Deepak Sibal v. Punjab University

DEEPAK SIBAL & ORS. _v._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY AND AN01HER FEBRUARY 14, 1989 (MURARI MOHON DUTT AND T.K. 1HOMMEN, JJ.) _Constitution_ _of India,_ _1950:_ _Am._ _14_ _&_ _15(4)-Admission_ _of_ _•e•»<::ning .cJasses of LL. B. Degree of Punjab University-Rule restricting_ _a•Zniission to 'egular employees of Government and semi-Government_ _institutions-Validity of-Classification should satisfy tests laid down-_ _Surrounding circumstances-When relevant-Classification by identifi-_ _cation of sources should noi be arbitrary-Oent percent reservation of_ _seats for certain classes of persons 'to_ _the ·excl1isi'?n of'merit cimdidates-_ _Whether valid._ A c _A_ _rt._ _13-Doctrine of severability-When part of a rule held viola-_ 0 _tive of Art._ _14 and prima facie not severable ftom valid_ part-Wh~ther _entire rule to be struck down ._ ..,L _Professional_ Colleges~Admission _to: Punjab_ _University-_ \ _Admission_ _to_ _evening class_ _of_ _LLB._ _course-Rule_ _providing that_ .. _admission open only_ _to_ _'regular employees'_ _of Government/Semi-_ _\_ _Government institutions-Employees of private institutions excluded-_ \ _Whether discriminatory and violative of Art._ _14-Cent_ perc~nt reserva~ _"twn of seats for certain classes_ _of persons only to_ _the exlcuswn of merit_ _) candidates-Whether valid._ ~- The prospectus for the year i9ssis9, for admission in tiie evenlii~ F ' classes of the Three-Year Lt.Ii. Degree Course conducted by the be' partment of Laws of the Punjab University, prescribed that admission to evening classes was open only io regular employees of Government/ Semi-Government institutions/affiliated Colleges/Statutory Corpora• lions and Government Companies and that a candidate should attach No Objection/Permission ietter from his empfoyer wlih his application {l for admission. Out of the 150 seats available in the evening classes, 64 _,, ~ were reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes, physically handicapped persons, outstanding· spottstneil and defence personnel and the remaining 86. were reserved for tegulat employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc., as rnentionetl in ill~ aforesaid rule for admission. 689 690 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19891 1 S.C.R. A B The two appellants, one employed In a Limited Company, a joint venture with an Undertaking of the State Government and the other working as a temporary employee in a State Government office, applied for admission in the evening classes with 'No Objection Certificates' from their employees. Both were interviewed but were not selected, although their positions in the merit list were 29 and 19 respectively, on the ground that while one or the appellants was an employee of a Public Limited Company and did not fall within the exclusive categories as mentioned in the impugned rule, the other was only a temporary employee. employee. . / Both the appellants filed writ Jl\ltitions in the High Court, cbal- _"(_ -c [lenging ] five other [the ] refused candidates. [validity ] [of ][the ][impugned rule. Petitions were also filed by ] It was contended that the impugned rule whas vi~lativ~ of ArtWb. 14 of the Cdonstitution. The High Court dismissed ~­ t e .writ petitions. lie uphol ing the validity of the impugned rule, the High Court held that Government employees bad protection of Art. 311 of the Constitution which non-Government employees did not have D and that the employees of the Semi-Government institutions w"re also on the same footing. Hence the two appellants filed appeals in this Court. In the counter affidavit filed in this Court the respondents sought l,.,.: to justify the exclusion of private employees, restricting admission to, E evening classes only to the Government employees and similar other institutions on the grounds of production of bogus certificates of employment from private employers and imparting of legal educatlo1m to the ~ employees of the Government/Semi-Government and other insti'tutions as in public interest. It was also contended that a candidate should have, an assured tenure of employment likely to continue for three years and _!_ F that, as far as possible, there should be no possibility or wastage or a~-, aa seat. Allowing the appeals, HELD: I.I Article 14 forbids legislation, but does not forbid G reasonable classification. Whether a classificali'on is a permissible classification under Art. 14 or not, two conditions must be satisfied, namely, (l) that the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons or things that are grouped together from others. left out of the group, and (2) that the differentia must have a rational' nexus to the object sought to be achieved by the H statute in question. [697F] ')··· .. ' ' ;. .,,,-. ' DEEPAK SIBAL _v.._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY 691 1.2 In considering the reasonableness of classification from the point of view of Art. 14 of the Constitution, the Court has lo consider the objective for such classification. If the objective he illogiCal, unfair and unjust, necessarily the classification will . have lo be held as unreasonable. [703C-D] 1.3 No doubt, a classification need not be made with mathematical precision but, if there be little or no difference between the persons or things which have been grouped together and those left out of the group, then the classification cannot be said to be a reasonable one. [700C] 1.4 Surrounding circumstances may be taken into consideration in support of the constitutionality of a law which is oth.,rwise hostile or discriminatory in nature. But the circumstances must be such as to justify the discriminatory treatment or the classification subserving the object sought to be achieved. [700G-H] 1.5 A classification by the identification of sources must not be arbitrary but should be on a reasonable basis having a nexus with the object sought to be achieved. [704H; 705A4] _Chitra Ghosh_ v. _Union_ _of India,_ [1970] 1 SCR 413 and _D.N._ _Chanchala_ v. _State of Mysore,_ [1971] Supp. SCR 608 relied on. A B c _Ram Krishna Dalmia_ v. _Shri Justice S.R. Tendo/kar,_ [1959] SCR D 279, relied on. E 1.6 In the instant case, the objective of starting the evening clas1 ~l. ses was to accommodate in the evening classes employees in general _-·-r_ r' including private employees who were unable to attend morning classes F because of their employment. However, in framing the impugned rule, the respondents have deviated from its objective for starting the evening classes. I 699F-G] The classification of the employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc. by the impugned rule for the purpose of admission G in the evening classes of Three-Year LL.B. Degree Course to the exclusion of all other employees, is unreasonable and unjust, as it does not subserve any fair and logical objective. [7030] ## the respondents have deviated from its objective for starting the evening classes. I 699F-G] The classification of the employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc. by the impugned rule for the purpose of admission in the evening classes of Three-Year LL.B. Degree Course to the exclusion of all other employees, is unreasonable and unjust, as it does not subserve any fair and logical