Co-operative Bank v. Dalichand

**A** **DECCAN MERCHANTS CO-OPERATIVE BANK LTD.** _v._ **M/S. DALICHAND JUGRAJ JAIN AND** **ORS.** **B** c **D** E **F** **G** **H** _August_ 29, 1968 [S. M. SlKRI, R. S. BAcHAWAT AND K. S. HEGDE, JJ.] _**Maharasht.ra Co-operative Societies- Act,**_ **1960,** **s.** **91** _**(1)-Expressions**_ _**"touching**_ _**the**_ _**business of**_ _**the**_ _**society" and**_ "p.~rson _**claiming through a**_ _**member"-Scope**_ _**of,--Confiict with provisions**_ _**of**_ _**Rent**_ _**Act-Provisions**_ _**of**_ _**lVhich**_ _**Act**_ _**to**_ _**orevail.**_ _**S.**_ _**154-lf provides alternative**_ _**remedy-Whether**_ _**High Court has juris·**_ _**diction to interfere with interlocutory order**_ _**of**_ _**Registrar referring dispute**_ _**to arbitration.**_ The fourth respondent obtained a loan from the appellant bank, a banking company established as a Co-operative Society under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, and mortgaged certain property with the bank **as** **security for the loan.** **As he defaulted** **in** **the re-payment** **of** **the loan,** the property was transferred to the bank in May, 1963 under s. 100 of the Maharashtra Ce>-operative Societies Act, 1960 and the physical posses**siou also handed over to the bank. In the meantime, the fourth respon-** **dent** **had** **executed an agreement on June 29, 1961, which mentioned** **that** the property had been mortgaged to the appellant, and whereby the entire **ground-floor** **of** **the building was let to the** **first** **respondent on a monthly** rental of Rs. 250. **The** **bank** **called upon** **the** **first** **respondent to vacate the premises but** they refused to do so. On June 11, 1963, the bank applied to the District Deputy Registrar, Co-operative Societies, Bombay, praying that the dispute between the bank and the first respondent be, referred to arbitration and stating that as the respondents claimed their rights through the original **owner, the fourth respondent, the** **dispute.** **wa:s** **capable** **of** **being referred** **under** **s.** **93 of the Act to the Registrar or his nominee for decision.** **The** Assistant Registrar thereafter passed an order on June 19, 1963 to the **effect** **that** **he was satisfied there** **was** **a 'dispute' within** **the meaning** **of** s. **91** **(1)** **of the Act** **and** **'referred** **it** **for the decision of his nominee,** **the** **second resvondent.** T,he first respondent challenged the Registrar's order of Juoe 19, 1963 br a writ petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution. on the· grounds, _inter_ _alia,_ that the alleged dispute did not fall within the scope of s. 91 of the Act; and that furthermore, in view of the provisions of s. 28 of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging Rates Control Act, 1947, such a **dispute could only be determined under the provisions** **of** **that Act.** **The** High Court allowed the petition holding that the first respondent could **not** **be** **said to be claiming through a member** **of** **the bank** **as** **a member** **and** **consequently the dispute could not be** **the** **subject matter** **of** **reference** U•der s: 91 (I) (bl. It held, however,, that the words "touching the business **of the** **society" in s.** **91** **were very wide** **and** **would include any matter which** **relates** **to** **or concerns** **o'r** **affects the business** **of** **the society.** ~­ .:: # 888 SUPREME COURT RF.PORTS [1969]1 SCR. On appeal to this Court by a certificate, A HELD : dismissing the appeal : ( i) The word "business" in the expression "touching the business of a society" m s. 91 (1) docs not mean affairs of the society. It has been l7<iCd here in a. n~rro,vcr. sense a~d means the actual trading or commcrc1a1 dr_ orhcr s1n11la! husincs,c-; activity of the society which the society is authorised to enter into under the Act and the Ruic'\ 11nd its hvc-la\\"S. Jn the prcsc_nt case the socicly wa~ a co-oper.itive hank and o'rdinarily a B co-opcrattve bank cannot be s~ud to he engaged in busine-ss when it lets out properlit--s o\l.·ncd by it. Therefore the present disput-~ bct\\'Ccn a lcnant of .a member of the hank in a huilding which had subsequently been acquired by the bank could not be said to be a dispute touching the business of the bank. [896 C, E·Fl _f"arkhundali_ v. _Potdar,_ 63 B.l. ... R. 985; referred to. (ii) The dio;putc in the present case \\·as not a dispute between a society and a men1ber or a person claiming through a member. Bcfor·~ a person ean be s.1id 10 claim through a member, the claim should arise through a transaction or dealing y,:hich the mcn1her entered into with the society as a member. In the present case when the original ov.