3. Sovereignty over, and_ extends and has always _limits of, territorial waters.-_ extended to the territorial waters _(!)_ The sover-eignty of India of India (hereinafter referred to extends and has always as the territorial waters) and to extended to the territorial waters the seabed and subsoil of India (hereinafter referred to underlying, and the air space as the territorial waters) and to over such waters. the seabed and subsoil underlying, and the air space over such waters. c D E It says: It says: "(l) All lands, minerals and _"297. Things of value_ F other things of value underlying _within territorial waters or_ the ocean within the territorial _continental shelf and_ waters, or the continental shelf, _resources of the exclusive_ or the exclusive economic zone, _economic wne to vest in the_ of India shall vest in the Union _Union.-_ (1) All lands, minerals G and be held for the purpose of and other things of value the Union. underlying the ocean within the territorial waters, or the continental shelf, or the exclusive economic zone, oflndia shall H EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 207 -1 ' |D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.]MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.][NAOLEKAR, J.]|D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.]MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.][NAOLEKAR, J.]J.]| |---|---| ||vestinthe Unionandbe held<br>for the purposeofthe Union.| |That article readsasunder:<br>"19(1)Allcitiz.ensshallhavethe<br>right|That Article readsasunder:<br>_"19. Protectionofcertain_<br>_rights regarding freedomof_<br>_speech, etc.-_ (1)All citizens<br>shallhavetheright| 6. Number of the section/rule/article/paragraph is added to the extract quoted in the original text c _For example,_ The sub-section numbers have been added to the text. Raw text obtained sec Page: from Registry: D The said provision reads as The said provision reads as under: under: "Where a landlord has acquired "13. (3-A) where a landlord has his interest in the premises by acquired his interest in the E transfer, no suit forthe recovery premises by transfer, no suit for of possession of the premises the recovery of possession of on any of the grounds mentioned the premises on any of the in clause (f) or clause (ff) of grounds mentioned in clause (f) or clause (ff) of F The said sub-section reads as The said sub-section reads as under: under: "If, in the course of any trial "12. (2) If, in the course of under this Act of any offence, it any trial under this Act of any G is found that the accused person offence, itis found that the accused has committed any other offence person has committed any other under this Act or any rule made offence under this Act or any rule thereunder or under any made thereunder or under any other law, other law, [2007) 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. 208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS _t_ A B c D E F G |Forconvenie,nce,wereproduce<br>thesub-sectionhere:<br>"Anypersonwhoisamember<br>of aterroristsgangoraterrorists<br>organization,whichis<br>Sub-section(4)ofSection 3 of<br>TADAreadsthus:<br>"whoeverharboursorconceals,<br>or attempts to harbour or<br>conceal,anyterrorist shallbe<br>punish-ablewithimprisonment<br>foratermwhich shall notbe<br>lessthanfiveyearsbut|Forconvenience,wereproduce<br>thesub-sectionhere:<br>"3.(5)Anypersonwhoisa<br>memberof a terrorists'gangor<br>aterrorists'organization,which<br>J.S<br>Sub-section(4)ofSection3of<br>TADAreadsthus:<br>"3.(4)Whoever harbours or<br>conceals, or attempts to<br>harbouror conceal, any<br>terrorist shallbepunish-able<br>with imprison-mentforaterm<br>whichshallnotbelessthanfive<br>years but| |---|---| |Section 2(1)(i)oftheTADA<br>whichreadsthus:-<br>"Wordsandexpressionsused<br>butnotdefinedinthis Actand<br>definedinthecodeshallhave<br>the meanings respectively<br>assignedtothemintheCode"<br>Indian Penal Code by the<br>followingwordsinclausey of<br>Section 2oftheCode:<br>"wordsandexpressions used<br>herein and not defined but<br>definedintheIndianPenalCode|. Section2(1)(i)ofTADAwhich<br>readsthus:<br>"2. (1)(i)words and<br>expressionsusedbutnotdefined<br>inthisActanddefinedinthe<br>Codeshallhavethemeanings<br>respectivelyassignedtothemin<br>theCode"<br>Indian Penal Codebythe<br>followingwordsinclause'y'of<br>Section 2oftheCode:<br>"2.(y)words and<br>expressionsusedhereinandnot<br>definedbutdefinedintheIndian<br>PenalCode| "words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Indian Penal Code "2. (y) words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Indian Penal Code H EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ 209 1 G _!_ ## D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 7. Phrases like 'concurring', 'partly concurring', 'partly A dissenting', 'dissenting', 'supplementing', 'majority expressing no opinion' etc. are added to the original text. _For example,_ Words like 'partly dissenting' and 'partly concl!fling' have been B added as per the application of Editor's judgement regarding the opinions expressed by the Judges. |Raw text obtained<br>from Registry:|secPage:| |---|---| |D.P.WadhwaJ<br>Iagreethattheappealbe<br>dismissed.However,I|D.P.WADHWA,J.- _(partly_<br>_concurring)_Iagreethatthe<br>appeal<br>be<br>dismissed.<br>However,I| |S.C.AGRAWALJ.<br>Specialleavegranted.<br>KOSHAL,J.<br>On a perusalofthe<br>judgment prepared bymy<br>learnedbrother,KrishnaIyer,J.,<br>Iagreerespectfullywithfindings<br>(2) to(11),(13) and (14)<br>enumeratedbyhim|AGRAWAL,<br>J.<br>_(partly_<br>_dissenting)_- Special leave<br>granted.<br>Koshal,J._(partly dissenting)_<br>- Ona perusalofthejudgment<br>preparedbymylearnedbrother,<br>Krishna Iyer, J ., I agree<br>respectfullywithfindings(2)to<br>(11),(13)and(14)enumerated<br>byhim| c _p_ E F 8. Judges on whose behalf opinion given: Expression such as "for himself and Pathak, C.J.", or "Fazal Ali and Rangnath Mishra, JJ." etc. are added to the original text. ## _For example,_ A uniform style has been mentioned by SCC to take care of the fact that which judges have signed the Judgment. 210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. A B c D |Raw text obtained<br>from Registry:|secPage:| |---|---| |RANGANATHMISRA,J.<br>Wehave had the benefit<br>of readingthejudgmentpassed<br>RANGANATHAN,J.<br>The seedsofthe present<br>controversyweresownasearly<br>asin1946.|TheJudgmentsofthe Court<br>were deliveredby<br>RANGANATHMISRA,J._(for_<br>_himself and Pathak, C.J.)_<br>(concurring)<br>The Judgmentsofthe Court<br>weredeliveredby<br>RANGANATHAN,J._(for_<br>_himself andRamaswami,_J)-<br>The seedsofthe present<br>controversyweresownasearly<br>as in1946.| 9. Existing paragraphs in the original text are broken up and separate paragraph numbers are given. _For example,_ E F G H Existing paragraph broken up into two paragraphs and separate paragraph number added on application of editorial judgment Raw text obtained SCC Page: from Registry: "but the risk involved in "but the risk involved in sacrificing efficiency of sacrificing efficiency of administration must always be administration must always be borne in mind when any State borne in mind when any State sets about making a provision sets about making a provision for reservation of appointments for reservation of appointments of posts." We see no justification or posts." (SCR p.606) to multiply 'the risk', which 828. We see no would be the consequence of _t_ _r_ 211 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] A holding that reservation can be justification to multiply 'the provided even in the matter of risk', which would be the · promotion. consequence of holding that reservation can be provided even in the matter of promotion. B weaker segments of We, the weaker segments of 'We, the people of India. No other people of India'. No other understanding can reconcile the understanding can reconcile the . claim of a radical present and claim of a radical present and hangover of the unjust past." A hang-over of the unjust past." c similar view was .expressed in 833. A similar view was _Vasant Kumar_ by Chinnappa expressed in _Vasanth Kumar_ by Reddy, J. The learned Judge Chinnappa Reddy, J. The learned said" the mere securing ofhigh Judgesaid(SCCp.739,para36) marks at an examination may not D necessarily mark out a good "[T]he mere securing of high administrator. marks at an examination may not necessarily mark out a good administrator. E ## MATTER ADDED UPON VERIFICATION 10. Internal referenceing: Use ofparagaraph numbering for internal referencing within a judgment. _For example,_ F Internal paragraph numbering has been added after uniform paragraph numbering have been provided to the multiple judgments. Para 86, 85, 89, 90, 91 and 92 have been changed respectively to Paras 790-793, 794 and 797, 798, 799, 800 and 801 to 803. G |Raw text obtained<br>from Registry:|SCC Page:| |---|---| |(d)'Creamy layer'canbe,and<br>mustbeexcluded. (Para86)|(d)'Creamy layer'canbe,and<br>mustbeexcluded.(Paras790-<br>793)| [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 212 A ( e) It is not correct to say that the backward class, social, educational and economic backwardness are closely intertwined in the Indian context. (Para 85) B (f) The adequacy of representation of a particular class in the services under the State is a matter within the subjective satisfaction of the appropriate Government. The judicial scrutiny in that behalf is the same as in other matters within the subjective satisfaction of an authority. (Para 89) c D (4) (a) A backward class of citizens cannot be identified only and exclusively with reference to economic criteria. (Para 90) E (b) It is, of course, permissible for the Government or other authority to identify a backward F class of citizens on the basis of occupation-cum-income, without reference to caste, if it is so advised. (Para 91) ( 5) There is no constitutional bar to classify the backward classes of citizens into backward and more backward categories. (Para 92) G ( e) It is not necessary for a class to be designated as a backward class that it is situated similarly to the Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes. (Paras 794 and 797) (f) The adequacy of representation of a particular class in the services under the State is a matter within the subjective satisfaction of the appropriate Government. The judicial scrutiny in that behalfis the same as in other matters within the subjective satisfaction of an authority. (Para 798) (4) (a) A backward class of citizens cannot be identified only and exclusively with reference to economic criteria. (Para 799) (b) It is, of course, permissible for the Government or other authority to identify a backward class of citizens on the basis of occupation-cum-income, without reference to caste, if it is so advised. (Para 800) ( 5) There is no constitutional bar to classify the backward classes of citizens into backward and more backward categories. (Para 801 to 803) H 213 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ .. _)_ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] **11. Verification of first word of quoted extract and emphasis**[A ] **supplied on verification.** _For example,_ \ > **Raw text obtained sec Page: from Registry:** B The RajasthanHigh Court in _CfJ'_ The RajasthanHigh Court in _CIT_ v _Rangnath Bangur_ opined: v. _Rangnath Bangur_ opined: (p.498) " .... that once a reassessment "[T]hat once a reassessment c proceeding is initiated, the proceeding is initiated, the original order of assessment _is_ original order of assessment _is set aside or ceases to be set aside or ceases to be operative. The finality of such operative. The finality of such an assessment order is wiped an assessment order is wiped_ D _out_ and a fresh order of assess- _out_ and a fresh order of assessment would take the place of ment would take the place of and completely substitute the and completely substitute the -initial order of assessment. It is, initial order of assessment. It is, E therefore, clear that when therefore, clear that when and said: and said: (p. 503) "reassessment procee-dings "[R ]eassessment procee-dings cannot be contained only to such cannot be confined only to such F > income which has escaped income which has escaped assessment, but the _entire_ assessment, but the _entire assessment assessment_ Five Judges: G "the Constitution is the _"[T}he Constitution is the_ fundamental law of the land and _fundamental law of the land_ it is wholly unnecessary to _and it is wholly unnecessary_ provide in any law made by the _to provide in any law made by_ legislature that anything done in _the legislature that anything_ G H [2007]13 (Addi.) S.C.R. 214 SUPREME COURT REPORTS |disregard oftheConstitutionis<br>prohibited._Sucha prohibition_<br>_istoberead in every_<br>_enactment._|_done in disregardofthe_<br>_Constitutionisprohibited._<br>_Sucha prohibitionistoberead_<br>_in_<br>_every_<br>_enactment._"<br>(emphasissupplied)| |---|---| |12.Ellipsis" ... "isaddedto<br>_Forexample,_|toindicate breaksinquoted extract.| |---|---| |Raw text obtained<br>from Registry:|~~sec~~Page:| |, hehassaid that "the word<br>'caste'<br>appearing<br>after<br>'scheduled' isreallyamisnomer<br>andhasbeen used onlyforthe<br>purposeofidentifyingthis|165),hehassaid that<br>" ... the word'caste'<br>appearing after 'scheduled'is<br>reallyamisnomerandhasbeen<br>used onlyforthe purpose of<br>identifyingthis| |Gajendragadkar,Jobserved:<br>"Though castes in relationto<br>Hindusmaybearelevantfactor<br>toconsiderindetermining the<br>social backwardness ofgroups<br>or classesofcitizens, it cannot<br>be thesoleorthedominanttest<br>inthat behalf"<br>mannerasmaybeprescribed<br>dutiesofexciseonallexcisable<br>goods whichareproducedor<br>manufacturedinIndiaas,andat<br>the rates, set forth in the<br>ScheduletotheCentralExcise<br>TariffAct,1985.|Gajendragadkar,J.observed:<br>" ... though castes in<br>relationtoHindusmaybea<br>relevant factortoconsider in<br>determining<br>the<br>social<br>backwardnessofgroups or<br>classes of citizens, it cannotbe<br>made the sole or the dominant<br>testinthat behalf."<br>mannerasmaybeprescribed<br>dutiesofexciseonallexcisable<br>goods...whichareproducedor<br>manufacturedin...Indiaas,and<br>atthe rates, set forth in the<br>ScheduletotheCentralExcise<br>TariffAct, 1985.| 215 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B.MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR,J.] 13. Matter inadvertently missed in quoted extracts is A supplied. _For example,_ Incorporation of matter missing in quotations from cases. B |Raw text obtained ·<br>from Registry:<br>·|secPage:| |---|---| |Where thereisnoexpress<br>exclusiontheexaminationofthe<br>remediesandtheschemeofthe<br>particular Acttofind outthe<br>intendmentbecomesnecessary<br>toseeifthe statute creates a<br>special right or a liabilityand<br>providesforthedetermination<br>oftheright<br>Mr Justice M.K. Chawla<br>holding that parties haveno<br>locusstandi.|Where there isnoexpress<br>exclusiontheexaminationofthe<br>remediesandtheschemeofthe<br>particular Acttofind out the<br>intendmentbecomesnecessary<br>_and the resultofthe inquiry_<br>_maybedecisive. In the latter_<br>_case_<br>Mr Justice M.K. Chawla<br>holding that_Mr._<br>_H._S.