objective. [7030] G The Government and public sector employees cannot be equated with Government undertaking and companies. The classification of H 692 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 1 S.C.R. Government undertakings and companies may, in certain circumstan- _Y_ A ces, be a .reasonable Classification satisfying the tests laid down hut the employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc., as 'mentioned in the impugned rule, cannot be held to constitute a valid classification for the purpose of admission to evening classes of Threeyears LL.B. Degree Course. [703F-G] B __\(_ _Hindustan Paper Corpn. Ltd._ v. _Government of Kera/a,_ [1986] 3 sec _398, distinguished. c I. 7 The Government employees or the employees of SemiGovernment and other institutions cannot stand on a differen¢ footing from the employees of private concerns, insofar as . the question of admission to evening classes is concerned. [699H] Though the service conditions of employees of,Government/SemiGovernment institutions etc. are different, and they may have greater security of service, that hardly,mattei:s for the purpose of admission in D the evening classes. The test is,whether. both the employees of private establishments and the employees of Government/Semi-Gove•rnment institutions etc. are eqnally in a disadvantageons position in attending morning classes. There cap be no doubt that both of them stand on an equal fm>ting and there 'is no difference between .these two classes of employees in _that regard. To exclude the employees of private establish· E ments will not, therefore, satisfy the test of intelligible differentia that distinguishes the employees of Government/Semi,Government institutions etc.', grouped together from the employees of private establish- ... ments. [700A-C] - · 1.8 Though an educational institution is entitled to identify ~/ _ F sources from which adm.ission will be made in such inclitution, there is -,,.-no difference between identification of the sources and a classifi<ation. If any so~rce is specified, such sonrce must also satisfy the test of reasonable classification and alSo that it bas a rational nexus with the object songht to be achieved. The sources must be classified on re......;. object songht to be achieved. The sources must be classified on re......;. able basis, that is to say, it cannot be classified arbitrarily and unG reasonably •. the impugned rule d0es not satisfy the test laid down in this regard. [7040, F] - - · · _Chitra Ghosh_ v. _Union_ _of India,_ (19701 l SCR 413 and _D,N._ _Chanchala_ v. _State of Mysore,_ [1971] Supp. SCR 608, relied on. ## H 1.9 The circumstances relied on by the respondents, namely, the [-] able basis, that is to say, it cannot be classified arbitrarily and unG reasonably •. the impugned rule d0es not satisfy the test laid down in this regard. [7040, F] - - · · _Chitra Ghosh_ v. _Union_ _of India,_ (19701 l SCR 413 and _D,N._ _Chanchala_ v. _State of Mysore,_ [1971] Supp. SCR 608, relied on. DEEPAK SIBAL _v._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY 693 possibility of produetion by the candidates of bogus certificates and insecurity of their servici\s are not such circumstances as will justify the exclusion of the employees of private establishments from the evening classes. l700H; 70JA] _Ram Krishna Da/mia_ v. _Shri Justice S.R. Tendolkar,_ 11959] SCR 279, explained. I. JO The exclusion of employees of private establishinents cannot also be justified on administrative grounds. The respondents have not placed any material before the High Court or in this Court as to in bow many cases they bad come across bogus certificates produced by private employees during the tinie the admission to evening classes was open also to private employees. It may be that there were one or two cases of production· of bogus certificates, but that cannot be a ground for the exclusion of all private employees from the benefit of getting legl education in the evening classes. l701E-F] . A B c _Panna/al Binjraj_ v. _Union of India,_ I 1957] SCR 233 distinguished. D 1.11 There is no material to indicate that by the expression "regular employees" it is intended to include only those employees who _,.I- will have an assured tenure of service for three years, that is to say, co-extensive with the period of the Three-Year LL.B. Degree Course. The expression "regular employees'', normally means _bona fide_ emp- E loyees. Such _bona fide_ employees may be permanent or temporary. All that the University can insist is that one should be a _bona fide_ employee and if there be materials to show that a candidate for admission in the evening classes is a _bona fide_ employee, the University cannot fUrther . j insist on an assured tenure of service of such an employee for a period of ---.,. _'1'_ three years. The reason for exclusion of private employees on the F ground that there may not be an assured tenure of employment likely to continue for three years, therefore, not only d0es not stand· scrutiny but is also unfair and unjust and cannot form the basis of such an exclusion. l702A-C] 1.12 It is difficult to understand the logic of the rule restricting G admission in the evening classes to employees of Government/SemiGovernment institutions etc. on the plea that such employees require legal .education in public interest. It may be that certain sections of Government employees require legal education but, surety Government employees in general ·do' not require legal education. Certain private sector 'employees miy alSO require legal education in tl!e interest of the H A 694 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 1 S.C.R. establishments of which they are employees. It cannot, therefore, be laid down that only Government employees require legal education and not private employees. [703B I _Jolly_ v. _State of Kera/a,_ AIR 1974 Kerala 178, approved. B The impugned rule, having made a classification which cannot be justified on any reasonable basis, must be held to be discriminatory and violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution. [705B] violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution. [705B] 2. It is not possible to bring the impugned rule in conformity with "1 the provision of Art. 14 by putting a fuU stop after the words "regular C employees" and striking down remaining part of the impugned rule, so as to read "Admission to evening classes is open only to regular employees". _Prima facie,_ the part which is sought to be retained is not ·-,l _D_ severable from the remaining part of the rule. The invalid por1tion is inextricably mixed up with the valid portion of the rule and, [0 ] accordingly, the entire rule requires to be struck down. [705G-H] _R.M.D._ _Chamarbaugwalla_ v. _Union_ _of India,_ [1957] SCR 930, relied on. _B. Prabhakar Rao_ v. _State of Andhra Pradesh,_ [1985] Supp. SCC 432, distinguished. E 3. Article 15(4) does not contemplate to reserve aU the seats or the majority of the seats in an educational institution at the cost of the rest of the society. The same principle should. also apply with equal force in the case of cent percent reservation of seats in educational institutions for a certain class of persons to the exclusion of meritorious F candidates. [707A-B] _M.R. Balaji_ v. _State of Mysore,_ [1963] Supp. 1SCR439; _Pradeep_ _Jain_ v. _Union of India,_ [1984] 3 SCR 942 and _NidamartiMaheshkumar_ v. _State of Maharashtra,_ [1986] 2 SCC 534, relied on. G In the instant case, the respondents have reserved 64 seats onft of 150 seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes etc. Out of the remaining 86 seats, reservation of seats for regular or _bona_ _fide_ ·employees for admission to evening classes should, in no event, exceed the limit of 50 per cent. The admission to the remaining 43 seats will be open to the general candidates on merit basis. Thus, while the H respondents will be at liberty to reserve seats for regular or _bona fide_ DEEPAK SIBAL _v._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY IDUTI, J.J 695 employees for admission to evening classes, such reservation should not exceed 50 per cent after deducting the number of seats reserved ·ror Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes etc. [709B-C I 4. The impugned rule is discriminatory and violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution and is acconlingly strnck down as invaUd. The refusal ~ by the respondents to admit the appeUants in the evening classes of the Three-Years LL.B. degree course was illegal. The appeUants are, therefore, ellltitled to he admitted in the evening classes. However, the striking down· or the impugned 'rule should not in any manner whatsoever llisturb the admissions already made for the session 1988-89. The respondents should admit the appeUants in the second semester which has commenced from January, 1989 and allow them to complete the Three-Year LL.II. degree course, if not otherwise ineligible on the . ground of unsatisfactory academic performance. The seats allocated to # t [· ] the appellants will be in addition to the normal intake of students in the college. [710D-FI _Ajay Hasia_ v. _Khalid Mujib Sehravardi,_ [19811 2 SCR 79, relied on. l. .CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICI10N: Civil Appeal Nos. 837 _-k_ and 838 of 1989. A B c D From the Judgment and Order dated 12.9.1988 of the High E Court of Punjab and Haryana in C.W.P. Nos. 6871 and 6485 of 1988 respectively. Kapil Sibal, Raji.v Dhawan and Ms. Kamini Jaiswal ·for the 1 7 [+ppellants. ] P.P. Rao, R.K. Gupta, Janendra Lal, Ms. Pumima Bhat and E. C. Agarwala for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by F DUTT, J. Special leave is granted in both these matters. Heard G );: learned Counsel for the parties. These two appeals preferred by the appellants, Deepak Sibal and Miss Ritu Khanna, are directed against the common judgment of the Punjab & Haryana High Courfwhereby the High Court dismissed the two writ petitions filed by the appellants and also some other writ H A B c 696 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19891 1 S.C.R. petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the rule for admission in the evening classes of the Three-Years LL.B. Degree Course conducted by the Department of Laws of L ~Punjab University. The impugned rule that was published in the prospectus for the year 1988-89 relating to admission to 150 seats in the evening classes in the Three;Year LL.B. Degree Course is extracted as follows: "Admission to evening classes is open only to regular employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions/ affiliated colleges/Statutory Corporations and Government ~-1 Companies. A candidate applying for admission to the evening classes should attach No Objection/Permission letter from his present employer with his application for admission." _.., It is not disputed that there are 150 seats in the morning classes and another 150 seats in the evening classes. In both the morning and D evening classes reservation has been made for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes, physically handicapped persons, outstanding and defence personnel. In the morning classes out of 150 seats, 64 seats are reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes etc. and the remaining 86 seats are allotted to general _j._ students selected on merit basis. Similarly in the evening classes, the E remaining 86 seats are also reserved for regular employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc., as mentioned in the impugned rule for admission. F The appellant, Deepak Sibal, passed the Bachelor of Commerce Examination from the University of Punjab in June, 1981securing61.5 {__. per cent marks in the aggregate. On June 1, 1988, he was appo:inted to ' ' the post of Accountant in Agro Chem Punjab Ltd. with effect from June 2, 1988 on probation for a period of six months. Agro Chem Punjab Ltd. is stated to be a joint venture with Punjab Agro Corporation Ltd., Chandigarh, an Undertaking of the Punjab Government. G On July, 18, 1988, the appellant, Deepak Sibal; applied for admission in the evening classes of the Punjab University for the --;(_ Three-Year LL.B. Degree Course with a 'No Objection Certificate' from his employer dated July 18, 1988. He was granted an interview sometime in the first week of August, 1988, but he was not selected. On enquiry, he came to know that although his position was 29 in the H merit list, he was declared ineligible because he was an employee of a DEEPAK SIBAL _v._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY (DlfIT, J.L 697 ' "',~ ·:.__-~~.------~~-'"' Public.Limited Company and did not fall within the e~clu~ive categories, as mentioned in the impugned rule, to which admission in the evening classes was restricted. ' - · The other appellant, namely. Miss Ritu Khanna, passed the Bachelor of Arts Examination from the. Punjab University securing 418 marks out of 650 marks. She was temporarily appointed to the post of Helper in the office of the Director, Water Resources, Punjab. She also applied for admission in the evening classes of the Three-Year LL.B. Degree Course of the University with all requisite certificates on July 18, 1988. She was granted an interview on July 30, 1988 and although her position in the merit list was 19, she was not selected for admission on the ground that she was only a temporary employee. A B c Both the appellants, being aggrieved by the refusal of the University to admit them in the evening classes of the Three-Year LL.B .. Degree Course, filed two separate writ petitions in the Punjab & Haryana High Court challenging, _inter alia,_ the constitutional validity of the impugned rule. Five other writ petitions were also filed by the D candidates who were refused admission in the evening classes in view of the impugned rule. At the hearing of the writ petitions before the ·High Court, it was contended on behalf of the petitioners including the appellants, that the impugned rule was violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. The High Court overruled the contention and, as stated already, dismissed the writ petitions. Hence these two appeals by the E two appellants.· .It is now well settled tha; Artie!