·ncr executed the lease. he v. as not acting as a member but ao; a mort~a.gor in possession, and, therefore the bank's claim did not fall within s. 91 (I) (b) of the Act. [898 B. CJ E. _C! .. 1i.1ulkern_ v. _Jeanes_ _Lnrd_ 4 A.C. 182: _,\forrison_ v. G/1H'('r; 154 E.R. 1281: _l'rcnticc_ v. _Lone/on,_ \0, C.P. 679: _Pa/lisa_ v. _Dale,_ [1897] I Q.B. 257; _Jurfom_ \'. _I::llrnncrc_ _C/11h._ [1948] All E.R. 844; S/irmn _Co-_ _operative Socict.v_ v. I~c;fnihai, 54 B.L.R. 517; _Krishna Ayyar_ _v:_ _Urban_ _Bank,_ I.LR. (191.1] 56 Mad. 970; Ve~etola Lrd. v. _Wlwlesa/e_ _Co-op._ _Stores._ ( 1956) 1 M.IJ.J. 36; _1\1t<n1mu_ _Kevi_ v. _Thirurangadi Co.operative_ ## • _Rum/_ _Bank_ Lrd. I.LR. [1964] 1 Ker. 83; referred _to._ _1\fishrflnal_ v. _District_ _Co..opcrlltive_ _GroHJCrs_ _Association,_ A.LR. 1961 1'.1.P. 40 and _Kisanlal_ v. _Co-cpcrative_ _Central_ _Hank_ _1.rd •._ A.LR. 1946 Nag. 16; dis<tpprovcd. (iii) Section 91 of the ~tahara<1htra Co-operative Societies Act does not affect the provisions of -;. 28 of the Bomhay Rents, llotcl and Lodging Rates C<mtrol Act, 1947. Although hoth these provisions start by exclud· ing "an)thing contained in any 01her law", the t\\'O Acts can he harmonized bi.;.:;r bv holding that in matters covered hy the Rent Act. it'> provisions r~l.'11cr ·than the provisions of the fi.1aha'rashtra Co-operative Societies Act, should apply. The latter Act was passed, in the main. to shorten litigati0t1, lessen its costs and to provide a summarv procedure for the detcrmiuation of the disputes relating to the internal management of the societie:;. Hut under the Renr Act a different social objective is intended to be a.:hicvcd and for achieving that social objective it is necessary that a dispuic hetwecn the landlord and the tenant -should he dealt \VJlh hy 1he Court-. s.ct up under the Rent Act and in accordance with the special provisions of the Rent Act. This social objective does not impinge on the objective underlying the ~1aharashtra Co-0pcr~11ive Societies Act. (902 f-HJ c D E F G H (iv) There "'·a-. no f?rce in ~he ~ontcn.tion that thc. lligh Court ~cted ·in excess of jurisdiction tn entcnng into d1si;>uted _quest1onco of ~act,,1nter~ fering. with an interlocutory ordc~ and dealing with the c;Lc;e 1n spite of an alternJtive remcdv bc1n~ ava1\ablc to the respondents under s. 154 ·of the Act. The High Court has jurisdiction to go into disputed questions of fact. and to quash <tn intcrlocutorv order even thc:iug~ some sort 8f alternative remed\' exists under s. 154 of the Act. Section 154 .of the Act _iriter alia_ enables the State Governmc~t to call for and ex;im1nc the A **B** c **D** E F G **H** CO-OP. BANK _v._ DALICHAND _(Sikri,_ J.) 88!) record of any inquiry or the prooeedings of any other matter of _"?Y_ **subordinate officer.** **This remedy cannot be treated** **as** **an** **alternative** **remedy for the purposes of deciding the questions** **raised** **by** **the** **peti·** tioners. [903 BJ CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 358 of 1967. Appeal from the judgment and order dated Februaty 26, 1965 and March 1, 1965 of the Bombay High Court in Misc. Application No. 312 of 1963. _B._ _R._ _Naik,_ _P._ _J._ _Vaidya, K._ _R._ _Chaudhuri_ and _K. Rajendra_ _Chaudhuri,_ for the appellant. _P._ _K._ _Chatterjee_ and _S._ _P._ _Nayar,_ for respondents Nos. 2 arnd 3. The J udgmcnt of SIKRI and HEGDE, JJ. was delivered by :>rKRI, J. BACHAWAT, J. delivered a separate Opinion. **Sikri,** **J.** This appeal by certificate granted by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay is directed against its judgment allowing the writ petition filed by the firm M/s. Dalichand Jugraj Jain, first respondent before us-hereinafter referred to as the petitionersunder Art. 226 of the Constitution, and setting ·aside the order of the Assistant Registrar (D), Co-operative Societies, Bombay, referring the dispute between the petitioners and the Deccan Merchants Co-operative Bank Ltd., appellants before us-hereinafter referred to as the Bank. We may mention that in the petition filed before the High Court by the petitioners there were four respondents; the first respondent was the Assistant Registrar (D), Co-operative Societies, Bombay, the second respondent was the Regisfrar's nominee; the third respondent was the Bank and the fourth respondent was Waman Wasudeo Wagh-hereinafter referred to as the original owner. Before us the Bank is the appellant, while the petitioners and the three other respondents before the High Court are the first, second, third and fourth respondents. The main point that arises in this appeal is whether the dispute between the petitioners and the Bank can be referred by the Registrar for arbitration unler sub-s.