<br>_Chowdhary_<br>_and_<br>_other_<br>_intervening_parties haveno<br>locusstandi.| |"38. Statetosecure a social<br>order for the promotionof<br>welfareofthe people.(1)The<br>Stateshallstrivetopromotethe<br>welfareofthe people by<br>securing and protectingas<br>effectivelyasitmaya social,<br>economicandpolitical, shall<br>informalltheinstitutions ofthe<br>nationallife.|"38._Statetosecure a social_<br>_orderforthe promotionof_<br>_welfareofthepeople._-(1)The<br>StateTheState shall striveto<br>promote the welfareofthe<br>people by securing and<br>protectingaseffectivelyasitmay<br>a_social orderinwhich justice,_<br>social,economicandpolitical,<br>shallinformalltheinstitutionsof<br>thenationallife.| c H 216 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. A B c D E The inputs of efficiency include a sense of belonging and of accountability (not pejoratively used) ifits composition takes in also the weaker segments of we, the people oflndia. "It is no doubt true that the Act was amended by U.P. Act 26 of 1975 which came into force on August 18, 1975 taking away the power of the Director to make an appointment under Section 16 F (4) of the Act in the case of minority institutions. The amending Act did not, however, provide proceedings under Section 16 F of the Act. The inputs of efficiency include a sense of belonging and of accountability _which springs in the bosom of the bureaucracy_ (not pejoratively used) if its composition takes in also the weaker segments of 'We, the people oflndia'. "It is no doubt true that the Act was amended by U.P. Act 26 of 1975 which came into force on August 18, 1975 taking away the power of the Director to make an appointment under Section l6-F(4) of the Act in the case of minority institutions. The amending Act did not, however, provide _expressly that the amendment in question would apply to pending_ proceedings under Section 16F of the Act. * The changes have been underlined. F 14. Incomplete/incorrect case names or citations are completed/corrected. _For example,_ Corrections in the case names. G H |Raw text obtained<br>from Registry:|~~sec~~Page:| |---|---| |InRv.GreaterLondonCouncil<br>1976(3)ALLER 184,one<br>AlbertRaymondBlackbum|73.In_R_v._Greater London_<br>_Council, ex parte Blackburn,_<br>oneAlbertRaymondBlackbum| , EASTERN BOOK COMPANY &ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 217 7 \ \ Ray, CJ. in _State of Uttar Pradesh_ v. _Pradeep Tandon and Ors._ 1975 (2) SCR 761 at 766 has gone to the extent of saying that: Reference may be made to ( 1) _Hindustan Zinc_ V. _A.P State Electricity Board_ 1991 (3) SCC 299; (2) _Sitaram Sugars_ V. _Union of India and Others_ 1990 (3) sec 223; (3) _D.C.M_ v. S. _Paramjit Singh_ 1990 (4) SCC 723; (4) _Minerva Talkies_ V. _State of Karnataka and Others_ 1988 Suppl SCC 176; (5) _State of Karnataka_ V. _Ranganath Reddy_ 1978 (1) SCR 641; (6) _Kera/a State Electricity Board_ V. _S.N. Govind Prabhu_ 1986 ( 4) SCC; (7) _Prag Jee Company_ V. _Union of India and Others_ 1978 (2) sec 458; (8) _Sarawaswati Industries Syndicate Ltd._ V. _Union of India_ 1975 (1) SCR 956; (9) _Murti Match Works_ V. _Assistant Collector, Central Excise and Others_ 1974 (3) SCR 121; (10) _T Govindraja Mudaliar_ V. _State of Tamil Nadu and Others_ 1973 (3) SCR 222; and (11) _Narender Kumar_ V. _Union of India and Others_ 1969 (2) SCR 375. A 47. Ray, CJ in _State of UP_ v. _Pradfp Tandon_ has gone to the extent of saying that: (SCC pp. 273~ 74, para 15) B Reference may be made to : (1) _Hindustan Zinc Ltd._ v. _A.P State Electricity Board;_ (2) _Shri Sitaram Sugar Co. Ltd_ v. _Union of India;_ (3) _Delhi_ c _Cloth and General Mills Ltd_ v. S. _Paramjit Singh;_ (4) _Minerva Talkies_ v. _State of Karnataka;_ (5) _State of Karnataka_ v. _Ranganath_ D _Reddy;_ (6) _Kerela State Electricity Board_ v. _S.N.Govinda Prabhu and Bros.;_ (7) _Prag Ice and Oil Mills_ v. _Union of India;_ (8) E _Saraswati Industries Syndicate Ltd._ v. _Union of India;_ (9) _Murthy Match Works v. Assistant Collector, Central Excise;_ (10) _T_ F _Govindaraja Mudaliar v. State of TN. and_ (11) _Narender Kumar v. Union of India._ * The changes have been G underlined. c G H ' [2007)13 (Addi.) S.C.R. 218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS A **15. Other corrections** _For example,_ B a. Clauses numbered in tenns of answers to questions framed by learned Judge have been renumbered correctly in tenns of questions framed, as (3 )( e) actually has been found to be answer to (3) (c) and vice-versa. al. Similarly, clause has been changed to sub-clause. **Raw text obtained from Registry:** c ( c) It is not necessary for a class to be designated as a backward class that it is situated similarly to the Schedule Castes/Tribes. D (Paras 87 and 88) (d) 'Creamy layer' can be, and must be excluded. (Para. 86) ( e) It is not correct to say that E the backward class of citizen contemplated inArticle 16 (4) is the same as the socially and educationally backward classes referred to inArticle 15(4). Itis F much wider. The accent in Article 16( 4) is on social backwardness. Of course, social, educational and economic backwardness are G closely inter-twined in the Indian context. that no better fonnula could be produced than the one that is H ## **sec Page:** ( c) It is not correct to say that the backward class of citizen contemplated in Article 16 ( 4) is the same as the socially and educa-tionally backward classes referred to in Article 15( 4 ). It is much wider. The accent in Article 16( **4)** is on social backwardness. Of course, social, educational and economic back-wardness are closely inter-twined in the Indian context. (Paras 786-789) (d) 'Creamy Layer' can be, and must be excluded. (790-793) ( e) It is not necessary for a class to be designated as a backward class that it is situated similarly to the Schedule Castes/ Schedule Tribes. (Paras 794 and 797) that no better fonnula could be produced than the one that is EASTERN BOOK COMPANY &ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 219 A B -, c |embodied in sub-clause(3)of<br>Article10ofthe Constitution;<br>theywillfindthattheviewofthose<br>who believeandhold that there<br>shallbe|embodiedinclause(3)ofArticle<br>I 0oftheConstitution;theywill<br>findthattheviewofthosewho<br>believeandholdthatthereshall<br>be| |---|---| 16. Text has been changed as per corrigenda issued, which have been issued upon SCC Editor's request and suggestions. _For example,_ ## SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ## Corrigendum This Court's order dated October 25, 1996 in CA 14553/96@ SLP ©No. _5570193_ in the matter ofSmt. Indira Sohan Lal (Dead) by LRs. Vs. Union oflndia D |Page No.|Line No.|For Read|| |---|---|---|---| |1 bottomline|and deducted|deducted|| |27-8from bottom|developedtobring<br>on parwithlevelled|developedto<br>bring themon|E| ||landandhuge|levelledland|| |||and a huge|| |312-13frombottom|compellingmaterial,|compelling|| ||nor the High Court|materialand|F| ||refusedtoadvert|HighCourt's|| |||torefusalto|| |||adverttoit,|| OTHER ADDITIONS/INSERTIONS MADE TO THE RAW TEXT G 17. Compressing/simplification of information relating to case history, _For example_ u ,• [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. 220 SUPREME COURT REPORTS |**Rawtextobtained**<br>**fromRegistry: **|~~sec~~**Page:**| |---|---| |CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 999-<br>1005OF1997<br>[ARISINGOUTOFS.L.P.(C}<br>NOS. 18380-86OF1996]<br>WITH<br>CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 1006-<br>1316OF1997<br>[ARISING OUTOFS.L.P.(C)<br>NOS. 20293/96, 20662/96,<br>21726/96,<br>21824-26/96,<br>22224-502/96,22771/96,<br>23196-97196,<br>23199/96,<br>23700-703/96,23744/96,<br>23747-48/96,<br>23761/96,<br>23763/96, 23766/96, 23775-<br>76/96, 24285/96,24315/96,<br>24320-22/96, 24325-26/96,<br>24328-29/96&24224/96<br>WITII<br>INTERLOCUTORY<br>APPLICATION N0.1<br>IN<br>CIVIL APPEALS<br>[ARISING OUT OF S.L.P.<br>(C)NOS:- 24224/96, 24285/<br>96,24315/96,24320-22/96,<br>24325-26/96&24328-29/96.|_CiviIAppealsNos.999tol316_<br>of1997 with I.A. No. 1 in<br>C.As. arising out ofSLPs. (C)<br>Nos. 24224, 24285, 24315,<br>24320-22,24325-26and<br>24328-29of1996,_decidedon_<br>_February20,1997._| |passed by Madhya Pradesh<br>llighCourtrespectivelyinMisc.<br>PetitionsNo.1371 of1992M.P.|passed by Madhya Pradesh<br>High Court respectively in<br>_MiscellaneousPetitionsNos._| EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MOD AK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 221 _j_ **==> picture [325 x 130] intentionally omitted <==** **----- Start of picture text -----**<br> ||||||| |---|---|---|---|---|---| |A| |No.|1980of1992 and M.P. No.|1371, 1980and2315of1992.| |2315 of1992.All the said Misc.|All the said|miscellaneous| |Petitions were filed before the|petitions|were filed before the| |Madhya Pradesh|High|Court|Madhya Pradesh|High|Court| |under Article 226|of|the|under Article 226|of|the| |B| |Constitution.|Constitution| |*|The changes have been| |underlined.| **----- End of picture text -----**<br> ## **(SCC HAS UNIQUE STYLE)** c **18. There are certain norms followed at SCC for giving case names.** _For example,_ _.:_ v **==> picture [328 x 287] intentionally omitted <==** **----- Start of picture text -----**<br> ||||||||| |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| |Raw text obtained|SCC Page:|D| |from Registry:| |Budh|Prakash Jai|Prakash|v.|Budh Prakash Jai Prakash|v.| |Sales Tax Officer, Kanpur [1952|STO| |A.L.J. 332]|E| |Indian Aluminium Cables|Indian Aluminium Cables Ltd.| |Limited vs. State ofHaryana|v.|State|of Haryana| |Trilok Nath Tiku & Another v.|Triloki Nath Tiku|v.|State of J| |State of Jammu & Kashmir and|&|K|(1)|F| |Others| |R. ChitralekhaandAnr. v.|State|R.|Chitralekha|v.|State|of| |of Mysore|&|Ors.|1964|( 6)|Mysore|and Triloki Nath|v.| |SCR|368|at|388|and Triloki|State of J & K (II)|and|K. C| |G| |Nath v.|J & K State|1969|(1)|Vasanth Kumar|v.|State|of| |SCR|103|at|105|and K.C.|Karnataka| |Vasanth Kumar|v.|Karnataka| |1985|Supp.|(1)|SCR 352| **----- End of picture text -----**<br> H 222 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. A B |MinorP.RajendranV.Stateof<br>Madras&Ors.1968(2)SCR<br>786at790|_PRajendran_v._Stateof_<br>_Madras_<br>_StateofA.P._v._P Sagar_<br>_KS.Venkataramanan_and<br>_Bharat Kala BhandarLtd._v.<br>_Municipal Committee_| |---|---| |StateofAndhra PradeshV.P.<br>Sagar1968(3) SCR595|| |K.S.VenkataramanandBharat<br>Kala Bhandar Ltd.v.M.C.<br>Dhamangaon|| **19. Words like "Section", Sec.", "Rule" etc. are omitted,** c **and only the number of the Section/Rule is given at the beginning of the quoted extract.** **Raw text obtained sec Page: from Registry:** D "Sec 2 (h). "terrorist act" has "2 (h) 'terrorist act' has the the meaning assigned to it in submeaning assigned to it in subsection (1) of Section 3, and the section **(1)** of Section 3, and the expression "terrorist" shall be expression 'terrorist' shall be construed accordingly;" construed accordingly;" E "Rule **11.** No refund of duties "11. _No refund of duties or_ or charges erroneously paid, _charges erroneously paid,_ unless claimed within three _unless claimed within three_ months-No duties or charges _months.-No_ duties or charges which have been paid or have which have been paid or have F been adjusted in an account been adjusted in an account current maintained with the current maintained with the Collector Collector "RULE 233B. Procedure to be "23 3-B. _Procedure to be_ G followed to cases where duty is' _followed in cases where duty_ paid under protest.-(1) Where _is paid under protest._ - (1) an assessee desires to pay duty Where an assessee desires to under protest he shall deliver to pay duty under protest he shall the proper officer a letter to this deliver to the proper officer a letter to this D H • . .- EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 223 /'' **20. Margin heading and the first clause/sub-section or initial** A **matter of section/rule etc. is made to 'run-on', instead of being let to start from a fresh line.** > **Raw text obtained sec Page: from Registry:** B "Liability of person to whom _"72. Liability of person to_ money is paid or thing _whom money is paid or thing_ delivered by mistake or under _delivered, by mistake or under_ · coercion- 72. A person to _coercion.-A_ person to whom whom money has been paid, money has been paid, or c or anything delivered, by anything delivered, by mistake mistake or under coercion, or under coercion, must repay must repay or return it. or return it. Sec 424. Refund of auto"424. _Refund of automobile_ D mobile accessories tax. _accessories tax._ - (a) No refund shall be made of any (a) No refund shall be made amount paid by or collected of any amount paid by or from any manufacturer, collected from any manufacturer, producer, or producer, or importer in respect E importer in respect . Section 3, which is the 175. Section 3, which is the charging Section, reads:charging section, reads: "3. Duties specified in the "3. _Duties specified in the_ F Schedule to the Central _Schedule to the Central Excise_ Excise Tariff Act, 1985 to be _Tariff Act, 1985 to be levied._ levied. **-(1)** There shall be levied and collected in such manner as may **(1)** There shall be levied and G be prescribed duties collected in such manner as may be prescribed duties **21. Compressing of unquoted referends and use of*** for such parts.** H + [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 224 |**Rawtext obtained**<br>**fromRegistry:**|~~sec~~**Page:**| |---|---| |'six months', thewords'five<br>years'weresubstituted.<br>_Explanation_<br>(ii)'relevantdate-means,<br>(a)<br>inthecaseofexcisable<br>goodsonwhichdutyofexcise<br>hasnotbeenleviedorpaid or<br>hasbeen short-leviedorshort-<br>paid...<br>(c)inanyothercase,thedate<br>onwhichthedutyistobepaid<br>underthisActortherulesmade<br>thereunder;|'six months',thewords'five<br>years'weresubstituted.<br>_Explanation.-_<br>(1)-(2)* * *<br>(3)(i)* * *<br>(ii)'relevant date'means,-<br>(a)inthecaseofexcisable<br>goodsonwhichdutyof excise<br>hasnotbeenleviedorpaid or<br>hasbeensho1i-leviedorshort-<br>paid...<br>(c)inanyothercase,the date<br>onwhichthedutyistobepaid<br>underthisActortherulesmade<br>thereunder,''| |(i)....................<br>(ii)....................