~ '14 forbids class legislation, but does not forbid reasonable classification. Whether a classification is a permissible classification under Article 14 or not, two conditions must be satisfied, namely, (1) that the classification must be founded on an F - intelligible differentia which _distinguishes persons or things that are · grouped together from others left out of the group, and (2) that the differentia must have a rational nexus to the• object sought to be achieved by the statute in question. By the impugned rule, a classification. has been made for the G purpose of admission to the evening classes. The question is whether the classification is a reasonable classification .JNithin the meaning of Article 14 of the Constitution. In order to consider the question as to the reasonableness of the classification, it is necessary to take into account the objective for such classification. It has been averred in the written statement of Dr. Bairam Kumar Gupta, Chairman, Depart- H A B c 698 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 1 S.C.R. ment of Laws, ·Punjab University, the respondent No. 2, filed in the High Court, that the object of starting evening classes was to provide education to _bona fide_ employees who could not attend the morning classes on account of their employment. The object, therefore, was to accommodate _bona fule_ employees in the evening classes, as they were unable to attend the morning classes on account of their employment. Admission to evening classes is not open to the employees in general including private sector employees, but it is restricted to regular employes of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc., as mentioned in the impugned rule. In other words, the employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc. have been grouped together as a class to the exclusion of employees of private establishments. It appears that in or about the year 1986, admission to evening classes was open to those who were in _bona fule_ employment including self-employed persons. In supersession of that rule, the impugned rule was framed excluding private sector employees and self-employed D persons. In the counter-affidavit filed in this Court on behalf of the respondents by the Registrar of the Punjab University, an explanation has been given why the University framed the impugned rule restricting the admission in the evening classes open to Government/SemiGovernment institutions etc. The explanation, as given in the counteraffidavit, is extracted below: E F G H "It is submitted that since the morning classes are open to all, the merit is much higher, whereas since the admission to the evening classes is only for regular employees of Government/Semi-Government etc. the merit goes lower. It is in this view of the matter that in the past also, the ~~-'--r Department of Law found that various certificat1~s by employees were found to be incorrect and obtained by applicants only with a view to get admission to the evening classes and, thereafter, applied for transfer to the morning classes. On account of the past experience it was felt that the admission to the Law Courses in the morning be kept open to all persons whether employed or unemployed but the admission to the evening classes be restricted to only those who will be genuine and regular employee. Since the Government/Semi-Government and similar other institutions as mentioned in the prospectus are actually involved in lot of litigation, it was felt that,'~:'.';:;arting legal education to the employees of such institu '•ns would be in public DEEPAK SIBAL _v._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY [DUTT, J.) 699 interest. It is submitted that it is in view of this practice of issuing of certificates by private employers in the past that the Department of Law was compelled to restrict the admission of students of evening classes as has been done. Thus, the respondents have sought to justify the exclusion of _"7_ private employees restricting admission to evening classes only to the Government/Semi-Government and similar other institutions principally on two grounds, namely, (1) production of bogus certificates of employment from private employers, and (2) imparting of legal educa_ti on to the employees of the Government/Semi-Government and other institutions, as mentioned in the impugned rule, in public interest. Besides the above two grounds, Mr. P.P. Rao, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent, has added two more grounds, namely, ( 1) a candidate should have an assured tenure of employment likely to continue for three years, and (2) as far as possible, there # t [. ] should be no possibility of wastage of a seat. It is submitted that employees of only Government/Semi-Government institutions etc. have an assured tenure of employment and if the admission in the evening classes is restricted to such employees, there would be no possibility of any wastage of a seat and the University will not have to engage itself in finding out whether or not a certificate produced by an i employee of a private establishment is a bogus certificate and whether such. employee has an assured tenure of employment likely to continue for three years. In upholding the validity of the impugned rule, it has been observed by the High Court that the Government employees have protection of Article 311 of the Constitution, which nonGovernment employees do not have and that employees of SemiGovernment institutions are also on the same footing. _,.,.-.f._ It is apparent that in framing the impugned rule, the respondents 'have deviated from its objective for the starting of evening classes. The objective was to accommodate in the evening classes employees in general including private employees who were unable to attend morning classes because of their employment. In this backdrop of facts, we are to consider the reasonableness of the classification as contemplated by the provision of Article 14 of the Constitution. A B c D E F G _>:_ It is difficult to accept the contention that the Government employees or the employees of Semi-Government and other institutions, as mentioned in the impugned rule, stand on a different footing from the employees of private concerns, in so far as the question of admis sion to evening classes is concerned. It is true that the service condi- H A B c 700 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989) 1 S.C.R. lions of employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc, ).are different, and they may have greater security of service, but that hardly matters for the purpose of admission in the evening classes. The test is whether the employees of private establishments are e.1ually in a disadvantageous p0sition like the employees of Government/SemiGovernment institutions etc. in attending morning classes. There can be no doubt and it is not disputed that both of them stand on an equal )!;; footing and there is no difference between these two classes of employees in that regard. To exclude the emplo, ~es of private establishments will not, therefore, satisfy the test of intelligible differentia that distinguishes the employees of Government/Semi-Government insti- ~1 tutions etc. grouped together from the employees of private establishments. It is true that a classification need not be made with mathematical precision but, if there be little or no difference between the persons or things which have been grouped together and those left out of the group, in that case, the classification cannot be said to be a wasonable one. D It is, however, submitted on behalf of the respondents that the employees of private establishments have