Controller of Estate Duty, Madras v. Alladi Kuppuswamy

!TZI _Construction of_ _fiscal_ _statutes-Duty_ _of the court-Legislative intent_ _reflected in the_ _Acts_ _must_ _be given full effect to._ Sbri Anadi wa~ a member of the Hindu coparcenary consisting of hl1nself, his wife (Smt. Alladi) and three sons. Shri Alladi who died before the Estate Duty Act 1953 came into force, during his life time had settled certain properties absolutely on his wife and had also declared certain other properties to form part of the joint family properties. Smt. Alladi died on January _5,_ 1956, a fev.' months before the passing of the Hindu Su~cession Act, 1956. The Assistant Controller of Estate Duty valued her estate at a total amount of Rs. 7,25,527 /- including a sum of Rs. 2,02,271 /- being the value of her I/4th share in the joint family properties, on the footing that as Smt. AUadi was a member of the Hindu coparcenary, her interest in the joint family properties passed on her death to the other three sons and the value of this interest being l _I_ 4th, the heirs would be liable to pay estate duty on the value of the I /4th. share. The respondent filed an appeal before the Central Board of Revenue OJ.nd <..:ontended that as Smt. Allacli died as a Hindu widow she possessed no coparcenary interest which could pass on her ·death; her interest merged without any benefit accruing or arising to the coparceners and hence section 7 subsection ( 1) had no application. This plea did not find favour with the Board which upheld the order of the Assistant Controller of Estate Duty as correct. The Board further held that the Hindu widow's estate created by s. 3(2) of the ffindu WidO\VS Rights to Property Act, 1937, wa-s an interest in property-which cef<sed on the death of the widow attracting estate duty. Thereupon, the respondent moved the Board to make reference to ~he High Court of Madras for decision of the questions of law involved in the case. The Board referred three questions to the High Court under section 64(1) of the Act, but at thei time of the hearing of the reference, the respondent confined his arguments only to the following issue, namely "Whether on the facts and in the circurristances of the case 1/ _4th_ share of the deceased in the joint family properties to which she was entitled under s. 3 of the Hindu Womens Rights to Property Act, 1937, was correctly included in her estate as property deemed to pass on her death under s. 7 of the Estate Duty Act, _1953."_ The High Court relying on the decisions of the Privy Council in _Attorney General_ _of_ Cey/011 v. _Arunachalani Chettiar_ (1957) AC 513 and _Gartside_ v. _Inland Revenue_ _Comn1issio11ers_ 1968 AC _553_ held that the interest of Smt. A11adi was not a coparcenary interest which could have passed under s. 7(1) of the Act and as the said interest was incapable of .valuation, it was not exigible to estate duty and thus held against the Revenue and in favour of the .accountable person. Allowing the appeal by certificate, the Court, HELD: (I) By virtue of the provisions of the Act of 1937 a·Hindu widow undoubtedly p-05sess a coparcenary jnterest as contemplated by s, 7 (I l of the Act and she is also a member of the Hindu copar~enary as envisa~d· by,, 7 (2) of the Act f734 Bl CONTROLLER OF ESTATE DUTY MADRAS _v._ ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY _May_ 3, 1977 ,• t . A B c D E F G H [P, N, BHAGWATI, N, L. UNTWALIA ANIJ S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, JJ.I _£.state Duty Act,_ _1953-Sections_ 7(1) _and_ (2) _and_ _39-Scope_ _of._ _Hindu_ _Joint_ _Fan1ily-Death_ _of_ _coparcener-Nature_ _of_ _interest_ _of_ _widow--Widow_ _not claiminK partition during the life_ _time-Death_ _of_ _widow--_ _Whether interc5t in joint_ _fan1ily_ _prop:erty_ _passes-Liability_ _to estate_ _duty-_ _fatate_ _Duty Act,_ 1953, _SS,,_ 5, 6, 7(1), 39, _40(a)_ _and_ _(b)-Hindu_ _Women's_ _Siglu.1_ _tc I'roperty_ _Act,_ 1937, _Section_ 3(2). -,22 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19771 3 _s.c.i._ (2) Prior to the passing of the Act of 1937 a Hindu Woman had no right A t>r interest at all in a Hindu coparcenary. The Act of 1937 bettered the rights of a Hindu widow and conferred on her by s. 3 th;: same interest as possessed hy her husband. [727 A] (3) The words "the same interest as he himself had" in sub-section (2) of s. 3 of the Act of 1937 clearly indicate that the statute gave effect to the well-settled doctrine of Hindu shastric law that the persona of the husband after his death continues through his wife who is a surviving half and the B husband continues to live through the widow so long as the widow is alive. When the Legislature used the expression "the same interest as he himself had", it would include all the rights possessed by the husband which could devolve Qn the wife. Thus, a Hindu widow was introduced for the first time into the Hindu coparcenary having the same rights as her husband and became as it were a member of the Hindu coparcenary with two qualifications, namely, (i) she had only a limited interest and (ii) that she could not be a coparcener because having regard to the nature of her entry into the family after marriage with her husband, there was no question of her getting interest in the Hindu C coparcenary bv birth which is one of the most important incidents of a Hindu <:Oparcenary. [727 D-EJ ( 4) The essence of coparcenary property is the unity of ownership which is vested in the whole bcxly of coparceners and the two principal incidents of coparcenary are that the interest of coparceners devolve by survivorship