(l) of s. 91 of the Maharashtra Co-operative Societies Act, 1960 (Mah. Act XXXII of 1961), hereinafter referred to as the Act. Before we set out the relevant provisions of the Act it is necessary to state the relevant facts out of which the dispute ~rose. The original owner on June 29, 1961, executed an agreement by e.vhich he leased the entire ground-floor of building No. 195-197 _S._ _T. Desai,_ _F._ _Nariman, K._ _L._ _Hathi_ and _Atiqur Rehman,_ for respondent No. 1. Shaik Memon Street, Bombay, to the petitioners _on_ a monthly - 890 SlJPREME COl:RT REPORTS [ 1969] I S.CR . rent of Rs. 250. Clause 6 of this agreement mentions that the property had been mortgaged to the Bank. The appellant was established as a Banking company in the year 1917 as a co-opcrntive society under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912 (Central Act) and they are deemed to be registered under the Act. The 01 iginal owner was the Chairman of the Bank, and he had taken a loan from the Dank and as security for the due payment of th~ loan taken by him he had deposited the title deeds of the said property with the !:lank, and thus mortgaged the bunding to the Bank. It appears that certain arbitration proceedings between the Bank and the original owner took place before the Registrar's nominee, Bombay, and Greater Bombay, and a consent aw~!rd was given between the parties on October 26, 1961, under which the original owner was ordered to pay to the Bank a sum of Rs. 6,00.000 by certain instalments as therein provided. Clause 5 of the said consent award mentioned that the said immovable property at 195-197 Shaik Memon Street, would continue as security for the claims of the Bank till entire satisfaction. It further appears that the original owner committed default in makin!! payment of the amount under the consent award and thereupon. in execution of the said award, an order was made on January 3, 1963. under s. 98 of the Act, for the sale of the said property. As the property could not be sold for want of buyers, the Collector of l:lombay made an order and issued a ccrtiticah' of transfer, dated May 13, 1963, under s. 100 of the Act. directing that the right, title and interest of the original owner in the said property would be transferred to the Bank subject to the terms and conditions laid down in the schedule to the said c~rti­ ficate of transfer. In accordance with the directions given 10 th~ Revenue Inspector, the Revenue Inspector of the Collector o:· Bombay prepared a list of the tenants of the property on May 15, 1963, and furnished the same to the Bank. Physical possession of the property was also handed over to the Bank. On June 5, 1963, the Bank addressed a Jetter to the petitioners stating that the Bank had come to know that they were occupying the entire ground-floor of the building (situate at 195-197, Shaik Memon Road, Bombay) transferred to the Bank under s. 100 of the Act, and further stating that their occupation was unauthorised and otherwise illegal and they had neither any right nor title nor interest to continue in occupation of the same. The Bank called upon them to quit, vacate and deliver vacant peaceful possession of the ponion of the building in their occupation within 48 hours from the receipt of this notice failing which appropriate legal proceedings would be adopted. The petitioners replied on June 24, 1963, challenging thQ. transfer of the property to the Bank and also denying that they A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H CO-OP. BANK _V._ DALlCHAND (~ikri, /.) 