DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) PVT. LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA AND TWO ORS.

778 A B c D E _Income Tax_ _Act 1961_ _Sections_ 80M(J) _and 80A.,4_ _:_ _income by_ _way_ _of inturcorporate dividends-Deduction-Whether to_ _be_ _1nade_ _with reference to full an1ounl_ _of dividend received or dividend computed_ _i11_ _accordance with the prvvisions of the Act -Section_ _SOAA-_ ~Vhether _retrospect_ iv~ _in operation._ _Constitution of India 1950, Artice 141:_ _Supreme_ _Court-Declaration of/aw-To be certain, definite and_ _correct-_ _Jndicial decisions-Continuity anJ consistency-Essentiality-Pointed out-Earlier_ _ruling_ _of Co,,,rt-Manifest!y wrong, proreeds upon mistaken assumption with_ _regard to exi3tence or continuance_ _of_ _statutory provision, contrary to another_ _decision_ _of_ _Court-Doctrine_ _of_ _stare_ _decisis-No_ _bar to_ over~ruling _such_ _decision-Decision of Court in_ _fiscal n1atters-Jnterference in exceptionaf_ _cases-_ _Necessity_ _of._ _Interpretation of Statutes :_ [Y.V. DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) PVT. LTD. _v._ UNION OF INDIA AND TWO ORS. _July_ _1,_ _1985_ CHANDRACHUD, C.J., BHAGWATI, AllAR8NDRA NATH SEN, D.P. MADON AND M.P. THAKKAR, JJ] F _Statutory prol'ision-Meaning_ _of-Interpretation_ _on_ _earlier statutory_ _provision In_ _different language arid structurally different-Reference lo and reliance_ _on-Whether permissible._ G H _Words and Phrases-Meaning of:_ _'Such income by way of di'lidendJ'-Meaning of-Section SOM lnroff1e Tax_ _Act 1961._ The earliest provision granting exemption from super tax in respect of inter-corporate dividend was made as far back as 9th December, 1933 in a Notification issued by the Governor General in Council and it provided as follows: ''The Governor General in Council is pleased to exempt from super tax: DJStRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _V._ UNION 779 (i) So much of the income of any investment trust company as is derived from dividends paid by any other company which has paid or will pay super-tax in respect of the profits out of which such dividends are paid". This provision came up for consideration before a Division Bench of the High Court of Bombay in _CITv. Industrial, investment_ _Trust_ _Co._ _Ltd._ (1968) 671.T.R. 437. The High Court guided by a decision of this Court in _CITv._ _South India Bank_ (1966) 59 !TR 763 held that the "dividend income which was exempted under the notification would be the dividend income received by the assessee and not the said income less any further amounts" because the notification must be regarded a self-contained one and not controlled by any other provisions of the Act and there was no warrant to construe the word 'income' in the notification as total income nor to qualify the dividend computed under Section 12 of the Act. A provision of a similar kind granting exemption from super tax in respect of certuin specified categories of inter-corporate dividend was introduced as Section 56A of the Income Tax Act 1922 by the Finance Act, 1953. When the Indian Income Tax Act. 1922 was 1epealed and the Income Tax Act, 1961 was enacted with effect from 1st April, 1902, Section 99, subsection (i) was introduced in the new Act exempting certain categories of income from super tax and one such category was that set out in clause (iv) of Section 99 sub-section (1) which read as follows : '·99. (I) Super-tax shall not be payable by an assessee in respect of the following amounts which are included in his total income(iv) if the assessee is a company, any dividend received by it from an Indian company, subject to the provisions contained in the fifth Schedule." This provision continued in force upto Ist March, 1965 subject to a minor inconsequential amendment made by the Finance Act, .1964. This provision did not come up for interpretation before this Court only in _Cloth_ _Traders_ _Case,_ but it came to be considered by some of the High Courts. A B ###### c D E F G The three High Courts of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras _C./.Tv._ _New_ _Great_ _Insurance Company Ltd._ (1963) 90 !TR 348, _C.l.T._ v. _Darbhangha Market-_ _ing Company_ Ltd. 1971 80 !TR 72 and _Madras Auto Service_ v. _I.T.0._ (1975) 101 I. T.R .. 589] on a const~uct1on of clause (1v) of sub~section (I) of section 99, took th~ view that the entJCe amount of dividend received by the assessee from R l~n 1m1te .1ndd1and~?dmpda~y to 1v1 en income computed in accordance was exempt from super tax and the exemption wi'th the p - · was f h not 1m1te to 1v1 en income computed in accordance wi'th the p - · f h . rov1s1ons - t e Act and formmg part of the total income. A B c D E F G H 780 SUI'REME COURT REPoRTS [ J 98S) SUPPL. S.C.8.. Section 99 sub-section (i) remained in force only upto the close of the assessment year 1964-65 and by an amendment made by the Finance Act, 1965, Section 99 sub-section (1 \was omitted and chapter IVA and se<..tion 85A were introduced in the present Act with effect from Ist April, 1965. Chapter IV A comprised section 80A to 80D providing for certain specified deductions to be made in computing total income, while Section 85A provided for deduction of tax on incorporate dividends. This Section was also considered by the Bombay High Court in _New_ _Great Insurance Company's_ _Ca1e._ The High Court observed that except for some minor verbal changes, section SSA was almost in the same terms as section 99 sub:section (1) clause (iv), the only real difference being that the exemption granted under section 99 sub-section (i) clause (iv) was in regard to super-tax, while lhe deduction allowed under section 85A WJS in regard to income tax, and held that under section 85A also, the deduction admissible was in respect of the entire dividend received by the assessee from an Indian Company and not in respect of dividend income minus deductions allowable under the provisions of the Act in computing 'total income' The spate of legislative changes did not come to an end with the enactment of section gsA. The Original Chapter VIA and certain other sections including section 85A were deleted from the present Act by Finance (No 2) Act, 1967 with effect from Ist April, 1968 and replaced by the new Chapter VIA which contains a fasciculus of sections from s. 80A to s. 80VV. Section SOA sub-section (1) provides that in computing the total income of an assessee there shall be allowed from his gross total income, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of Chapter VIA the deduction specified in Section SOC to Section 80VV and sub-section (2) of that Section imposed t? ceiling on such deductions by enacting that the aggregate amount of such deduction shall not in any case, exceed the gross total income of the assessee. The expression "gross total income" is defined in clause (V) of Section SOB to mean the total income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act before n1aking any deduction under Chapter VIA or under Section 2SOD. _:_ ection SOM is the new section which corresponds to the repealed Section 85A ~nd it provides for deduction in respect of certain categories of inter-corporate dividends, Several amendments were made subsequently in this section but they relate primarily to the percentage of the income to be allowed as a deduction. One amendment that was made by the Finance Act, 1968 was that the words "received by it" occurring in sub-section (1) of Section SOM were omitttd with effect from Ist April, 1968, so that right from the date of its enactment, section SOM sub-section (1) was to be read as if the words "receivt"d by it" were not in the opening part of that provision. Petitioner No. 1 was incorporated as a Limited Company and Petitioner No. 2 a Director and shareholder therein. Petitioner No 1 received dividends on shares held by it in different domestic companies and paid interest on monies borrowed for the purpose of investment in such shares. In the course of its assessment for the assesment years 1970-71 up to 1980~81, DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v,_ UNION 781 Petitioner No.1 claimed that the deduction permissible under Section SOM must be calculated with reference to the full amount of dividends received by Petitioner No. l from the domestic companies and not with reference to the dividends as computed in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The assessments of Petitioner No. 1 were actually completed on the basis of his claim and the view taken by this Court in _Cloth Traders_ Case in regard to the construction of Section SOM. The Revenue preferred appeals against such assessments and these appeals were pending at different stages at the time of filing the Writ Petition. The Petitioner No. l was entitled to succeed in the appeals as well as in the original assessments which were pending before the different authorities, so long as the decision in _Cloth Traders_ _Case_ stood unaflected by any constitu· tionally valid legislative amendment. However, with a view to overriding the decision in the _Cloth Traders_ case with retrospective effect, Parliament enacted Section 80AA and since this section was deemed to have been introduced in the Income Tax Act, 1961 with effect from Tst April, 1968, and it provided that the deduction required to be allowed under Section SOM shall be computed not with reference to the gross amount of dividend received by the assessee from a domestic company but with reference to the dividend income as computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act, the claim of petitioner No. 1 for deduction on the basis of the full amount of dividend received by it from domestic companies was liable to be rejected and deduction could be allowed to Petitioner ~No. 1 only with reference to the dividend income computed in accordance with the provision of the A ct. The introduction of Section 80AA thus had the effect of enhancing the tax liability of Petitioner No. l and the petitioners filed a Writ Petition challenging the Constitutional validity of Section 80AA on the ground that it enhanced the tax burden with retrospective effect going back for a period of almost 12 years and consequently imposed an unreasonable restriction on the right of petitioner No. 1 to carry on its business in breach of Article 19 (J) (g) of the Constitution. Dismissing the writ petition, HELD-(By the Court) I. The deduction envisaged by sub-section (I) of Section 80M is required to be made with reference to the income by way of dividends computed in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act and not with reference to the full amount of dividend received by the assessee. [802F, 809A] 2. Section 80AA in its retro~pective operation is merely declaratory of the law as it always was since !st April, 1968 and no complaint can validly b~ !Dade against it. (807E, 809D] A B ##### c D E F G H 782 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] SUPPL. S,C.R. _Cloth Traders Ltd._ v. _Additional Commissioner of Income Tax,_ 118 ITR A 243, over-ruled _and Can1bey Electrical Supply Industrial Co._ _Ltd._ v. _Commissioner_ _of Income-Tax,_ (1970) 113 84, approved. (Per Chandrachud C.J., P.N. Bhagwati, D.P. Madon and M.P. Thakkar, JJ). 