and not by inheritance and that the male issue of a_ coparcenary acquires an interest in the coparcenary property by birth and not as representing his father. [729 D-El D (5) A Hindu coparcenary has six essential characteristics, namely, (i) that the lineal male descendants upto the third generation acquire an independent right of ownership by birth and not as representing their ancestors; (ii) that the members of the coparcenary have the right to work out their rights by demanding partition; (iii) that until partition, each membe:r; has got ownership extending over the entire property jointly with the rest and so long as no parti· tion takes p1ace it is difficu1t for any coparcener to predicate the share which he might receive; (iv) that as a result of such co-ownership the possession and E enjoyment of the property is common; (v) that there can be no alienation of the propertv without the concurrence of the other coparceners unless it be for legal necessity and (vi) that the interest of a deceased member lapses on his death and merges in the coparcenary property. Applying these tests to the interest of a Hindu widow who has been introduced into a cooarcenarv by virtue of the Act of 1937, it will be seen, that short of the first condition she possesses all the necessary indicia of a cooarcenary interest. The fact that before the Act of 1956 she had the characteristic of a widow estate in her interest in the prooerty does not detract any the less from this -position. There· F fore, though a Hindu widow cannot be a copa"rcener she has cooarcenary interest and is also a member of the conarcenarv bv virtue of the rights con· ferred on her under the Act of 1937. [731 F-H, 732 A-B-D) _State Bank of India_ v. _Ghan1andi Ram_ _(dead) through Shri G1irbax_ _Rai_ [1969] 3 SCR 681- 686. applied. (6) If the widow has not chosen to exercise her right of partition, there is no severence of the Hindu coparcenary and on her death the interest of the widow merges in the coparcenary property or lapse.s to the other co. parceners. _Parappagari Parappa alias Han1nuutthappa and_ _Anr._ v. _Parappagari Naganzan_ _and Ors._ ILR 1954 Madras 183; _S._ _T. Sabujpari and Anr._ v. _SatruRhan lsser and_ _Ors._ AIR 1958 Patna 405, 410 and _Mst. Khatrani_ _Kuer_ v .. _S1nt._ _Tapeslnvari Kuer_ AIR 1964 Pat. 261, approved. (7) It was not the intent of the legislature which was fully aware of the statutory interest conferred on a H:ndu widow bv virtue of the Act of 1937 and the incidents thereof that though a Hindu widow has got the same interest as her husband in the Hindu coparcenary and has also the right to demand G H OONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY _v._ ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY _(Fazill Ali,_ J.) 7 23 partition and her interest is a fluctuating one would lapse to the other coparceners in case of her death without seeking partition in the same manner as that of other coparceners, yet it should be exempt from estate duty. In the instant case, Smt. Alladi was a member of the Hindu coparcenary, her interest was undoubtedly a coparcenary interest which lapsed on her death ap.d merged into the coparcenary, It was clearly capable of valuation, it being covered by s. 39 of the Act. Th;: High Court was in error in basin2 its decision on the _Arunachalam Chettiar's_ case and also in _Gartside's_ case ignoring the :decisions of _this_ Court and also the peculiar and special provisions of tho Act. [732 F, 733 A-C] _Attorney-General_ _of_ _Ceylon_ v. _Arunchalam Chettiar_ (1957) AC 513= 34 ITR (E.D.) 20 and _Gartside_ v. _Inland Revenue Commissioners_ (1968) AC 553=70 ITR 663 (H.L.) held inapplicable. A B .. !!! ##### .. ### • # • (9) When the phraseology of a particular section of the statute takes within itS sweep the transaction which is taxable, it is not for the court to strain and stteiS the language of the section so as to enable the tax-payer to escape the tax. The· .legislative intent reflected in the Act of 1937 and Estate Duty Act, 1953, _must_ be given full effect to. [733 H, 734 Al ClvIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2003/71 (From the Judgment and Order dated 5-12-1969 of the Madras High Court in Tax-Case No. 40 of 1965) S. _T._ _Desai,_ _P._ _L. Juneja_ and _R._ _N._ _Sachthey,_ for the appellant. _G._ _Ve11katarama_ _Sastry, K._ _R._ _Ramamani_ and _J._ _Ramiimurthi_ for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by FA7-AL Au, J.-This appeal by certificate is directed against a Full Bench judgment of the Madras High Court dated December _5_ 1969_Alladi Kuppuswami_ v. _Controller_ _of Estate Duty,_ Madra~(')-by which the reference made to the High Court by the Central Board of Revenue was answered in favour of the accountable person ·and against the Revenue. The case involves an interesting and important question of law in respect of ambit and scope of ss. 7(1) & (2) as also 39 of the (I) 76 !. T. R. 500 7-707SCI/77 (8) It is wrong to contend that the widow could not be treated either a• E F G H a member of the Hindu coparcenary or as having been conferred coparcenary interest in the property. Even though the wido\v is not ~ coparcener in the C itrictly legal sense of the term, the interest which she has is the same interest as her husband and that is the coparcenary interest with the only limitation placed on her bys. 3(3) of the Act of 1937, namely, that her interest would be limited interest, of a Hindu widow. In the instant case, Smt. Alla di possieiied a coparcenary interest which lapsed on her death and merged into the coparcenary and was clearly covered by