<br>(iii)wherethe landlordofany<br>buildingis<br>(1)<br>aservingorretiredIndian<br>SoldierasdefinedintheIndian<br>Soldiers(Litigation)Act,1925<br>(IVof1925)andsuchbuilding<br>.wasletoutatanytimebefore<br>hisretirement,or|(i)-(ii)* * *<br>(iii)wherethelandlordofany<br>buildingis-<br>(1)<br>aservingorretiredIndian<br>SoldierasdefinedintheIndian<br>Soldiers(Litigation)Act,1925<br>(IVof1925),andsuchbuilding<br>wasletoutatanytimebefore<br>hisretirement,or| |(2)<br>···························<br>andsuch landlordneedssuch|(2)* * *<br>ands1.1ch~~landl~~ordneedssuch| H .... .. .. ,,/ . **==> picture [8 x 3] intentionally omitted <==** **----- Start of picture text -----**<br> ..._<br>**----- End of picture text -----**<br> ~ EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 225 building for occupation by building for occupation by himself or the members of his himself or the members of his family for residential purposes, family for residential purposes, **22. Series of dots in the raw texts (i.e.,** .............. ) **are replaced with ellipsis (i.e.,** ... ). **Raw text obtained** ~~**sec**~~ **Page: from Registry:** so to say into the _so to say into the_ administration ...... that no better _administration ._ .. that no better formula could be produced than formula could be produced than the one that is embodied in the one that is embodied in subclause (3) of Article 10 of the clause (3) of Article 10 of the Constitution; they will find that Constitution; they will find that the view of those who believe the view of those who believe and hold that there shall be and hold that there shall be equality of opportunity has been equality of opportunity, has been embodied in sub-clause **(1)** of embodied in sub-clause (1) of Article 10. It is a generic Article 10. It is a generic principle ......... Supposing for principle .... Supposing for instance, we are to concede in instance, we are to concede in full the demand of those full the demand of those communities who have not been communities who have not been so far employed in the public so far employed in the public services to the fullest extent, what services to the fullest extent, what would really happen is, we shall would really happen is, we shall be completely destroying the first be completely destroying the first proposition upon which we are proposition upon which we are all agreed, namely, that there all agreed, namely, that there shall be in an equality of shall be in an equality of opportunity ...... .I am sure they opportunity .... I am sure they will agree that unless you use will agree that unless you use some such qualifying some such qualifying A B c D E F G H 226 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. A 23. Removal of abbreviations: sec., R. and cl. are substituted respectively with "Section", "Rule" or "clause". Raw text obtained from Registry: B > B Having regard to the object and language of s. 34 of the I. T. Act, 1922, s. 14 7 of the I.T. Act, 1961, ands. 8 of the SurtaxAct, > 1964, the reopening of an c assessment can only be for the benefit of the Revenue subject to one exception, " ...... it would not be in accordance either with cl. (1) of Art. 15 or cl. (2) of Art. 29 to require the consideration of the castes of persons to be borne in mind for determining what are socially and educationally backward classes. It is true that cl.(4)ofArt.15containsanonobstante clause with the result D E F SCC Page: "Having regard to the object and language of _Section_ 34 of the I. T. Act, 1922, _Section_ 14 7 of the I.T. Act, 1961, and _Section_ 8 of the Surtax Act, 1964, the reopening of an assessment can only be for the benefit of the Revenue subject to one exception, "... it would not be in accordance either with _clause (1)_ of _Article_ 15 or _clause_ (2) of _Article_ 29 to require the consideration of the castes of persons to be borne in mind for determining what are socially and educationally backward classes. It is true that _clause_ ( 4) of _Article_ 15 contains a nonobstante clause with the result * The changes have been underlined. 24. Hyphenation has been added after the section/rule G numbers, which have alphabets, suffixed to them. H **==> picture [306 x 62] intentionally omitted <==** **----- Start of picture text -----**<br> ||||||| |---|---|---|---|---|---| |Raw text obtained|sec Page:| |from Registry:| |SCOPE OF SECTIONS 1 IB,|Scope of Sections|Jl-B, ll-D,| |1 lD, 12A, 12B,|12C|AND|12-A,|12-B,|12-Cand12-Dof| **----- End of picture text -----**<br> EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 227 |12DOFTHE CENTRAL<br>EXCISEACT,1944<br>Sections llBandllDin<br>ChapterIIandSections12A,<br>12B,12Cand12DinChapter<br>II-Aarenowtobeconsidered:-<br>"11B.Claimforrefundofduty<br>(1)Anypersonclaimingrefund<br>ofanydutyofexcisemaymake<br>anapplicationforrefundofsuch<br>duty<br>to<br>the<br>Assistant<br>CommissionerofCentralExcise<br>beforethe|TheCentralExcisesandSaltAct,<br>1944<br>Sections_11-B_and_11-D_in<br>ChapterIIandSections_12-A,_<br>_12-B,12-Cand12-D_in<br>ChapterII-Aarenowtobe<br>considered:<br>**"llB.****_Claimforrefundof_**<br>**_duty._**- (1)Anypersonclaiming<br>refundofanydutyofexcisemay<br>makeanapplicationforrefund<br>ofsuchdutytotheAssistant<br>CollectorofCentral Excise<br>beforethe| |---|---| ||*The changes have been<br>underlined.| ## **25. Indentation** _For example_ SCC style of presentation of quoted extracts in separate indented E paragraphs applied to raw text. |**Raw text obtained**<br>**from Registry:**|**secPage:**| |---|---| |AsChinnappa Reddy,J.in<br>_Vasanth Kumar_has rightly<br>observed, "Alwaysonehears<br>theword 'efficiency'asifitis<br>sacrosanctandthesanctorum<br>hastobefiercely guarded.<br>'Efficiency'isnotamantrawhich<br>iswhisperedby~1CGuruinthe<br>Sishya'sear."|57.AsChinnappaReddy,J.in<br>_Vasanth Kumar_has rightly<br>observed:(SCCp.739, para<br>36)<br>"Alwaysonehearstheword<br>'efficiency'asifitissacrosanct<br>andthesanctorumhastobe<br>fiercelyguarded.'Efficiency'is<br>notamantrawhichiswhispered<br>bytheGuruintheSishya'sear."| 228 [2007113 (Add!.) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS ## **26. Removal of full stops or removal of word** "No.". A **SCC Page:** The appellant says that each of Qiese _RSOs_ maintains an office, a stock yard and other necessary paraphernalia for receiving, stocking, repairing and delivering motor vehicles to their customers. The appellant says almost seventy per cent of its sales are parties other than State Transport Undertakings _(ST Us)._ The sales to _STU s_ are in the region of thirty per cent of its production. The _RSOs,_ the appellant says, contact the local purchasers and the _STUs_ book the orders and also deliver the vehicles to them pursuant to sales effected by them. The appellant always keeps the _RSOs_ well stocked having regard to their requirements. By way· of illustration, it is stated, the _RSO_ at Hyderabad **==> picture [95 x 28] intentionally omitted <==** **----- Start of picture text -----**<br> ||| |---|---| |Raw text|obtain.~d| |from Registry:| **----- End of picture text -----**<br> The appellant says that each of these R.S.Os. maintains an B office, a stock yard and other necessary paraphernalia for receiving, stocking, repairing and delivering motor vehicles to their customers. The appellant says c that almost seventy percent of its sales are to parties other than State Transport Undertakings S.T.Us. The sales to S.T.Us., are in the region of thirty percent D of its production. The R.S.Os., the appellant says, contact the local purchasers and the ST.Us., book the order and also deliver the vehicles to them pursuant to E sales effected by them. The appellant always keeps the R.S.Os. well stocked having regard to their requirements. By way of illustration, it is stated, the F R.S.O. at Hyderabad All the three special leave petitions namely S.L.P. (Civil) No. 19279 of 1995, S.L.P. (Civil) No. 20137 ofl995 and G S.L.P. (Civil ) No. 19796 of 1995 are directed against common judgment dated 9.5.1995 2. All the three special leave petititions namely _SLP_ (Civil) No. 19729of1995, _SIP_ (Civil ) No. 20137of1995 and _SLP_ (Civil) No. 19796of1995 are directed against common judgment r.lated 9-5-1995 * The chaeges have been i underlme~~------------·-J H t EASTERN BOOK COMPANY &ORS. _v._ D.B. MOD AK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 229 D **27. Giving full forms of abbreviations to enhance readability** A **and clarity.** . |**27. Giving full forms of abbreviations to enhance readabilityGiving full forms of abbreviations to enhance readabilityfull forms of abbreviations to enhance readabilityforms of abbreviations to enhance readabilityof abbreviations to enhance readabilityabbreviations to enhance readability**<br>**and clarity.clarity.**|**27. Giving full forms of abbreviations to enhance readabilityGiving full forms of abbreviations to enhance readabilityfull forms of abbreviations to enhance readabilityforms of abbreviations to enhance readabilityof abbreviations to enhance readabilityabbreviations to enhance readabilityto enhance readabilityenhance readabilityreadability**<br>.| |---|---| |**Rawtext obtained**<br>**fromRegistry:**|**SCCPage:**| |fromlegalconsequencesand<br>therefore,theyarealsoguiltyof<br>theoffenceu/s201IPC.|fromlegal consequencesand<br>therefore,theyarealsoguiltyof<br>the offence_underSection_201<br>IPC."<br>*The changes have been<br>underlined.| In addition to the above, capitalization and italicization is made wherever necessary in the raw text; and punctuation, articles, spellings and compound words are also checked and corrected, if required, in the original text. 8. The copyright protection finds its justification in fair play. When a person produces something with his skill and labour, it nonnally belongs to him and the other person would not be permitted to make a profit out of the skill and labour of the original author and it is for this reason the E Copyright Act, 1957 gives to the authors certain exclusive rights in relation to the certain work referred in the Act. The object of the Act is to protect the author of the copyright work from an unlawful reproduction or exploitation of his work by others. Copyright is a right to stop others from exploiting the work without the consent or assent of the owner of F the copyright. A copyright law presents a balance between the interests and rights of the author and that of the public in protecting the public domain, or to claim the copyright and protect it under the copyright statute. One of the key requirements is that of originality which contributes, and has a direct nexus, in maintaining the interests of the author as well G as that of public in protecting the matters in public domain. It is a wellaccepted principle of copyright law that there is no copyright in the facts _per se,_ as the facts are not created nor have they originated with the author of any work which embodies tb,:se facts. The issue of copyright is closely connected to that of commen.:ial viability, and commercial H [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. 230 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ## A consequences and implications. 9. The development of copyright law in India is closely associated with the British copyright law. Statute of Anne, the first Copyright Act in England, was passed in 17th century which provided that the author B of any book already printed will have the sole right of printing such book for a term mentioned therein. Thereafter, came the Act of 1814, and then the Act of 1842 which repealed the two earlier Acts of 1709 and 1814. The Copyright Act of 1911 in England had codified and consolidated the various earlier Copyright Acts on different works. Then came the C Copyright Act ofl 956. In India, the first Copyright Act was passed in 1914. This was nothing but a copy of the Copyright Act of 1911 of United Kingdom with suitable modifications to make it applicable to the then British India. The Copyright Act of 1957, which is the current statute, has followed and adopted the principles and provisions contained D in the U.K. Act of 1956 along with introduction of many new provisions. Then came the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1983 which made a number of amendments to the Act of 1957 and the Copyright (Amendment)Act, 1984 which was mainly introduced with the object to discourage and prevent the widespread piracy prevailing in video films and records. E Thereafter, the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1994 has effected many major amendments in the Copyright Act of 1957. I 0. In the present case, the questions which require determination by the Court are : ( l) What shall be the standard of originality in the copy-edited judgments of the Supreme Court which is a derivative work F and what would be required in a derivative work to treat it the original work of an author and thereby giving a protected right under the Copyright Act, 1957 to the author of the derivative work? and (2) Whether the entire version of the copy-edited text of the judgments published in the appellants' law report sec would be entitled for a copyright as an G original literary work, the copy-edited judgments having been claimed as a result of inextricable and inseparable admixture of the copy-editing inputs and the raw text, taken together, as a result of insertion of all sec copy-editing inputs into the raw text, or whether the appellants would be entitled to the copyright in some of the inputs which have been put H ·- •. EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 231 A in the raw text ? 11. Copyright is purely a creation of the statute under the 1957 Act. What rights the author has in his work by virtue of his creation, are defined in Sections 14 and 17 of the Act. These are exclusive rights, but subject to the other provisions of the Act. 1n the first place, the work B should qualify underthe provisions of Section 13, for the subsistence of copyright. Although the rights have been referred to as exclusive rights, there are various exceptions to them which are listed in Section 52. 12. We are mainly concerned for the purpose of these appeals with Sections 2 [clauses (k), ( o ), (y)], 13(1 ), **14(1** )(a), 17, proviso ( d) C and 52(1 )( q)(iv) of the Copyright Act, 1957. The relevant provisions of these Sections are as under: **"2. Interpretation.-** In this Act, unless the context otherwise reqmres, - D xxx xxx xxx (k) "Government work" means a work which is made or published by or under the direction or control of - - (i) the Government or any department of the Government; E - (ii) any Legislature in India; - (lii) any Court, Tribunal or other judicial authority in India;" _)._ - xxx xxx xxx F "( o) "literary work" includes computer programmes, tables and compilations including computer databases;" xxx xxx xxx - "(y) "work" means any of the following works, namely:- G - (i) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work; - (ii) a cinematograph film; - (iii) a sound recording;" H 232 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. A ·- ,.. E **"13. Works in which copyright subsists.** - (I) Subject to the provisions of this section and the other provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist throughout India in the following classes of works, that is to say, - B - (a) original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works; - (b) cinematograph films; and - ( c) sound recording, (2) Copyright shall not subsist in any work specified in sub-section C **(1** }, other than a work to which the provisions of section 40 or section 41, apply, unless - (i) in the case of a published work, the work is first published in India, or where the work is first published outside India, the author is at D the date of such publication, or in a case where the author was dead at that date, was at the time of his death, a citizen of India; (ii) in the case of an unpublished work other than a work of architecture, the author is at the date of the making of the work a citizen of India or domiciled in India; and (iii) in the case of a work of architecture, the work is located in India _Explanation.