D. Nagaraja v. Karnataka

A ·C E .F -G 626 D. NAGARAJA ETC. _v._ STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. _January_ 18, 1977 [A. N. RAY, C.J., M. H. BEG AND JASWANT SINGH, JJ.] _<;:onstitutio'!_ _of_ lndia-A~ticle _226-Who_ _can_ _apply-Whether_ _existence_ _of_ _a_ _rzght_ _essenllal-Mysore Village Offices Act_ _1908-Mysore_ _Village_ _Of]ices_ _Abolition_ _Act_ 1961. _Karnataka- General Services (Revenu,e Subordinate Branch)_ _Village.Acco1111-_ _tant3 (Recruitment) Rules,_ 1970, The appellants held the post of Shambhpgues on hereditary basis under the Mysore Village Offices Act 1908. This Court in the case of _Gow/a_ _Dasrath_ ~amarao held that a la\\'. which recognises the custom by which a preferential nght f? an office vested m t_he members of a particular family was not consistant with the fundamental nght guaranteed by Article 16 of the Constitution and that the Madras Hereditary Village Offices Act of 1895 in so far as it made discrimination on the ground of descent _only was violative of Article 16(2) of the Constitution and, therefore, void. With a view to give effect to the said judgment of this Court Mysqre Village Offices Abolition Act of 1961 was enacted abolishing all the hereditary Village Offices including the office of Shambhogues or Village Accountants created under the Mysore Villages Offices Act 1908. The President gave his assent to the said Act. Thereafter, the Governor of Mysore framed Mysore General Services (Revenue Subordinate Branch) Village Accountants (Cadre and Recruitment) Rules, 1961, to r~gu­ late the recruitment, pay and other condltions of service of Village Accountants. Rule 10 provided for the initial recruitment to the post of Village Accountants to be made from amongst persons holding posts of Village Officers on the date' of commencement of those rules provided th~y fulfilled certain educational qualifications and were below a certain age. .Challenge to the constitutional validity of the said Act was negatived by this Court in the case of _B._ _R. Shankaranarayana_ _&_ _Ors._ v. _State_ _of_ _Mysore_ AIR 1966 S.C. 1571. The State Legislature enacted the Kamataka Land Revenue Act 1964 Section 16 of the said Act provides for the appointment of Village Accountants and the continuance of Village Accountants hold the said post immediately before the commencement of the Act. Section 16 _(_ e) provides that persons holding the office of the Village Accountant befor·e the commencement of the Act shall be "deemed to be village Accountants for such villages till other persons were appointed. The 1961 rules were repealed and replaced by Karnataka General Services (Revenue Subordinate Branch) Village Accountants (Recruitment) Rules, 1970. Rules 4 and 5 lay down the eligibility of the persons for the appointment as Village Accountant and the constitution of a Committee for selection and the method of selection. The Recruitment Committee invited applications, interviewed the applicants who were eligible and prepard a list of 0 selected pnd1dates and, th reafter, issued the order of aopointment. As the appellants had to give up their· posts in co_nsequence of the fresh appointments they filed the present writ petitions impugning the velidity of rules 4 and _5_ of the 1970 Rules on the ground that thoy were violative of Articles _J4_ and 16 of the Constitution and challenging the selection and aoonintment of resnondents Nos. 3 to 191 as Village Accountants and for a direction that they should be continued as Village Accountants. The High Court dismissed the writ petitions. Dismissing the appeals, HELD : t. Though Article 226 of the Constitution in terms does not describe the classes of nersons entitled to applv thereunder. the existence of the right is implicit for invokinp; the. exercise. of the extra.ordinary jurisdiction by the High Court under the said Arttcle. It is well estabhshed that a person who. / D. NAGARAJA _v._ KARNATAKA _(Jaswant Singh,_ _J.)_ 627 is not aggrieved by the discrimination complained of cannot maintain· a writ petition. The constitutional validity ()f the Abolition Act abolshing all hereditary Village Offices having been upheld' by this Court, the appellants who did not apply for appointment as Village Accountants in response to the notification inviting applications, since they did not possess the prescribed qualifications, could not complain of the unconstitutionality of the 1972 Rules or of the infringement of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The High Court, therefore, was right in holding that the appellants have no right to maintain the writ petitions. [631 ·E-H 632 A] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 883 and #### 898-905/75. I~ " Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 20-2-75 of the Karnataka 'High Court in Writ Petition Nos. 5825/74 and 5818, 5820, 5821, 5822, 5823, 5824, 5828 and 5829 of 1974. A B _R._ _B. Datar_ for the Appellants in all the appeals. C _V._ _P._ _Raman,_ Addl. Sol. Genl (In CA 883/75) and _N. Nettar_ for RR 1 and 2 in all the appeals. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JASWANT SINGH J. This judgment isha!Q dispose of Appeals Nos. 883 and 898 to 905 of 1975 which are directed against the common D judgment dated February 20, 1975 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore dismissing writ petitions Nos. 5825, 5818, 5820, 5822 to 5824, 5828 and 5829 of 1974 on the ground that the appellants had no right to maintain the same. llhe circumstances leading to .these appeals are: The appellants held the posts of shambogues on hereditary basis under the Mysore Village Offices Act, 1908. 'In writ .petition No. 133 of 1959 entitled _Gazu/a Daseratha Rama_ _Rao_ v. _State_ _of_ _A;P,_ .& Ors.(~) decided on Pecember 6, -1960, this ·Court held that a faw ·which recognised the custom by which .a preferential .Fight to an office vested in the mem bers of a particular .family was not consistent with the fundamental right guaranteed by Article 16 of the Constitution; ·that ·a custom which is recognised iby law with .regard to a hereditary office must yield to a fundamental right .and_section 6(1) of the Madras Hereditary Village· Offices Act JU of •1895 in so ifar as it made ·discrimina tion on the ·ground of descent only was -violative of the fundamental right under Article 16 (2) .of ·.the ·Constitution and was ·void. With a view to giving effect to the principle settled by this decision, the Legislature of the •then State «Jif 'Mysore comprising ·the •territories of the erstwhile States of Mysore . and ·coorg and certain .parts of the erstwhile ·States of Bombay, Hyderabad and Madras enacted the Mysore Village •Offices Abolition Act, 1961 (Act XIV of 1961) (hereinafter referred to as 'the Abolition Act') abolishing all the hereditary villlage offices including the office of shambogue or. village Accountant created under the Mysore Village .offices Act, 1908. Pursuant to sub"section (3) of section 1 which authorised the State Government 'to fix a date 1for ·the commencement .of the Act, ·the Government of Mysore issued a notification.on January 9, 1963 noti1fying ·that the Abolition Act would come into force with effect from February 1, 1-963. (ll [1 ~~9611~~ ~~2 S.C.R~~ . 931 =A.LR. 1961 SC. 564. 6-112 scrm E F G A B ## c D 628 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977] 2.s.c.R. Shortly after the according of the assent to the Abolition Act by the President on July 8, 1961, tihe Governor of Mysore framed rules c~lled the Mysore General Service (Revenue Subordinate Branch) ~illage Accountants (Cadre and Recruitment) Rules, 1961 in exercise of the powers vested in him under the proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution and other powers enab;ing him in that behalf. These Rules, as evident from their title, were designed to regulate the recruitment, pay and other conditions of service of Village Accountants. Rule 10 of the 1961 Rules which was in the nature of a non obstante provision provided for the initial recruitment to the posts· of Village Accountants to be made from amongst persons holding the posts of village officers on the date of commencement of those Rules provided that such persons had passed the S. S. L. C. examination or an equivalent examination and tlreir age did not exceed 40 years on the said date. By a proviso which was introduced in the year, 1963, it was provided that in the event of persons satisfying the qualifications mentioned in Rule 7 not being available even after the vacancies are twice advertised, the recruitment should be made from amongst persons holding the posts of village officers who were not more than 50 years of age on the date of commencement of the said Rules and who had passed the Lower Secondary or Vernacular Final or equivalent examination. # ' E F G H By a notification issued on January 6, 1963, the Government of Mysore directed the D.eputy Commissioners to appoint persons recruited under the 1961 Rules as village accountants and relieve the then holders of their offices. On the issue of the aforesaid notification dated January 9, 1963, a number of writ petitions under Article 226 of the Constitution were filed in the High Court challenging the legality and constitutional validity of the Abolition Act on the ground that it was· a piece of colourable legislation. During the pendency of the writ pe;titions, an ad-interim order staying the operation of the afore. said Notification dated January 9, 1963 was issued by the High Court. ' As a consequence of the