8 ###### c D E }<' G H The Inquiry is not whether the view taken by the Bombay High Court in _New Great Insurance Company's_ case is correct. Jt must be conceeded that it has been held to be correct in the decision in _Cloth Traders_ Case However another view in regard to the interpretation of Section 85A is possible. It is not at all unreasonable to construe the words "income so included .. as meaning the quantum of income by way of dividends included in the total income of the assessee. These words in the context in which they occur have obviously reference to quantum of the income by way of dividends to which the average rate of income tax is to be applied That quantum is defined by these words and in order to determine it, the question is what is the income by way of dividends included in the total income and the answer can only be that is income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. It is not necessary to consider whether the construction placed on Section 85A by the Bombay High Court in _New_ _Great_ _Insurance_ _Company_ Case is correct or not, because interpretation of Section SSA is not concerned. It is section SOM which has to be construed and this section, is materially different from Section 85A. Section SOM cannot be construed in the light of the interpretation placed on its predecessor section by the Bombay High Court particularily when Section SOM is admittedly worded differently from its predecessor section. Section SOM must be construed on its own language and its true interpretation arrived at according to the plain natural meaning of the words used by the Legislature. [795 D -HJ 2. Section SOM is the new Section which corresponds to the repealed Section 85A and it provides for deduction in respect of certain categories of intercorporate dividends. It is the interpretation of this section which consti· tutes the subject-matter of controversy between the parties. [796 DJ 3. What is the object behind grant of relief under Section SOM. The main object of the relief under Section SOM is to avoid taxation once again in the hands of the receiving con1pany of the amount which has already borne full tax in the hands of the paying company. Now when an an1ount by way of dividend is received by the assessee from the paying company the full amount of such dividend would have suffered tax, in the assessment of the paying company in order to encourage inter-company investinents. Ia order to encourage investments the Legislature intended that this amount should not bear tax once again in the hands of the assessee either its entirety or to a specified extent. But the amount by way of dividend which would otherwise suffer tax in the hands of the assessee, would be the amount computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and not the full amount re:eived from the paying company. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that in enacting Section 80~1 the Legislature intended to grant relief with reference to the amount of dividend computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and not with reference to the full amount of dividend received from the paying DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION 783 company. The Legislature could certainly be attributed the intention to prevent double taxation but not to provide an additional benefit which would go beyond what is required for saving the amount of dividend from taxation once again the hands of the assessee. (799 A-BJ 4. Section SOM sub~section (l) opens with the words "where the gross total income of an assessee ............ includes any income by way of dividends from a domestic company" and proceeds to say that in such a case, there shall be allowed in computing the total income of the assessee, a deduction ''from such income by way of dividends" of an amount equal to the whole of such income or 60% of such income as the case may be, depending on the nature of the domestic company from which the income by way of dividends is received. The opening words describe the condition which must be fulfilled in order to attract the applicability of the provision contained in sub-section (1) of Section SOM. The condition is that the gross totol income of the assessee must include income by way of dividends from a domrstic company "Gross total incon1e" is defined in Section SOB clause (VJ to mean "total income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act before making any deduction under Chapter VIA or under Section 280D". Income by way of dividends from a domestic company included in the gross total income would therefore obviously be income computed in accordance with tht: provisions of the Act, that is after deducting interest on monies borrowed for earning such income. If income by way of dividends from a domestic company computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act is included in the gross total income, or in other words, forn1 part of the gross total income,the conditions specified in the opening part of sub-section (1) of Section SOM would be full:fllled and the provision enacted in that sub-section would be attracted. [7990-SOOCj 5. The words ''such income by way of dividends" must have reference to the income by way of dividends mentioned earlier and that would be income by way of dividends from a domestic company which is included in the gross total income. Consequently, in order to determine what is "such income by way of dividends", the question to be asked is what is the income by way of dividends from a domestic company included in the grocis totol income and that would obviously be the income by way of dividends computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. It is difficult to apprecia1e how, when interpreting the words "such income by way of dividends" a dichotomy can be made between the category of income and the quantum of the income by way of dividends so included. [800H-80IC] 6. There is also another strong indication in the language of sub-section (I) of Section SOM which clearly compels taking the view that the deduction envisaged by that provision is required to be made with reference to the income by way of dividends computed in accordance with the prO\'isions of the Act and not with referrence to the full amount of dividend re [1] :eived by the assessee. The indication was also unfortunately lost sight of by the Court in _Cloth_ _T1aders_ case presumably because it was not brought to the attention of the Court. The Court observed in _Cloth_ _Traders_ case that the whole of the income by way of dividends fro1n a domestic company or 60% of such income ps tho same may be, would l>e deductible from the gross total income for A 8 ###### c D E F G H A B ###### c D 784 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985) SUPPL. s.c.R. striving at the total income of the assessee. This observation appears to have been made under some misapprehension, because what sub-section (1) of Section 80M required is that the deduction of the whole or a specified percentage must be made from "such income by way of dividends" and not from the gross total income. Now when in computing the total income of the assessee. a deduction has to be made from ''such income by way of dividends" it is elementary that ''such income by way of dividends" from which deduction has to be made must be part of gross total income. It is difficult to see how the language of this part of sub-section (1) of Section SOM can possibly fit in it if "such income by way of dividends" were interpreted to mean that full amount of dividend received by the assessee. The full amount -. of dividend received by the assessee would not be included in the gross total income what would be included would only be the amount of dividend as comput~d in accordance with the provisions of the Act. If that be so it is difficult to appreciate how for the purpose of con1puting the total income from the gross total income any deduction should be required to be made from the full amount of the dividend. The deduction required to be made for computing the total io<:ome from the gross total income can only be from the amount of dividend computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act which would be forming part of the gross total income. Whatever might have been the interpretation placed on clause (iv) of sub-section (1) of Section 99 and Section 85A the correctness of which is not in issue, so far as sub-section ( ) of Section F0!\-1: is concerned, the deduction required to be allowed under that provision is liable to be calculated with reference to the amount of dividend computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and forming part of the gross total income and not with reference to the full amount of dividend received by the assessee. (801G-802FJ ) E 7. Structurally there is hardly any difference between Section SOE sub section (I) and Section SOM sub·section (I) and the reasoning which appealed to the Court in the interpretation of sub-section (I) of Section SOE in _Cambay_ _Electric Supply Industrial Company Ltd._ v. _C.1.T._ must apply equally in the interpretation of sub-section (1) of Section SOM. (803 B] F G H 8. Ordinarily this Court would be reluctant to overturn a decision given by a Bench of this Court, Cecause it is essential that there should be continuity and consistency in judicial decisions, and Jaw should be certain and definite. It is almost as important that the law should be settled correctly. But there may be circumstances where public interest demands that th~ previous decision be reviewed and reconsidered. The doctrine of _stare decisis_ should not deter the Court from overruling an earlier decision, if it is satisfied that such decision is manifestly wrong or proceeds upon a mistaken assumption in regard to the existence or continuance of a statutory provision or is contrary to another decision of theC ourt. [805G-806A] 9. There are over-riding considerations which compel reconsideration and review of the decision in _Cloth Traders_ Case. In the first place, the decision in _Cloth Traders case_ was rendered by this Court on 4th May, 1979 and immediately thereafter, with in afew months, Parliament introduced Section SOAA with retrospective effect from Ist Apnl, 1968 with a view to over-riding lhe interpretation placed on Section SOM in _Cloth_ _Traders_ case. fhe decision DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION 785 in _Cloth_ _Traders_ case did not therefore hold the field for a period of more than a few months and it could not be said that any assessee was misled into acting A to its detriment on the basis of that decision. There was no