-_ In the case of a work of joint authorship, the conditions conferring copyright specified in this sub-section shall be F satisfied by all the authors of the work. (3) Copyright shall not subsist- ' (a) in any cinematograph film if a substantial part of the film is an infringement of the copyright in any other work; G (b) in any sound recording made in respect of a literary, dramatic or musical work, if in making the sound recording, copyright in such work has been infringed. xxx" xxx xxx ·,.. H 233 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ ## D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] > -~· > **"14. Meaning of copyright.** -(1) For the purposes of this Act, A "copyright" means the exclusive right, subject to the provisions of this Act, to do or authorise the doing of any of the following acts in respect of a work or any substantial part thereof, namely:- - (a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, not being B - a computer programme, - - (i) to reproduce the work in any material form including the storing of it in any medium by electronic means; - (ii) to issue copies of the work to the public not being c - copies already in circulation; - (lii) to perform the work in public, or communicate it to the public; - (iv) to make any cinematograph film or sound recording in D respect of the work; - (v) to make any translation of the work; - (vi) to make any adaptation of the work; - (vii) to do, in relation to a translation or an adaptation of[E ] the work, any of the acts specified in relation to the work in sub-clauses (i) to (vi); _)_ xxx'' ## xxx xxx **"17. First owner of copyright.-** Subject to the provisions ofthis[F ] Act, the author of a work shall be the first owner of the copyright therein: ## Provided that - ## xxxxxxxxx G _-(_ ( d) in the case of a Government work, Government shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein; H [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. 234 SUPREME COURT REPORTS •· ... J. > A xxx xxx xxx" **"52. Certain acts not to be infringement of copyright.-** (1) The following acts shall not constitute an infringement of copyright, namely:- B (a) .... xxx xxx xxx ( q) the reproduction or publication of - c (i) xxx xxx xxx (iv) any judgment or order of a Court, Tribunal or other judicial authority, unless the reproduction or publication of such judgment D or order is prohibited by the Court, the Tribunal or other judicial authority, as the case may be; xxx xxx xxx" 13. Subjectto the provisions of Section 13 and the other provisions E of the Act, there shall be a copyright throughout India in original literary work, dramatic, musical and artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recording, subject to the exceptions provided in sub-sections (2) and (3) of Section 13. For copyright protection, all literary works have to be original as per Section 13 of the Act. Broadly speaking, there F would be two classes ofliterary works: (a) primary or prior works: These are the literary works not based on existing subject-matter and, therefore, would be called primary or prior works; and (b) secondary or derivative works: These are literary works based on existing subjectmatter. Since such works are based on existing subject-matter, they are G called derivative work or secondary work. Work is defined in Section ;2.(y) which would be a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work; a cinematograph film; and a sound recording. Under Section 2( o ), literary work would include computer programmes, tables and compilations including computer databases. For the purposes of the Act, Section H 14(1) enumerates what shall be a copyright which is an exclusive right, i _i_ EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ 235 -, _:>_ _'f_ ## D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR,J.] ~- '\ subject to the provisions of the Act, to do or authorize the doing of the A acts provided in clauses (i) to (vii) in respect ofa work or any substantial part thereof in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, not being a computer programme. Section 2(k) defines the' government work' which would be a work which is made or published by or under the direction or control of, amongst others, any Court, Tribunal or other[B ] judicial authority in India. By virtue of this definition, the judgments delivered by the Supreme Court would be a government work. Under Section 17( d), the Government shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright in a government work. In the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the government shall[c ] be the first owner of the copyright in the judgments of the Supreme Court, the same being a government work under Section 2(k). Section 52(1) expressly provides that certain acts enumerated therein shall not constitute an infringement of copyright and sub-clause (iv) of clause ( q) excludes the reproduction or publication of any judgment or order of a[D ] Court, Tribunal or other judicial authority, unless the reproduction or publication of such judgment or order is prohibited by the Court, the Tribunal or other judicial authority from copyright. The judicial pronouncements of the Apex Court would be in the public domain and E its reproduction or publication would not infringe the copyright. The reproduction or publication of the judgments delivered by the Supreme Court by any number of persons would not be infringement of a copyright of the first owner thereof, namely, the Government, unless it is prohibited. The question, therefore, is whether by introducing certain inputs in a F judgment delivered by a court it becomes "original copy-edited judgment" and the person or authority or company who did so could claim to have embodied the originality in the said judgment and the judgment takes the colour of original judgment having a copyright therein of its publisher. 14. In many cases, a work is derived from an existing work. G Whether in such a derivative work, a new copyright work is created, will depend on various factors, and would one of them be only skill, capital and labour expended upon it to qualify for copyright protection in a derivative literary work created from the pre-existing material in the public domain, and the required exercise of independent skill, labour H 236 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. A and capital in its creation by the author would qualify him for the copyright protection in the derivative work. Or would it be the creativity in a derivative work in which the final position will depend upon the amount and value of the corrections and improvements, the independent skill & labour, and the creativity in the end-product is such as to create a new B copyright work to make the creator of the derivative work the author ofit; and if not, there will be no new copyright work and then the original author will remain the author of the original work and the creator of the derivative work will have been the author of the alterations or the inputs put therein, for their nature will not have been such as to attract the C protection under the law of copyright. 15. It is submitted by Shri Raju Ramachandran, learned senior counsel for the appellants that Section 52( 1 )( q)(iv) of the Act does not bar the recognization of copyright in the copy-edited version of the text D of judgments of the courts as published in law reports. The Government is the first owner of copyright in the judgments of the courts as per Section 2(k) read with Section 17 and Section 52(1)(q)(iv) of the Act provides that>any person wanting to reproduce or publish judgments would not infringe .the copyright of the Government, but Section E 52(l)(q)(iv) does not imply that in case a person has expended independent skill, labour and capital on the judgments of the courts to creaJ:e and publish his version of the judgments, any other person is free to copy that person's version of the judgments, substantially or in its entirely. Copyright subsists in the copy-edited version of the text of F judgments of the courts as published in law reports, which have been created by the application of skill, labour and capital which is not trivial or negligible. The inputs put in the copy-edited judgments in sec, is a derivative literary work created from pre-existing material of the judgments of the court which is in public domain. The exercise of G independent skill, labour and capital in its creation by the author of such work, and the derivative literary work created by the expenditure of the independent skill, labour and capital of the appellants gives them copyright in such creations. It is not necessary that work created should have a literary merit. The courts can only evaluate whether the skill, labour and H capital actually employed, required in creating the work, is not trivial or EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B.MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR,J.] 237 ~-fi • **4** _'(_ _>_ negligible. It is further urged by the learned senior counsel that in deciding A whether a derivative work qualifies for copyright protection, it must be considered as a whole, and it is not correct to dissect the work into fragments and consider the copyrightability of each such fragment piecemeal and individually apart from the whole. He submits that the respondents if wish to reproduce or publish a work already in public[B ] domain is obliged to go to the public domain/common source of such work rather than misappropriating the effort and investment of the appellants by copying the version of such work which was created by them by independent expenditure of skill, labour and capital. To buttress his submissions, the learned senior counsel placed reliance on various[c ] foreign judgments and judgments of the Indian High Courts which are considered hereinafter. ,- 16. _**Ladbroke (Football) Ltd. v. Wdlim Hill (Football) Ltd.,**_ (1964] 1 WLR273 (HL),isacasewheretheconceptoforiginalitywas D considered on the basis of skill,judgment and/or labour in the context of compilation. Since 1951 the respondents, who were well-known bookmakers, had sent their customers each week fixed odds football betting coupons arranged in a certain general fonn. In 1959 the appellants, who were also bookmakers, started sending out coupons closely E resembling the respondents' coupons. A coupon was a sheet of paper on which were printed several lists offc~comingrnatches. Beside each list were columns of squares on which the punter could indicate his forecast of the result of each match. Some of the lists included all the matches to be played; others included only a selection of them. The bets F varied in character. A great variety of bets was offered and the odds offered differed widely from 5-2 to 20,000-1. The respondents' coupon contained 16 lists, each with an appropriate name. The appellants' coupon, which contained 15 lists, closely resembled the respondents'. The lists offered by the appellants were almost identical with those G offered by the respondents in their corresponding lists. The respondents brought action claiming copyright in the coupons. The House of Lords was called upon to determine whether or to what extent copyright attached to these coupons. The respondents said that a coupon must be regarded as a single work and that as such it was protected by copyright. The H [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. 238 SUPREME COURT REPORTS A appellants sought to dissect the coupon. It was contended by the respondents that there had been a breach of copyright by the appellants, since the respondents' compilation, which must be regarded as a single work, was original and protected by copyright and the part taken by the appellants from the respondents' work was substantial. It did not follow B that because the fragments of the compilation, taken separately, would not be copyright, the whole could not be copyright. It was submitted by the appellants that the derivative work of the respondents not being original, no copyright can be claimed and the inputs put, if considered separately, are of insignificant value and thus the respondents could not C claim copyright. The word 'original' does not mean that the work must be the expression of original or inventive thought. Copyright Acts are not concerned with the originality ofideas, but with the expression of thought, D and in the case ofliterary work, with the expression of thought in print or writing. The originality which is required relates to the expression of the thought. But the Act does not require that the expression must be in an original or novel form, but that the work must not be copied from another work - that it should originate from the author; and as regards E compilation, originality is a matter of degree depending on the amount of skill, judgment or labour that has been involved in making the compilation. The words 'literary work' cover work which is expressed in print or writing irrespective of the question whether the quality or style is high. The commonplace matter put together or arranged without the F exercise of more than negligible work, labour and skill in making the selection will not be entitled to copyright. The word 'original' does not demand original or inventive thought, but only that the work should not be copied but should originate from the author. In deciding, therefore, whether a work in the nature of a compilation is original, it is wrong to G consider individual parts ofit apart from 1he whole. For many compilations have nothing original in their parts, yet the sum total of the compilation may be original. In such cases the courts have looked to see whether the compilation of the unoriginal material called for work or skill or expense. If it did, it is entitled to be considered original and to be protected against H those who wish to steal the fruits of the work or skill or expense by ·r _J._ 239 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ -, _!