Commissioner of Sales Tax, Gujarat v. Sabarmati Reti Udyog Sahakari Mandali Ltd.

A B c D E F G H 158 COMMISSIONER OF SALES TAX, GUJARAT _v._ M/S. SABARMATI RETI UDYOG SAHAKARI MANDALI LTD. _April_ 26, 1976 [H, R KHANNA AND P. K. GOSWAMI, JJ.J _Sales_ _Tax-Works_ _contract for manufacture and supply .of kiln burnt bricks_ _-Bricks_ _.tnanufactured and supplied according to_ _contract and payment_ _received-Contract whereby land_ _is_ _given free and the right to sell to third_ _parties_ _is_ _subject to restrictions-Whether there_ _is_ _a transfer_ _of_ _chattel for_ _co11sideration-Co11tract_ _whether liable_ _to_ _sales_ _tax_ _on_ _bricks_ _supplied-Bombay_ _Sales Tax A.ct._ 1959. _Contract_ _of_ _sale_ _and contract for_ _·work_ _and labour-Distinction--Beneficial_ ~..,·elf _are features_ in _a contract_ _do_ _not_ _negate the concept_ _of_ _a contract_ _of sale._ The respondent manufactured and supplied kiln burnt bricks to the appellant as per the works contract dated 8/9th December, 1970, which provided (i) that land would be given free; (ii) that the material shall remain at the contractor's risk till the date of final delivery; and (iii) that the. contractor had a right to sell to the third parties bricks subject to payn1ent of 10% of the value of materials at the tender rates of the appellant. ·The respondent \Vas assessed to sales tax under the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959, on the basis that'" these supplies were sales. The Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax on an application under s. 52 of the Bombay Sales Tax Act held the supplies as sales. On appeal the Sales Tax Appellate Tribunal confirmed it, following the ratio of the decision in 1964 (2) OCR p. 879 (C. _B._ _Go,ain_ v. _State_ _of_ _Orissa and Ors.)_ But, the High Oourt, on a reference ans\vered it in favour of the assessee and against tb~ revenue. Allo\ving the Revenue's appeal by special leave the· Court, l:lELD : (I) .It is well settled '..ha• whether a partiiculal' transaction is a contract of sale or a works contract depends upon the tn1e construction of the terms and conditions of the document, when there is one. The question will depend upon the intention _of the parties executing the contract. There is no standard fonnula by whichi one con di!>tinguish a contract of ::sale from the contract for vvork or labour. The question is not always easy and has always vexed jurists all over. The distinction, between contract of sale: of goods and a contract for work and Jabour is often a fine one. A contract of sale is a contract whose main obiect is the transfer of property in and the delivery of the possession of, a chattel as a chattel to the buyer. [160 E-G] _State_ _of_ _Guiarat_ v. _Variety Body Builders,_ [1976] (3) SCR 131 applied. Halsbury's Laws of England, referred to. (2) As per terms and conditions of contract, the land was given free lor n1anufacture of bricks: the materials remained at the risk of the contractor till the date of :final delivery; the respondent could not sell the brir;ks to third parties but could do so under certain restrictions; the contracting parties have used the words as sale, purchase, delivery or rates of supply etc., in the contract. All these terms and conditions are almost identical to the conditions in _Chandra_ _Bhan_ _Gosain's_ _case_ and hence the decision in that case will govern the present case ns well. The various other terms in the contract, nnmely, 1 [naintenunce ] [o[ ] [a qualified executive engineer for supervision of work, restric-] tion on e1nploy1nent of children ~lnder 12 ye~rs of age, la~o.ur \\relfar~ provisions regnr<liing wages, workmen s con1pensat1on etc., _provLS1on relatlng to cruelty to t1nimals, non-payment of royaliy for excavating earth etc. releate to " ; .. ###### - ' . •• c.s.T. v. SABARMATI MANDALI _(Goswami,_ J.) 159 **a process** **of** **proper and efficient manufacturing** **of** **bricks and are not incon-** **A** **sistent** **in** **a contract** **of** **sale. These terms** **do** **not appear** **to** **impinJe on the** **character** **of the contract as one for sale** **of** **bricks manufactured. The Govern-** **ment in its overall interest and anxiety could insist** **on** **compliance** **of** **certain** **beneficial legal measures.** **Provision against sub-letting** **v.:hen** **the land was** **gi..-en** **free by the Government was also understandable. All these features** **do not negate the concept** **of** **a contract** **of** **sale** **of** **bricks that** **are** **ultimately** **manufactured. The true test in this case is whether** **in** ~aking **the contract.