decision of this Court in regard to the interpretation of sub-section (1) of Section SOM prior to the decision in _Cloth_ _Traders_ case and there was therefore no authoritative pronouncement of this Court on this question of interpretation on which an assessee could claim to rely for making its fiscal arrangements. Another circun1stance which makes is necessary to reconsider and review the decision in B _Cloth Trcders_ Case. is the decision in _Comboy Electric Supply Company_ case. The decision in _Cloth Traders_ case is inconsislent with that in _Cambay Electric_ _Supply Company's_ case Both cannot siand together. If one is correct, the other n1ust logically be wrong and vice-versa. It is therefore necessary to resolve the conflict between these two decisions and harmonise the law and that necessiatates an inquiry into the correctness of the decision in _Cloth_ _Traders_ Case, and having considered and reviewed the decision in _Cloth Traders_ C case come to the conclusion that the decision in _Cloth Traders_ Case is erroneous and must be over turned. [806C-807D] _(Per_ _A.N. Sen,_ _J._ concurring) The authority and jurisdiction of a larger Bench of this Court to over· D ride and over-rule any decision of a smaller Bench cannot be questioned. IIowever, a decision of this Court on any fiscal legislation involving the question of financial benefit and liability should not normally be interfered with and should be interfered with only in very rare cases. On the basis of the decision of this Court on any fiscal legislation and any matter involving financial arrangements and adjustments, parties are entitled to arrange their :financial affairs and in fact they so arrange and adjust the financial affairs on E the basis of the law laid down by this Court. Unsettling a position settled by the decision of this Court may lead to the confusion and re-suit in financial instability, causing serious prejudice not only to the parties concerned but also to the economic growth of the country as a whole. {808 C·E] 2. If on interpretation of any provision of any fiscal legislation two views may be reasonably possible, a larger Bench of this Court may not interfere with a view taken by a smaller Bench by this Court mainly on the ground that the other view appears to the larger Bench to be the better view and may commend itself to the larger Bench. If, howeuer, a decision of the smallar Bench has necessarily to interfere with the decision, as this Court will not permit a wrong decision to operate as good law of the land. {808 FJ ORIGINAL JURBDICT!ON: Writ Petition No. 2043 of 1981. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India G _K.H._ _Kaji_ and _M.N._ _Shroff_ for the Petitioners. H _K._ _Parasaran,_ Attorney Gener~! and _J(.S._ _Gwumoorthy_ for the ~espondents, A B ##### c D E F G H 7S6 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19S5] SUPPL. s.c.R. The following Judgments were delivered BHAGWATI, J. This writ petition raises an interesting question of construction of Section SOM of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Thls question would appear to be concluded in favour of the assessee by the decision of this Court in _Cloth Traders Limited_ v. _Additional_ _Commissioner_ _of Income Tax,_ l lS ITR 243, but the correctness of the view taken in that case has been challenged in the present writ petition. Since the decision in Cloth Traders Case (supra) was given by a Bench of three Judges, it is obvious that its validity can be canvassed before this Bench which consists of five Judges. If thls Bench too takes the same view in regard of the construction of Section SOM as that taken in _C/ath Traders_ case (supra), it would become necessary to consider the question of constitutional validity of Section SOAA which was introduced in the Income Tax Act, 1961 by Section 12 of the Finance (No. _2)_ Act 19SO with a view to overriding with retrospective effect the comtruction placed on Section SOM by this in _Clath Traders_ case (supra). If on the other hand, this Bench disagrees with the view taken in _Cloth Traders_ case (supra) and hold that even before the introduction of Section SOAA, Section SOM, on a true interpretation of its language, meant exactly what Section 80AA now retrospectively declares it to mean, no question of constitutional validity of Section 80AA would arise since Section 80AA would then be merely declaratory of the law as it always was and would not be imposing any new tax burden with retrospective effect. The first question that we must therefore consider is as to what is the true construction of Section 80M unaided by the subsequent legislative interpretation imposed upon it by the enactment of Section 80AA : do we affirm the view taken in _Cloth Traders_ case (supra) or do we dissent from it. We have given our most anxious consideration to this question, particularly since one of us, namely, P.N. Bhagwati, J. was a party to the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case (supra). But having regard to various considerations to which we shall advert indetail when we examine the arguments advanced on behalf of the parties, we are compelled to reach the conclusion that _Cloth Traders_ case must be regarded as wrongly decided. The view taken in that case in regard to the construction of Section SOM must be held to be erroneous and it must be corrected. To perpetuate an error is no heroism. To rectify it is the compulsion of judicial conscience. In this we derive comfort and stren~th frail\ the wise (Ind inspirin~ words of DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(Bhagwatt,_ _J.)_ 787 Justice Bronson in _Pierce_ v. _De/ameter_ _A.M.Y._ at page lS: "a Judge ought to be wise enough to know that he is fallible therefore ever· ready to learn: great and honest enough to discard all mere pride of opinion and follow truth wherever it may lead : and courageous enough to acknowledge his errors". We may begin our discussion by referring to the legislative history of the provision enacted in Section SOM but before we do so, a brief statement of facts may help to provide the back-drop against which the question of construction of Section SOM arises for conside· ration. Petitioner No. 1 was incorporated as a limited company on 10th November 1941 under the Baroda Companies Act, 1918 and at all materiol times it carried on business of an investment company. Petitioner No. 2 is a Director and shareholder of Petitioner No. I. Throughout the material period with which we are concerned in this writ petition, Petitioner No. 1 received dividends on shares held by it in different domestic companies and paid interest on monies borro· wed for the purpose of investment in such shares. In the course of its assessments for the assessment years 1970-71 upto 1980-81, Petitioner No. 1 claimed that the deduction permissible under Section SOM must be calculated with reference to the full amount of dividends received by Petitioner No. 1 from domestic companies and not with reference to the dividend income as computed in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. This claim was liable to succeed if the view taken in _Cloth_ _Traders_ case (supra) in regard to the con >!ruction of Section SOM was correct and some of the assessments of Petitioner No. l were actually completed on the basis that this claim was justified. The Revenue preferred appeals against such assessments and these appeals were pending at different stages at the time of filing of the present writ petition. The assessments for some of the assessment years were also pending before the Income tax Officer. So long as the decision in _Cloth 1ruders_ case (supra) stood unaffected by any Constitutionally valid legislative amendment, Petitioner No. 1 was entitled to succeed in the appeals as well as in the original assessments which were pending conside· ration before different authorities. But with a view to overrinding the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case (supra) with retrospective effect, Parliament enacted Section SOAA and since this section was deemed to have been introduced in tho Income Tax Act, 1961 with effect from 1st April, 1968 and it provided that the deduction require!i to be allowed under Section SOM shall be computed not with reference to the gross amou11t of dividend received by the assessee from a A B c D E F G H A B ##### c D E #### ., G H 788 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] SUPPL. s.c.a. domestic Company but with reference to the dividend income as computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act, the claim of petitioner No. I for deduction on the basis of the full amount of dividend received by it from domestic companies was liable to be rejected and deduction could be allowed to petitioner no. 1 only with reference to the dividend income computed in accordance with the provision of the Act. The introduction of Section SOAA thus had the effect of enhancing the tax liability of petitioner No. 1 and the petitioners accordingly filed the present writ petition challenging the constitutional validity of Section 80AA on the ground that it enhanced the tax burden of petition No. I with retrospective effect going b.ack for a period of almost 12 years and thus imposed unreasonable restriction on the right of petitioner No. l to carry on its business in breach of Article 19(l)(g) of the Constitution. We may first set out the history of the legislation preceding the enactment of Section SOM, since considerable reliance was placed on this history both in the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case (supra) as also in the course of the arguments in the present writ petition. The earliest provision granting exemption from super tax in respect of inter-corporate dividends was made as far back as 9th December 1933 in a notification issued by the Governor General in Council and it provided as follows : "The Governor General in Council is pleased to exempt from super tax- (i) so much of the income of any investment trust company as is derived from dividmds paid by any other company which has paid or will pay super-tax in respect of the profits out of which such dividends are paid." This provision came up for consideration before a Division Bench of the High Court of Bombay in _C.J._ r. v. _Industrial Investment Trust_ _Co._ _Ltd._ (1968) 67 I.T.R. 437 and the question was whether the dividend income exempted from super tax the entire income by way of dividend received by an investment trust company or the dividend income as computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act, i.e. after deducting the expenses incurred in earning it. The High Court of Bombay held that the ''dividend income which was exempted under the notification would be the dividend income received by the assessee and not the said income less any further amounts" 1>eca11se - "the notification mus( . . . be regarded - as a self-contained WI~ b1STRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(Bhagwati,_ J.) 7s9 and not controlled by any other provisions of the Act" and there was "no warrant to construe the word 'income' in the notification as total income nor to qualify the dividend income specified in the said notification as the dividend income computed under Section 12 of the Act." It was thus held that the entire amount of dividend received by an investment trust company would be exempt from super tax and not the amount of dividend minus the expenses incurred in earning it. It may be noticed, and this aspect was emphasised by the Bombay High Court, that what was exempted from super tax under the notification was "so much of the income of any investment trust company as is derived from dividends paid by any other company" and there was no reference to 'total income' in the notification nor was any indication given in the notification that the income derived from dividends which was sought to be exempted from super tax was dividend income forming part of 'total income' and that is why the Bombay High Court came to the conclusion that the dividend income exempted under the notification was the entire income by way of dividend received by the assessee and not the dividend income as computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. The High Court of Bombay in taking this view in _Industrial_ _Investment Trust Company's_ case was guided by the decision of this Court in _C.I.T._ v. _South Indian Bank_ (1966) 59 l.T.R. 763. Since the decision in _South Indian Bank_ case (supra) is the only decision of this Court respecting an allied provision prior to the decision in Cloth Traders case (supra), it is necessary to refer to it in some detail in order to see whether it really supports the conclusion reached in _Cloth Traders_ case (supra). The question which arose in _South_ _Indian Bank_ case (supra) was in regard to the true interpretation of a notification issued by the Central Government under Section 60A of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. This notification was subsequent in point of time to the notification which came to be considered by the High Court of Bombay in the _Industrial Investment_ _Trust Company's_ case, hut it came up for construction before this court earlier in _South Indian Bank_ case (supra). This notification was in the following terms : "No income-tax shall be payable by ao assessee on the interest received on the following income-tax free loans issued by the former Government of Tranvancore or by the former Government of Cochin, provided that such A B ###### c D E F G H **A** '790 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985) SUPPL. S.C.R. interest is received within the territories of the State of Travancore Cochin and is not brought into any other part of the taxable territories to which the said Act applies. Such interest shall, however, be included in the total income of the assessee for the purpose of section 16 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 ......... " **B** The argument of the Revenue was that the exemption from income tax granted under this notification was in respect of interest receiv· able on securities minus the expenses incurred in earning it and not in respect of the entire amount of interest because it was only that C amount of interest arrived at after computation in accordance with Section 8 of the old Act which was includible in the total income and liable to bear tax and the exemption from the tax could, therefore only be in respect of such amount. This argument was negatived by the court and it was pointed out by Subba Rao, J. that (p. 766) : **D** E **F** G " ..... this notification does not refer to the provision of section 8 of the Income-tax Act at all. It gives a total exemption from income-tax to an assessee in respect of the interest receivable on income-tax free loans mentioned therein. It gives that exemption subject two conditions, namely, (i) that the interest is received within the territories of the State of Travancore-Cochin, and (ii) that it is not brought to any other part of the taxable territories. Jt includes the said exempted interest in the total income of the assessee for the purpose of section 16 of the Income·tax Act. Shortly stated, the notification is a self· contained one; it provides an exemtion from income-tax payable by an assessee on a particular class of income subject to specified conditions. Therefore, there is no scope for controlling the provisions of the notification with reference to section 8 of the Income tax Act. The expression 'interest receivable on income-tax free loans' is clear and unambigous. Though the point of time from which the exempiion works is when it is received within the territories of the State of Travancore-Cochin, what is exempted is the interest reeeivable. 'Interest receivable' can only mean the amount of interest calculated as per the terms of the securities. It cannot obviously mean interest receivable minus the amount spent in receiving the **same."** ## l nisTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(Bhagwati_ j,) 791 It will be noticed that the entire basis of the judgment of the Court was that the notification was a self-contained one and it gave exemption from income tax in respect of _interest_ _receivable_ on certain categories of income tax free loans, without any reference to 'total income, or to "the provisions of section 8 of the Income tax Act at all." That is why the judgment pointed out that there was no scope for controlling the provisions of the notification with reference to section 8 of the Income Tax Act and proceeded to hold that what was exempted from income tax under the notification was "interest receivable" that is, "the amount of interest calculated as per the terms of the securities" without deduction of the "amount spent in receiving the same". There was nothing in the notification to indicate that what was sought to be exempted was the amount of interest included in the ·total income'. Thereafter a provision of a similar kind granting exemption from super tax in respect of certain specified categories of inter· corporate dividends was introduced as Section 56 in the Indian Income Tax 1922 by the Finance Act, 1953. It is however not necesslfY to make any detailed reference to this provision since there is no decided case which has considered thi.s provision or expressed any opinion upon it. When the Indian Income Tax Act 1922 was repealed and the Income Tax Act 1961 was enacted with effect from !st April, 1962, section 99 sub-section (i) was introduced in the new Act exempting certain categories of income from super tax and one such category was that set out in clause (iv). Section 99 sub-section (I) clause (iv) read as follows : "99. (I) Super-tax shall not be payable by an assessee in respect of the following amounts which are included in his total income ..... (iv) if the assessee is a company, any dividend received by it from an Indian company, subject to the provisions contained in the Fifth Schedule." This provision continued in force upto !st March, 1965 subject to a H minor inconsequential amendment made by the Finance Act 1964. Now this provision did not at any time come up for interpretation before this Court prior to the decision in _Cloth_ _Traders_ case but it A B ###### c D E F G A B ###### c D E F G B 792 SUPREME COURT REPORTS iI98SjsuPi>L. s.c.f!.. did came to be considered by some of the High Courts. The question in regard to the interpretation of this provision which arose before the High Court of Bombay in _C.l.T._ v. _New_ _Great Insurance_ _Company Ltd._ (1963) 90 l.T.R. 348 was whether the exemption granted under this provision was in regard to the entire amount of dividend received by the assessee from an Indian Company or it was limited to the dividend income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and forming part of 'total income'. The High Court of Bombay accepting the contention of the assessee held that on a plain reading of clause (iv) snb·section (I) of Section 99, it was clear that the exemption from super tax was granted in respect of "any dividend received by it from an Indian Company" and these last words, according to their plain grammatical construction, could mean only one thing, namely, the entire amount of dividend received by the assessee from an Indian Company and nothing less. The Bombay High Court emphasised the word 'received' following immediately upon the word 'dividend' and observed that the use of this word also showed that the exemption was in regard to the dividend received and not in regard to the dividend received minus the expenses. The High Court of Bombay pointed out that the words "amounts which are included in his total income" in the opening part of section 99 sub-section (I) did not have any !imitative effect but they were used merely as a convenient mode of describing the different items of income set out in clauses (i) to (v) of that sub-section. Clauses (i) to _(v)_ referred to different items of income which were sought to be exempted from super tax under subsection (!) of Section 99 and it was only if these items of income were included in the total income of the assessee that the question of exemption from super-tax would arise and hence the legislature used the general words "amounts which are included in his total income" in the opening part of sub-section (I) of section 99 as an omnibus formula to cover these different items. These words, according to the Bombay High Court, were descriptive of the items of income a included in the computation of the total income and were not indicative of the quantum of the amounts of the different items included in such computation and they did not, therefore, have the effect of cutting down the plain natural meaing of the words "any dividend received by it from an Indian company" which represented the quantum of income in respect of which exemption from super-tax was granted under the section. It may be pointed out that the same view in regard to the construction of clause (iv) of sub-section (I) of Section 99 was taken by the Calcutta High Court in _C.I.T._ v. ### J OISTRIBtiTORS (BARODA) LTD. i>. UNION _(Bhagwati,_ J.) '793 _Darbhanga_ _Marketing_ _Campany_ _Limited.(')_ and this decision of the Calcutta High Court was noted with approval by the High Court of Bombay in _New_ _Great_ _Insurance_ _Company's_ case (supra). The same view was also taken by the Madras High Court in _C.I.T._ v. _Madras_ _Motor_ _and General Insurance_ _Campany(')_ and it was approved in a later decision of the same High Court in _Madras_ _Auto_ _Service_ v. _I.T.0.