the inclusive part of sub-s. (1) of s. 7 and under s. 39, the value of the benefit accruing or arising from the cesier of the coparcenary interest was to be determined by taking the principal value of the share and the joint family property which would have been allotted D tQ -~ had there been partition immediately before her death. The present c~se squarely falls within the ambit of s. 7(1) latter part and sub-s. (2) of s. 7 of the Act ·which attracts s. 39. By reason of the inclusive part of su_b-s. (1) of s. 7 it must be taken to have passed on her death and was hence exigib!e to estate duty. [733 D-G] · '124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977] 3 S.C,R. I A .Estnte Duty Act, 1953-hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'. In order to decide the question of law arising in the appeal, it may be necessary to set out briefly the facts of the case. Sri Alladi Krishnaswami Iyer died some time before the passing of the Estate Duty Act, 1953, but during his life time he had settled certain properties absolutely on hfa I ##### ' wife ·smt. Alladi Venkatakshmamma-to be referred in short as 'Sm!. Alladi'-and be had also declared certain other properties to from part B of the joint family properties. Sri Alladi Krishnaswami Iyer-here## • after to be referred to as "Sbri Alladi" was a member of the Hindu coparcenary consisting of himself, his wife and three sons. In the instant case we are only concerned with the joint family properties left by Shri Alladi. Smt. Alladi died on January 5, 1956 a few months before the passing of the Hindu Succession Act,. 1956 and the Assistant Controller of Estate Duty valued her estate at a total amount of c Rs. 7,25,527 including a sum of Rs. 2,02,271 being the value of her #### Hh share in the joint family pr(\]lerties. The dispute in the present case • centres round the inclusion of the aforesaid sum of Rs. 2.02,2711-. 'Ibe Revenue assessed the estate duty on the footing that as Smt. Alladi was a member of the Hindu coparcenary her interest in the joint famil) properties passed on her death to the other three sons and the '1alue of this interest being ! 14th the heirs would be liable to pay estate D duty on the value of the !/4th share assessed at Rs. 2,02,271/-. Tile accountable persons raised several contentions before the Revenue ineluding the question as to whether or not the Act would apply to agricultural lands as also whether interest on certain fixed deposits in Government securities would be assessable under the Act. It appears, however, that before the High Court the respondent pressed only the question relating to the inclusion of the value of 1I4th share of Smt. E Alladi valued at Rs. 2,02,2711-. The respondent filed an appeal before Alladi valued at Rs. 2,02,2711-. The respondent filed an appeal before the Board and contended that as Smt. Alladi died as a Hindu widow she possessed no coparcenary interest which could pass on her death : .. her interest merged without any benefit accruing or arising to the coparceners and hence s. _1_ sub-s. (1) had no aoplication. The plea taken by the respondent did not find favour with the Central Board of Revenue which upheld the order of the Assistant Controller of F Estate Duty. Thereupon the re;-pondent moved the Board of Revenue to make a ieference to the High Court of Madras for decision of the questions of Jaw involved in the case. The Board accordingly referred the following questions to the High Court : G "1. Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case one-fo~h share of the deceased in the joint family ~ properti~s, to which she was entitled under section 3 of the ###### • Hindu Women's Ri~hts to Property Act, 1937, was correctly tii included in her estate as property deemed to pass on her dtath under section 7 of the &tate Duty Ac~ 1953? ###### H, 2. Whether the Estate Duty Act, 1953, in so far as it seeks to levy duty on agricultural lands, is _ultra_ _vires_ of the legislative powers of the Union Legislature ? ' _I_ _!_ '-, ;·.<; .CONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY _v._ ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY _(Fazal Ali,_ J.)' 725 - 3. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the accrued interest on fixed deposits and Govermuent securities up to the date of death of the deceased was correctly included in her estate under section 34(2) of the Estate Duty Act, 1953 ? Although three questions had been referred to the High Court by the Huard, at the hearing of the appeal the respondent gave up questions Nos. 2 and 3 and confined his arguments only to question No. 1 whicb falls for determination in this case. The High Court, relying mainly on lhe decisions of the Privy Council in _Attorney-General_ _of_ _Cey/011_ v. _Arw1achalam Chettiar;(')_ and _Ganside_ v. _Inland Revenue: Com-_ _missioners(')_ came to the conclusion that the interest of Smt. Alladi wa, not a coparcenary interest which could have passed under s. 7 ( l) of the Act and as the said interest was incapable of valuation wns nnf exigible to estate duty. Thereafter the appe:Jant applied to the High Court for granting a certificate of fitness for leave to appeal to this Court and the same having been granted the appeal has now been placed before us for hearing. The respondent reiterated his contentions before _us_ and submitted that s. 7 ( 1) of the Act had no applicat'on to the facts of the present case, and therefore, the share of Smt. Alladi was not exigible to estate ducy. The appellant, however, submitted that a Hindu widow had a coparcenary interest in the joint family properties