Commissioner of Income-Tax, Madhya Pradesh v. M/S. NANDLAL BHANDARI MILLS LTD.

**A** **B** **c** **D** ' G **H** **COMMISSIONER** **OF** **INCOME-TAX,** **MADHYA** **PRADESH** _v._ **M/S.** **NANDLAL** **BHANDARI** **MILLS** **LTD.** _December_ 7, 1965 [K. SUBBA RAo, **J.** C. SHAH AND S. M. SIKRI, **JJ.]** _Taxation Laws (Part B States) (Removal_ _of_ _Difficulties) Order,_ 1950, _**Para**_ **2,** _**proviso-Depreciation allowed to**_ _**non .. resident company**_ _**in**_ _**Part**_ _B States as well_ _as_ _in India-Fraction_ _of_ _total world income taken as_ _Indian income-Depreciation allowed against total world income whether_ _depreciation 'actually allowed' against Indian_ _income-Computation_ _of_ _written down value after_ 1950. In the years prior to 1950 the respondent company with headquarters in the erstwhile state of Indore was assessed to tax under the Indore Industrial Rules, 1927 and also under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 in so far as its income fell with:n ss. 4(1)(a) and 4(1)(c) read withs. 42 of the Act. Depreciation had been allowed to it under the Indore Industrial Rules as we!! as the Indian Act. The written down value of its assets for the purpose of 1950-51 and subsequent assessments had to be determined under the Taxation Laws (Part B States) (Removal of DUii. culties) Order, 1950 wh'ch laid down in the proviso to paragraph 2 that 'where in respect of any a'8et, depreciation has been allowed for any year, both in the assessment made in the Part B State and in the taxable territories, the greater of the two sums allowed shall only be taken into account." The Income-tax Officer found that up to and including the year 1944 the sum allowed as depreciafon under the Indian Income-tax **Act** **was** **larger** **and** **therefo-e** **in** **computing** **written down value as on** 1-1-49 he took the sum allowed as depreciation under the Indian Act up to the end of 1944 and under the Indore Industrial Rules after that date. In the assessments made for the per:od up to the end of 1944 the respondent company had been treated as a non-resident and its taxable income under the Indian Income-tax Act had been worked out under Rule 33 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 as a fraction of its total world income. In determining the total world income the depreciation claimable under the Indian Act had been allowed, and it was tbe full amount of this depreciation allowed against the total world income that the Income-tax Officer took into account in determining the written down value of the respondent company's assets for the purpose of the 1950.51 assesiment. The respondent company claimed that as only a fraction of the total world income had been treated as taxable income, therefore only a fraction of the depreciation allowed against the world income should be taken as having been 'actually allowed' in the terms of paragraph 2 of the Removal of fffficulties Order. The Income-tax Officer, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Appellate Tribunal having rejected this plea the m1tter went in reference to the High Court. That Court took the view contended for by the respondent _viz._ that only the **proportionate amount** **of** **deoreciation which** **was** **attributable to the** **taxw** able income could be taken °into account. The Revenue appealed to this **Court.** It was urged on behalf of the appellant that depreciation was allowed in respect of the use of the assets in the busine5', that the allowance did not depend on the as;e5'able income, and that the High Court therefore went wrong in striking a proportion on tbe basis of a part of the income 926 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1966] 2 S.C.R. actually assessed under the Indian Income-tax Act. The different expressions used in various parts of paragraph 2 of the Removal of Difficulties **Order came for consideration.** H:ELD: _Per_ Subba Rao and Sikri, JJ.-(i) The word "assessment" used in the proviso to paragraph 2 has been given a very wide meaning **in** **decided cases. It means sometimes** **'the** **computation** **of** **income'.** sometimes the determination of the amount of tax payable; and sometime< the procedure laid down in the Act for imposing liability upon the tax-payer. The proviso used ihe word 'assessment' both with reference to Part B States and also with reference to the taxable territories. But in the present case the different shades of meaning of the said word were **not relevant.** **For** **the** **purpose** **of** **computing** **the** **written down value,** the amount of depreciation allowed fOr the purpose of the assessment only was relevant. [931 G-H; 932 A] (ii) The key to the understanding of paragraph 2 is the expression ·a11owed'. The expression 'actually allowed' in the main paragraph, 'allowed' in the proviso, and 'taken into account' in the Explanation mean the same thing. What the Incom"-tax Officer has to take into consideration in computing the written down value is the depreciation actually allowed under the Income-tax Act or the laws obtaining in Part B States and adopt the greater of the two sums so allowed under that head. The determination of the depreciation actuaUy allowed under the Income-tax Act for the years up to and including 1944 must depend on the provisions of that Act. f932 BJ (iii) Under the Income-tax Act depreciation allowance is in respect of such assets as are used in the business and shall be calculated on the **written** do~'n **value, which means,** **in** **the** **case of** **assets** **acquired** **in** **the** previous year, the actual cost to the assessee, and in the case of assets acquired before the previous year, the actual coot to the assessee less all depreciation actually allowed to him under the Act. The allowance towards depreciation is conditioned on the user of the assets, wholly or in part, during the accounting year and thus contributing to the earning of the income. Though it is not unrelated to the profits it does not de**pend** **upon** **the increase or decrease** **in** **the** **earning capacity** **of** **the** **assets,** but is only linked up with physical depreciation in their value. Even so only amount of depreciation actually allowed can be deducted from the **original** **co-;t** **of** **the** **assets to ascertain** **the** **written down value.