(_ _[3 ]_ _)_ It would thus be seen that, on a construction of clause (iv) of sub-section (I) of Section 99, three High Courts, namely, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras took the view that the entire amount of divi dend received by the assessee from an Indian company was exempt from super tax and the exemption was not limited to dividend income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and forming part of the 'total income'. This view taken by the three High Courts was strongly relied upon by the petitioners in support of the construction of Section 80M canvassed on their behalf and in fact the decision in _Cloth_ _Traders_ case (supra) sought to derive some strength from this view. But on further reflection we do not see how this view taken by the three High Courts in regard to the construction of clause (iv) of sub-section (I) of Section 99 can assist in the interpretation of an entirely new section, namely, Section 80M which, as we shall presently point out, is different in its structure, language and content from clause (iv) sub-section (I) of Section 99. We may point out that some doubt was raised on behalf of the Revenue in regard to the correctness of th is view taken by the three High Courts but we do not think it necessary to consider whether this doubt is well founded or not because we are of the view that even if the construc· tion placed on clause (iv) of sub-section (1) of Section 99 by the three High Courts were correct, it cannot necessarily lead to the conclusion that a similar construction must also be placed on Section SOM which is different in material respects from clause (iv) of sub-section (I) of Section 99. It is most unsafe to try to arrive at the true mean· ing of a statutory provision by reference to an interpretation which .• might have been placed on an earlier statutory provision which is not only couched in different language but is also structurally different We must therefore construe the language of Section SOM on its own terms uninhibited by any interpretation which may have been placed on clause (iv) of sub-section (I) of Section 99 by any High Court. (I) [1971) 80 I.T.R. 72. (2) [1975] 99 1.T.R. 243. (3) [1975] IOI J.T.R. 589 . A B ###### c D E G H A B ###### c D E F G H 794 SUPREME COURT REPORTS {1985) SUPPL. s.c.R. We may, proceeding further with the narration of the history of the legislation, point out that Section 99 sub-section (!) remained in force only upto the close of the assessment year J 964·65 and by an amendment made by the Finance Act No. JO of 1965 Section 99 sub-section (I) was omitted and Chapter VI A and Section 85A were introduced in the present Act with effect from Jst April, 1965, Chapter VI A comprised Section SOA to 800 providing for certain specified deductions to be made in computing total income, while Section 85 A in so far as material provided as follows : "85A. Deduction of tax on intercorporate dividends where the total income of an assessee being a company includes any income by way of dividends received by it from an Indian company or a cl)mpany which has made the prescribed arrangements for the declaration and payment of dividends (including dividends on preference shares ) within India, the assessee shall bo entitled to a deduction frcm the income tax with which it is chargeable on its total income for any assessment year of so much of the amount of income tax calculated at the average rate of income-tax on the income so included (other than any such income on which no income-tax is payable under the provisions of this Act ) as exceeds an amount of twenty five per cent thereof... . ..... " This section too came to be considered by the Bombay High Court in _New Great Insurance Company's_ case (supra ) because two of the assessment years with which the Bombay High Court was concerned in that case were assessment years 196S·66 and 1966·67 when Section SSA was in force. The Bombay High Court pointed out that except for some minor verbal changes, Section 8SA was almost in the same terms as Section 99 sub-section (I) clause (iv), the only real difference being that the exemption granted under Section 99 sub-section (I) clause I iv) was in regard to super-tax, while the deduction allowed under Section 8SA was in regard to income-tax. The same interpretation was, therefore, placed on Section 85A as in the case of Section 99 sub-section (!)clause (iv) and it was held that under Section SSA the assessee wuld be entitled to deduction of income-tax in respect of the whole of the dividend received from an Indian company. The expression "where the total income...... includes any income by way of dividends" in the opening part of Section SSA was construed as referring to the .· ' DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _V._ UNION _(.Bhagwati,_ J.) _195_ category of income by way of dividends received from an Indian compay. so that if this particular category of income is included in the computation of total income, the assessee would be entitled to a deduction of so much of the amount of income-tax calculated at the average rate of income-tax on the "income so included" as exceeds an amount of twenty-five per cent of such income. The words "income so included" were read to mean not the quantum of the "income by way of dividends" included in the total income but the income falling within the category of "income by way of dividends from an Indian company" included in the total income. Thus, the view taken by the Bombay High Court was that under Section SSA also, the deduction admissible was in respect of the entire dividend 'received by the assessee from ~n Indian company and not in recpect of dividend income minus deductions allowable under the provisions of the Act in computing 'total income'. But here again we are not concerned to inquire whether the view taken by the Bombay High Court in _New_ _Great_ _Insurance_ _CompJny's_ case (Supra) is correct, though it must be conceded that it has been held to be correct in the decision in _Cloth_ _Traders_ Case (Supra ). We do feel, however, that another view in regard to the interpretation of Section SSA is possible. It is not at all unreasonable to construe the words "income so included" as meaning the quantum of income by way of dividends included in the total income of the assessee. These words in the context in which they occur have obviously reference to quantum of the income by way of dividends to which the average rate of income tax is to be applied. That quantum is defined by these words and in order to determine it, we have to ask the question : what is the income by way of dividends included in the total income and the answer can only be that it is income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. But, as we have pointed out above, it is not necessary to consider whether the construction placed on Section SSA by the Bombay High Court in _New_ _Great_ _Insurance_ _Company's_ case (supra) is correct or not, because we are not concerned here with the interpretation of Section SSA. It is Section SOM which has to be construed and this Section as we shall presently show, is materially different from Section 85A. We cannot construe Section SOM in the light of the interpretation placed on its predecessor section by the Bombay High Court ~articularly when s_ection SOM is admittedly worded differently from its predecessor section. We must construe Section SOM on its own and arrive at its true interpretation according to the plain natural language meaning of the words used by the legislature. A ###### c D E F G H A B ##### c D E F G H SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985) SUPPL. s.c.a. It seems that the spate of changes in this legislative provision did not come to an end with the enactment of Section 85A. The original Chapter VI A and certain other section including Section 85 A were deleted from the present Act by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 1967, w!th effect from 1st April 1968, and replaced by a new Chapter VI A which contains a fasciculus of sections from Section 80A to 80VV. Section 80A, sub-section (I) provides that in computing the total income of an assessee there shall be allowed from his gross total income, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of Chapter VI A, the deductions specified in Section 80C to Section 80VV and sub-section (2) of that Section imposes a ceiling on such deductions by enacting that the aggregate amount of such deductions shall not, in any case, exceed the gross total income of the assessee. The expression "gross total income" is defined in clause (v) of Section 80B to mean the total income computed in accrdance with the provisions of the Act before making any deductions under Chapter vr A or under Section 280 D. Section 80M is the new Section which corresponds to the repealed Section 85A and it provides for deduction in respect of certain categories of inter-corporate dividends. It is the interpretation of this section which constitutes the subjectmatter of controversy between the parties and hence it would be desirable to set it out in extenso. This Section has under-gone changes from time to time since the date of its enactment and we will therefore reproduce it in the form in which it stood when originally enacted : "80M. Deduction in r~spect of certain intercorporate dividends- (I) Where the gross total income of an assessee being a company includes any income by way of dividends received by it from a domestic company, there shall in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this section, be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee, a deduction from such income by way of dividends of an amount equal to (a) Where the assessee is a foreign company (i) in respeet of such income by was of dividends received by it from an Indian company which is not such a company as is referred to in Section 108 and which is mainly engaged in a priority industry 80%of such income; , DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(Bhagwati,_ J.) 797 (ii) in respect of such income by way of dividends other than the dividends referred to in sub· A clause (i) 65% of such **income;** (b) where the assessee is a domestic company in respect of any such income by way of dividends 60% of such **income"** There were several amendments made subsequently in this Section but they relate primarily to the percentage of the income to be allowed as a deduction and do not have any bearing on the question of interpretation posed before us. One amendment is however material and that was made by the Finance Act 1968 by which the words "received by it" occurring in sub-section (!) of Section SOM were omitted with effect from 1st April 1968 so that right from the date of its enactment, Section SOM sub-section (I J was to be read as if the words "received by it" were not in the opening part of that provision. Soon after the enactment of Section SOM a question arose before the Gujarat High Court in _Addi._ _C._ _1._ _T._ v. _Cloth_ _Traders_ _Private_ _Limited(!)