which could be valued on the basis of the factors enumerated in s. 39 of the Act, the High Court was in error in holding that the interest of Smt. Alladi was not capable of any valuation. The appellant, therefore, submitted that the High Court had not correctly appreciated the legal nature and character of the interest of the Hindu widow conferred on her by virtue of the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act, 1937. In our opinion the answer to the problem would naturally lie in a correct interpretation of ss. 7(1) & (2) of the Act as also on a true construction of s. 3 (2) of the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act, 1937 as amended by Act 11 of 1938. It is true that while this Court has had occasions to interpret the provisions of the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act, 1937-hereafter referred to as 'the Act of 1937'-on several occasions, yet the exact point which arises in this case has not yet been determined by this Court. In ordeic to understand the implications of the arguments advanced by counsel for the parties before us. it may be necessary to extract the relevant provisions of the Act as also of the Act of 1937. Section 7 sub-ss. (I) & (2) of the Act run thus : "7. _Interests ceasing on death,-_ A B c D E ., G (!) Subject to the provisions of this section, property in which the deceased or any other person had an interest ceasin!! on the death of the deceased shall be deemed to pass on the deceased's death to the extent to which a benefit accrues H (1) (1957) A. C. 513-34 I. T. R. (E.D.) 20 {2) (1968) A.C5·53-70 I.T.R. 663 (H. L.) SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977] 3 S.C.R, A or arises by the cesser of such interest, including, in particular, a coparcenary interest in the joint family property of a Hindu family governed by the _Mitakshara Marumakkatta-_ _yam_ or _Aliyasantana_ Jaw. ' (2) If a member of a Hindu coparcenary governed by the _Mitakshara_ school of law dies, then the provisions of B su!Hection ( 1) shall apply with respect to the interest of the deceased in the coparcenary property only : (a) if the deceased had completed his eighteenth year at the time of his death, or c D :E F (b) where he had not completed his eighteenth year at the time of his death, if his father or other male ascendant in the male line was not a coparcener of the same family at the time of his death." It would be seen that s. 7 ( 1) consist of two parts-the first part refers to the interest of the deceased which ceases on his death and accord. iil~ to this part two conditions are necessary before there is a passing of the interest-(!) that there mnst be a cesser of the interest by virtue of the death of the deceased; and (2) that as a result of such cesser a benefit accrues or arises. The second part of sub-s. ( 1 ) contains an inclusive category which brings within the fold of sub-s. ( 1) a coparcenary interest in the joint family property of a Hindu family governed by the _Mitakshara. Marumakkattayam_ or _Aliyasantana_ Jaw. In the instant case, we are mainly concerned with the _Mitak-_ _shara_ Jaw. We might dispose of a short argument advanced by Mr. S. T. Desai in support of the appeal on this question. It was submitted that the words "governed by the _Matakshara, Marumakkatta-_ _yam_ or _A/iyasantana_ law" clearly show that the coparcenary interest . has been used in a wide sense and cannot be restricted to the strict coparcenary interest known to the _M itakshara_ law alone. In the view which we take in this case, however, it is not at all necessary to go into this point. The main question for determination is as to whether the interest acquired by a Hindu widow under the Act of 1937 can be said to be a coparcenary interest in the legal sense of the term. Once a Hindu widow is held to have a coparcenary interest, then there would be no difficulty in treating her as a member of the Hindu coparcenary, in which case her interest could be easily valued according to the relevant provision of s. 39 of the Act which runs thus: G "39. (!) The value of the benefit accruing or arising from the cesser of a coparcenary interest in any joint family property governed by the _Mitakshara_ school of a Hindu law which ceases on the death of a member thereof shall be the principal value of the share in the joint family property which would have been allotted to the deceased had there H been a partition immediately before his death." In order to understand the content and character of the interest which a Hindu widow gets by virtue of the statutory provisions contained in _I_ CONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY _v._ ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY _(Faziil Ali,!.) 72_ 7 the Act of 1937 there can be no doubt that prior to the passing of the Act of 1937 a Hindu woman had no right or interest at all in a Hindu coparcenary. She was neither a coparcener nor a member of the coparcenary nor did she have any interest in it, except the right to get maintenance. She also had no right to demand partition of the coparcenary property after the death of her husband. The Act of 1937 introduced broad and important changes by bettering the rights of a Hindu widow and conferring on her the same interest as possessed by her husband. Sub-sections (2) and (3) of s. 3 of the Act of 1937 run thus : A B "(2) When a Hindu governed by any school of Hindu law other than the _Dayabhaga_ school or by customary law dies having at the time of his death an interest in a Hindu joint family property, his widow shall, subject to the provi- C sions of sub-section (3), have in the property the same interest as he himself had.", "(3)Any interest devolving on a Hindu widow under the provisions of this section shall be the limited interest known as a Hindu Woman's estate, provided however that she shall have the same right of claiming partition as a male D **owner.