<-_ • ## D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] copying it without taking the trouble to compile it themselves. In each[A ] case, it is a question of degree whether the labour or skill or ingenuity or expense involved in the compilation is sufficient to warrant a claim to originality in a compilation. > 17. While considering the question whether the copyright protection B is available to the work created as a whole or the fragment of the work would be considered piecemeal and individually apart from the whole, the House of Lords said as under: " .... One test may be whether the part which he has taken is novel or striking, or is merely a commonplace arrangement of ordinary[c ] words or well-known data. So it may sometimes be a convenient short cut to ask whether the part taken could by itself be the subject of copyright. Bfit, in my view, that is only a short cut, and the more correct approach is first to determine whether the plaintiffs' work as a whole is 'original' and protected by copyright, and then[D ] to inquire whether the part taken by the defendant is substantial. _'Y_ A wrong result can easily be reached if one begins by dissecting the plaintiffs' work and asking, could section A be the subject of copyright if it stood by itself, could section B be protected if it E stood by itself, and so on. To my mind, it does not follow that, because the fragments taken separately would not be copyright, therefore, the whole cannot be ....... " 18. _In the case of_ _**Walter and Another v. Lane,**_ [1900] AC F _>-._ 539 (HL), the Earl of Rosebery on five occasions in 1896 and 1898 delivered to the public audience speeches on subjects of public interest. The Reporter of 'The Times' took down the speeches in shorthand, wrote out their notes, corrected, revised and punctuated them and the reports were published in 'The Tlilles, the speeches being given verbatim G as delivered by Lord Rosebery. The reporters were employed under the terms that the copyright in all reports and articles composed by 'The Time' magazine should belong to the proprietors. In the year 1899, the "\ respondent published a book called - "Appreciations and Addresses: Lord Rosebery", which contained the reports of the above speeches of H [2007] 13(Addl.)S.C.R. 240 SUPREMECOURTREPORTS A Lord Rosebery and it was admitted that these reports were taken from the reports in 'The Times'. Lord Rosebery made no claim. The appellants brought an action against the respondent claiming a declaration that a copyright of the articles and reports was vested in the proprietors of 'The Times'. The issue involved in the case was whether a person who B makes notes of a speech delivered in public, transcribes them and publishes in the newspaper a verbatim report of the speech, is the author of the report within the meaning of the CopyrightAct, 1842, and is entitled to the copyright in the report. The House of Lords held that each reporter is entitled to report and each undoubtedly would have a copyright in his C own published report. It was of course open to any other reporter to compose his own report of Lord Rosebery's speech, and to any other newspaper and book to publish that report; but it is a sound principle that a man shall not avail himself of another's skill, labour and expense by copying the written product thereof; and copyright has nothing to do D with the originality or the literary merits of the author or composer. It may exist in the information given by a street dictionary. If a person chooses to compose and write a volume devoid of the faintest spark of literary or any other merit, there is no legal reason why he should not, ifhe desires, become the first publisher ofit and register his copyright, E worthless and insignificant as it would be. 19. In the case of _Designers Guild Ltd._ v. _Russell Williams (Textiles) Ltd.,_ [2000] 1 WLR 2416 (HL), the plaintiff brought proceedings claiming that the defendant had infringed the plaintiff's F copyright by copying one of its fabric designs, i.e. for the fabric design _Jxia._ The infringement of which the plaintiff complained was that for the purpose of creating its own design _Marguerite_ by the defendant. The defendant had copied a substantial part of _Ixia._ There were mainly two main issues at the trial. First, what, if anything had the designer of G _Marguerite_ copied from _lxia._ Secondly, did what had been copied amount to "the whole or a substantial part" of _lxia?_ It was said by the House of Lords that the law of copyright rests on a very clear principle that anyone who by his or her own skill and labour creates an original work of whatever character shall enjoy an exclusive right to copy that H EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR,J.] 241 -; _y_ work. No one else may for a season reap what the copyrjght owner had A sown. 20. _**University of London Press Limited v. University Tutorial Press Limited,**_ [1916] 2 Ch 601, is perhaps the most cited judgment regarding originality. Originality was held to be not required to be nova! B form but the work should not be copied from other work, that is, it should be original. The judgment was based On the following facts: Certain persons were appointed as1 examiners for matriculation examination of the University ofLondon on a condition that any copyright in the examination papers should belong to the University. The University c assigned the copyright to the plaintiff company. .. After the examination, the defendant company brought out a publication containing a number of the examination papers, including three which had been set by two examiners appointed by the University. The plaintiff company brought a case of copyright infringement against the defendant company. It was D argued that since the setting of the papers entailed the exercise of brainwork, memory," and trained judgment, and even the selection of passages from other author's work involved careful consideration, discretion and choice they constituted ohginal literary work. On the other and, the defendants claimed thafwh~t they had done was fair E dealing for the purposes of private study which was permissible under the law. The court agreed that the material under consideration was a literary work. The words 'literary work' cover work which is expressed in print or writing, irrespective of the question whether the quality or style is high. The word 'literary' seems to be used in a sense somewhat similar F to the use of the word 'literature' in political or electioneering literature and refers to written or printed matter. With respect to the originality issue, the Court held that the term 'original' under the Act does not imply original or novel form ofideas or inventive thought, but the work must not be copied from another work - that it should originate from the G author. -:\ 21. In _**Kelly v. Morris,**_ (1866) LR 1Eq.697, School of thought propounded is that, at least in respect of compilations, only time and expenses are necessary which is "industrious collection". H I **-t** 242 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. A The plaintiff was the owner and publisher of the first directory. The defendant came out with another directory. The plaintiff sought an injunction against the defendant to restrain the publication of the defendant's directory on the allegations that the defendant was guilty of appropriating the information contained in the plaintiff's directory and B obtained the benefit of many years of incessant labour and expense. The defendant, on the other hand, contended that there had been no unfair or improper use of the plaintiff's work. Information which was given in the plaintiff's directory was entitled to be used and adopted as long as he did not servilely copy it. The defendant had bestowed his independent C time, labour and expense on the matter and thus had in no way infringed the copyright of the plaintiff. Granting injunction, the Court held that in the case of a directory when there are certain common objects of information which must, if described correctly, be described in the same words, a subsequent compiler is bound to set about doing for himself D that which the first compiler has done. In case of a road-book, he must count the milestones for himself In the case of a map of a newly discovered island he must go through the whole process of triangulation just as ifhe had never seen any former map, and, generally he is not entitled to take one word of the information previously published without independently E working out the matter for himself, so as to arrive at the same result from the same common sources of information, and the only use that he can legitimately make of a previous publication is to verify his own calculations and results when obtained. The compiler of a directory or guidebook, containing information derived from sources common to all, which must F of necessity be identical in all cases if correctly given, is not entitled to spare himself the labour and expense of original inquiry by adopting and re-publishing the information contained in previous works on the same subject. G 22. In the case of _**Parry v. Moring and Gollancz,**_ Cop Cas (1901-1904) 49, the plaintiff, after obtaining permission from the representatives of the owner of certain letters, updated, chronologically arranged and translated them into modern English for their inclusion in his book. Later, the defendant published, as one of the series, an edition H of the letters prepared by the plaintiff. The plaintiff, therefore, brought EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 243 B _1_ an action against the defendant alleging infringement of his copyright. A The plaintiff maintained his copyright in his version of the text apart from the copyright in the text. It was held that there is copyright in the work of editing the text of a non-copyright work. The editor of a non-copyright work is not entitled to take the text from the edition of a rival editor and use it as a copy for the purpose of his own work. B .~ 23. In _**Gopal Das v. Jagannath Prasad and Another,**_ AIR 1938 All. 266, the plaintiffs were the printers and publishers of the books. The book titled "Sachitra Bara Kok Shastra" was printed for the first time in 1928 and had run into four editions since. The defendants C printed and published another book titled "Asli Sachitra Kok Shastra" in 1930. The plaintiffs' case was that the book published by the defendants was a colorable imitation of their book and an infringement of plaintiffs' copyright. It was held by the Court that the plaintiffs compiled their book with considerable labour from various sources and digested and arranged D the matter taken by them from other authors. The defendant instead of taking the pains of searching into all the common sources and obtaining his subject matter from them, obtained the subject matter from the plaintiffs' book and availed himself of the labour of the plaintiffs and adopted their arrangement and subject matter and, thus, such a use of E plaintiffs' book could not be regarded as legitimate. It was held that a person whose work is protected by copyright, ifhe has collected the material with considerable labour, compiled from various sources of work in itself not original, but which he has digested and arranged, the defendant could not be permitted to compile his work oflike description, · F instead of taking the pains of searching into all the common sources and obtaining the subject-matter from them and to adopt his arrangement with a slight degree of colourable variation thereby saving pains and labour which the plaintiff has employed. The act of the defendant would be illegitimate use. The Court held that no one is entitled to avail himself G of the previous labour of another for the purpose of conveying to the public the same information, although he may append additional information to that already published. 24. In _**V. Govindan v. E.M. Gopalakrishna Kone andAnother,**_ H .. _[2007]_ 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. 244 SUPREME COURT REPORTS _X_ A AIR 1955 Madras 391, the respondents had published an English.English Tamil Dictionary in 1932. The appellants were the publishers of similar Dictionary in :. 947. An action was brought regarding: the publication and sale of the dictionary by the appellants which was alleged to be constituting an infringement of the respondents' copyright. The lower B court went through both the books minutely and found, "page after page, word after word, slavishly copied, including the errors, and found the sequence, the meanings, the arrangement and everything else practically the same, except for some 'deliberate differences' introduced here and there to cover up the piracy". The High Court referred to Copinger and C James on Law of Copyright wherein the law has been neatly summarized that : "In the case of compilations such as dictionaries, gazetteers, grcunmars, maps, arithmetics, almanacs, encyclopaedias and guide books, new publications dealing with similar subject-matter must of necessity resemble existing publications, and the defence of'common source' is D frequently made where the new publication is alleged to constitute an infringement of an earlier one." The Court held that in law books and in books as mentioned above there is very little amount of originality but the same is protected by law and "no man is entitled to steal or appropriate for himself the result of another's brain, skill or labour even in such E works." The Court further clarified that where there is a 'common source', the person relying on it must prove that he actually went to the common source from where he borrowed, employing his own skill, labour and brains and that he did not merely copy. F 25. In C. _**Cunniah**_ & _Co. v_ _**Ba/raj**_ & _Co.,_ AIR 1961 Madras 111, the appellant firm was carrying on the business in pictures, picture frames, etc. One Sri T.M. Subramaniam drew a picture of Lord Balasubramanya and gave it the title ofMayurapriya and a copyright was assigned to the appellant. It came to. the knowledge of the appellant G firm that the respondent firm was printing ;:ind selling copies of a close and colourable imitation of the appellant's picture under the style of Bala Murugan. The case of the defence was that their picture ·,vas an independent production and that the appellant had not acquired copyright in the picture and the subject dealt with in that picture was a common H subject, in which no copyrightcould be acquired by anyone. The Court EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ 245 -.A _r_ ## D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] held that in order to obtain copyright production for literary, domestic, A musical and artistic works, the subject dealt with need not to be original, nor the ideas expressed be something novel. What is required is the expenditure of original skill or labour in execution and not originality of thought. B 26. _InAgarw'!la Publishing House v. Board of High School and Intermediate Education and Another,._ AIR 1967 All. 91, a writ petition was filed by a publisher finn challenging an amendment of the Regulations of the Board declaring that copyright of the question papers set at all examinations conducted by the Board shall vest in the Board C and forbidding the publication of such question papers without the Board's permission. The question involved in the case was whether the question papers are' original literary work' and come within the purview of Section 13 of the Copyright Act, 1957. It was urged that no copyright can exist in examination papers because they are not' original literary work'. It D was held that the 'original literary works' referred to in Section 13 of the Copyright Act, 1957, are not confined to the works of literature as commonly understood. It would include all works expressed in writing, whether they have any literary merits or not. This is clear from the definition given in Section 2( o) of the Act which states that literary work E includes tables and compilations. The Court further held that the word 'original' used in Section 13 does not imply any originality of ideas but merely means that the work in question should not be copied from some other work but should originate in the author, being the product of his labour and skill. F 27. In the case of _Gangavishnu Shrikisondas v. Moreshvar Bapuji Hegishte and Others,_ ILR 13 Born 358, the plaintiff, a book seller, in 1984 brought out a new and annotated edition of a certain w~ll­ known Sanskrit work on religious observances entitled 'Vrtraj,' having for that purpose obtained the assistance of the pandits, .who re-cast and G re-arranged the work, introduced various passages from other old Sanskrit books on the same subject and added f9otn.otes.L~ter on, the defendant printed and published ,J· an edition of the ' I I: same J. w9rk, :.