been left out as it is difficult for the University to verify whether or not a particular candidate is really a regular employee and whether he will have a tenure for at least three years during which he will be prosecuting his studies in the _-+-_ Three-Year LL.B. Degree Course. It is submitted that in making the E classification, the surrounding circumstances may be taken into account. In support of that contention, much reliance has been placed on the decision of this Court in _Ram Krishna Dalmia_ v. _Shri_ _Justice S.R. Tendolkar,_ [19591 SCR 279. In that case, it has been observed by Das, C.J. that while good faith and knowledge of the D existing conditions on the part of a legislature are to be presumed, if [1 ] F there is nothing on the face of the law or the surrounding circum-·~ ·'! stances brought to the notice of the court on which the classification may reasonably be regarded as based, the presumption of constitutionality cannot be carried to the extent of always holding that thc:re must be some undisclosed and unknown reasons for subjecting certain individuals or corporations to hostile or discriminating legislation. It G follows from the observation that surrounding circumstances may be taken into consideration in support of the constitutionality of a law which is otherwise hostile or discriminatory in nature. But the circumstances must be such as to justify the discriminatory treatment or the classification subserving the object sought to be achieved. In the instant case, the circumstances which have been relied on· by the H respondents, namely, the possibility of production by them of bogus DEEPAK SIBAL _v._ PUNJAB ·UNIVERSITY [DUTI, J..! 701 certificates and insecurity of their services are not, in our opinion, ·such A _-...<_ circumstances as will justify the exclusion of the employees of private establishments from the evening classes. # We are also unable to accept the contention of the respondents .that such .exclusion of the employees of private establishments is .. __j(_ justified on the ground of administrative convenience. The decision in B _Pannalal Binjraj_ v. _Union_ _of India,_ ·(1957] SCR 233 reli.ed on by the respondents does.not, in our opinion, lay down any such.proposition·of ;law. In that case, :the provision of section 5(7)A of the Income Tax Act 1982 was, _.inter alia,_ challenged as _ultra vires_ Article 14 of the Constitu-)-- .tion .inasmuch a~ it was discriminatory. Section 5(7A) confers power '· .on the ·Commissioner of Income Tax and the Central Board of C Revenue, _inter a/ia,_ to transfer any case from one Income Tax Officer ')-· :to another. It has been observed by this Court that in order to minimise the inconvenience of the assessee, the authority concerned may transfer the.case of such assessee to the Income Tax Officer who is nearest to the area where it would be convenient for the assessee to atten.d and if, on account of administrative exigencies, this is not possi- D ble and the assessee requests that the examination of accounts or evidence to be taken should be in a place convenient to him, the Income Tax Officer comply with the request of the assessee by holding the hearing at the place requested. It is manife.stly clear from the observation that the power of transfer is not exercised for administrative .convenience, but for the convenience of the assessee. In the E instant case, there is no question of any administrative inconvenience. The respondents have not placed any material before the High Court ,or in .this Court as to in how many cases they had come across such . bogus certificates produced by private employees during the time the _··+'_ admission to evening classes was open also to private employees. It -· -·· . -may be that there were one or two cases of production of bogus certifi- F cates, but that cannot be a ground for th exclusion of all private .employees from the benefit of getting legal education in the evening classes. ##### In the circumstances, we are not at all impressed with the contention that in order to. avoid production of bogus certificates of employ- G men! from the private employers and having regard to the fact that employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc. have an assured tenure of employment likely to continue for three years, the private employees were excluded for the purpose of admission to the evening classes. By the impugned rule, admission to evening classes is restricted to regular employees of Government/Semi-Government H A B c D E F 702 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 1 S.C.R. institutions etc. There is no material to indicate that by the: expression "regular employees" it is intended to include only those employees who will have an assured tenure of service for three years, that is to say, co-extensive with the period of the Three-Year LLB. Degree Course. The expression "regular employees", in our opinion, normally means _bona fide_ employees. Such _bona fide_ employ1,es may be permanent or temporary. All that the University can insist is that one should be a _bona fide_ employee and if there be materials to show that a candidate for admission in the evening classes is a _bona fide:_ .employee the University, in our opinion, cannot further insist on an assured tenure of service of such an employee for a period of three years. Be that as it may, the reason for exclusion of private employees on the ground that there may not be an assured tenure of employment likely to continue for three years, not only does not stand scrutiny but also is unfair and unjust and cannot form the basis of such an exclusion. In this connection, we may also examine another ground restricting the admission in the evening classes to the employees of Government/Semi-Government and other institutions, as mentioned in the impugned rule, namely, imparting of legal education to such employees. According to the respondents, imparting of legal education to the employees of Government/Semi-Government and other institutions, as mentioned in the impugned rule, would be .in public i- interest. Indeed, in the counter-affidavit filed in this Court on behalf of the respondents by the Registrar of the University, that is also the objective for framing the impugned rule. The counter-affidavit is, however, silent as to why imparting of legal education to the #### employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions ew. would [-] be in public interest. It is not understandable why Government/SemiGovernment employees in general should be imparted legal educatio~t/ ~ and what sort of public interest would be served by such legal education. It may be that certain sections of Government employees require legal education but, surely, Government employees in general do not require legal education. A similar rule, which was framed by the Government of Kerala G reserving 100 per cent seats to Government and quasi-Government employees irrespective of their category, came to be considered by the ·:ii. "' Kerala High Court in _Jolly_ v. _State of Kera/a,_ AIR 1974 Kerala 178. In that case, it has been observed by the Kerala ·High Court that there may be some posts in Government service, some even in public corporations which may require incumbents who may be able to p1,rform H their functions very efficiently with a legal background provided to A B c D E F G _!