** _**De hors**_ such an allowance,. it has no significance in income-tax law. f932 F-H; 933 A-BJ (iv) During the years up to and including 1944 the assessee was taxed a·s a non-reiident on the income which fell under s. 4(1) (a) or under s. 4(1) (c), read with s. 42 of the Indian Income-tax Act. The assessee **was only assessed during** **the** **said** **years** **in** **re3pect** **of** **that** **part** **of** **its** QWfits which could be said to be attributable to the sale proceeds or **goods received** **in** **British** **India** **or** **in** **regard** **to** wh~ch **contracts were sign-** **ed** **in** **British India.** **Such income** **was** **brought** **to** **tax** **in** **terms** **of** **r.** **33** of the Indian Income-tax Rules, 1922. The me'.hod adopted was that **the amount** **of** **income** **for** **the** **purpose of Indian Income-tax** **was** **calcu-** **lated** **on·** **an** **amount which bore** **the** **same** **prooortion to** **the** **total profits** **of** **the** **busine1·s** **as** **the** rece:p~s **accruing** **or** arisin~ **in** **India bore to the** total receiots of the bus;ness. By apolying the formula in r. 33 the Income-tax Officer had actu,lly allowed only a fraction of the amount **towards denreciation ailowable** **in** asse~sing **the** **world** **income** **of** **the** asse~see. **The mere fact** **that** **in** **the** **matter** **of** **calculation** **the total** **amount** **o.f** **depreciation** **was** **first** **deducted** _**from**_ **the** **world** **income** **and** thereafter the' proportion was struck in ter~s. of _r. 33 doe~ _not amount to an actual allowance of the entire depreciation m ascertammg the tax A ... - **B** c **D** ' ' E **F** G **H** ........... •• ###### _:_ - •., C. I. T. _V,_ NANDLAL MILLS 927 A able income accrued in India. The Income-tax Officer could have adopted a different method by first ascertaining the gross income accrued in India and then deducting from it the allowance under the Act proportionate to the said income. Whatever method was adopted only a fraction of the total depreciation was actually allowed in ascertaining the taxable income in India. The view taken by the High Court was there fore correct. [933 B-H[ B _Hakumchand Mills Ltd._ v. _Commissioner_ _of_ _Income-tax_ _(Central)_ _Bombay,_ (1963) 47 I.T.R. 949, endorsed. _A. V. Viswanatha_ _Sastri,_ _R._ _Ganapathy Iyer,_ _B._ _R._ G. _K._ _Achar_ and _R._ _N._ _Sachthey,_ for the appellant. c **D** E F **G** H _Per_ Shah, J. (dissenting)-Under s. 10 of the Income-tax Act taxable profits or gains earned by an assessee under the head 'business' after making appropriate allowances under 9Ub-s. (2) have to be computed. One of such allowances is depreciation in respect of the assets used for the purpose of business. But depreciation dete'rmined according to the mies merely enters into the computation of taxable profits, whether the **assessee** **is** **a resident** **or** **a non-resident.** **In** **the** **assessment** **of** **a company** the same rates of tax apply under the Income-tax Act, whether the company is resident or non-resident. If the company is resident under s. 4A( c) its entire world income would be chargeable, subject of course to special exemptions like those provided in s. 14(2) (c) : if it is nonresident only a slice of the income would be chargeable. Under the scheme of the Indian Income-tax Act depreciation like any other allowance has to be allowed in computing the total profit; after the total profit is determined depreciation does not survive as a separate head of allowance. A part only of the total profit of a company determined in the manner prescribed by s. 10, may be taxable. But total profit being determined after depreciation is allowed, between the taxable profits-which may be a fraction of total profits-and depreciation there is no definable **relation. Therefore** **it** **is** **wrong** **to** **presume that** **the** **depreciation allowed** in the taxable territories which is to be taken into account under the proviso to paragraph 2 of the Removal of Difficulties Order is a fraction of the depreciation considered for computing total profits. [940 E-H; 941 A-DJ The fact that income was computed under r. 33 made no difference. In the ascertainment of total profits either for the purposes of assessment **in** **the** **ordinary** **manner when** **the** **income** **of ·the** **assessee** **is** **determined or** when a fraction is to be adopted for the purpose of the second method contemplated by s. 33, there is no scope for assum'ng that only a fcaction of the. depreciation is actually ·allowed. Depreciation is deducted only once and fur all. and it is deducted in determining the total profits of the business. [942B-D] There is therefore no warrant either in s. 10(2) (vi) or in paragraph 2 of the Removal'of Difficulties Order or in r. 33 framed under the Indian Income-tax Act for the view that the dep-eciation allowed is a fraction of the total depreciation of the business. [942 HJ CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 629 to 632 of 1964. Appeals from the order dated September 22 1961 Madhya Pradesh High Court in Mi~c. Civil C~se No. 1960. of the 277 of 928 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1966] 2 S.C.R. _S._ _T._ _Desai,_ _T._ _A._ _Ramachandran,_ _J._ _B._ _Dadachanji,_ for the A respondent. The Judgment of SuBBA RAo and SrKRI, JJ. was delivered by SuBBA RAo, J. SHAH J. delivered a dissenting opinion. Sobba Rao, J. These appeals raise the question of construction of the provisions of the Taxation Laws (Part B States) B (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1950, hereinafter called the Order, in the matter of computation of the aggregate depreciation allowances for the purpose of assessment to tax. Nandlal Bhandari Mills Ltd., is a public company incorporated in Indore under the Indore Companies Act, 1914. It C owns and runs a textile mill and some ginning factories. The Income-tax Officer assessed the Company for the assessment years 1950-51, 1951-52, 1952-53 and 1953-54 on its income of the corresponding accounting years, being the calendar years 1949, l950, 1951 and 1952. In the course of the assessments it became necessary to ascertain the written-down D value of the building, machinery, plant etc. of the respondent company as on January 1, 1949. On April 1, 1950, the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, was