_ whether on a true construction of that Section, the permissible deduction is to be calculated with reference to the full amount of dividends received by the assessee from a domestic company or with reference to the dividend income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act, that is, after deducting the interest paid on monies borrowed for earning such income. The Gujarat High Court in a Judgment delivered on 28th November 1973, held that the deduction permissible under Section 80M is liable to he calculated with reference to the dividend income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and not with reference to the full amount of dividends received by the assessee. The assessee being aggrieved by this judgment preferred an appeal to this Court and this appeal was allowed by the judgment delivered in _Cloth_ _Traders_ Case (supra ). This Court over-ruled the view taken by the Gujarat High Court and held that the deduction required to be allowed under Section SOM must be calculated "wilh reference to the full amount of dividends received from a domestic comany and (I) J1974) 97 l.T.R. 140. B ###### c D E F G H 798 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985) SUPPL. S.C.R. not with reference to the dividend income as computed in A accordance with the provisions of the Act, that is, after making deductions provided under the Act." This decision was given by the Court on 4th May 1979. B ###### c D E F G H Now, according to Parliament, this interpretation placed on Section SOM by the summit court was not in conformity with the legislative intent and it resulted in considerable unjustified loss of revenue. Parliament therefore immediately proceeded to set right what, according to it was an interpretation contrary to the legislative intent and with a view to setting at naught such interpretation. Parliament, by Section 12 of Finance (No. 2) Act 19SO, introduced in the Income Tax Act, 1961, Sect;on SOAA with retrospective effect from !st April I 96S, that is the date when Section SOM was originally enacted, providing that the deduction required to be allowed under Section SOM ht respect of intercorporate dividends "shall be computed with reference to the income by way of such dividends as computed in accordance with the provisions of this Act (before making any deduction under this Chapter ) and not with reference to the gross amount of such dividends ". It is the validity of this new Section SOAA which is challenged in the present writ petition. But we may make it clear that "hat is challenged is not the prospective operation of Section SOAA. That would clearly be unexceptionable because the Legislature can always impose a new tax burden or enhance an existing tax liability with prospective effect. But the complaint of the assessee was against retrospective effect being given to Section SOAA, because that would have the effect of enhancing the tax burden on the assessee by setting at naught the interpretation placed on Section SOM by the decision in _Cloth_ _Traders_ case and reducing the amount of deduction required to be allowed under Section SOM. However. as pointed out at the commencement of this judgment, it would become necessary to examine this compaint against the constitutional validity of retrospective operation of Section SOAA only if we art'irm the interpretation placed on Section SOM by the decision of this Court in _Clath Traders_ case. If we do not agree with the decision of this Court in _Cloth Traders_ case (supra) and take the view that the Gujarat High Court was right in the interpretation placed by it on Section SOM in _Addi._ C. _I._ _T._ v. _Cloth Traders Private Limited_ no question of constitutional validity of the retrospective operation of Section 80AA would remain to be considered, because in that event Section SOAA in its retrospective operation would he merely clarificatory in nature and would not involve imposition of any new tall burden. DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(Bhagwati,_ J.) 799 We may therefore first examine the language of Section SOM for arriving at its true interpretation. But before we do so, let us consider what is the object behind grant of relief under Section SOM. It was common ground between the parties that the main object of the relief under Section SOM is to avoid taxation once again in the hands of the receiving company of the amount which has already borne full tax in the hands of the paying company. Vide the written submission under the heading ''Object of relief on intercorporate dividends" filed by the learned counsel on behalf of the assessee in the course of the arguments. Now when an amount by way of dividend is received by the assessee from the paying company, the full amount of such dividend would have suffered tax in the assessment of the paying company and it is obvious, that, in order to encourage inter-company investments, the Legislature intended that this amount should not bear tax once again in the hands of the assessee either its entirety or to a specified extent. But the amount by way of dividend which would other-wise suffer tax in the hands of the asseesee, would be the amount computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and not the full amount received from the paying company. Therefore it is reasonable to assume that in enacting Section SOM the Legislature intended to grant relief with reference to the amount of dividend computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and not with reference to the full amount of dividend received from the paying company. It is difficult to imagine any reason why the Legislature should have intended to give relief with reference to the full amount of dividend received from the paying company when that is not the amount with is liable to snffer tax once again in the hands of the assessee. The Legislature could certainly be attributed the intention to prevent double taxation but not to provide an additional benefit which would go beyond what is required for saving the amount of dividend from taxation once again in the hands of the assessee. Bearing in mind these prefatory observations in regard to the legislative object, we may now proceed to construe the language of Section SOM. Section SOM sub-section (I) opens with the words "where the gross total income of an assessee ......... .includes any income by way of dividends from a domestic company" and proceeds to say A B ##### c D E F G that in such a case, there shall be allowed in computing the total income of the assessee, a deduction "from such income by way of H dividends" of an amount equal to the whole of such income or 60% of such income, as the case may be, depending on the nature of the l)omestic company from which the income by way of dividends is **A** **B** **c** **D** **E** **F** **G** **H** 800 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] SUPPL. s.c.R. received. The opening words describe the condition which must be fulfilled in order to attract the applicability of the provision contained in sub-section (I) of Seetion 80M. The condition is that the gross total income of the assessee must include income by way of dividends from a domestic company. "Gross total income" is defined in Section SOB clause (v) to mean "total income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act before making any deduction under Chapter VIA· or under Section 280D." Income by way of dividends from a domestic company included in the gross total income would therefore obviously be income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act, that is, after deducting interest on monies borowed for earning such income. If income by way of dividends from a domestic company computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act in included in the gross total income, or in other words, forms part of the gross total income, the condition specified in the opening part of sub-section(!) of section 80M would be fulfilled and the provision enacted in that sub-section would be attracted. Now it was urged on behalf of the assessee that the words "Where the gross total income of an assessee ......... includes any income by way of dividends from a domestic company" in the opening part of sub-section (l) of Section 80M refer only to the inclusion of the category of income and not to the quantum of such income and therefore the words "such income by way of dividends" following upon the specification of this condition, cannot have reference to the quantum of the income included but must be held referable only to category of the income included, that is, income by way of divi· dends from a domestic company. This was the same argument which found favour with the Court in _Cloth Traders_ case (supra), but on fuller consideration, we do not think it is well founded. We may assume with the Court in _Cloth Traders_ case that the words "where the gross total income of an assessee includes any income by way of dividends from a domestic company" are intended only to provide that a particular category of income, namely, income by way of dividends from a domestic company should form a component part of gross, total income, irrespective of what is the of quantum income so included but it is difficult to see how the factor of quantum can altogether be excluded when we talk of any category of income included in the gross total income. What is included in the gross total income in such a case is a particular quantum of income belonging to the specified category. Therefore the words "such income by way of dividends" must be r~feral;>le not only to \h~ ~ate· DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(Bhagwati_ J.) 801 gory of income included in the gross total income but also to the quantum of the income so included. It is obvious, as a matter of plain grammer. that the words "such income by way of dividends" must have reference to the income by v ay of dividends mentioned · earlier and that would be income by way of dividends from a domestic company _which_ _is included_ in the gross total income. Consequently, in order to determine what is "such income by way of dividends", we have to ask the question : what is the income by way of dividends from a domestic company included in the gross total income and that would obviously be the income by way of aividends computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. It is difficult to appreciate how, when we are interpreting the words "such income by way of dividends", we can make a dichotomy between the category of income by way of dividends included in the gross total income and the quantum of the income by way of dividends so included. This Court observed in _Cloth Traders_ case that the words "such income by way of dividends" as a matter of plain grammer must be substituted by the words "income by way of dividends from a domestic company" in order to arrive at a proper construction of the section, but there is a clear fallacy in this observation, because in making the substitution it stop short with the words "income by way of dividends from a domestic company" and does not go the full length to which plain grammer