** The words "the same interest as he himself had" in sub s, (2) of s, 3 of the Act of 1937 clearly indicate that the statute gave effect to the well settled doctrine of Hindu Shastric Law that the persona of the husband after his death continues through his wife who is the surviving half of the husband and the husband continues to live through the widow so long as the widow is alive. It was this concept of the Hindu E Law which was sought to be recognised and given effect to by the Act of 193 7. In these circumstances, therefore, when the Legislature used the expression "the same interest as he himself had" it would include all the bundle of rights possessed by the husband which would devolve on the wife and if there were to be any !imitations on thooc rights they were spelt out by sub-s. (3) itself, namely, that while the Hindu widow would have the same right and interest as her husband, F her interest would only be the limited interest known as a Hindu Woman's estate. Sub-section (2) of s. 3 of the Act of 1937 further conferred on the widow the right to demand partition and on partition she was entitled to get the same share as her husband. Thus the position appears to be that a Hindu widow was introduced for the first time into the Hindu coparcenary having the same rights as her husband and became as it were a member of the Hindu coparcenary with two G qualifications, viz., ( 1) that she had only a limited interest; and (2) that she could not be a coparcener because having regard to the nature of her entry into the family after marriage with her husband there was no question of her getting interest in the Hindu coparcenary by birth which is -me of the most important incidents of a Hindu coparcenary. All the other rights of a coparcener were duly conferred on her by the Act of 1937., . H Dwelling on the conten{ and import of the nature of the interest <lf a Hindu widow this Court pointed out in _laisri_ _Sahu_ v. _Rajdewan_ B. c D F G H 728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977) 3 S.C.R. _Dubey_ & _Others(')_ that on the death of her husband the. properties vested in the widow and she fully represented the estate. In this connection, this Court made the following observations : "When a widow succeeds as heir to her husband, the ownership in the properties, both legal and beneficial, vests in her. She fully represents the estate, the interest of the reversioners therein being only _spes succession's._ The widow is entitled to the full beneficial enjoyment of the estate and is not accountable to any one. It is true that she cannot alienate the properties unless it be for necessity or for benefit to the estate, but this restriction on her powers is not one imposed for _the benefit of revers_ioners but is an incident of the estate as known to Hindu law." Similarly in a later case in _Potti Lakshmi Perumallu_ v. _Patti_ _KrisJ,navenamma(_ _[2 ]_ _)_ this Court reiterated that a Hindu widow was the surviving half of her husband and so long as she was alive the husband continued to live in her. This Court observed as follows : ''The decisions also recognise that though the widow does not, by virtue of the interest given to her by the new law become a coparcener she being entitled to claim partition of the joint family property is in the same position in which her deceased husband would have been in the matter of exercise of that right. That is to say, according to these decisions her interest is a fluctuating one and is liable to incre.ase or decrease according as there are accretions to or diminutions of the property. In our opinion these decisions l~y down the law correctJy." _lt_ may be pertinent to note that in the aforesaid case the Court was wnsidering tb.e nature of the interest which a widow derived by virtue Qf the statutory substitution contained in s.3(2) of the Act of 1937. It was ;),lsp {lOinted out that like other coparceners of a Hindu copar~ lhe W.tcr"!lt of a widow until separated by a partition continu~d lo 1:icl a fiui;iuating o~ which was liable to increase or decrease with th~ .dea(}js pr ;idditions in the family. _1\1_ $Ptm~n _lsser_ v. _Smt. Subujpari_ & _others(')_ this Court pointed .O!ll fP#t lhti intere~ col)ferred on a Hindu widow arose by statutory :stitutiPn '"1<! t)ie _Al;t_ of 1937 introduced changes which were so alien _w_ thl.> stmctun: of a Hindu coparcenary. In this connection Cp\lft omerved llS f.olJows : "Tlu: Act in inv~ting the widow of a member of a coparc.enary with (l)e interest which the member had at the time pf his de11th has int;oduced changes which are alien to the (1) [1962] 2 S.C.R. 558, 564-565. (2) [19~5] I S.C.R. 26, 33. (3) [196711 s.~.R. 7. \ ' ' _t_ CONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY _v._ ALLADI KUPrUSWAMY _(Fa.<al_ _Ali, J.)