extended to Part B States, including Madhya Bharat of which Indore became a part. Till the said date, the assessee was for many years assessed in the Companies Circle, Bombay, as a non-resident and for some years as a resi- E dent under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. It was also assessed to Industrial Tax under the Indore Industrial Tax Rules, 1927. For those years in which it was assessed as a non-resident under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, only that part of its profits which could be said to be attributable to the sale proceeds of goods received in British India or in regard to which F contracts were accepted in British India was brought to tax. After the Indian Income-tax Act was extended to Indore, difficulties arose in the matter of fixing depreciation allowances, for the rates obtaining under the Indian Income-tax Act and those obtaining under the Indore Industrial Tax Rules, 1927, were not the same. After the merger of the State in the Indian Union, G in order to rationalize the tax structure, the Central Government in exercise of the power conferred on it under s. 12 of the Finance Act, 1950, issued the Order whereunder in the case of such disparity the greater of the two sums allowable was directed to be adopted. During the assessment years, pursuant to the terms of that Order, the Income-tax Officer took into account the depre- H ciation allowances for the years up to and including 1944 as computed under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, and for the ' " ' c. I. T. _v._ NANDLAL MILLS _(Subba Rao,_ _!.)_ 929· A subsequent years 1945 to 1948, the depreciation allowance as computed under the Indore Industrial Tax Rules, 1927. On that basis he arrived at the written-down value of the building, plant, machinery etc. of the assessee as on January 1, 1949. On appeals, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and, on further appeals, the Appellate Tribunal, confirmed the orders of the B Income-tax Officer. At the instance of the assessee, the following questions, among others, were referred to the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur : Before the High Court the third question was not pressed; and the second question was concluded by the decision of this Court G in _Commissioner_ _of_ _Income-tax,_ _H.vderabad_ v. _Dewan Bahadur_ _Ramgopal Mills_ _Ltd.(')._ The correctness of the answers given ~y the High Court in respect of these two questions is not questioned before us and, therefore, nothing further need be said about them here. ( 1) Whether the computation of the written-down value of the assets of the applicant in the light of the provisions of the Taxation Laws (Part B States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1950, is legal and valid. (2) Whether the provisions of the Taxation Laws (Part B States) (Removal of Difficu'ties) Order, 1950, and the subsequent modifications thereof were valid in law in the light of the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, the Finance Act, 1950, and the Constitution of India. (3) Whether the Indore Industrial Tax Rules, 1927, could be regarded as rule or law of a Part B State for the purpose of the said Taxation Laws (Part B States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1950, and, if so, whether the same are valid in law; and ( 4) Whether the depreciation 'actually allowed' means the depreciation deducted in arriving at the taxable income or in arriving at the world income. , c D F Q.uestions I and .4, in substance, form two parts of the same H q~e~uon. On quest10n 1, the High Court held that the depre ciation allowed for the years up to and including 1944 in the (I) [1962] 2 S.C.R. 318 : [1961] 41 I.T.R. 28J. 930 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1966] 2 S.C.R. assessments made in the taxable territories would be the depre- A dation which was actually allowed against the taxable income and not the depreciation computed against the total world income. On the 4th question, it answered that the depreciation actually allowed meant the depreciation deducted in arriving at the taxable income. The present appeals filed by the Revenue ·question the correctness of the answers given by the High Court B in regard to questions 1 and 4 referred to it. Mr. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri, learned counsel for the Revenue, argued that the assessee was only entitled to depreciation on the written-down value calculated after deducting all the amounts of depreciation that had been taken into consideration C in determining the world income. He argued that depreciation was allowed in respect of the user of the assets in the business, that the allowance did not depend en the assessable income and that the High Court, therefore, went wrong in striking a proportion on the basis of a part of the income actually assessed under ·the Indian Income-tax Act. D 1:; ~· _f_ ·>. .. ~r:.· #### '{ .,-, ' .. ' Mr. Desai, learned counsel for the assessee, contended that no depreciation as such having been allowed for the years upto and including 1944 as computed under the Indian Income-tax Act, the original cost itself should be taken as the written-down value of the assets. Alternatively, he argued that in any event E only 1hat part of the depreciation which had entered into the ·comp11tation of income found liable to income-tax under the Indian Income-tax Act, which income was calculated on proportionate basis alone, should be deducted from the original cost in determining the written-down value under s. 10(5) (a) of the Indian Income-tax Act. F We shall deal with questions 1 and 4 together, as, as we have indicated earlier, they are really parts of the same question. The answer to the questions turns upon the interpretation of the provisions of the Order. It is, therefore, necessary to read the relevant provisions of the Order. _Paragraph_ 2. _Computation_ _of_ _aggregate deprecia-_ _tion allowance and the written-down_ _value.