** **brick. produced was transferred as a chattel for consideration and** **this** **has** **B** **taken place in this case. The essence** **of** **the contract was, therefore. the** **delivery** **of** **the bricks after manufacturing.** **[164 A-H,** **165 A-D]** **(3)** **·The** **contra.ct** **in** **this case is contract** **of** **sale** **and** **not a works contract** **and** **the.i** **assest.ee is liable** **to** **sales** **tax..** **[165E]** _**C.**_ _**B.**_ _**Gosain**_ **v.** _**State**_ _**of Orissa and Ors.**_ **[1964] (2)i SCR 879,** **followed.** CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1512 of 1971. c Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the Stl1/9th December, 1970 of the Gujarat High Court in Sales Tax R~ference No. 3/70. - S. _T._ _Desai_ and _M._ _N. Shroff_ for ~he Appellant. - · · _V._ S. _Desai, Vimal Dave_ and _Miss Kai/ash Mehta,·_ for the Respaadent . . The Judgment of the Court was delivered by - GosWAMI, J, This is an appeal by special leave against the Judgment of the Gujarat High Court dated 8th/9th December, 1970. The respondent (hereinafter to be described as the assessee) entered into a contract with the Public Works Department of the Government of Gujarat on September 6, 1965 for manufacture and supply of kilil-burnt bricks to the said Department for the construction of the Capital Project, Gandhinagar. Large quantities of bricks were manufactured and supplied under the contract and the applicant received payment for the same in accordance with the agreed rates. The assessee made an application under section 52 of the Bombay Sales "Tux Act, 1959, on November 19, 1967, to the Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax, to de(ermi'ae the question whether the said supplies of bricks by the assessce to the Public Works Department were sales or ·works contract. The Deputy Commissioner held the supplied of bricks . by the assessee as sales. The assessee then appealed to the Tribunal against that order. The Tribunal following the ratio of the decision of this Court in _Chandra Bhan Gosain_ v. _The State of Orissa and others(')_ came to theo conclusion that ·the supplies of bricks were sales. At the instance of the assessee, the Tribu'aal referred the following question of Jaw to the High Court :- . . . "Whether_o;,. the factS and in the circumstances of the case .the transaction envisaged by the contract entered into by the applicant with the Public Works Department of the Govern (!) 14 S.T.C. 766 : [1964] 2 S.C.R. 879. **D** E F **G** **H** ' ·~ , ##, # ., A B c D E F G H 16 0 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976] SUPPLEMENTARY ment of Gujarat on 6th September, 1965, for the manufacture and supply of kiln-burnt bricks to the said Department and ~e supply of bricks to the said Department in terms of their running Bill No. XI dated 28th October, 1967, is a sale or a works contract ?" The High Court answered the question in favour of the assessee holding that the transaction was •a works contract. In commg to that conclusion the High Court held as follows :. ''In our opiaion, the decision of the Supreme Court in _Chandra Bhan Gosain's_ case (supra) is clearly distinguishable on facts. The contract in that case, though prima facie worded as regards the relevant clauses in similar fashion as the contract in the instant case, is in fact cast in a different mould mid it would be difficult to hold in the light of the special features and characteristics of the contract with which we are concerned that the decision of the Supreme Court in that case would completely govern the facts of this case." Mr. S. T. Desai, the learned counsel for the appellant, submits that the present case is squareli governed by the decision in _Chandra Bhan_ _Gosain's_ case (supra) and the High Court is wrong in holding to the contrary. Mr. V. S. Desai, learned ccunsel appearing on belralf of the assesee, on the other hand, submits that the High Court is right in disti'nguishing the present case in view of certain distinguishing features of of the co'atract with which we are concerned. It is well-settled that whether a particular transaction is a contract of sale or works contract depends upon the true construction of all the tenns and conditions of the document, when there is one. The question will depend upon the intention of the parties executing the contract. As we have observed in our judgment in _State_ _of_ _Gujarat_ v. _Variety_ _Budy Builders(_ 1) which we have just delivered there is no standard formula by which one ca11 distinguish a contract of sale from a contract for work and labour. The question is not always easy and has for all time vexed jurists all over. The distinction between a contract of sale of goods and a contract for work and labour is often a fin.e one. A contract of sale is contract whose main object is the transfer of the property in, and the delivery of the possession of, a chattel as a chattel _to the buyer. (Halsbury's Laws of England, Third Editio'a, Volume 34, pl\lle,.. 