_ 729 structure of a coparcenary. The interest of a widow arises not by inheritance nor by survivorship, but by statutory substitution : - - - A Hindu coparcenary under the _M_ _itakshara_ school consisbs of males alone : it includes only those members who acquire by birth or adoption interest in the coparcenary property. The essence of CDparcenary property is unity ot ownership which is vested in the whole body of coparceners. While it remains joint, no individual member can predicate of the undivided property that he has a definite share therein. The jnterest of each coparcener is fluctuating, capable of being enlarged by deaths, and liable to be diminished by the birth of sons to coparceners : it is only on partition that the coparcener can claim that he has become entitled to a definite share. The two principal incidents of coparcenary property are : that the interest of coparceners devolves by survivorship and not by inheritance; and that the male issue of a coparcener acquires an interest in the coparcenary property by birth, not as representing his father but in his own independent right acquired by birth." A B c D As pointed out above the essence of coparcenary property is the unity of ownership which is vested in the whole body of coparceners and the two principal incidents of coparcenary property are that the interest of coparceners devolves by survivorship and not by inheritance and E that the male issue of a coparcener acquires an interest in the coparcenary property by birth and not as representing his father. After having described the incidents of a Hindu coparcenary, the Court proceeded to observe as follows : "By the Act (Act of 1937) certain antithetical concepts are sought to be reconciled. A widow of a coparcener is F invested by the Act with the same interest which her husband had at the time of his death in the property of the coparcenary. She is thereby introduced into the coparcenary, and between the surviving coparceners of her husband and the widow so introduced, there arises community of interest and unity of possession. But the widow does not on that account become a coparcener : though invested with the same interest G which her husband had in the property she does not acquire the right which her husband could have exercised over .the interest of the other coparceners. Because of statutory substitution of her interest in the coparcenary property in place Qf her husband, the right which the other coparceners had under the Hindu law of the _Mitakshara_ school of taking that interest by the rule of survivorship remains suspended so H long as that estate enures. - - She has still power to make her interest definite by making a demand for partition, as a male owner may. If the widow A B c D E F G H 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977] 3 s.c.R. after being introduced into family to which her husband belonged does not seek partition, on the termination of her estate her interest will merge into the coparcenary property .. " Again this Court did not approve of the assumption made by some Courts that the right vested in the widow was liable to revert to the coparcenary, even where, on demand for partition, it became separated from the coparcenary property, and in this connection this Court observed as follows : "The assumption that though the right vested in the widow by the Act is a right of property which may on demand for partition become separated from the coparcenary property, it is still liable to revert to the coparcenary on the determination of the widow's estate, does not give full effect to the statutory conferment upon the widow of the same right of claiming partition as a male owner". Finally this Court approved of certain observarons made by the Madras High Court in _Parappagari Parappa alias Hammanthappa and_ _Another_ v. _Parappagari Nagamma and others(')_ where Subba Rao J., as he then was, made the following observations : "She could ask for partition and separate possession of her husband's share. In case she asked for partition, her husband's interest should be worked out having regard to the circumstances obtaining in the family on the date of partition. If she divided herself from the other members of the family during her lifetime, on her demise the succession would be traced to her husband on the basis that the property was · his separate property. If there was no severance, it . would devolve by survivorship to the other members of the joint Hindu family : " It is, therefqre, manifest from the aforesaid decision that if the widow had not chosen to .exercise her right of partition, 'there is no severance of the Hindu coparcenary and on her death the interest of the widow merges in the coparcenary property or lapses to the other coparceners. As already indicated above, this Court in _Satrughan_ v. _Smt. Sabujpari_ & _others_ (supra) had taken the same view and had confirmed .the ·u;vision Bench decision of the Patna High Court in _Smt. Sabujpari and_ _another_ v. _Satrughan Isser and others(2),_ where the Patna High Court after considering the entire law on the subject, observed thus : "After having considered the various authorities and the various aspects of the case, my conclusions are that, under the Provisions of the Act a widow orf a deceased coparcenef is placed in same p9sition as the deceased coparcener was, for the reason of the fictiol). that half .the body of the deceased husband survived in the widow; that, like her husband; the widow also is entitled to effect severance of the joint status (I) I.L.R. (1954) Mad. 183. (2) A.T.R. 1958 Pat. 405, 410. ; :CIJJif'FRoLLER ESTATE DUTY _v._ ALLADI KUPPUSWAMY _(Fazal Ali, J.)