891 were in unauthorised or illegal occupation. Before this the Bank, on June 11, 1963 had applied to the District Deputy Registrar, Co-operative Societies, Bombay, under ss. 91-96 of the Act, praying that the dispute between the Bank and the petitioners be referred to arbitration. In this application seven parties were made respondents including the original owner and the petitioners. We are not concerned with the other five respondents. It was stated in the application that the Bank, pursuant to the certificate issued by the Collector under s. 100 of the Act, had been put in possession of the building at No. 195-197 Shaik Memon Street, Bombay, but the original owner, however, retained possession of part of the property in his "possession or in the possession of the petitioners and the other five respondents. It was asserted that the seven respondents had no right, title or interest to the suit premises, and, at any rate, they are not tenants or sub-tenants of the suit premises either within the meaning of the Bombay Rents Hotel and Lodging Rates Control Act, 1947, hereinafter referred to as the Rent Act, or the Transfer of Property Act. It was further stated that the other six respondents were claiming through the original owner who was a member of the Bank. It was further alleged that by virtue of the said certificate issued under s. 100 of the Act, the Bank was entitled to vacant and peaceful possession of the suit premises by evicting the seven respondents. It was also alleged that the dispute fell within the ambit of ss. 91-96 of the Act and as such the same was capable of being referred for decision under s. 93 of the Act. It was _inter alia_ prayed that the dispute be referred to the Registrar or to his nominee or to his Board of nominees under ss. 91 to 96 of the Act for decision and the respondents be ordered to vacate and deliver possession of the suit premises which was in their possession. Compensation, interest and costs were also claimed. On June 19, 1963, the Assistant Registrar passed the following order : "After going through the plaint mentioned above, I, Shri G. V. Koimattur, Assistant Registrar, C.S. (D) Bombay, am satisfied that a "dispute" within the meaning of section 91 (1) of the Maharashtra Co-operative Societies Act, 1960 exists in this case and the same is therefore referred for decision to Shri K. C. Mandivkar, Registrar's Nominee." On July 2, 1963, the nominee passed an order summoning the parties to appear before him on July 23, 1963. On Septem· ber 6, 1963, the petitioners filed the petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution. After setting out the facts mentioned above ands. 91 of the Act, it was submitted by them in the petition that "aie dispute which is alleged in the said application dated 11th June 1963, is not one which falls within the scope and ambit of - **8 92** SUPREME COL"RT REPORTS (1969) I S.CR. ihe said section 91 of the said Act and/ or between the parties therein specified." It was further submitted that the dispute was not one which touches the business of the Bank, and that the petitioners were not the persons claiming through a member of the Bank. It was also ;ubmittcd that in view of s. 28 of the Rent Act, the dispute which had been referred by the Assistant Registrar to his nominee could only he detennined by the Court of Small Causes. Bombay, and that the Assistant Registrar had no iur;sdiction to refer the said dispute to his nominee for determination. The petitioners accordingly prayed for issue of a writ of _certiorari_ or other appropriate writ against the Assistant Registrar or his nominee and quashing the order dated June 19, 1963. We need not mention the other reliefs claimed in the petition. The answer to the points raised in the petition depends in the main on the proper interpretation of s. 9 I of the Act. The relevant provisions of the Act arc as follows Section 91 runs : B c "91. (I ) Notwithstanding anything contained in D any other law for the time being in force, any dispute touching the constitution. elections of the oflice-bcarers, conduct of general meetings, management or business of a society shall be referred by any of the parties to the dispute, or by a federal society to which the society is affiliated, or by a creditor of the society, to the Regis- E trar, if both the parties thereto arc one or other of the following : la) a Society, its committee, any past committee, any past or present officer, any past or present agent, any past or present servant or nominee, heir or legal representative of any deceased officer, deceased agent F or deceased servant of the society, or the liquidator of the society; (b) a member. past member or a person claiming through a member. past member or a deceased member of a society, or a society which is a member of the **society;** G (c) a person. other than a member of the