stay order, the appellants and a number of other persons who were holding the posts of Shambogues under the Mysore Village Offices Act, 1908 had to be continued· by the State Government in the posts held by them. The writ petitions were eventually dismissed by the High Court by its judgment dated December 9, 1963 which was confirmed by this Court vide its judgment dated January 21, 1966 rendered in _B._ _R._ _Shankaranarayana_ & _Ors._ v. _State_ _of_ _Mysore(')._ Thus the constitutional validity of the Abolition Act was finally upheld by the Court. · During the pendency of the appeals against the judgment of the High Court dated December 9, 1963, the State Legislature enacted the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') which came into force on April 1, 1964. Section 16 of the Act provides for the appointment of Village Accountants and the continuance of village accountants hold·ing the said posts immediately before the commencement of the Act. ~uh-section (1) of section 16 lays down that, subiect to the general orders of the State Government and the Divisional Commissinner, the Deputy Commissioner can a?point Village ~ccountants f~r villacres or groups of villages. Sub-section (2) of section 16 provides that the (1) A.LR. 1966 S.C. 1571. _)_ D. NAGARAJA _v._ KARNATAKA _(Jaswant_ _Singh,_ **J.)** 629 persons holding the office of the Village Accountant before the com- **A** mencement of the Act, shall be deemed to be Village Accountants for such villages till another person is appointed under sub-section (1) of section 16. Thus sub-section (2) of section 16, it would be seen, was; designed to cover the case of the persons who had perforce to be continued as Shambogues because of the aforesaid stay order issued by the High Court despite the abolition of those posts by the Abolition ~ **B** The 1961 Rules were repealed and replaced by another set of Rules called the Karnataka General Services (Revenue Subordinate Branch) Village Accountants (Recruitment) Rules, 1970 (hereafter referred to as the 1970 Rules) made by the State Government in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 16 and 1 7 of the Act. **C** Rules 4 and 5 of the 197.0 Rules which were amended from time to time stood as follows on the relevant date : "4. _Recruitment._ ( 1) Recruitment to the cadre of village Accountant shall be made by direct recruitment · from amongst:- **D** (i) persons who have served as Village Officers; (ia) local candidates whether in service or not, who have put in a total of not less than one year of service as on 1st January, 1970, if sufficient number of eligible persons are not available under (i) ; **E** (ii) persons who have been regularly recruited as Pan~ chayat Secretaries in accordance with the rules in force at {he time of the -recruitment and working as Panchayat Secretaries who have passed the S.S.L.C. examination or any other examination declared as equivalent thereto by the State Government if sufficient number of eligible persons are not available under (ia) ; (iii) persons who are regularly recruited as Panchayat Secretaries in accordance with the rules in force at . the timi;: of recruitment and working as Panchayat Secretanes who (a) have passed the Middle School examination or any other examination declared as . equivalent thereto by the State Government; and **F** **G** (b) have put in not less than 10 years of service as Panchayat Secretaries as the case may be if **H** sufficient number of eligible persons are not available **under** (ii) ; A B ## c D G H 630 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977J 2 S.C.R. ( c) are not more than 50 years of age as on 1st April, 1967 ; (iv) xx xx xx (v) oth~rs, if sufficient number of persons are not available under any of the above categories. (2) No persons other than the persons referred to in categories (ii) and (iii) of sub-rule ( 1) "shall be eligible for appointment under these rules unless . he has passed the S.S.L.C. examination or .any examination declared by the State Government as equivalent thereto. ( 3) The limit for appointment under sub-rule (I) shall #### be ( i) 3 3 years in the case of a person belonging to any of the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes; and (ii) 28 years in the case of others as on 1st January, 1970. Provided that in the case of person who have served as Village Officer or as .Panchayat Secretary such age as on 1st April, 1967, shall not exceed 50 years. Provided further that in the case of local candidates, such age shall be as~ 1st January, .1965 : _Explanation-For_ the purpose of this rule "Village Officer" means a person who held a 'Village Office' other than in inferior village office as defined in the Karnataka Village Offices Abolition Act, 1961 (Karnataka Act 14 of 1961) ." "5. _Committee_ _for_ _se/ection-(1)_ There shall be a Committee for each district consisting of the Deputy Commissioner of the District, the Assistant Commissioner, shall be the Chairman of the Committee and one of the members appointed by the Deputy Commissioner shall be the Secretary. (2) The Committee shall call for application for appointment as village Accountants and make selection in the manner laid down in the Mysore State Civil Services (Direct Recr_uitment by Selection) ·Rules, 1967. (3) The decision of the Committee shall be final subject to the approval of the Divisional Commissioner. ( 4) The list approved by the Divisional Commissioner shall be published and appointments shall be made in order in which the names of persons selected are arranged in the 5aid list." o. NAGARAJA _v._ KARNATAKA _(Jaswant_ _Singh,_ !.) 63•1 _!_ Pursuant to the 1970 Rules, applicatipns were invited by ··the A Recruitment Committee in the year, 1972 to fill up the posts of Village Accountants in the District of Hassan. After sorting out the applications received in response to the advertisement, the Committee interviewed the applicants who were eligible for appointment and prepared a list of the selected candidates for appointment as Village Accountants. This list was quashed by the High Court by its judgment dated November 19, 1972 rendered in writ petition B No. 1871 of 1972 entitled _Komari Gowda_ v. _State_ _of_ _Mysore_ & _Ors._ and the Committee was directed to select the candidates afresh in accordance with law. Consequently the Committee again interviewed the eligible candidates and prepared a fresh list of the selected candidates which was publishe~ in the Karnataka Gazette on May 30, 1974. Thereafter, the Deputy Commissioner, Hassan issued orders of ## appointment of the candidates who were selected by the Recruitment c Committee. Some of the candidates thus selecteQ were posted as Village Accountants under section 16 ~2) of the Act to the villages in which the appellants were functioning. As the appellants, had to give up their posts in consequence of. the aforesaid fresh appointments under section 16(2) of the Act, they filed the aforesaid writ petitions impugning (i) the validity of rules 4 and _5_ of tl1e 1970 Rules on the ground that they were violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitu- D tion, (ii) th~ selection and appointment of re~pondents 3 to 191 as Village Accountants and praying that a writ of mandamus be issued directing respondents 1 and 2 to continue them as Village Accountants under s_ection 16(2) of the Act. The writ petitions having been dismissed by the High Court as stated above, the appellants have come up i11J appeal to this Court. The sole question that requires to be determined in these appeals is whether the appellants could maintain that aforesaid writ petitions. It is well settled that though Article 226 of the Constitution in term~ does not describe the classes of persons entitled to apply thereunder, the existence of the right is implicit for the exercise of the extraordinary jurisdiction by the High Court under the said Article. It is also welrestablished that .a person who is not aggrieved by the discrimination complained of cannot maintain a writ petition. The constitutional validity of the Abolition Act abolishing all hereditary village offices including the office of the Shambogue or Village Accountant having been upheld by this Court in _B._ _R._ _Slwnkaranarayana_ & _Ors._ v. _State_ _of_ _Mysore_ (supra), and the first preference in the matter of appointment o~ Village Accountants having been given by Rule-4 of the 1970 Rules to all persons belonging to the category and class of the appellants who had served as Village Officers, the appellants who did not apply for appointment as Village Accountants in response to the aforesaid notification issued by the Recruitment Committee and did not possess the prescribed qualification, could not complain of the unconstitutionality of the 1970 Rules or of the infringement 0£ Articles E F G 14 and 16 of the Constitution which merely forbid improper or invidious distinctions by conferring rights or privileges upon a class of . H persons arbitrarily selected from out of a larger group who are similarly circumstanced but do not exclude the laying down of selective tests nor prevent the Government from laying general educational A 632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977J 2 S.C.R. qualifications for the post in question.. The High Court was, therefore, right in holding that the appellants have no right to maintain the aforesaid writ petitions. The appeals accordingly fail and are dismissed but without any order as to costs. B P.H.P. _Appeals dismissed._ ## '·