_ 731 of the family by an nneqnivocal expression of intention to separate; - - - - that in case the widow does not exercise her right of partition and dies without expressing any intention to separate, the interest of the husband, which she enjoyed, goes by survivorship to the other members of the joint family." We find ourselves in complete agreement with the observations made by the Patna High Court to which one of ns (Untwalia, J., as he then was) was a party. The view taken by the Patna High Court in the aforesaid case was later on approved by a Fnll Bench of the Patna High Court in _Mst. Khatrani Kuer_ v. _Smt. Tapeshwari Kuer(')._ A B ' In _State Bank_ _of_ _India_ _v._ _Ghamandi Ram (dead) through Shri_ _Gurbux Rai(_ _[2]_ _),_ this Court, while dealing with the incidents of Hindu C coparcenary, observed as follows : "According to the Mitakshara School of Hindu Law all the property of a Hindu joint family is held in collective ownership by all the coparceners in a quasi-corporate capacity. - - - The incidents of coparcenership under the Mitakshara law are : first, the lineal D male descendants of a person np to the third generation, acquire on birth ownership in the ancestral properties is common; secondly, that no alienation of the property any time work ant their rights by asking for partition; thirdly, that till partition each member has got ownership extending over the entire property, conjointly with the rest; fourthly, ·that as a result of snch co-ownership the possession and E enjoyment of the properties is common; fifthly, that no alienation of the property is possible unless it be for necessity, without the concurrence of the coparceners, and sixthly, that the interest of a deceased member lapses on his death to the snrvivon;. A coparcenary under the Mitakshara School is a creature of law and cannot arise by act of parties except in ~o far that on adoption the adopted son becomes a copar- F cener with his adoptive father as regards the ancestral pr°" perties of the latter." Thus analysing the ratio of a aforesaid case regarding the incidents of a .. Hindu coparcenary it would appear that a Hindu coparcenary has s~ -eiisential characteristics, namely, (1) that the lineal male descendant& np to the third generation acquire an independent right of owner- G ship by birth and not as representing their ancestors; (2) that the members of the coparcenary have the right to work ont their rights l!Y demanding partition; (3) that until partition, each member has gO,t ownership extending over the entire property conjointly with the res( and so long as no partition takes place, it is difficult for any coper ce.ii~t . to predicate the share which he might receive; ( 4) that as a r.es\ilt of snch co-ownership the possession and enjoyment of the property H i~ c.on'unon; (5) that there can be no alienation of the property without .....!..·, ' ' <: i) (1). AI.R. 1964 Pat 261. ·: '(2} .. (1969] 3 S.C.R. 681, 686. A B c D E F G H 732 SUPREME COURT REPQltfS (1977] 3 S.<;.ll.. the concurrence of the other coparceners unless it be for legal necessity; and (6) that the interest of a deceased member lapses on his death and merges in the coparcenary property. Applying these tests to the interest of a Hindu widow who has been introduced into a coparcenary by virtue of the Act of 1937, we find that, excepting condition No. ( 1), all other conditions are fully satisfied in case of a Hindu widow succeeding to the interest of her husband in a Hindu coparcenary. In other words, after her husband's death the Hindu widow under the Act of 1937 has got the right to demand partition, she cannot predicate the exact share which she might receive until partition iJS made, her dominion extends to the entire property conjointly with the other members of the coparcenary. her possession and enjoyment is common, the property cannot be alienated without concurrence of all the members of the family, except for legal necessity, and like other coparceners she has a fluctuating interest in the property which may be mcreased or decreased by deaths or additions in the family. It is manifest that she cannot fulfil the first condition, because she enters the coparcenary long after she is born and after she is married to her husband and acquires his interest on his death. Thus, short of the first condition, she possesses all the necessary indicia of a coparcenary interest. The fact that before the Act of 1956, she had the characteristic of a widowestate in her interest in the property does not detract any the less from this position. It must follow as a logical corollary that though a Hindu widow cannot be a coparcener, she. has coparc.enary interest and she is also a member of a coparcenary by virtue of the rights conferred -On her under the Act of 1937. There is yet another important aspect of the matter which has to be considered. At the time when the Estate Duty Act was passed in 1953, the Legislature was fully aware of the statutory interest conferred on a widow by virtue of the Act of 1937 and the incidents thereof. In these circumstances it is not reasonable to infer that the Legislature could have intended that though a Hindu widow has got the same interest as her husband in the Hindu coparcenary and has also the right to demand partition and her interest which is a fluctuating one would lapse to the other coparceners in case of her death without seeking partition in the same manner as that of other coparceners, yet it should be exempt from estate duty. The sheet-anchor of the argument of the respondent was the Prizy· Council decision in _Arunachalam Chettiar's case_ (supra). In the firsf place, the facts of that case are clearly distinguishable from the facts· of the present case. In that case, the Hindu undivided family consisted of father, son and some female members. According to the Privy Counci~, the females were merely entitled to maintenance. The females there could not have any interest in the coparcenary nor could ·any such argument be advanced because there was no statute similar to the Act of 1937. Moreover, in the Estate Duty Ordinance which was being construed by ·the Privy Council there was neither any provision like the inclusive part of sub-s. ( 1) and sub-s. (2) of s. 7 nor any provision similar to s. 39 of the Act. In these circumstances, we do not see how the Privy Council decision in _Arunachalam Chattiar'.