society. who has been granted a Joan by the society, or with whom the socictv has or had transactions under the provisions of section 45, and any person claiming through such a person; G (d) a surety of a member. past member or a deceased member. or a person other than a member who has been granted a loan by the society under section 45, **H** 893 A B c D E F G H Sub-section ( 1) of s. 93 provides that if the Registrar is satisfied that any matter referred to him or brought to his notice is a dispute within the meaning of s. 91, the Registrar shali, sub ject to the rules, decide the dispute himself, or refer it for disposal CO-OP. BANK V, DALICHAND _(Sikri,_ J,) 'whether such a surety is or is not a member of the society; ( e) any other society, or the Liquidator of such a society. ( 2) When any question arises whether for the purposes of foregoing sub-section, a matter referred to for decision is a dispute or not, the question shall be considered by the Registrar, whose decision shall be final. (3) Save as otherwise provided under sub-section (3) of section 93, no court shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or other proceedings in respect of any dispute referred to in sub-section ( 1). _Explanation_ 1-A dispute between the Liquidator of a society and the members of the same society shall not be referred to the Registrar under the provisions of sub-section (1). _Explanation_ 2-For the purposes of this subSf'.ction a dispute shall include( i) a claim for or against a Society for any debt or demand due to it from a member or due from it to a member, past member or the nominee, heir or legal representative of a deceased member or servant or employee, whether such a debt or demand be admitted or **not;** (ii) a claim by a surety for ariy sum or demand due to him from the principal borrower in respect of a loan by a society and recovered from the surety owing to the default of the principal borrower, whether such a sum or deman~ be admitted or not; (iii) a claim by a society for any loss caused to it by a member, past member or deceased member, by any officer, past officer or deceased officer, by any agent, past agent or deceased agent, or by any servant, past s.~rvant or deceased servant, or by its committee, past or present, whether such loss be admitted or not; (iv) a refusal or failure by a member, past member or a nominee, heir or legal representative of a deceased member, to deliver possession to a society of land or any other asset resumed by it for breach of conditions of the assignment." - _894_ SUPREME C01iRT REPORTS [1969]1SCR. to a nominee, or a board of nominees, appointed by the Re~istrar. Seeiion 96 provides that when a dispute is rcli.:rred to arbitration, the Registrar or his nominee or board of nominees mav, after givi;ig a reasonable opportunity to the parties to the dispute to be heard, make an award on the dispute. This case was heard alongwith two other cases by the Bombay High Court and various aucstions were debated before it. The High Court held : ( 1 ) that the Registrar or the Assistant Registrar is bound to hear the petitioners before making the orders referring the dispute to his nominee; ( 2) that the petitioners were not heard by the Assistant Registrar before the order of reference was made but it was not necessary to remand the matter to the Assistant Registrar for decidin!! the question about the existence of a disput.~ within the meaning of s. _9_ I after hearing the parties as the questions raised were general questions which arose in many cases and the parties desired that the position in law might be clarified; _(_ 3) that the jurisdiction of the Court would be determined at the time of the institution of the suit when the plaint is filed and the pica of the defendant would not determine or change the forum; A B c D E ( 4) that the question whether a dispute within the meaning of s. 91 existed or not will have to be decided hy reference to the avermcnts made in the application for reference made under r. 75 of the Rules; _(_ 5) that the words "touching the husine8' of the society" in s. 91 were very wide and would include any matter which relates to or concerns or aITects the busi- F ness of the society; in other words, the dispute need not directly arise out of the business of the society but it was enough if it had reference or relation to or concern with its business; _(_ 6) that the dispute in regard to the possession of the premises occupied by the petitio11P.rs can be said to