-_ In making any assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, all depreciation actually allowed under any Jaws or rules of a Part B State relating to income-tax and super-tax, or any law relating to tax on profits of business, shall be taken into account in computing the aggregate depreciation allowance refer G H [~ ] , I ### ' After the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, was extended to the Indore State, difficulties arose in the matter of fixing the allowances for depreciation. The rates of depreciation under the Act and under the Order were not the same. Paragraph 2 of the Order provides that in making an assessment under the Act all E depreciation allowances actually allowed under the laws obtaining in the Part B State before the Act was extended to it shall be allowed. The proviso thereto says that when there is a conflict between the two rates, the greater of the two sums allowed shall be taken into account. The Explanation to t\ie section defines the expression "all depreciation actually allowed under any laws F or rules of a Part B State" to mean the aggregate allowances for depreciation taken into account in computing the written-down value under the laws prevalent in the Part B State or carried forward under the said laws or rules. The argument turned· upon the following expressions in the said paragraph : "actually allowed" in the main part of the paragraph; "allowed in the G assessment" in the proviso; and "taken into account in computing·~ in the Explanation. It is true that decided cases have given a very wide meaning to the word "assessment". It means sometimes "the computation of income"; sometimes, the determination of the amount of tax payable; and sometimes, the procedure laid down in the Act for imposing liability upon the taxpayer. H The proviso used the word "assessment" both with reference to. A B c D c. I. T. _v._ NANDLAL MILLS _(Subba Rao,_ _l.)_ S31, red to in sub-clause (c) of the proviso to clause (vi) of sub-section (2) and the written-down value under clause ( b) of sub-section ( 5) of section 10 of the said Act: Provided that where in respect of any asset, depreciation has been allowed for any year, both in the assessment made in the Part B State and in the taxable territories, the greater of the two sums allowed shall only be taken into account. _Explanation.-For_ the purpose of this paragraph, the expression "all depreciation actually allowed under any Jaws or rules of a Part B State" means and shall be deemed always to have meant the aggregate allowance for depreciation taken into account in computing the written-down value under any laws or rules of a Part B State or carried forward under the said laws or rules. Part B States and also with reference to taxable territories. But we are really not concerned with the shades of meaning the said• 932 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1966] 2 S.CR. word bears under the Act For the purpo&e of computing the **A** written-down value, the amount of depreciation allowed for the purpose of the assessment is only relevant. The key to the understanding of the paragraph is the expression "allowed''. The expression "actually allowed" in the main paragraph, "'allowed" in the proviso, and "taken into account" in the Expla nation mean the same thing. What the Income-tax Officer has **B** to take into consideration in computing the written-down value is the depreciation actually allowed under the Income-tax Act or the Jaws obtaining in Part B States and adopt the greater of the two sums so allowed under that head. It was conceded that the rates under the Indian Income-tax Act were higher for some c years than those obtaining under the laws in force in the Indore State. The question, therefore, is what was the amount actually allowed to the assessee towards depreciation under the Incometax Act during the years up to and inclusive of 1944. This would depend upon the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act. Under s. 10(2) of the Indian Income-tax Act, profits or gains D of business shall be computed after making the allowances enumerated therein. Under cl. (vi}, in respect of depreciation of such buildings, machinery, plant or furniture being the property of the assessee, a sum equivalent to such percentage on the origi nal cost thereof to the assessee as may in any case or class of cases be prescribed and in any other cases, to such percentage **E** on the written-down value thereof as may in any case or class of cases be prescribed be allowed. Under s. 10(5) (b), "written down value" means in the case of assets acquired before the "previous year' the actual cost to the assessee less the depreciation actually allowed to him under the Act. Under the Indian Income-tax Act, income is to be charged to tax without reference I to diminution in the value of capital or the wear and tear involved in the user of the assets; but in respect of specified assets like building, machinery, plant and furniture etc., the Act grants an allowance in the manner prescribed thereunder. Depreciation a11owance is in respect of such assets as are used in the business and shall be calculated on the written-down value, G which means, in the case of assets acquired in the previous year, the actual cost to the assessee and, in the case of assets acquired before the previous year, the actual cost to the assessee less all depreciation actually allowed to him under the Act. The allowance towards depreciation is conditioned on the user of the assets, wholly or in part, during the **B** accounting year and thus contributing to the earning of the income. Though it is not unrelated to the profits, it does not c D ' ' .. .- :,_:;,: __ .. ## .• # c. I. T. _v._ NANDLAL MILLS _(Subba Rao,_ J.) 933 A depend upon the increase or decrease in the earning capacity of the assets, but is only linked up with physical depreciation in their value. Even so, only the amount of depreciation actually allowed can be deducted from the original cost of the assets to ascertain the written-down value. _De hors_ such an allowance, it has no significance in the income-tax law. So the question is, B what was allowed as depreciation by the income-tax authorities in the computation of the taxable income upto and inclusive of the year 1944 ? During the said years the assessee was taxed as a non-resident on the income which fell under s. 4 (I)( a) or under s. 4(1)(c), read withs. 