·'• .. the text of which is identical with that of the plaintiff's . , : work, •I :·~ whic:h _**•lll'**_ ·I'. moreover • **H** 246 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. A contained the same additional pages and the same footnotes, at the same places, with many slight differences. The foundation of both plaintiff's and defendant's books is an old Sanskrit work on Hindu ceremonial, which could have been published by anyone. The copyright claimed by the plaintiff was on the additions and alterations to the original text, B which the parties admit to be material and valuable, and in which the copyright is claimed of its prior publication. The defendants argued that there was nothing really original in the plaintiff's book and, therefore, he was not entitled to copyright in the book. It was held by the Court that a new arrangement of old matters will give a right to the protection C afforded by the law of copyright. If anyone by pains and labour collects and reduces it as a systematic compilation in the form of a book it is original in the sense that that entitles the plaintiff to the copyright. The plaintiff worked for such a new arrangement of old matters as to be an original work and was entitled to the protection; and that as the defendants D had not gone to independent sources of the material but had pirated the plaintiff's work, they were restrained by injunction. 28. In _Rai Toys Industries and Others_ v. _Munir Printing Press,_ 1982 PTC 85, the plaintiff had published a Tambola ticket book E containing 1500 different tickets in 1929. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants had brought out another ticket book which the plaintiffs claimed to have written in 1929 and registered as copyright. The ticket book brought out by the defendants was alleged to contain 600 different tickets and the same had been copied identically from the books of the F plaintiff. On this basis, a suit for injunction and rendition of account was filed by the plaintiff. The question before the court was whether the ticket-books in the form of tables constitute literary work; and whether copyright has been violated or not? It was held by the High Court that preparation of tickets and placing them in tables required a good deul G of skill and labour and would thus satisfy the test ofbeing original literary work. It was recognized that the arrangement of numbers is individual work of a person who prepares it; it bears his individuality and long hours oflabour. It is not information which could be picked up by all and sundry. The preparation of tickets is an individualized contribution and H the compilation eminently satisfies the test of being an original literary EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ 247 ~~ "" ## D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR,J.] work. Hence it was held to be a clear case of copyright violation when A the defendant decided to pick and choose 600 tables on the sly and publish them as his individual work. 29. In _Macmillan and Another v. Suresh Chandra Deb,_ ILR 17 Cal 952, the plaintiffs were proprietors of the copyright of a selection B of songs and poems composed by various authors, which was published in 1861. In 1889, the defendants published a book containing same selection of poems and songs as was contained in plaintiffs' book, the arrangement, however, being different. The plaintiffs claimed copyright in the selection made by them. The defendants, on the other hand, c contended that there could be no copyright in such selection. The Court held that in the case of works not original in the proper sense of the term, but composed of, or compiled or prepared from material which are open to all, the fact that one man has produced such a work does not take away from any one else the right to produce another work of the D same kind, and in doing so to use all the mat~rials open to him. But, as the law is concisely stated by Hall, V.C., in _Hogg v Scott,_ L.R. 18 Eq. 444, , "the true principle in all these cases is, that the defendant is not at liberty to use or avail himself of the labour which the plaintiff has been at for the purpose of producing his work, that is, in fact, merely to take E away the result of another man's labour, or, in other words, his property." It is enough to say that this principle has been applied to maps, to road books, to guide books, to compilations on scientific and other subjects. This principle seems to be clearly applicable to the case of a selection of a poem. It was held that for such a selection as the plaintiffhad made F obviously required extensive reading, careful studying and comparison and the exercise of taste and judgment to make a selection for himself. But, if one spares himself this trouble and adopts some other person's selection, he offends against the principle. The Court was of the opinion that the selection of poems made by the plaintiff and embodied in the G Golden Treasury was the subject of copyright and that the defendant's book had infringed that right. 30. These decisions are the authority on the proposition that the work that has been originated from an author and is more than a mere H 248 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. A copy of the original work, would be sufficient to generate copyright. This approach is consistent with the "sweat of the brow" standards of originality. The creation of the work which has resulted from little bit of skill, labour and capital are sufficient for a copyright in derivative work of an author. Decisions propounded a theory that an author deserves to B have his or her efforts in producing a work, rewarded. The work of an author need not be in an original form or novel fonn, but it should not be copied from another's work, that is, it should originate from the author. The originality requirement in derivative work is tha~ it should originate from the author by application of substantial degree of skill, C industry or experience. Precondition to copyright is that work must be produced independently and not copied from another person. Where a compilation is produced from the original work, the compilation is more than simply a re-arranged copyright of original, which is often referred to as skill, judgment and or labour or capital. The copyright has nothing D to do with originality or literary merit. Copyrighted material is that what is created by the author by his skill, labour and investment of capital, maybe it is derivative work. The courts have only to evaluate whether derivative work is not the end-product of skill, labour and capital which is trivial or negligible but substantial. The courts need not go into evaluation E ofliterary merit of derivative work or creativity aspect of the same. 31. Mr. P N Lekhi, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondents in C.A. No. _647212004_ has submitted that the judgment of the court is a government work as defined under Section 2(k)(iii) and F on account of Section 17 ( d), the Government in the absence of any agreement to the contrary be tJ1e first owner of the copyright therein. Section 52(1 )( q)(iv) provides that the publication of any judgment or order of a court, tribunal or other judicial authority, unless the reproduction of publication of such judgment ororderis prohibited, would not constitute G an infringement of the copyright ·Therefore, publication of the judgments of the apex court by the respondents would not tantamount to infringement of the copyright of the appellants. It is further urged that the judgments published in the Supreme Court Cases is nothing but merely a derivative work based upon the judgments of the court, which lacks originality as • H it does not depict independent creation even a modicum of creativity. _'i_ .. EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _'v._ 249 "1 ? ## D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR,J.] The inputs put by the appellants is nothing but expressing an idea which _'[1 ]_ 'A can be expressed in a limited way and as such there ~~t be a c6]JYrtght: _[1] .'_ Filling the blanks or gaps by providing hames of the parties or citati6ns of thejudgrnents, both of which are well known and unchangeable parts '· . ofthat idea, are not original work. These are notfcreative· at allto "1 warrant copyright protection, either singly or in combination. The additiolli; i· ·B ' ' made in the reported judgment by the editors of the Supreme Court" Cases are only the well known extensions of the reported decision. , These extensions lack even the minimal degree of author's creativity or originality or intellectual labour. These additions do riot create additional knowledge, the protection of which is the very basis of the copyright· C protection. 32. It is submitted by Ms. Pratibha M. Singh, learned counsel for the respondents in C.A. No. 6905/2004, that in the presep.t case, the journals of the appellants, including SCC, are printed and published on D the basis of pre-existing judgments. Journals are, therefore, a derivative . work. There is a distinction between a 'law report' as understood in., England and a 'law journal' as printed in India. The appellants' journal , . 'SCC' is not a law report in the strict sense, inasmuch as the appellants~ . journal reproduces the judgments of the court verbatim along with inputs. E However, a law report known in the traditional English sense is when a law reporter present in the court would record in his own words and language the arguments of the counsel on both sides, give a summary of the facts and incorporate into the said report his transcript of the speech of the Judge. Thus, the appellants' work could only be a law journal and F not a law report. The judgments were specifically made a part of the exception to copyright infringement and thus find place in Section 52(1 )( q) of the Act. The underlying purpose is that it is in public interest to place judgments in public domain. The work for which the copyright protection is claimed is a derivative work. For claiming protection of copyright in G a derivative work, under the Indian Jaw originality is a pre-condition and originality means only that the work was independently created by the author as opposed to copied from other works, and that it possesses at least some minimal degree of creativity. There is a distinction between creation and discove1y. The first person to find a particular fact has not H 250 SUPREMECOURTREPORTS [2007] 13(Addl.)S.C.R. r A created the fact, he or she has merely discovered its existence. Reporting of the judgments of the Supreme Court with certain inputs could only be said to be a discovery of facts already in existence. Though for the purposes of creativity neither novelty nor invention is requisite for copyright protection, but at least some minimal creativity is a must. To create a B copyright by alterations of the text, these must be extensive and substantial practically making a new version. The English decisions relied upon by the appellants would not apply to the facts of the present case as all the said authorities are under the old 1842 Act in U.K. wherein the word 'original' was conspicuously missing in the statute. It is further urged that C the copy-editing inputs of the appellants are only discoveries/facts and there are limited ways/unique of expressing the various copy-editing inputs and thus no copyright can subsist in such limited/unique expressions. The facts which are discovered could be expressed in limited ways and as such ways adopted cannot give copyright protection to the inputs or D the judgments as a whole. It is urged that recognizing the copyright in the copy-edited version of the law reports would amount to giving the appellants a monopoly in the judgments of the courts which is against the intendment of Section 52(l)(q)(iv) and would defeat the purpose of putting judgments in the public domain. It is submitted by the learned E counsel for the respondents that for a derivative work, the originality test as applied in United States Supreme Court should be made applicable whereby the author of a derivative work would satisfy that the work has been produced from his exercise of skill and judgment. The exercise of skill and judgment required to produce the work must not be so trivial F that it could be characterized a purely mechanical exercise. The work should be independently created by the author as opposed to copied from the other works and that it possesses at least some minimal degree of creativity. The case law relied upon by the learned counsel for the respondents is considered hereinafter. ## G _(_ y 33. In _Feist Publications Inc._ v. _Rural Telephone Service Co. Inc.,_ 18 USPQ 2d. 1275, Rural Telephone Service Co. publishes a typical telephone directory consisting of white pages and yellow pages. The white pages list in alphabetical order the names of rural subscribers H together with their towns and telephone numbers. The yellow pages list _i_ 251 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 'A _r_ _'(_ )- _--.