G touch the business of the Bank; (7) that the words "claiming through a member" must be given their ordinary meaning, that is, deriving title or rights through a member. At the same time weight must be attached to the word "member", and the title or right claimed must b.e those to which a member H was entitled or which he could claim by virtue of his being a member. The words "claiming through a ·member" therefore mean deriving such title or rights H 895 c' 'B c D E H The learned counsel for the Bank, Dr. B. Naik, contends that : ( 1) the High Court has act?d in excess of jurisdi~­ tion and with material irregularity inasmuch as (a) 1t has entered into disputed questions of fact; (b) _!t_ has interfered with an interlocutory order, and ( c) 1t has dealt with the case in spite of an alternative remedy being available to the petitioners under s. 154 of the Act; (2) assuming, without admitting, the facts, the petitioners would be persons claiming through a member and accordingly the reference is good; and (3) while making an order under s. 91(2) of the Act the Registrar is concerned only with the avern1ents in the plaint and not with the pleas of the defendant. The learned counsel for the petitioners, Mr. S. T. Desai, on the other hand, contends ( 1) that fu~re is no dispute touching the business of the society; (2) that the petitioners were not claiming through a member as a member; (3) that the Rent Act (Bombay Rents Hotel & Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947) gives exclusive jurisdiction to the Court of Small Causes and accordingly the Registrar had no jurisdiction to refer the dispute to his nominee; and ( 4) that the (J.etitioners should have been heard before the case was referred to the Registrar's nominee and, therefore, the reference is bad. The principal questions which arise on the interpretation of s. 91 are two : ( 1) what is the meaning of the expression "touching the business of the society?" and ( 2) what is the meaning of the expression "a person claiming through a member" which occurs in s. 91 (1 )(b)? The answer depends on the words used in the Act. Althouoh number of cases have been cited to us on similar expressions co':i.tained in various other acts, both Indian and English, in the first instance, it is advisable to restrict the enquiry to the terms of the ei!actment itself, because the legislatures have been chanoino the ~ords and expanding the scope of references to arbitrato~s ~r to CO·OP. BANK _V,_ DALICHAND _(Sikri,_ .f_,) through a member as the member possessed. or ~ad acquired by reason of his being a member or m his capacity as a member; and ( 8) that the petitioners cannot be said to be claiming through a member of the Bank as a memJ:>er; consequently clause (b) will not apply and the dispute between them and the Bank cannot be the subject-matter of a reference under sub-section ( 1) of s. 91. - 896 SUPRn!E COURT REPORTS [ [ 969] J S.C. R. the Regi.strars step by step. The sentence, namely, "notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force·· ckarly ousts the jurisdiction of Civil Courts if the dispute falls squarely within the ambit of s. 91 (I). Five kinds of uisputes are mentioned in sub-s. (I); first, disputes touching the constitution of a society; secondly, disputes touching election of the oflice-bcarers of a society; thirdly, disputes touching the conduct of general meetings of a society, fourthly, disputes touching the management of a society; and, fifthly, disputes touchin~ the business of a society. It is clear that the word ··ousi1v~ss" in this context docs not mean affairs of a society because election of oflice-bcarcrs, conduct of general meetings and management of a society would be treated as affairs of a society. In this sub-section the \\Ord '"business" has been used in a narrower sense and it means the actual trading or commercial or other similar business activity of the society which the society is authorised to enter into under the Act and the Rules and its byc**Ja,vs.