42 of the Indian Income-tax Act. The assessee was only assessed during the said years in respect C of that part of its profits which could be said to be attributable to the sale proceeds or goods received in British India or in regard to which contracts were accepted in British India. Such income was brought to tax in terms of r. 33 of the Indian Income-tax Rules, 1922. Under the said rule, if the actual amount of the income, profits or gains accruing or arising to a D non-resident cannot be ascertained, the amount of such income, profits or gains for the purposes of assessment to income-tax may be calculated on such percentage of the turnover so accruing or arising as the Income-tax Officer may consider to be reasonable, or on an amount which bears the same proportion to the total g profits of the business of such person, such profits being computed in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act, as the receipts so accruing or arising bear to the total receipts of the business, or in such other manner as the Income-tax Officer may deem suitable. Under this provision the Income-tax Officer could proceed thereunder only if he could not ascertain the actual i' amount of the income, profits or gains accruing or arising to a non-resident. If he could not, he could adopt one or other of the three methods mentioned in the rule to ascertain the said income. Two of the said methods permit the Income-tax Officer to make a reasonable or suitable estimate of such income. But, under the third method, which was adopted in the present case, G the amount of such income for the purpose of income-tax shall be calculated on an amount which bears the same proportion to the total profits of the business of such person as the receipts so accruing or arising bears to the total receipts of the business. The working out of this method may best be understood by an illustration. Suppose the total profit of a business is Rs. 100/ • ff and the receipt in India is Rs. 25/-, _i.e.,_ the income accrued in India is one-fourth of the total income. If a sum of Rs. _5_ / • represents the depreciation of the assets used in the business and [1966[ 2 S.C.R. 934 SUPREME COURT REPORTS if this is allowed, the total income will be Rs. 95/-; and onefourth of Rs. 95/- is Rs. 23-75: that is the income accrued in India under this formula. In arriving at Rs. 23. 75 as the income in India, only Rs. 1.25, which is one-fourth of Rs. 5/-, the total. depreciation, is deducted from Rs. 25 /- towards the depreciation, .that is to say, only Rs. 1.25 is actually allowed towards depre A B ciation. The same illustration may also be put in another way. Rs. 25/- is the gross income accrued in India to a non-resident; Rs. _5_ /- is the value of the depreciation on the total assets. By taking one-fourth of Rs. 5/-, _i.e.,_ Rs. 1.25, we get at the figure of Rs. 23.75, that is to say, only one-fourth of the amount representing depreciation is allowed in ascertaining the taxal;>k C income in India. It is, therefore, manifest that the Income-tax Officer, who applied the formula laid down in r. 33 of the Incometax Rules, 1922, in fixing the depreciation allowance, had actually allowed only a fraction of the amount towards depreciation allowable in assessing the world income of the assessee. But the learned counsel for the Revenue contended that the D. entire depreciation of the assets was taken into consideration in computing the taxable income and, therefore, the entire amount should have been taken into account by the Income-tax Officer in arriving at the written-down value of the assets. It appears that the Income-tax Officer in assessing the non-resident upto 1944 had, in calculating the total world income of the assessee. E allowed the entire amount of depreciation; thereafter, he arrived at the taxable income in India by the application of r. 33. As we have pointed out, the mere fact that in the matter of calculation the total amount of depreciation was first deducted from the world income and thereafter the proportion was struck in F terms of r. 33 does not amount to an actual allowance of the entire depreciation in ascertaining the taxable income accrued in India. The Income-tax Officer, as we have pointed out earlier. could have adopted a different method by first ascertaining the gross income accrued in India and then deducting from it the allowance under the Act proportionate to the said income. What- G; ever method was adopted, only a fraction of the total depreciation was actually allowed in ascertaining the taxable income in India. Learned counsel for the assessee contended that under the method adopted in terms of r. 33 of the Income-tax Rules, I 922. no depreciation was allowed at all in ascertaining the taxable H: income in India, for that was only taken into consideration in arriving at the total world income. 1 ·~ ,,. _j;_ *:~ -·•· ...... C. l. T. _v._ NANDLAL MILLS _(Shah,_ J.) 935 A We cannot accept this argument-we may say that the learned counsel did not press this point seriously either. As we have indicated earlier, only a fraction of the amount of depreciation was actually allowed in the assessment of the income accrued in India. We do not propose to express any opinion on the question whether, if the other methods suggested in r. 33 of the Rules **B** were adopted, it could be held that no depreciation was actually allowed in making the assessment. Our conclusion finds support in the judgment of the Bombay High Courc in _Hakumchand Mills Ltd._ v. _Commissioner_ _of_ _Income-tax (Central),_ _Bombay(')._ We endorse the view expressC ed therein. In the result, we hold that the High Court has given correct answers to questions l and 4 referred to it. The appeals fail and are dismissed with costs. , . **D** E F **Shah,** **J.** The respondent, a public limited company was incorporated in the former Indian State of Indore. The Company was being assessed to pay income-tax in the Indore State under the Indore Industrial Tax Rules, 1927, on profits earned in its business of manufacturing: cotton textiles. In assessing tax under the Industrial Tax Rules the Tax Officer of the Indore State allowed depreciation on the assets at rates prescribed by the Industrial Tax Rules. The Company was also assessed to tax in British India under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, for some years as a resident and in others as a non-resident. The State of Indore became a part of the United States of Gwalior, Indore and Malwa in May, 1948, and the United States of Gwalior, Indore and Malwa became on January 26, 1950 a constituent State in the Indian Union as part of the Part B State of Madhya Bharat. The Finance Act, 1950 by s. 13 repealed the Taxation Laws in force in the territories of the Part 