must dictate us to go, namely, "income be way of divi· dends from a domestic company _included_ _in_ _the gross total incom•"_ (emphasis supplied). Otherwise we would not be giving to the word _'such'_ its full meaning and effect. The word _'such'_ in the context in which it occurs can only mean that income by way of dividends from a domestic company which is included in the gross total income and that must necessarily be income by way of dividends computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. There is also one other strong indication in the language of sub-section (I) of Section SOM which clearly compels us to take the view that the deduction envisaged by that provision is required to be made with reference to the income by way of dividends computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and not with reference to the fuU amount of dividend received by the assessee. This indication was also unfortunately lost sight of by the Court in _Cloth Traders_ case presumably because it was not brought to the attention of the Court. The Court observed in _Cloth Traderl_ case that the whole of the in.come by way of dividends from a domestic company or 60% of such mcome as the ca5e may be, would be dedu.;tible from the gross A B c D E F G H A B ###### c D E F G H 802 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19S5( SUPPL. S.C.ll. total income for arriving at the total income of the assessee. We are afraid this observation appears to have been made under some misapprehension, because what sub-section (I) of Section SOM requires is that the deduction of the whole or a specified percentage must be made from "such income by way of dividends" and not from the gross total income. Sub-section (1) of Section SOM provides that in computing the total income of the assessee there shall be allowed a deduction from "such income by way of dividends" of an amount equal to the whole or a specified percentage of such income. Now when in computing the total income of the assessee, a deduction bas to be made from "such income by way of dividends'', it is elementary that "such income by way of dividends" from which deduction bas to be made must be part of gross total income. It is difficult to see how the language of this part of sub-section (1) of Section SOM can possibly fit in if "such income by way of dividends" were interpreted to mean the full amount of dividend received by the assessee. The full amount of dividend received by the assessee would not be included in the gross total income : what would be included would only be the amount of dividend as computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. If that be so it is difficult to appreciate how for the purpose of computing the the total income from the gross total income any deduction should be required to be made from the full amount of the dividend. The deduction required to be made for computing the total income from the gross total income can only be from the amount of dividend computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act which would be forming part of the gross total income. It is therefore clear that whatever might have been the interpretation placed on clause (iv) of sub-section (I) of Section 99 and Section SSA, the correctness of which is not in issue before us, so far as sub-section (1) of Section SOM is concerned, the deduction required to be allowed under that provision is liable to be calculated with reference to the amonnt of dividend computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and forming part of the gross total income and not with reference to the full amount of dividend received by the assessee. This view which we are taking in regard to the construction of sub-section (I) of Section SOM is also supported by the decision of a Bench of this Court consisting of one of us, Chandrachud, C.J. and Tulzapurkar, J. in _Cambay_ _Electric Supply Industrial_ _Company_ _Limitedv. C.l.T.(_ _[1]_ _)_ This decisi0u was reudered by the Court on (I) !1978] 113 l.T.R. 8~ DISTRIBU roRs (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(Bhagwati,_ _J.)_ S03 11th April J 97S at least a year before the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case, but, unfortunately, it appears, it was net brought to the attention of the Court when the _Cloth Traders_ case was argued, because we have no doubt that if it had been cited, the Court would have certainly made a reference to it in the judgment in _Cloth Traders_ case. The Section which came up for consideration before the Court in _Cambay Electric Supply Company's_ case was undoubtedly a different oue, namely, Section SOE, but the reasoning which prevailed with the Court in placing a particular interpretation on sub-section (I) of Section SOE would equally to applicable in the interpretation of sub·seCtion (!) of Section SOM. Section SOE as it stood at the material time provided _inter a/ia_ as follows in subsection (I) : A B ###### c "SOE(!). Deduction in respect of profits and gains from specified industries in the case of certain companies. -(!) In the case of a company to which this section applies, where the total income {as computed in accor- D dance with the other provisions of this Act) includes any profits and gains attributable to the business of generation or distribution of electricity or any other form of power or of construction, manufacture or production of any one or more of the articles or things specified in the list in the Fifth Schedule, there shall be allowed a deduction from E such profits and gains of an amount equal to eight per cent thereof, in computing the total income of the **company."** The question which arose in _Cambay Electric Supply Company's_ case was whether unabsorbed depreciation and unabsorbed development rebate were liable to be deducted in arriving at the figure of profits and gains exigible to deduction of S per cent contemplated in subsection (I) of Section SOE. The argument of the assessee was precisely the same as the one advanced in the present case, namely, that the words "such profits and gains" in the later part of sub-section(!) of Section SOE were intended to refer only to the category of profits and gains referred to in the earlier part of that provision, namely, "profits and gains attributable to the business of generation or distribution of electricity or any other form of power or of construction, manufacture or production of any one or more of the articles or things specified in the list in the Fifth Schedule" and not to the quantum of the profits and gains included in the total income, so F G H **A** **B** **c** **D** **E** **F** G **H** 804 SUPRBMB COURT RBPORTS (1985} SUl'PL. **s.c.a.** that the profits and gains exigible to the deduction of 8 per cent were the profits and gains attributable to the specified business in their entirety and not the profits and gains as computed in accor• dance with the provisions of the Act. The assessee contended that, in the circumstances, unabsorbed depreciation and unabsorbed development rebate were not liable to be deducted from the profits and gains attributable to the specified business for arriving at the figure exigible to the deduction of 8%. This argument of the assessee was rejected by the Court and the Court held that the profits and gains exigible to the deduction of 8 per cent were profits and gains computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act and _forming part of the total income_ and hence unabsorbed depreciation and unabsorbad development rebate were liable to be excluded from the profits and gains attributable to the specified business in arriving at the figure exigible to 8 per cent deduction. Tulzapurkar, J. speaking on behalf of the Court analysed the provisions of subsection (I) of Section 80E in tb.e following words : "On reading sub-section (!) it will become clear that three important steps are required to be taken before the special deduction permissible thereunder is allowed and the net total income exigible to tax is determined. First, compute the total income of the concerned assessse in accordance with the other provisions of the Act, i e., in accordance with all the provisions except section SOE; secondly, ascerta what part of the total income so computed represess the profits and gains attributable to the business of the specified industry (here generation and distribution of electricity); and, thirdly, if there be profits and gains so attributable, deduct 8 per cent thereof from such profits and gains and then arrive at the net total income exigible to tax." The learned Judge then proceeded to apply this interpretation of sub-section (I) of Section SOE to the facts of the case before him and observed: "As indicated earlier, sub-section (I) contemplates three steps being taken for computing the special deduction permissible thereunder and arriving at the net income exigilbe to tax find the first two steps read together contain the legislative mandate as to how the total income -of which the profits and ~ai.n~ a\trjbu\abl~ to the busi t>ISTRJBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(.8hagwall,_ _J.)_ sos ness of the specified industry forms a part-of the concer· ned assessee is to be computed and according to the parenthetical clause, which contains the key words, the same is to be computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act except section 80E and since in this case it is income from business the same will have to be computed in accordance with sections 30 to 43A which would in· elude section 32(2) (which provides for carry forward of depreciation) and section 33(2) (which provides for carry forward of development rebate for eight years). In other words, in computing the total income of the concerned assessee, items of unabsorbed depreciation and unabsorb· ed development rebate will have to be deducted before arriving at the figure that will become exigible to the dednction of 8 per cent contemplated by Section SOE (!)