6.) The contract with which we are concerned in this appeal is found in a tender "for the supply of materials" containing a memorandum of the coaditions. The nature of work is described as "manufacturing and supplying kiln-burn bricks for construction of gandhinagar". The question will depend upon the true constrnction of the tender which, on acceptance, is treated here as the contract containi'ng all the terms and conditions agreed upon between the two parties. In the tender the assessee stated "I/We chairman Sabarmati Rati Udyog Soahakari Mandli ------ (1) [1976J 3 s.c.R. 131 c.s.T. _v._ SABARMA1'1 1'iANDALI _(Goswami,_ _!.)_ 161 Ltd., the undersigned do hereby tender for the supply of the materials A described in the Schedule attached herewith subject to the conditions all\lexed. The schedule described materials as bricks and also stated ,_. #### . "quantities to be delivered", and "rate at which to be supplied". The "quantities to be delivered", and "rate at which to be supplied". The tender is desc~bed as "Supply of Materials Tender". Although the above nomenclature, by itself, is not decisive, we find that the same i& justified by the principal terms governing the contract to which we will presently refer. B I _r_ "Clause 6 : The contractor shall give notice to the Executive ,,.. Engineer or his Assistallt of his intention of making delivery of materials and on the materials being approved, a receipt shall be granted to him by the Executive Engineer or by his Assistant and no materials which is not so approved shall be c considered to have been delivered. Clause 7: On the completion of the delivery of materials, the contractor shall be furnished with a certificate to that effect, but the delivery shall not be considered to be complete until the contractor D ,1 shall have removed all rejected materials, and shall have the approved materials, stacked or placed in such position as may be pointed out to him. ~ Clause 8 The materials to be supplied shall be of the best quality and in strict accordance with the specifiE cation and the contractor shall receive payment fo~ such materials only us are approved and passed by the Executive Blgineer or his Assistaot. Should the Executive Engineer consider that any of the materials delivered arc not of the best quaJity are not in strict accordance with the specification but that they may be accepted and F made use of it shall be within bis full discretion to accept the same at such reduced rate.s as he may fix thereon. ## - ' may fix thereon. Clause 9 In the event of the material being co\1sidered by " the Officer in the charge of the work to be inferior to that described in the specifications, the con- G tractor shall on demand in writing, forthwith to remove the same at his own cost and in the event of his failure to do so, within such period as may be ilamed by lhe Executive Engineer or his Assistant~ the said ()fjlcer may have such rejected material removed at the contractor's risk and expense, the expense so incurred being deducted H from any sums due or which may become due to the contractor. 1.l--333 Sup.CT/76 ### r· from any sums due or which may become due to the contractor. 1.l--333 Sup.CT/76 A B c D 162 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1976) SlJPPLEMENtARY Clause 11 The contractor shall supply at his own expense all tools, plants and implements required for the due fulfilment of his contract, a!ad µie materials shall remain at his risk till the date of final delivery, except such portion as shall have been in the meantime removed for use by the Executive Engineer or his Assistant. Cause 13 This contract shall not be sublet without the written permission of the Executive Engineer. In the event of the contractor subletting his contract without such permission he shall be considered to have thereby committed a breach of the contract and shall forfeit his security deposit, and shall have no claim for any compensation for any loss that may accrue on accou,1t of the collection of the materials or engagements entered **into.