_ #### _·r_ DEEPAK SIBAL _v._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY [DUTT, J,[ 703 them, but this cannot be said of all employees whether of the State Government or Central Government or of the public corporations or Government owned companies. In our opinion, there is much force in the observation of the Kerala High Court. It cannot be laid down that only Government employees require legal education and not private employees. Certain private sector employees may require legal education in the interest of the establishments of which· they are employees. It is difficult to understand the logic of the rule restricting admission in the evening classes to employees of Govenwient/Semi-Government institutions etc. on the plea that such employees require legal education in public interest. _!_ In considering the reasonableness of classification from the point of view of Article 14 of the Constitution, the Court has also to consider the objective for such classification. If the objective be illogical, unfair and unjust, necessarily the classification will have to be held as unreasonable. In the instant case, the foregoing discussion reveals that the classification of the employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc. by the impugned rule for the purpose of admission in the evening classes or Three-Year LLB. Degree Course to the exclusion of all other employees, is unreasoriable and unjust, as it does not subserve any fair anci logical objective. it is, however, submitted that classification in favour of Government and public sector is a reasonable and valid classification. In support of that contention, the decision in _Hindustan Paper Corpn. Ltd._ v. _Government_ _of Kera/a,_ [1986] 3 SCC 398 has been relied on by the learned Counsel for the respondents. In that case, it has been observed that as far as Government undertakings and companies are concerned, it has to be held that they form ·a class by themselves, since any project that they may make l would in the end result in the benefit to the members of the general .___,,· -r·. public. The Government and public sector employees cannot be equated with Government undertakings and companies. The classification of Government undertakings and companies may, in certain circumstances, be a reasonably classification satisfying the two tests mentioned above, but it is difficult to hold that the employees of Government/Semi-Government institutions etc., as mentioned in the impugned rule, would also constitute a valid classification for the purpose of admission to evening classes of Three-Year LLB. Degree Course. The contention in this regard, in our opinion, is without any substance. _!_ The next contention of the respondents is that the University, being an educational institution, is entitled to identify the sources for H A B c D E F :?04 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 1 S.C.R. admission to the evening classes and that has been done by the University by the impugned rule and that cannot be challenged as violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. In support of this contention, much reliance has been placed on behalf of the respondents on a decision of this Court in _Chitra Ghosh_ v. _Union of India,_ [ 1970] 1 SCR 413 relatiiig to reservation of seats in a medical college. In upholding such re.servation of seats it has been observ!'.d by this Court as follows: "It is the Central Government which bears the financial burden of running the medical college. It is for it to lay down the criteria for eligibility. From the very nature of things it is not possible to throw the admission open to students from all over the country. The Government cannot be denied right to decide from what sources the admission will be made." This observation in _Chitra Ghosh's_ case has also been relied on by the High Court. It has been contended by the learned Counsel for the respondents that the question of reasonable classification has nothing to do with the identification of sources for admission by an educational institution. We are unable to accept the contention. It is true that an educational institution is entitled to identify sources from which admission will be made to such institution, but we do not find any difference between identification of a source and a classification. If any source is specified, such source must also satisfy the test of reasonable classification and also that it has a rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved. Indeed in _Chitra Ghosh's_ case, it has also been observed that if the sources are properly classified whether on territorial, geographical or other reasonable basis, it is not for the courts to interfere with the manner and method of making the classification. It is very clear _i_ from this observation that the sources must be classified on reasonable t- ·.-·-· basis, that is to say, it cannot be classified arbitrarily and unreasonably. The principle laid down in _Chitra Ghosh's_ case has been reiterated by this Court in a later decision in _D.N. Chanchala_ v. _State_ _of_ G _Mysore,_ [ 1971] Supp. SCR 608. It has been very clearly laid down by this Court that Government colleges are entitled to lay down criteria for admission in its own colleges and to decide the sources from which Jl ...., admission would be made, provided of course, such classification is not arbitrary and has a rational basis and a reasonable connection with the object of the rules. Thus, it is now well established that a classificaH ti on by .the identification of a source must not be arbitrary, but should DEEPAK SIBAL _v._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY [DUTT, J.) 705 be on a reasonable basis having a nexus with the object sought to be achieved by the rules for such admission. A It follows from the above discussion that the impugned rule, with which we are concerned, having made a classification which cannot be justified on any reasonable basis, must be held to be discriminatory ... :ir· and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. It is, however, submit- B ted by Mr. P.P. Rao that in case the C~urt holds against the constitutional validity of the impugned rule, the entire rule may not be quashed, but only such portion of it which is found to be discrimi.; )·· natory in nature and, as such, invalid. It is contended that if the impugned rule had not restricted the admission to evening classes to the employees of Government/Semi:Government .institutions etc. but had provided for admission to regular employees including employees C _t_ of private sectors, the classification would have been .a .reasonable one and having a rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved by the rule, namely, to accommodate the regular employees in the evening classes, as they would be unable to attend the morning classes. Accordingly, it is submitted that instead of striking down the whole of D the impugned rule, a full stop may be put after the words "regular employees" in the impugned rule and the remaining part of the rule after the said words can be struck down as discriminatory and violative - ~ of Article 14 of the Constitution. If that be done, the rule will be .read as· "Admission to evening classes is open only to regular employees" .. _Prima facie_ it appears that this part, which is sought to be retained, :is E not severable from the remaining part of the nile. 