{_ Rural's business subscribers alphabetically by category and feature A classified advertisements of various sizes. To obtain white pages listings for its area-wide directory, Feist Publications Inc. approached different telephone companies operating in North West Kansas and offered to pay for the right to use their white pages listings. Of them, only Rural refused. Unable to license Rural's white pages listings, Feist used them[B ] without Rural's consent. Rural sued for copyright infringement in the District Court ta1cing the position that Feist, in compiling its own directory, could not use the information contained in Rural's white pages. Rural asserted that Feist's employees were obliged to travel door to door or conduct a telephone survey to discover the same information for[c ] themselves. Feist responded that such efforts were economically impractical and, in any event, unnecessary because the information copied was beyond the scope of copyright protection. The United States Supreme Court held that the _sine qua non_ of copyright is originality. To qualify for copyright protection, a work must be original to the author. Original,[D ] as the term is used in copyright, means only that the work was independently created by the author (as opposed to copied from other works), and that it possesses at least some minimal degree of creativity. The requisite level of creativity is extremely low; even a slight amount will E · suffice. The vast majority of works make the grade quite easily, as they possess some creative spark, no matter how crude, humble or obvious it might be. Originality does not signify novelty; a work may be original even though it closely resembles other works so long as the similarity is fortuitous, not the result of copying. The Court further held that no one F claim originality as to the facts. This is because facts do not owe their origin to an act of authorship. The distinction is one between creation and discovery: the first person to find and report a particular fact has not created the fact; he or she has merely discovered its existence. Factual compilations, on the other hand, may possess the requisite originality. G The compilation author typically chooses which facts to include, in What order to place them, and how to arrange the collected data so that they may be used effectively by readers. These choices as to selection and arrangement, so long as they are made independently by the compiler and entail a minimal degree of creativity, are sufficiently original. Thus, H 252 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. A if the compilation author clothes facts with an original collocation of words, he or she may be able to claim a copyright in this written expressfon. The Court goes on to hold that the primary objective of copyright is not to reward the labour of authors, but to promote the progress bf science and useful arts. To this end, copyright assures authors B the right to their original expression but encourages others to build freely upon the ideas and information conveyed by a work. Only the compiler's selection and arrangement may be protected; however, the raw facts may be"copied at will. The Court rejected the doctrine of the "sweat of the bro\V' as this doctrine had numerous flaws, the most glaring being c that it extended copyright protection in a compilation beyond selection and arrangement- the compiler's original contributions - to the facts themselves. A subsequent compiler was not entitled to take one word of information previously published, but rather had to independently work olit the matter for himself, so as to arrive at the same result from D the same common sources ofinformation. "Sweat of the brow" courts thereby eschewed the most fundamental axiom of copyright law that no one may copyright facts or ideas. The "sweat of the brow" doctrine flouted basic copyright principles and it creates a monopoly in public domain materials without the necessary justification of protecting-and E encouraging the creation of writings by authors. 34. The judgment in _**Matthew Bender**_ & _Co.,_ _**Inc.**_ **v.** _**West Publishing** Co.,_ 158 F.3d 674 (2nd Cir. 1998), is of United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, which directly covers the reports of F the jt1pgments of the courts. The facts involved in the case are that the West Publishing Co. and West Publishing Corp. ("West") obtain the text of judicial opinions directly from courts. It alters these texts into (i) independently composed features, such as syllabus, headnotes which summarize the specific points oflaw recited in each opinion and key G numbers which categorize points .oflaw into different legal topics and sub-topics and (ii) additions of certain factual information to the text of the opinions, including parallel or alternative citations to cases, attorney info1llliltion, and data on~if\Jsequent procedural history. West publishes the ca~e reports in different series of case reporters collectively known H as "National Reporter System". Two series of case reporters at issue in - EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ . 253 '· _.. ' \. .. ~ . . . / . . . . , . - D.B.MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR,J.] - that c;ase we~.~ the Supr,eme Coup Reporter and theFedera!Reporter .. · A HyperLawpublishes and markets CD-RO Ms which are compilations - ~ . ..J of **Lil** the Sup;eme ... :J . _i-_ Court • and , • the Ucited · _**J**_ • St~tes . Court ~ . of Appeals . that cover . .. ~'!": , approximately ..•. ..__ _,1,l· •. the '.~I· same ground. Hyper · _Jo_ Law intends ~ -to ., expand ·- · its · • CD. ROM intervened ~ • I ' product . an.d , taking ~?µght . i ~ the ~ judgnient material • • -~ I , from 9~clarjng • , the West th<it ,.. publications;H)'.!Jerllaw the J • • ind\ vi dual Wey;t case' B - . ., ' • , ,not reports _**J**_ pontain ; I that . ~ _. are cop:yi;ightabk:.m,~terial. , . le.ft _, ·[1] after .. . redaction ' _-.J_ · l . of ' the I,t ;v11s first held · category by the Court that of alterations , for do _ cogy,9gbtPro,t~\i}~n.}\le,pi,~t_e.,rjal, ~oespot require novelty orin".ention, b~t mi11~m,~l ~r~ath51)jiJ, r~Jl~ire,~;All of)Vest's ~lteration~,to judicial - , · opiJJi<:>n~ in:-,;qlvf,thrL~~!tiolJ, and,~rrangem~nt of facts,. or:the . C ~~at"[~f?,~~n.! ?fdata. al!~ady i~c;lu~t<d in the opinions, ~g, .the.ref we, - . , ~y cre~t\y\!{'1[ip ][th~~~·~l~ment;5 ][of ][West's ][case ][reports lies in West's ] ; . ~l~tion an4 ~~men~ of 1¥,s information. West's choices on selection and arr,a!(ge~er:it_can rea,sonably be v_iewed as obvious, typical and - , l_ac~? t;:~~n minimal creatjy~ty., ~op~glit protection is unavailable for D ' . ,both . .. ~ derivative I : \ **J...** • _:_ works • .; and • I compilatiof\S - ' **-l'** ' • . - . . ' . • alike . unless, when analysed as ~ wpo~~1 ~eY,. ~~pla~ ~~ci~nt origina.Jjty so as_ to amount to an original work of authorship. Originality requires only thitl lJ:i~ autho.r makes the selection or arrangement independently and that it displays some material - · Withminllncil level of creativity:[1] While dcopy of~oin~thing in the public E domain•'wilPhot, if'hil5e:.rnerely :a copy; support a copyright, a distinguishable variation Will. To support a copyright there must be at least some substantial variation, rlotmerely a trivial variation such as - ·•might occur in the translation to a different medium. Creativity ill' $election and arrangement, therefore, is a function of (i) the total number of options F available, (ii) external factod thatlnmt the viability of certain options and render others non-creative, and(iii) prioruseSthat render certain selections - l -''['. ] g _**[·at...1t........"' ]**_ uocu vane.;. **; ... ti'** · · '· ,.,_'·1 _·:_ ·· 1,· · ;~ ' . 1 ~ **1' r** · **... l· .** . **·1, ·1ILI** · . •·'I _rir' •_ **...... )iJtt0·** .. -~11.rP·.-··n< ')1 ·: n·\·,'-'/l_!i **'·"'j•** .. ·; - 0 Jf **p** - .. - , , , _:_ , 3 .5 .. Jp., the ~~e _.9flf_ t;y 1P11;~/jcatio/is, _[n.<fr_ _**v.,Chinatow.n .'(oday**_ , G - . _**PubliSh,ingEnterp_ris.es,** r_ , -.·/ '.f~ **.** .. ·. •' **'·.}1.Jl •** _**,,·.$..1,;, Inc.** ;.94_ · _.),_ 5 F2d.509, **··I·** •·· -~ Key Publication -.:"• -- '"'. Pllblishe.d _ iinAnmial - . ' I _.,J_ ClassifiedBusines,'1,Directoi:y.for ' • - _!,"_ _,,_ ' . - ...... , - . ' ;_... • - ~ " New,York . - . Qity.:s,Chjnese. Ame~~\ill cc;m1?1~o/·. ~- 1,?,99 1 qal,qre PuqliC£l~912P!lbl\shed the.Galore. Directory, **l(:** ·t:·· a.classified directory forthe NewYorkChinese.American '. t~_ **... Uii....t** .oi•..1.! .• • "'--•'• ·,. - -~ _..._ ~::~ •·""-::,·---·~. - ''' •H _SUPREME_ COURT _REPORTS_ _[2007] 13_ (Addl.) S.C.R. 254 A community. Key brought a suit against Galore Directory charging that Galore Directory infringed Key's copyright in the 1989-90 Key Directory. The United States Court of Appeal held that individual components of compilation are generally within the public domain and thus available for public. There are three requirements for a compilation B to qualify for copyright protection : (1) the collection and assembly of pre-existing data; (2) selection, co-ordination or arrangement of the data; and (3) the resulting work that comes into being is original, by virtue of the selection, coordination or arrangement of the data contained in the work. For originality, the work is not required to contain novelty. C The doctrine of"sweat of the brow", rewarded compilers for their efforts in collecting facts with a _de facto._ copyright to those facts and this doctrine would prevent, preclude the author absolutely from saving time and effort by referring to and relying upon prior published material. It extended copyright protection in compilation beyond selection and D arrangement- the compiler's original contribution - to the facts themselves drawn on "sweat of the brow" is a copyright protection to the facts discovered by the compiler. The court discarded "sweat of the brow" notion of copyright law. E 36. In _**Macmillan and Company**_ **v.** _**K. and J. Cooper,**_ 1924 Privy Council 75, action was brought by McMillan and Company to restrain the respondent-firm who was carrying on the trade and business of publishers of educational books, from printing, distributing or otherwise disposing of copies of the book published by the appellants. The ground F on which the relief was claimed was that the appellants had a copyright in the book entitled "Plutarch's Life of Alexander, Sir Thomas North's Translation and that the respondent published subsequently a book entitled "Plutarch's Life of Alexander the Great, North's Translation", as it had infringed the copyright to which the appellants were entitled in the earlier G compilation. The Court noted the contents of the book of the appellants as also that of the respondent. As per the Court, the text of the appellants' book consisted of a number of detached passages, selected from Sir Thomas North's translation, words being in some instances introduced to knit the passages together so that the text should as far as possible, H 255 EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK&ANR. [NAOLEKAR,J.] _'r_ present the form of an unbroken narrative. The passages so selected A were, in the original translation, by no means contiguous. Considerable printed matter in many instances separated the one from the other. The opinion of the Privy Council was that for the work done by the appellants, great knowledge, sound judgment, literary skill or taste in the inputs brought to bear upon the translation was not required, as the passages B of the translation which had been selected are reprinted in their original form, not condensed, expanded, modified or reshaped to any extent whatever. The Court observed that the North's translation of Plutarch's Life of Alexander does not and never did, as the law stands, never can enjoy the protection of copyright; and the questions which arise for C decision must be dealt with upon that assumption. The Court said that in all cases where the reprint with the text of it consisted merely of a reprint of passages selected from the work of any author, would never have a copyright. There may be cases where selecting and reprinting the passages would require the appreciation upon what has been laid down D or established in the book and labour, accurate scientific knowledge, sound judgment, touching the purpose for which the selection is made, and literary skill would all be needed to effect the object in view. In such a case, the copyright might well be acquired for the print of the selected passages. The Court said that it is the product of the labour, skill and E capital of one man which must not be appropriated by another, not the elements, the raw material, upon which the labour and skill and capital of the first have been expended. To secure copyright for this product, it is necessary that the labour, skill and capital expended should be sufficient to impart to the product some quality or character which the F raw material did not possess and which differentiates the product from the raw material. The Court approved the principles enunciated in the case of _University of London Press, Ltd._ v. _University Tutorial Press, Ltd.,_ [1916] 2 Ch. 601, dealing with the meaning of the words G 'original literary work' that the original does not mean expression of original or inventive thought. The Copyright Act is not concerned with the original ideas, but with the expression of thought. The originality which is required relates to expression of thought and the Act does not require that the expression must be in original or novel form. The work H G 256 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. t., A must not be copied from another work - that it should originate from the author. · 3 7. The Supreme Court of Canada in the matterof _CCH Canadian Ltd._ v. _Law Society of Upper Canada,_ 2004 (1) SCR 339 (Canada) B has noticed the competing views on the meaningof'original' in copyright law wherein some courts have held that awork which has originated from an author and is more than a mere copy of a work, is sufficient to give copyright. This approach is held to be consistent with the 'sweat of the brow' or 'industriousness' standard of originality on the premise that C an author deserves to have his or her efforts in producing a work rewarded. Whereas the other courts have held that a work must be creative to be original and thus protected by the copyright Act, which approach is consistent with a natural rights theory of property Jaw; however, it is Jess absolute in that only those works that are the product of creativity will D be rewarded with copyright protection and it was suggested in those decisions that the creativity approach to originality helps ensure that copyright protection is extended to the expression of ideas as opposed to the underlying ideas or facts. The Court has also noticed that those cases which had adopted the sweat of the brow approach to originality E · should not be interpreted as concluding that labour, in and of itself, wo'uld be a ground for finding of originality. The question for consideration of the copyright has arisen on the following fact foundation. The appellant, Law Society of Upper Canada, has maintained and operated the Great Library at Osgoode Hall in Toranto, a reference and research library. F The Great Library provides a request-based photocopy service for Law Society members, thejudiciary and other authorized researchers. Under the custom photocopy service, legal materials are reproduced and delivered to the requesters. The Law Society also maintains self-service photocopiers in the Great Library for use by its patrons. The respondents, G CCH Canadian Ltd., Thomson Canada Ltd. and Canada Law Book me. publish law reports and other legal materials. The law book publishers commenced copyright infringement action against the Law Society claiming ownership of copyright in 11 specific works on the ground that the Law Society had infringed copyright when the Great Library H reproduced a copy of each of the works. The publishers further sought EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 257 )- • 7 permanent injunction prohibiting the Law Society from reproducing these A 11 works as well as any other works that they published. The Law Society denied liability and submitted that the copyright is ~ot infringed when a single copy of a reported decision, case summary, statute, regulation or a limited selection of text from a treatise is made by the Great Library staff or one of its patrons on a self-service photocopier B for the purpose of research. The Court was called upon to decide the question as to what shall be the originality in the work of compilation. On consideration of various cases, it was held that to be original under the CopyrightAct the work must originate from an author, not be copied from another work, and must be the product of an author's exercise of C skill and judgment The exercise of skill and judgment required to produce the work must not be so trivial that it could be characterized as a purely inechanical exercise. Creative works by definition are original and are protected by copyright, but creativity is not required in order to render a work original. The original work should be the product of an exercise D of skill and judgment and it is a workable yet fair standard. The sweat of the brow approach to originality is too low a standard which shifts the balance of copyright protection too far in favour of the owner's right, and fails to allow copyright to protect the public's interest in maximizing · the production and dissemination of intellectual works. On the other E hand, the creativity standard of originality is too high. A creative standard implies that something must be novel or non-obvious - concepts more properly associated with patent law than copyright law. By way of contrast, a standard requiring the exercise of skill and judgment-in the production of a work avoids these difficulties and provides a workable F and appropriate standard for copyright protection that is consistent with the policy of the objectives of the Copyright Act. Thus, the Canadian Supre~e Court is of the view that to claim copyright in a compilation, the author must produee a material with exercise ofhis skill and judgment G which may not be creativity in the sense that it is not novel or nonobvious, but at the same time it is not the product of merely labour and capital. 