** Clause 16 No guarantee can be given that the total number of quantities of material indicated in the Schedule of the contract will be ordered during the period of the contract. But, the Executive Engineer shall purchase from the contractor all such materials as ure detailed in the Schedule which he may require to purchase during the period of the contract. E Clau3c 17 No claim or claims made by the contractor for iacreased rates on the grounds that the market or other rates included in the contract, have risen during the period of his contract, will be recognised, that is to say, the contractor is bound to complete the wrok! and or to supply materials at F the rates mentioned in the contract. ##### G H Clause 22 All rates quoted by the contractors are inclusive of sales tax and the contractor will pay the same himself, Clause 24 The c<Yatraetor hereby declares t!rat the articles sold to the buyer under this contract shall be of the best quality (and workmanship) and shall be strictly in accordance with the specifications and particulars contained in the Schedule and accompaniments hereof and the contractor hereby guanmtees that the said articles would continue to conf9rm to the description and quality aforesaid for the period shown in the Schedule from the date of delivery of the said articles to the purchaser and that notwithstanding that fact tlrat I r c.s.T. _v._ SABARMATI MANDALI _(Goswami,_ _!.)_ 163 the purchaser may have inspected and approved the said articles if during •the aforesaid period stated in the Schedule the said articles be discovered not to conform to the descnption and quality aforesaid or !iave deteriorated alld. the decision of the purchaser in that behalf shall be final and conclusive. The purchaser will be entitled to reject the said articles on such portion thereof as may be discovered not to conform to the said description and qtrality on such rejection the articles \j'ill be at the 'Sellers' risk and all the provisions herein contal,1ed relating to rejection of goods, etc. shall apply. The contractor shall if so called upon to do, replace the articles etc. or such portion thereof as is rejected by the purchaser otherwise the contractor shall pay to the purchaser such damages as may arise by any of the breach of the condition herein contained, nothing herein contained shall pre judice any other right of the purchaser in that behalf under this contract or otherwise." Amongst some of the general conditions of the contract, we find the ., following : A B c D E F G H ' "Clause 3 : All the necessary arrangemeats of raw materials, equipment water, coal, labour etc. required for supply and manufacture of bricks shall have to be made by the cont,actor at his own cost. The Government shall give only land for ell;cavating soil for manufacture of bricks to the contractors free of rent from the land reserved by the Governme,lt for this purpose. The land shall have to be !randed over back to the Government after the manufacturing of the brick work is completed. - - Clause 10 The contractor shall have no right to sell these bricks, brick bats, chharas or any other materials mam1factured on this site to any other pri vate parties. If, however, it is found tlmt the materials have been sold by him to private parties or other bodies, he shall have to pay to Department at the rate of 10% of the value of materials at the tender rates." While giving the specificatiol1s Item No. 1 herein refers to "manufacturing and supplying of 1 Class kim-burnt bricks of standard size including stacking in regular consignments etc. camp. as directed". 164 SCPREME cot;RT REPORTS (1976] SUPPLn1E:<TARY A Mr. v . S. Desai bring& to our notice the conunon as well as the ' ' _1._ I ' B c D E F G H In _Chandra_ _Blum_ _Gosai11's_ case (supra) dealing wilh those very common features this Court observed as follows : '·It may be presumed that it was understood that in quoting his rate for the bricks, the appeJla:,1t would take intr• accowit the free supply of earth for making the bricks. Again what was supplied to the company by the appellant was not the earth which he got from it but bricks, which, we think, are something entirely different. It could not have been intended that the property in the earth would continue in the compa11y in spite of its conversion into such a different thing as bricks. Further we find that the contract provided that the bricks would remain at the appellant's risk till delivery to the company. Now, pbviously bricks could not remain at the appellant's risk unless they were his property. Another clause provided that the appellant would not be able to sell the bricks to other parties without the permission of the company. Apparently, it MIS contemplated that without such a provision the appellant could have sold the bricks to others. Now he could