." It will thns be seen that according to this decision, the words "such profits and gains" in the later part of sub-section( I J of Section SOE were referable to the quantum of the profits and gains attributable to the specified business _included in the total income_ as referred to in the earlier part of the provision. If this decision lays down the correct interpretation of sub-section (1) of Section SvE the same interpretation must also govern the language of sub-section (I) of Section SOM. Structurally there is hardly any difference between Section SOE sub-section (I) and Section SOM sub-section (I) and the reasoning which appealed to the Court in the interpretation of sub· section (!) of Section SOE must apply equally in the interpretation of sub-section (I) of Section SOM. We find ourselves wholly in agreement with the view taken by the Court in _Cambay E/eetric_ _Supply Company's_ case and we must therefore dissent from the interpretation placed on sub-section (!) of Section SOM by the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case (supra). But, even if in our view the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case is erroneous, the question still remains whether we should over-turn it. Ordinarily we would be reluctant to over-turn a decision given by a Bench of this Court, because it is essential that there should be continuity and consistency in judicial decisions and law should be certain and definite. It is almost as in.portant that the law should be settled permanently as that it should be settled correctly. But there may be circumstances where public interest demands that the previous decision be reviewed and reconsidered. The doctrine of stare A B ###### c D E F G H A 8 ##### c D E F G H 806 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [198S) SUPPL. s.c.R. decisis should not deter the Court from over-ruling an earlier decision, if it is satisfied that such decision is manifestly wrong or proceeds upon a mistaken assumption in regard to the existence or continuance of a statutory provision or is contrary to another deci· sion of the Court. It was Jackson, J. who said in his dissenting opinion in _Massachusetts_ v. _United States(')_ : "I see no reason why I should be consciously wrong today because I was un· consciously wrong yesterday". Lord Denning also said to the same effect when he observed in _Ostime_ v. _Australian Mutual Provident_ _Society(')_ : "The doctrine of precedent does not compel Your Lord ships to follow the wrong path until you fall over the edge of the cliff". Here we find that there are over-riding considerations which compel us to reconsider and review the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case. In the first place, the decision in _Cloth Traders_ ca'e was rendered by this Court on 4th May 1979 and immediately thereafter, within a few months, Parliament introduced Section SOAA with retrospective effect from !st April l 9GS with a view to over-riding the interprepretation placed on Section 80M in _Cloth Traders_ case. The decision in _Cloth Traders_ case did not therefore hold the field for a period of more than a few months and it could not be said that any assessee was misled into acting to its detriment on the basis of that decision. There was no decision in regard to the interpretation of sub-section ( 1) of Section SOM given by any High. Court prior to the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case and there was therefore no authoritative pronouncement of this Court on this question of interpretation on which an assessee could claim to rely for making its fiscal arrangements. The only decision in regard to the interpreta tion of sub-section ( 1) of Section 80M given by any High Court prior to the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case, was that of the Gujarat High Court in _Addi. C.I.T._ v. _Cloth Traders Private Limited_ and that decision took precisely the same view which we are inclined to accept in the present case. It is therefore difficult to see how any assessee can legitimately complain that any hardship or inconvenience would be caused to it if the decision in _Cloth_ _Traders_ case was over-turned by us. If despite the decision of the Gujarat High Court in _Addi._ _C.T.T._ v. _Cloth Traders Prfrate Limited_ (supra) the assessee proceeded on the assumption, now found to be erroneous, that the Gujarat High Court decision was wrong and the deduction permissible under sub-section (I) of Section SOM was liable to be calculated with reference to the full amount of dividend (I) 333 U.S. 611 (2) [1963] A.C. 459 # DISTRIBUTORS (BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(A.N._ _Sen,_ J.) S07 received by the assessee, the assessee can have only itself to blame. Knowing fully well that the Gujarat High Court had decided the question of interpretation of sub·section (I) of Section SOM in favonr of the Revenue and there was no decision of this Court taking a different view, no prudent assessee could have proceeded to make its financial arrangements on the basis that the decision of the Gujarat High Court was erroneous. Moreover, we find, for reason we have already discussed that the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case is manifestly wrong because it has failed to take into account a very vital factor, namely, that the deduction required to be made under sub· section (l) of Section SOM is not from the gross total income but from "such income by way of dividends". There is also another circumstance which makes it necessary for us to reconsider and review the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case and that is the decision in _Cambay Electric_ _Supply Company's_ case. The decision in _C/ath Traders_ case is incoasistent with that in _Cambay Electric Supply Company's_ case. Both cannot stand together. If one is correct, the other must logically be wrong and _vice_ _1•ersa._ It is therefore necessary to resolve the conflict between these two decisions and harmonise the law and that necessasitates an inquiry into the correctness of the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case. It is for this reason that we have reconsidered and reviewed the decision _inC/oth Traders_ case and on such reconsideration and review, we have come to the conclusion that the decision A B c D in _Cloth Traders_ case in erroneous and must be over-turned. E It is obvious that, on this view, it becomes unnecessary to consider the question of constitutional validity of the retrospective operation of Section SOAA. Section SOAA in its retrospactive operation is merely deolaratory of the law as it always was since F !st April 196S and no complaint can validly be made against it. We accordingly dismiss the writ petition but, in the pecnliar circumstances of the case, we direct that each party shall bear and pay its own costs. AM~RENDRA NATH SEN, J. I have had the benefit of reading the judgment of my learned brother Bhagwati, J. My learne<l brother in his judgment has set out all the material facts and circumstances of the case. He has referred to the relevant statutory provisions and to the legislative history of Section SOM of the Income· Tax Act. He has also considered the earlier decisions of various Courts including G H A B ###### c D E F G H SiJPRBllil! COURT RBPORTs (l98S) SUPPL. S.C,R, the decisions of this Court in _Cloth Traders Ltd._ v. _Additional_ _Commissioner of_ _Income Tax(')_ and in _Cambay Electrical Supply_ _Indu.strial_ _Co._ _Ltd_ v. _Commissioner of Income· Tax.(')_ He has analy· aed the provisions of Section SOM and has proceeded to interpret the same. As I am in broad agreement with what have been stated by my learned brother, I do not propose to reproduce the same. I, however, wish to make some observations of my own. The authority and jurisdiction of a larger Bench of this Court to over-ride and over-rule any decision of a smaller Bench cannot be questioned. I am, however, of the opinion that the decision of this Court on any fiscal legislation involving the question of financial benefit and liability should not normally be interfered with and should be interfered with only in very rare cases. On the basis of the decision of this Court on any fiscal legislation and any matter involving financial arrangements and adjustments, parties are entitled to arrange their financial affairs and in fact they so arrange and adjust their financial affai1s on the basis of the law laid down by this Court. Unsettling a position settled by the decision of this Court may lead to confusion and result in financial instability, causing serious prejudice not only to the parties concerned but also to the economic growth of the country as a whole. If on interpretation of any provision in any fiscal legislation two views may be reasonably possible, a larger Bench of this Court may not interfere with the view taken by a smaller Bench of this Court merely on the ground that the other view appears to the larger Bench to be the better view and may commend itself to the larger Bench. If, however, the decision of the smaller Bench is erroneous, the larger Bench has necessarily to interfere with the decision, as this Court will not permit a wrong decision to operate as good law of the land. On a careful consideration of all the relevant facts and circumstances of this case and the earlier decisions which have all been noted in the judgment of my learned brother, I have no hesitation in coming to the conclusion that the decision arrived at by my learned brother for the reasons stated by him in his judgment is sound and correct. My learned brother has properly analysed the provisions of Section SOM and has correctly construed the same, applying the well settled principles of construction. I agree (I) 118 J.T.R. 243. (2) [19701113 J.T.R. 84. bisnieuroRs {BARODA) LTD. _v._ UNION _(A.N._ _Sen,_ J.) 809 with my learned brother and the reasons given by him for coming to the conclusion that the decision of this Court _Cloth Traders Ltd._ v. A _Additional Commissioner of Income Tax_ is erroneous. In my opinion, it cannot be said that in deciding the case of _Cloth Traders Ltd._ this Court had taken one of two reasonably possible views. As my learned brother in his judgrr.ent has aptly pointed out on a proper interpretation of Section SOM that the view taken by this Court in B _Cloth Traders_ case is fallacious and wrong. I am in entire agreement with the interpretation of Section SOM made by my learned brother for reasons >lated in his judgment. ,. It may be noted that as soon as the decision of this Court in _Cloth Traders_ case was given, the Parliament to clearly manifest the legislative intent and to indicate that the decision did not reflect the true intention of the Legislature introduced by amendment Section SOAA with retrospective effect. In view of the proper interpretation of Section SOM in the judgment of my learned brother with which I agree, it cannot be said that Section SOAA has the effect of imposing any fresh tax with retrospective effect. Section SOAA is clearly declaratory in nature and merely declares what the correct position has always been. No question of imposition of any fresh tax with retrospective effect falls for consideration in this case. It may also be pointed out that the decision in _Cloth Traders_ case cannot be said to have held the field for any lenght of time to cause any serious prejudice to an assessee. The decision of the Gujarat High Court in _Cloth Traders_ case which was upset by this Court was against the assessee and the Parliament had intervened as soon as this Court reversed the decision of the Gujarat High Court in _Cloth Traders_ case. This aspect has also been fully dealt with in the judgment of my learned brother. With these observations I am in entire agreement with the judgment of my learned brother and I agree with the order proposed by him. N.V.K. _Petition dismissed._ ###### c D E F G