'B' States. In proceedings G for assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act for the assessment years 1950-51, 1951-52, 1952-53 and 1953-54, the Incometax Officer worked out the written-down value of the buildings, plant and machinery of the Company on January 1, 1949 by taking into account the depreciation allowed under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, till January 1, 1945, and thereafter the H depreciation allowed under the Indore Industrial Tax Rules, and assessed tax on that footing. The order of the Income-tax (!) [1963] -~-----·----47 l.T.R. 949. USnp. Cl./66-13 [1966) 2 S.C.R. 936 SUPREME COURT REPORTS Officer was confim1ed by the Appellate Assistant Co1umissioner A and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal. The Tribunal referred under s. 66 ( 1) of the Indian Income~ tax Act four questions to the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur. The High Court did not answer questions Nos. 2 & 3, because one of the questions in view of the judgment of this R Court _[Commissioner_ _of_ _Income-tax_ v. _Dewan Bahadur Ram-_ _g@pal_ Mills(')) did not require consideration, and the other was not canvassed. The ~wo other questions are : "( 1) Whether the computation of the written-down value of the assets of the applicant in the light of the provisions of Taxation Laws (Part B States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1950 is legal and valid ? ( 4) Whether the depreciatiun 'actually allowed' means the depreciation deducted in arriving at the taxable income or in arriving at the world income?" The High Court recorded on the first question the answer that depreciation allowed in the years up to and inclusive of the year 1944 in the assessment made in the taxable territories would be the depreciation which was actually allowed against c D the total income and not the depreciation computed against the total world income, and on the fourth question that the depre- E ciation 'actually allowed' means depreciation deducted in arriving at the taxable income. With certificate granted by the High Court, this appeal has been preferred. Under the Indore Industrial Tax Rules, 1927, depreciation was allowed at certain rates in respect of buildings, plant and F machinery. By s. 10(2) (vi) of the Indian Income-tax Act in computing profits or gains of a business, depreciation allowable in respect of buildings, machinery, plant and furniture used for the purpose of business being the property of the assessee, is a sum equivalent to such percentage on the original cost thereof to the assessee as may in any case or class of cases be prescribed G and in any other case, at such percentage on the written-down value thereof as may in any case or class of cases be prescribed. By sub-s. (5) of s. 10, written-down value in sub-s. (2) is defined. By virtue of s. 4A(c) a company is regarded as resident in the taxable territories in any year (i) if the control and management of its affairs is situated wholly in the taxable territories in H that year, or (ii) if its income arising in the taxable territories (I) [1962] 2 S.C.R. 318 : 41 l.T.R. 280 '"' ##### l .~1 C. I. T. _V._ NANDLAL MlLLS _(Shah,_ _J.)_ 937 A in that year exceeds its income arising without the taxable territories in that year. Control and management of the affairs of the Company was at all material times situated at Indore, but in the years in which its British Indian income exceeded the income without British B India, the Company was treated as resident for the purpose of the Indian Income-tax Act, and in the other years it was treated as non-resident. In assessing income of the Company under the Indian Income-tax Act in the years before 1950, the Income-tax Officer had, whether the Company was assessed as resident or non-resident, to ascertain its world income, and for that purpose C to take into account the depreciation allowable under s. 10(2) (vi) read with s. 10(5)(b). Depreciation allowance in respect of the profits of the Company was therefore computed before the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, was made applicable to the territory of the State of Indore by the Finance Act, 1950, under two different statutes-the Indian Income-tax Act, and the Indore D Industrial Tax Rules, and in the assessment year 1950-51 there were two different sets of written-down values of the buildings,. plant and machinery of the Company. - To remove anomalies arising from the application of the· E Income-tax Act in the computation of taxable income of assessees from the Part B States, the Central Government issued under s. 12 of the Finance Act, 1950, the Taxation Laws (Part B States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1950. Paragraph 2 of that Order as originally promulga-ted read as follows : F G H "In making any assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, all depreciation actually allowed under any laws or rules of a Part B State relating to income-tax and super-tax, or any law relating to tax on profits of business, shall be taken into account in computing the aggregate depreciation allowance referred to in sub-clause ( c) of the proviso to clause (vi). of sub-section (2) and the written-down value under clause (b) of sub-section (5) of section 10 of the said Act: Provided that where in respect of any asset, depreciation has been allowed for any year both in the assessment made in the Part B State and in the taxable territories, the greater of the two sums allowed shall only be taken into account." 