'In _R.'M.iD._ - _Chamaibaugwalla_ v. _Union_ _of India,_ l 1957) SCR '930 it has been laid ·down by this Court that if the valid and invalid provisions are ·so inextricably mixed up that they cannot be separated from one **.** another l then the invalidity of the portion must result in the 'invalidity "in its _----r_ ~r entirety. In the instant case, the invalid portion is inextricably mixed ·f' up with the valid portion of the rule and, accordingly, the entire rule requires to be struck down. Our attention has, however, been drawn to a later decision of this Court in _B. Prabhakar Rao_ v. _StateofAndhra_ _Pradesh,_ [1985) Supp. SCC 432. In this case, a Bench of Three-Judges of this Court struck out the word 'not' from the provisions of clause 3( 1) of Ordinance 24 of 1984 and section 4( 1) of the Act 3 of 1984 so as '.G ., to bring those provisions to conform to the requirements of Article 14 _X_ of the Constitution. We do not think we should try to bring .the :impugned rule in conformity with the provision of Article 14 of the 1constitution by putting a full stop after the words "regular:employees" and·striking.down the remaining part of.the impugned rule.on the'basis iof ifue 'same principle :as in _Piabhakar 'Rao's_ •case :(supra;. For., •it has ilil 706 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 1 S.C.R. A been stated by Mr. P .P. Rao, learned Counsel for the respondents, that the respondents will frame a fresh rule for admission in the evening classes in conformity with and in the light of the decision of this Court in the instant case. But, the next important question is even if the restriction from B the impugned rule _is_ removed and the admission to evening classes is I made open to regular or _bona fide_ employees including Government and non-Government employees, whether reservation of cent percent seats in the evening classes for the employees will be justified and reasonable. It has been urged by Mr. Kapil Sibal, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of te appellants, that reservation of 100 per cent C seats in an educational institution for a specified class of persons is not at all permissible. The University, being an autonomous body, must be accessible, and such access must be based on the principle ilhat those who are the most meritorious must be preferred to those who are less meritorious. This principle is, however, subject to the provision of Article 15 of the Constitution of India which allows positive discrimiD nation, despite the merit principle, on the basis that the equality clause will not be meaningful unless equal opportunity is given to such classes enumerated by Article 15 by giving them preferential treatment. Apart from the provision of Article 15, reservation may be made on the basis of doctrine of source only with a view to giving equal opportunity to some disadvantaged classes for their education but, E learned Counsel submits, whether the reservation is made under Article 15(4) of the Constitution or otherwise on the theory of identification of source, in any event, such reservation cannot be 100 per cent at the cost of merit. In our opinion, the above contention is not without forc:e. In this I ~ F connection, we may refer to a decision of this Court in _M.R._ _Balaji_ v. ~ ..-_State_ _of Mysore,_ [1963] Supp. 1 SCR 439. In that case, the State of **Mysore passed an** **order reserving 68 per cent of scats in the engineer-** ing and medical colleges and other technical institutions for the educationally and socially backward classes and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and left only 32 per cent of seats for the merit pool. G In striking down such reservation, it was observed by this Court that it would be extremely unreasonable to assume that in enacting Article <:{ 15(4), Parliament intended to provide that where the advancement of -,.. the backward classes or the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was concerned, the fundamental rights of the citizens constituting the rest of the society were to be completely and absolutely ignored. H Speaking generally and in a broad way, it was observed by this Court A B c D E F G H - _. >r_ . --t DEEPAK SIBAL _v._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY [DUTI, J.[ 707 that a special provision should be less than 50 per cent and the actual percentage must depend upon the relevant prevailing circumstances in each case. Thus, the provision of Article 15(4) does not contemplate to reserve all the seats or the majority of the seats in an educational institution at the cost of the rest of the society. The same principle should also apply with equal force in the case of cent percent reservation of seats in educational institutions for a certain class of persons to the exclusion of meritorious candidates. In _Pradeep Jain_ v. _Union_ _of India,_ [1984] 3 SCR 942, the question of reservation of seats in medical colleges for MBBS and postgraduate medical courses on the basis of domicile or residential qµalification and institutional preference, came to be considere(I by this Court. Bhagwati, J. (as he then was) speaking for the Court observed that the effort must always be to select the best and most meritorious students for admission to technical institutions and medical colleges by providing equal opportunity to all citizens in the country and expressed an opinion that such reservation should, in no event, exceed the outer limit of 70 per cent which again needs to be reduced. In _Pradeep Jain's_ case (supra), no reason appears to have been given for the observation relating to the reservation of 70 per cent of seats. In a later decision of this Court in _Nidamarti Maheshkumar_ v. _State of Maharashtra,_ [1986] 2 SCC 534 a more or less similar question regarding regionwise reservation of seats in medical colleges for admission to MBBS Course also came to be considered, and this time Bhagwati, C.J., speaking for the Court, gave the reason for reservation of 70 per cent of seats. It was observed by the learned Chief Justice as follows: "In the first place it would cause a considerable amount of hardship and inconvenience if students residing in the region of a particular university are compelled to move to the region of another university for medical education which they might have to do if selection for admission to the medical colleges in the entire State were to be based on merit without any reservation or preference regionwise. It must be remembered that there would be a large number of students who, if they do not get admission in the medical college near their residence and are assigned admission in a college in another region on the basis of relative merit, may not be able to go to such other medical college on account of lack of resources and facilities and in the result, they 708 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 1 S.C.R. A B c D F G would be effectively deprived of a real opportunity for pursuing the medical course even though on paper they would have got admission in the medical college. The opportunity for medical education provided to them would be illusory and not real because they would not 'be able to