** The question arises whether the dispute touchin.g the assets of n society would be a dispute touching the business of a society. This would depend on the nature of the society and the rules and bye laws governing it. Ordinarily, if a society owns buildings and lets out parts of buildings which it does not require for its own purpose it cannot be said that letting out of those parts is a part of the business of the society. But it may he that it is the business of a society to construct and buy houses and let them out to its .members. Jn that case letting out property may be part of its business. In this case, the society is a co-operative bank and ordinarily a co-operative hank cannot be said to be engaged in business when it lets out properties owned by it. Therefore, it seems to us that the present dispute hetwecn a tenant of a member of the bank in a building which has subsequently been acquired by the Bank cannot be said to be a dispute touching the business of the Bank, and the appeal should fail on this short .2ro1md. A **B** c **D** **E** **F** The Hieh Court had followed the observations of the Full Bench of ihc Bombay High Court in _1.·arkl11111dali_ v. _!'otdar!')_ wherein it was ohserved : G 'The nature of business. which a society docs, is to be ascertained from the objects of the society. But whatever the socictv does or is necessarily required to do for the purpose <if carrying out its objects can be said to be part of its business. The word "touching" is also ,·crv wide and would include any matter which relates to, concerns or affects the husiness of the society." ·- . (I) **6.l** **A.L.R. 91'5.** **H** CO-OP. BANK _V._ DALICHAND _(Sikri,_ _J.)_ 897 The Full Bench was construing s. 54 of the Bombay Cooperative Societies Act, 1925 (Bombay Act VII of 1925), which _inter alia,_ provides "54( 1 )(a) If any dispute touching the constitution or business of society arises between members or past members of the society or persons claiming through a member or past member or between members or past members or persons so claiming and any officer, agent or servant of the society past or present or between the society or its committee, and any officer, agent, member or servant of the society past or present, it shall be referred to the Registrar for decision by himself or his nominee." The question before the Full Bench was whether it was. open to an employee of a co-operative society to proceed agamst the society in respect of a claim for wages either under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936, or under s. 54 of the Bombay Co-operative Societies Act, 1925. While we agree that the nature of business which a society does can be ascertained from the objects of the society, it is diffi·' cult to subscribe to the proposition that whatever the society does or is necessarily required to do for the purpose of carrying out its objects can be said to be part of its business. We, however, agree that the word "touching" is very wide and would include any matter which relates to or concerns the business of a society, but we are doubtful whether the word "affects" should also be used in defining the scope of the word "touching". One other limitation on the word "dispute" may also be placed and that is that the word "dispute" covers only those disputes which are capable of being resolved by the Registrar or his nominee. It seems to us very doubtful that the word "dis pu~e" would include a dispute between a landlord society and a tenant when the landlord society has not been set up for the purpose of constructing or buying and letting out houses. In the presence of various rent acts which give special privileges to tenants it would be difficult to say that such disputes were intended to be referred to the Registrar. Of course, this result may also follow from the interpretation of the Rent Act and the Cooperative Societies Act by applying other principles of construction. This was the line of reasoning adopted by the House of Lords in _E._ C. _Mulkern_ v. _James_ _Lord(')_ in holding that "p~oceedings **ill.** respect of accounts under a mortgage and sale of the property, (1) 4 A.C. 182. **A** **B** c **D** E **F** **G** H - 8 98 St:PREME COl'RT REPORTS [1969 J I S.C.R. which might include title to redemption or a judgment of fore- A closure, were not such disputes, between the society and a mem ber, as the statutes i Friend!