938 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1966] 2 S.C.R. But the expression "all depreciation actually allowed under any **A** laws or rules of a Part B State" in paragraph 2 was ambiguous. The Central Government purported to issue a notification under s. 60A of the Indian Income-tax Act incorporating an Explanation to paragraph 2, but the notification was declared by the High Court of Hyderabad as invalid: S. _V. Naik_ v. _Commissioner_ _of_ _Income-tax, Hyderabad(')._ Thereafter, the Central Govern- **B** ment issued an amendment to the Order in exercise of the powers under s. 12 of the Finance Act, 19 50, and ineldrporated !an Explanation with retrospective operation. The Explanation which became effective from May 8, 1956, provided: "For the purpose of this paragraph, the expression c "all depreciation actually allowed under any laws or rules of a Part B State" means and shall be deemed always to have meant the aggregate allowance for depreciation taken into account in computing the written-down value under any laws or rules of a Part B State or carried forward under the said laws or **D** rules." By the Explanation it was sought to evolve a method of calculation of depreciation under the law or rules in force in a Part 'B' State : it was in effect a definition clause. Therefore if before the application of the Income-tax Act, an assessee in a Part 'B' **E** State was being assessed to tax only under a State law, depreciation actually allowed had to be taken into account for ascertaining the written-down value of buildings, plant and machinery in the assessment year 1949-50 : if he was assessed under the Indian Income-tax Act as well as the State law, in determining the appropriate written-down value, the proviso to paragraph 2 had **F** to be applied, and depreciation actually allowed under the State .law had to be compared wi~h the depreciation actually allowed under the Indian Income-tax Act. The expressions "depreciation actually allowed under any law or rule of a Part B State" in the first clause, and the expressions "depreciation has been allowed . . . . in the assessment in **tlte** Part **B** State" in the proviso have G in relation to any year of assessment the same connotation. That is common ground. The point in dispute is about the true import of the expression "depreciation . . . allowed for any year . . . in the taxable territories". The normal scheme of depreciation under the Income-tax Act is that depreciation progressively decreases every year, being a percentage of the written- **H** down value, which in the first year is the actual cost to the (1)20 I.T.R,2G6 C. I. T. _v._ NANDLAL MILLS _(Shah,_ J.) 939 A assessee, and in the years following the actual cost less all depre ciation allowed under the Income-tax Act, 1922, or any Act repealed thereby: see s. 10(5) (b). The Indore Industrial Tax Rules were, however, repealed by the Finance Act, 1950 and not by the Income-tax Act, and the definition of written-down value in s. 10 ( 5 )(b) was in terms inapplicable, and depreciation had B to be calculated under the special machinery prescribed by the proviso to paragraph 2 of the Taxation Laws (Part B States) ( Renloval of Difficulties) Order, 1950, when assessment of income had been made both under the State law and the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. C In determining the written-down value of the buildings, plant and machinery of the Company, the Appellate Tribunal held that the expression "actually allowed" in paragraph 2 means deprecia· tion which is availed of for the purpose of assessment of tax, and not merely a fraction of tho total depreciation allowance taken into account in levying charge upon a part of the taxable D income at a rate determined by the total world income. That is stated in paragraph 10 of the judgment of the Tribunal : ; "The last contention of the assessee is that the Income-tax Officer should not have taken the full depreciation availed of in the preceding years, but that the depreciation should be apportioned in the same manner as the income brought to assessment. The deduction should only be made in respect of that depreciation which can reasonably be attributable to the Indian income. We think that the law does not make any distinction as to the part of income which was brought to assessment under the Indian Incometax Act. If depreciation has in fact been availed of by the assessee either under the Indian Income-tax Act or under the Industrial Rules of the State deduction has to be made." L E F G The High Court did not accept this view. They observed m paragraph-8 of their judgment : n ". . . . . . the depreciation in respect of an asset under the Indian Income-tax Act would clearly be the one actually allowed as laid down in Section 10 ( 5 )(b) an!l the ·depreciation under the Part B State's law would also be the one actually allowed as provided in the substantive part of paragraph 2. It follows, therefore, that under the proviso it is the greater of the two 940 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1966] 2 S.C.R. depreciation allowances actually allowed that has to be taken into account in computing the written down value under section lO(S)(b). The word "allowed" used in the proviso thus takes its colour from the expression "all depreciation actually allowed to him under this Act" as used in Section lO(S)(b) and the words "all depreciation actually allowed under any laws or rules of a Part B State" used in paragraph 2. The "Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Tribunal adopted this construction of the word "allowed" as used in the proviso; but inconsistently with this they held that the words "in the assessment made" used in the proviso indicated that it was the greater of the depreciation not actually allowed but taken into account against the total world income that was to be taken into account in computing the written-down value under section 10(5) (b) after 1950. We are unable to agree with this view. The proviso has to be read with the substantive part of paragraph 2 and section 10 ( 5) (b) and is concerned only with laying down the rule that the greater of the two depreciation allowances shall be taken into account." Under s. 10 of the Income-tax Act taxable profits or gains earned by an assessee under the head "business" after making appropriate allowances under sub-s. ( 2) have to be computed. One of such allowances is depreciation in respect of buildings, machinery, plant and furniture being the property of the assessee and used for the purpose of the business, at such percentage on the original cost thereof to the assessee or such percentage on the written-down value thereof as may in any case or class of cases be prescribed. The view which has appealed to the High Court is that even though in determining the rate at which tax was to be charged in respec~ of the income of the company as resident (subject to the deductions permissible under s. 14(2) (c) or as a non-resident, the entire depreciation at rates applicable under the Indian Income-tax Act had to be taken into account, depreciation allowed in the taxable territories within the meaning of the proviso meant only the fraction of the total amount of depreciation calculated in determining the income, equal