avail of it. Moreover some difficulty would also arise in case of girls because if they are not able to get admission in the medical college near the place where they r'eside they might find it difficult to pursue medical education in a medical college situated in another region where hostel facilities may not be available and even if hoste:l facilities are available, the parents may hesitate to send them to the hostels. We are therefore of the view that reservation or preference in respect of a certain percentage of seats may legitimately be made in favour of those who have studied in schools or colleges within the region of a particular university, in order to equalise opportunities for medical admission on a broader basis and to bring about real and not formal, actual and not merely legal, equality. The only question is as to what should be the extent of such reservation or preference. But on this question we derive considerable light from the decision in _Pradeep Jain_ case [1984] 3 sec 654 where we held that reservation based on residence requirement or institutional preference should not exceed the other limit of 70% of the total number of open seats after taking into account other kinds of reservations validly made and that the remaining 30% of the open seats at the least should be made available for admission to students on all-India basis irrespective of the State or th<: university from which they come. We would adopt the same principle _(_ in case of region wise reservation or preference and hold ·· '1 ~ that not more than 70% of the total number of open seats ·in the medical college or colleges situate within the area of jurisdiction of a particular university, after taking into account other kinds of reservations validly made, shall be reserved for students who have studied in schools or colleges situate within the region and at least 30% of the open seats shall be available for admission to students who have studied in schools or colleges in other regions within the State." \ In _Pradeep Jain's_ case (supra), .although it was stated that the H .outer limit of ·such reservation should not ·exceed 70 per cent of the DEEPAK SIBAL _v._ PUNJAB UNIVERSITY [DUTI, J.[ 709 total number of open seats after taking into account other kinds of reservations validly made, yet the Court expressed the view that this outer limit 70 per cent needs to be reduced. In the instant case, the respondents have reserved 64 seats out of 150 seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes, etc. In our opinion, out of the remaining 86 seats, reservation of seats for regular or _bona fide_ employees for admission to evening classes shall, in no event, exceed the limit of 50 per cent. The admission to the remaining 43seats will be open to, general candidates on merit basis. Thus, while the respondents wiU be at liberty to reserve seats for regular or _bona fide_ employees for admission to evening classes, such reservation shall not exceed 50 per cent after deducting the number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes,. Scheduled Tribes, backward classes, etc. A B c _"+-·_, The only question which remains to be considered is whether the appeHants are entitled to any relief. It has been already noticed that the appellant, Deppak Sibal, was refused admission on the ground that ###### he was an employee of a Public Limited Company which did not fall within the exclusive categories, as mentioned in the impugned rule, to D which admission to the evening classes was restricted. The appellant was appointed on probation for a period of six months in Agro Chem Punjab Ltd. with effect from June 2,. 1988. In proof of his appointment, the appellant produced before the respondents a certificate of employment dated June I, 1988 issued by the Director of Agro Chem Punjab Ltd'. According to the respondents, the certificate of employ~ E ment produced by the appellant is not a genuine one inasmuch as the appellant was admitted to the first semester in the LL.B. Course of the Himachal Pradesh University at Simla on July 12, 1988. We fail to understand how it can be said that the certificate of employment of the E ' appellant in Agro Chem Punjab Ltd. was not a genuine certificate, ·simply because the appellant was admitted in the first semester of the --.' ·--f ~-· ·simply because the appellant was admitted in the first semester of the F C'C.B. Course of the Himachal Pradesh University on July 12, 1983. It is common knowledge that a candidate very often seeks admission in more than one college or university. The appellant also made an application for admission to the LL.B. Course in Himachal Pradesh University and he was admitted. It may be that after the respondents refused to admit the appellant in the evening classes, the appellant had G to join LL.B. Course of the Himachal Pradesh University after giving up his service in Agro Chem Punjab Ltd. But, when the appellant made the application for admission in the evening classes of the Law Department of the Punjab University, he was in employment of Agro Chem Punjab· Ltd. We do not find any reason to doubt the. genuineness of the certificate of employment in Agro Chem Punjab Ltd. It is H ### A B c 710 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989) 1 S.C.R. the case of the appellant that to prosecute his studies in LL.B. Course in Himachal Pradesh University will put him to great hardship and inconvenience and it will be convenient for him to prosecute his studies in the University of Punjab. Similarly the other appellant, Miss Ritu Khanna, was refused admission by the respondents on the .ground that her appointment was purely temporary, although her position was 19 in ihe merit list. It bas been already found that the impugned rule is discriminatory and is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution and, as such, invalid. The refusal by the respondents to admit the appellants in the evening classes of the Three-Year LL. B. Degree Course was illegal. The appellants are, therefore, entitled to be admitted in the evening classes. It is, however, submitted on behalf.of the respondents that all the seats have been filled up and, accordingly, the apellants cannot be admitted. As injustice was done to the appellants, it will be no answer to say that all the seats are filled up .. D For the reasons aforesaid, the judgment of the High Court is set aside and the impugned rule for admission in the evening classes is struck down as discriminatory and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution and accordingly, invalid. We, however, make it clear that the striking down of the impugned rule shall not, in any manner whatE soever, disturb the admissions already made for the session 1988-89. The respondents are directed to admit both the appellants in the second semester which has commenced from January, 1989 and shall allow them to complete the Three-Year LLB. Degree Course, if not otherwise ineligible on the ground of unsatisfactory academic performance. As was directed by this Court in _Ajay_ _Hasia_ v. _Khalid Mujib_ _Sehravardi,_ [1981) 2 SCR 79, the seats allocated to the appellants will F be in addition to the normal intake of students in the college. Both the appeals are allowed. There will. however, be no order **as to costs.** N.P.V Appeal allowed.