<_ case CONTROLLER ESTATE DUTY _v._ ALLAl>I KUPPUSWAMI _(Fazal_ _Ali,].) 733_ (supra) can be called in aid to support the contention of the respon- A dent. In the instant cooe, once it is held, as it must be, that Smt. Alladi wail a member of the Hindu coparcenary, her interest was undoubtedly a coparcenary interest which lapsed on her death and merged in:o the coparcenary. It was also clearly capable of valuation, unlike the position in _Arunachalam Chettiar's case_ where the Privy Council was construing a provision similar to s. 40 of the Act, which, in our opinion, has no application in the present case, it being covered by s. B 39 of the Act. _A_ _fortiori_ the same observations apply to the case of _Gartside_ v. _Inland_ _Revenue_ _Commissioners_ (supra). That case has no application here where we are concerned with the concept of a Hinda coparcenary which is totally alien to the estates contemplated under the English Acts. For these rerusons, therefore, we are clearly of the opinion that the two cases relied upon by the High Court do not appear to be of any assistance in deciding the points at issue in the C present appeal, and the High Court was in error in basing its decision on the aforesaid cases ignoring the decisions of this Court as also the peculiar and special provisions of the Act. Finally, it was vehemently contended by Mr. Sastri for the respondent that the right of a Hindu widow under the Act of 193 7 was merely a statutory substitution of a new status by her introduction into the D· copercenary and she could not be treated either as a coparcener or a member of the copercenary or to possess any kind of coparcenary interest. While we agree that the widow after the introduction in the coparcenary could not be held to have become a coparcener, because one of the essential characteristics of a coparcener, namely, acquisition of interest _by_ birth, is wholly wanting in her case, yet when the Legislature which was fully aware of the status of a Hindu widow under E the Shastric Law chose to improve her statUIS by conferring a new right on her under the Act of 1937, and with this avowed object clothed her with all the rights and concomitants of a coparcener's interest, it is futile to contend that the widow could not be treated either as a member of the Hindu coparcenary or as having been conferred coparcenary interest in the property. Even though the widow is not a coparcener in the strictly legal sense of the term, the interest which F she has is the same interest as her husband and that is the coparcenary interest with the only limitation p;aced on her by s. 3(3) of the Act of 1937, namely, that her interest would be the limited interest of a Hindu widow. The conclusion is therefore inescapable that Smt. Alladi did possess a coparcenary interest which lapsed on her death and merged into the coparcenary and the case was clearly covered by the inclusive part of sulH;. (I) of s. 7 and under s. 39 the value of the G benefit accruing or arising from the cesser of her · coparcenary interest was to be determined by taking the principal value of the share in the joint family property which would have been allotted to her, had there been a partition immediately before her death. The last plank of the argument of the respondent was that the Estate Duty Act being a ·fiscal statute should be construed strictly so H as to give every benefit of doubt to the subject. There can be no quarrel With this proposition but when the phraseology of a particular section of the statute takes within its sweep the transaction which is A _B_ c D 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1977) 3 S.C.R. taxable, it is not for the Court to strain and stress the language of '!he section so as to enable the tax-payer to escape the tax. In the view that we take in this case, it is manifest that the legislative intent reflected in the Act of 1937 and the Estate Duy Act, 1953, must be given full effect. Summarising, therefore, the position that emerges is as follows : By virtue od' the provisions of the Act of 1937 a Hindu widow undoubtedly prn;sesses a coparcenary interest as contemplated by s. 7 ( 1) of the Act and she is also a member of a Hindu copercenary as envisaged by s. 7 (2) of the Act. On the death of Smt. Alladi, therefore, there was clearly a cesser of her interest and her interest merged in the copercenary property and by reason of the inclusive part of sub-s. (I) of s. 7, it must be taken to have passed on her death and was hence cxigible to estate duty. Since Smt. Alladi was a member of the copercenary, this interest of her's which passed on her death was liable to be valued in accordance with the method provided by s. 39 of the Act. The interpretation of s. 40 of the Act is not free from difficulty, but as the present case squarely falls within the ambit of s. 7 (1) latter part and sub-s. (2) of s. 7 of the Act which attracts s. 39, it is not at all necessary for us to enter into the complex domain of the scope and ampit of s. 40 of the Act in this case. The result is that the appeal is allowed, the judgment of the· Hig!J Court is set asiqe and the question referred to the High Court is ·answered in the affirmative. There will· be no order as _to_ costs .. S.R. _Appeal allowed._