38. It is the admitted position that the reports in the Supreme Court Cases (SCC) of the judgments of the Supreme Court is a derivative H ====-------------- ~~-- --------~~ 258 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R. ·~· A work in public domain. By virtue of Section 52(1) of the Act, it is expressly provided that certain acts enumerated therein shall not constitute an infringement of copyright. Sub-clause (iv) of clause (q) of Section 52(1) excludes the reproduction or publication of any judgment or order of a Court, Tribunal or other judicial authority, unless the reproduction B QI' publication of such judgment or order is prohibited by the Court, the Tribunal or other judicial authority from copyright. The judicial pronouncements of the Apex Court would be in the public domain and its reproduction or publication would not infringe the copyright. That being the position, the copy-edited judgments would not satisfy the C copyright merely by establishing amount of skill, labour and capital put in the inputs of the copy-edited judgments and the original or innovative thoughts for the creativity are completely excluded. Accordingly, original or innovative thoughts are necessary to establish copyright in the author's work. The principle where there is common source the person relying D on it must prove that he actually went to the common source from where he borrowed the material, employing his own skill, labour and brain and he did not copy, would not apply to the judgments of the courts because there is no copyright in the judgments of the court, unless so made by the court itself. To secure a copyright for the judgments delivered by the E court, it is necessary that the labour, skill and capital invested should be sufficient to communicate or impart to the judgment printed in sec some quality or character which the original judgment does not possess and which differentiates the original judgment from the printed one. The Copyright Act is not concerned with the original idea but with the F expression of thought. Copyright has nothing to do with originality or literary merit. Copyrighted material is that what is created by the author by his own skill, labour and investment of capital, maybe it is a derivative work which gives a flavour of creativity. The copyright work which G comes into being should be original in the sense that by virtue of selection, co-ordination or arrangement of pre-existing data contained in the work, a work somewhat different in character is produced by the author. On the face of the provisions of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, we think that the principle laid down by the Canadian Court would be applicable H in copyright of the judgments of the Apex Court. We make it clear that EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 259 _y_ c the decision of ours would be confined to the judgments of the courts A which are in the public domain as by virtue of Section 52 of the Act there is no copyright in the original text of the judgments. To claim copyright in a compilation, the author must produce the material with exercise of his skill and judgment which may not be creativity in the sense that it is novel or non-obvious, but at the same time it is not a product of merely B labour and capital. The derivative work produced by the author must have some distinguishable features and flavour to raw text of the judgments delivered by the court. The trivial variation or inputs put in the judgment would not satisfy the test of copyright of an authur. 39. On this touchstone, we shall take into c-0nsideration the inputs put by the appellants in their journal 'SCC'. The appelbnts have added in the copy-edited version the cross-citations to the ;;itatiun(s) already given in the original text; added names of cases and c:wss-citations where only the citation of the case is given; added citation and crossD citations where only name of the case is given; inserted citation in case history where only the title and year of the impugned/earlier order is given; presented in their own style the cases when they are cited repeated in the judgment; provided precise references to the quoted matter in the judgment by giving exact page and paragraph number as in the original E case source/treatise/reference material; added margin headings to quoted extracts from statutes/rules, etc., when they are missing from the original text of the judgment; added the number of the Section/Rule/ Article/ paragraph to the extract quoted in the original text; added the names of Judges on whose behalf opinion given by giving expressions such as "for F himself and Pathak, C.J." etc.; done verification of first word of the quoted extract and supplied emphasis on such verification; added ellipsis " ... "to indicate breaks in quoted extract; provided and supplied the matter inadvertently missed in quoted extracts in the original text of the judgment; completed/corrected the incomplete/incorrect case names or G citations; renumbered correctly the clauses/sub-clauses in terms of the questions framed which were numbered in terms of answers to questions framed by learned Judge; changed the text as per corrigenda issued, which has been issued upon SCC Editor's request and suggestions; H 260 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R. t · r· A done compres.singlsimplification ofinfonnation relating to the case history; followed certain norms at SCC for giving case names; omitted the words like "Section'', "Sec.", "Rule", etc. and given only the number of the Section/mle at the beginning of the quoted extract; made margin heading and the first clause/sub-section or initial matter of section/rule etc. to B run-on instead of being let to start from a fresh line; done compressing of unquoted referends and use of*** for parts; replaced the series of dots in the raw text with ellipsis; removed abbreviations such as sec., R., cl. and substituted them with full word, i.e. Section, Rule,.Glause; added hyphenation after the section/rule numbers which hav.e a).phabets suffixed C to them; applied indentation of quoted extracts; removed full stops or word ''No."; and given full forms of abb.reviations to enhance readability and clarity. In addition to the above, capitalization and italicization is also made wherever necessary in the raw text; and punctuati:on, articles, spellings and compound words are also checked and corrected, if D required, .in the original text. 40. The aforesaid inputs put by the appellants in the judgments would have had a copyright had we accepted the principle that any one who by his or her own skill and labour creates an original work of E whatever character, shall enjoy an exclusive right to copy that work and no one else would be permitted to reap the crop what the copyright owner had sown. No doubt the appellants have collected the.material and improved the readability of the judgment by putting inputs in the original text of the judgment by considerable labour and arranged it in F their own style, but that does not give the flavour of minimum requirement of creativity. The exercise of the skill and judgment required to produce the work is trivial and is on account of the labour and the capital invested and could be characterized as purely a work which has been brought about by putting some amount oflabour by the appellants. Although for G establishing a copyright, the creativity standard applies is not that something must be novel or non-obvious, but some amount of creativity in the work to claim a copyright is required. It does require a minimal degree of creativity. Arrangement ofthe facts or data or the case law is already included in the judgment of the court. Therefore, creativity of _y_ H ~· EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] 261 "'{ ~, sec would only be addition of certain facts or material already published, A " case law published in another law report and its own arrangement and presentation of the judgment of the court in its own style to make it more user- friendly. The selection and arrangement can be viewed as typical and at best result of the labour, skill and investment of capital lacking even minimal creativity. It does not as a whole display sufficient originality[B ] so as to amount to an original work of the author. To support copyright, there must be some substantive variation and not merely a trivial variation, 1 not the variation of the type where limited ways/unique of expression available and ari author selects one of them which can be said to be a garden variety. Novelty or invention or innovative idea is not the[c ] requirement for protection of copyright but it does require ininimaI degree of creativity. In our view, the aforesaid inputs put by the appellants in the copy-edited judgments do not touch the standard of creativity required for the copyright. .D 41. However, the inputs put in the original text by the appellants in (i) segregating the existing paragraphs in the original text by breaking them into separate paragraphs; (ii) adding internal paragraph numbering within a judgment after providing uniform paragraph numbering to the multiple judgments; and (iii) indicating in the judgment the Judges who E have dissented or concurred by introducing the phrases like 'concurring', 'partly concurring', 'partly dissenting', 'dissenting', 'supplementing', 'majority expressing no opinion', etc., have to be viewed in a different light. The task of paragraph numbering and internal referencing requires skill and judgment in greatmeasme. The editor who inserts para numbering F must know how legal argumentation and legal discourse is conducted and how a judgment of a court oflaw must read. Often legal arguments or conclusions are either clubbed into one paragraph in the original judgment or parts of the same argument are given in separate paragraphs. It requires judgment and the capacity for discernment for determining G whether to carve out a separate paragraph from an existing paragraph in the original judgment or to club together separate paragraphs in the original judgment of the court. Setting of paragraphs by the appellants of their own in the judgment entailed the exercise of the brainwork, reading and understanding of subject of disputes, different issues involved, H } _--(_ 262 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Add!.) S.C.R. ', + A statuto1y provisions applicable and interpretation of the same and then dividing them in different paragraphs so that chain of thoughts and process of statement of facts and the application of law relevant to the topic discussed is not disturbed, would require full understanding of the entire subject of the judgment. Making paragraphs in a judgment could not be B called a mechanical process. It requires careful consideration, discernment and choice and thus it can be called as a work of an author. Creation of paragraphs would obviously require extensive reading, careful study of subject and the exercise of judgment to make paragraph which has dealt with particular ac;pect of the case, and separating intermixing of a C different subject. Creation of paragraphs by separating them from the passage would require knowledge, sound judgment and legal skill. In our opinion, this exercise and creation thereof has a flavour of minimum amount of creativity. The said principle would also apply when foe editor has put an input whereby different Judges' opinion has been shown to D have been dissenting or partly dissenting or concurring, etc. It also requires reading of the whole judgment and understanding the questions involved and thereafter finding out whether the Judges have disagreed or have the dissenting opinion or they are partially disagreeing and partially agreeing to the view on a particular law point or even on facts. In these E inputs put in by the appellants in the judgments reported in SCC, the appellants have a copyright and nobody is permitted to utilize the same. 42. For the reasons stated in the aforesaid discussion, the appeals are partly allowed. The High Court has already granted interim relief to F the plaintiff-appellants by directing that though the respondent-defendants shall be entitled to sell their CD-ROMS with the text of the judgments of the Supreme Court along with their own head notes, editorial notes, if any, they should not in any way copy the head notes of the plaintiffappellants; and that the defendant-respondents shall also not copy the G footnotes and editorial notes appearing in the journal of the plaintiffappellants. It is forther directed by us that the defendant-respondents shall not use the r.!fagraphs made by the appellants in their copy-edited version for internal references and their editor's judgmer.t regarding the opinions,expressed by the Judges by using phrase~ like, 'concurring', H 'partly dissenting', etc. on the basis of reported judgments in SCC. The EASTERN BOOK COMPANY & ORS. _v._ 263 D.B. MODAK &ANR. [NAOLEKAR, J.] ~ judgment of the High Court is modified to the extent that in addition to A the interim relief already granted by the High Court, we have granted the above-mentioned additional relief to the appellants. 4 3. In view of the decision rendered by us in the civil appeals, we do not think it necessary to pass any order on the contempt petition. The B contempt petition stands disposed of accordingly. 44. There shall be no order as to costs. S.K.S. Appeals Partly allowed and contempt petition disposed of.