to the fraction which the income taxable under the Indian Income-tax Act bore to the total income of the Company. But depreciation determined according to the rules merely enters into the computation of taxable profits, whether the assessee is a A B c D E F G H I l C. I. T. _v._ NANDLAL MILLS _(Shah,_ J.) 941 resident or a non-resident. I.n the assessment of a Company the same rates of tax apply under the Indian Income-tax Act, whether the Company is resident or non-resident. If the Company is resident under s. 4A(c) its entire world income would be chargeable, subject of course to special exemptions like those provided by s. 14(2) (c) : if it is non-resident only a slice of ·n that income would be chargeable. In determining the chargeable income from business, profession or vocation and the rate applicable thereto, the same rules apply, whether the Company is taxed as resident or non-resident. Under the scheme of the Income-tax Act depreciation like any other allowance has to be allowed in computing the total profit : after the total profit is ·C determined depreciation does not survive as a separate head of allowance. A part only of the total profit of a Company determined in the manner prescribed by s. 10 may, for reasons already mentioned, be taxable. But total profit being determined after depreciation is allowed, between the taxable profits-which may 'D be a fraction of the total profits-and depreciation there is no definable relation. Therefore it is wrong to presume that the depreciation allowed in the taxable territories, which is to be taken into account under the proviso to paragraph 2 of the Removal of Difficulties Order is only a fraction of the depreciation considered for computing total profit. The view which prevailed with the Tribunal that in determining the depreciation allowed within the meaning of the proviso, it is wholly immaterial that a part of the total income was . chargeable to tax "if depreciation has in fact been availed of by the assessee", is in my judgment correct. F H Reliance was sought to be placed upon r. 33 of the Indian Income-tax Rules, by counsel for the Company in support of his plea. The material part of the Rule is : "In any case in which the Income-tax Officer is of opinion that the actual amount of the income, profits or gains accruing or arising to any person residing out of the taxable territories whether directly or indirectly .... in the taxable territories ...... cannot be ascertained, the amount of such income, profits or gains for the purposes of assessment to income-tax may be calculated on such percentage of the turnover so accruing or arising as the Income-tax Officer may consider to be reasonable, or on an amount which bears the same wroportion to the total profits of the business of such 942 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1966] 2 S.C.R. person (such profits being computed in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act) as the receipts so accruing or arising bear to the total receipts of the business, or in such other manner as the Incometax Officer may deem suitable." - ' ~. \ The rule in terms applies only when the Income-tax Officer cannot ascertain the actual income, profits or gains accruing or arising to any person residing outside the taxable territories. Where from the evidence actual income can be determined the rule has no application. Again the rule contemplates the computation of income of a non-resident in three different ways : ( **1)** on such percentage of the turnover so accruing or arising as the Income-tax Officer may consider to be reasonable; (2) on an amount which bears the same proportion to the total profits **A.** c of the business of such person as the receipts so accruing or arising bear to the total receipts of the business (such profit being computed in accordance with the provisions of the Indian D· Income-tax Act); and ( 3) in such other manner as the Incometax Officer may deem suitable. In the computation of income of a non-resident by the second method it inay be necessary to determine and allow depreciation. When the first or the third method is resorted to, deter- E ruination of depreciation would normally be out of place, because by the first method the income is taken as a percentage of the turnover accruing or arising, and by the third method taxable income may be determined in such other manner as the Incometax Officer deems suitable. Paragraph 2 of the Taxation Laws (Part **B** States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1950, applies F only to cases in which in making an assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act depreciation allowed has to be taken into account in computing the total profits or income. Where the question of considering the depreciation allowed does not arise, because in the method adopted determination of depreciation does not enter, paragraph 2 of necessity would have no application. What must, G however, be noticed is that in the ascertainment of total profits, either for the purposes of assessment in the ordinary manner when the income of the assessee is determinable, or where a fraction is to be adopted for the purpose of the second method contemplated by r. 33, there is no scope for assuming that only a fraction of the depreciation is actually allowed. Depreciation is **H** deducted once and for all, and it is deducted in determining the total profits of the business. •' ' C. I. T. v. NANDI.AL MILLS _(Shah,_ J.) A There is therefore no warrant either in s. 10(2)(vi) or in paragraph 2 of the Taxation Laws (Part B States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1950, or in r. 33 framed under the Indian Income-tax Act, for the view that depreciation allowed is a fraction of the total depreciation of the business. I am unable to agree with the view taken by the High Court that in determining B the appropriate written-down value, by the application of the rule contained in the proviso to paragraph 2, only a fraction of the depreciation allowed in assessments made under the Indian Income-tax Act, should be taken into account. I record an answer on the first question in the affirmative, c and on the fourth question that the depreciation actually allowed m<,ans the depreciation taken into account in arriving at the total or world income. ORDER In accordance with the opinion of the majority, the appeals D are dismissed with costs.