not sell the bricks at all unless they belonged to him. Then we find that in the tender which the appellAnt submitted Md the ac;.ceptance of whi~h made the contract, he stated, "I/we hereby tender for the supply to the Hindusthan Steel Private Ltd. cl the materials described in the undermentioned memoriindurn .. The memorandum described the materials as b.ricks, and also stated the 'qual>tities to be delivered' and the 'rate at which materials are to be supplied'. All these provisions p!Wnly show that the contract was for sale of bricks. If it were so, the property in the bricks must have been in the appellant and passed from him to the subject-matter. From the above extract, it is clear that the decision in _Chandra_ _Bhan_ _Gosain's_ case (supra) will govern the present case where terms and conditions are almost identical so far as relating to the relevant subject-matter. distinguishr11g features of this case and of _Chandra_ _Bha11_ _Gosain's_ case lsupra). According to him the common features arc the following: The land was given free for manufacture o[ bricks in both the cases. The materials shall remain at the contractor's risk till the date of final delivery. Jn _Chandra_ _Bhan_ _Gosain's_ case (supra) the contractor could not sell the bricks to third parties without previous permission of the comp:rny. Here also the contractor has no right to sell the bricks etc. but if he does sell he will have to pay 10 per cent of the value of the materials at the tender rates. Both the clauses arc, therefore, pennis s1ve clauses and are substantially the same. In both the contracts the contracting parties have used the words such as sell, purch'ase, deliver or rate of supply etc. in the contract. The land was given free for manufacture o[ bricks in both the cases. The materials shall remain at the contractor's risk till the date of final delivery. Jn _Chandra_ _Bhan_ _Gosain's_ case (supra) the contractor could not sell the bricks to third parties without previous permission of the comp:rny. Here also the contractor has no right to sell the bricks etc. but if he does sell he will have to pay 10 per cent of the value of the materials at the tender rates. Both the clauses arc, therefore, pennis C.S.1'. _v._ SABAP.MATI MA1''DALl _(Goswami,_ /.) 165 Mr. Desai, however, took pains to point out certain distinguishing features of the present case such as maintellllllCe of qualified Executive Engineer for supervision of work subject to removal at the Instance of the Government; restriction on employme!ilt of children under 12 years; labour welfare provisions regarding wages; workmen's compellS'ation, etc.; provisions in relation to prevention of cruelty to animals; nonpayment of royalty for excavati'ag earth; use of tube-wells standing on the Government site manner of execution of the work re!(arding moulding and drying and provision against subletting which shall constitute a breach of the contract resulting In forfeiture of security deposit. All the above tenns relate to a stage 1'.1 the process of proper and efficient manufacturing of bricks and are not inconsistent in a contract of sale. These terms do not appear to impinge <1.1 the character of the C contract as one for sale of the bricks manufactured. The Government in its overall interest and anxiety for general welfare could insist on compliance with certain beneficial legal measures. It could also insist on certain terms which will ensure efficient production of the material. Provision against subletting when the land was given free by Government is also understa'.1dable. All the above features do not negate the concept of a contract of sale of the bricks that are ultimately manumc- D lured. The true test in this case is whether in makinl! the contract to brick produced was transferred as a chattel for consideration alld we A B I ' t ; ar~ clearlv of opinion that this has taken place in this case. The property in the bricks was e1.1tirely of the assessee. He had not onlv to manufacture that but also to stack them for facilitating delivery. The essence of the contract was, therefore, the delivery of the bricks after manufacture. The present case cannot be distin~ished from the deci- E sion of the _Chandra_ _Bhan_ _Gosain's_ case (supra). We are, therefore, clearly of opinion that the contract in this case is a contract of sale and not a works contract. The assessee is, therefore, liable to sales tax. The question is answered accordin2lv. The Hi2h Court was not right in lll!swering the question in favour of the assessee . T~e decision of the High Court is set aside. The appeal is allowed F with costs. S.R. _Appeal_ _allowed._