\ Societies Act (I 0 Geo. 4, c. 56) read with s. 4 of 6 & 7 Will. 4, c. 32] had contemplated. The appeal must also fail on the ground that even if it is a dispute touching the business of the society within the meaning of s. 91 ( 1) of the Act, it is not a dispute between a society and **B** a member or a person claiming through a member. It seems to us that bdorc a person can be said to claim through a member, the claim >hould arise through a transaction or dealing which the member entered into with the society as a member. If a member entered into a transaction with the society not as a member but as a stranger, then he must be covered, if at all, by the provisions c of s. 91 ( 1) (a) or ( c). But once it is held that the original transaction was entered into by the member with the society as a member then any person who claims rights or title through that member must come within the provisions of s. 91 (I) (b). It has been held in various cases in England that disputes refcrrable under similar acts are only disputes between a society and a member of a society when he enters into a transaction with the society as a member. [Sec _Morri.wm_ v. Glover(') _Prentice_ v. _London(')_ _l'al/iscr_ v. _Dale(")_ _J11dw11_ v. _L'l/esmere_ _Club(')_ Similar view was expresscJ hy the Bombay High Court in _Shyam_ _Co-operative Society_ v. _Ramibai_ ( [5 ] ) where Chagla C.J.. ob ~ervcd : "Now, before a case can fall under s. 54 (of the Bombay Co-operative Societies Act VII of 1925) .. it is not sufficient that there should be a dispute touchmg the business of the society. What is further required is that the dispute must be between the society and its member, and proper emphasis has not to be laid up\)n the expression "member" used in this section. The dis pute must be between the society and the men~ber as. a member or _qua_ a member. It must he a dispute lll which the member must he interested as a member. It must relate to a transaction in which the member must be interested as a member." In _Krishna_ _Ayyar_ v. _Urban /Jank(")_ it was held tha.t a dispute between a legal practitioner. w~o was a member, a director a.nd the legal adviser of a co-opcrattve. bank, and the co-op~rauv,e bank, arising out of matters relating . to the l~g~l pract1t10ner s acts as the Bank's Vakil was not a dispute w1thm the Co-ope~a­ tive Societies Act (II of 1912) or the Madras Co-operative **D** E F G **H** (!) 154 F.R. 1281. (3) (1897] 11 Q.B. 257. (S) 54 Jl.l.R. 517. **(2)** **10** **C.P. 679.** (4) P9'l~] All I .ll. 844. (6) 1.L.R. Jl9JJJ 56 ~1ad. 970· #### • A B c **D** E F ##### • G H CO-OP. BANK _V._ DALICHAND _(Sikri,_ _J.)_ 89& Societies Act, (VI of 1932). In coming to thi~ conclusion, the learned Chiei Justice followed the law as stated m England. He observed : "I think it is clear that both under the Building Societies Act and the Friendly Societies Act in England which contain somewhat similar provisions as regards the settlement of disputes within the Society by the Reaistrar that, in order that such a dispute can be de~t with by the Registrar, it must be a dispute between the Society and a member in his capacity as **1nember."** In _Vegetola Ltd._ v. _Wholesale Co-op. Stores(')_ Rajamannar, C.J., observed : "Reading clauses (a), (b), (c) and (d) and subsection ( 1) of section 51, we think that by necessary intendment, the dispute should be between the society and member _qua_ member ... For a claim to fall within section 51, it shonld be a claim by the society against a member _as_ _a member_ touching the business of a society. There may be a liability of a member to the society which is not a liability incurred by the member as member. Such a liability will be outside th.e scope of section 51 ". In _Mammu Kevi_ v. _Thirurangadi Co-operative Rural Bank,_ _Ltd._ ( [2 ] ) it was held that a dispute between a society and the owner of a godown who happens to be a member of the society was not a dispute betwe~11J the society and a member _qua_ a member within the ambit of s. 51 of the Madras Co-operative Societies Act, 1932. In coming to this conclusion the learned Chief Justice followed _Shyam Co-operative Society_ v. _Ramibai(')._ and dissented from _Mishrimal_ v. _District Co-operative Growers Asso-_ _ciation (_ [4] ). In the latter case the Madhya Pradesh High Court had followed the view taken by the Nagpur High Court in _Kisanlal_ v. _Co-operative Central Bank_ _Ltd(')._ Srivata~a, J . in the Madhya Pradesh case, distinguished the English cases on. the ground that there the difficulty was felt on account of the wide sweep of the wording in s. 22 of the Friendly Societies Act inasmuch as any dispute whether connected with the business of the society or not could be brought within its ambit. He observed that if the contention was accepted that the word "member" restricted the scope of the rule to transactions entered into by a member in the capacity of a member, then the words "touchii:!g the business of a society" would be rendered wholly superfluous. (I) (1956) 1M.L.J.36. _(2)_ I.LR .. 19641 Ker. 83. {'J) 54 B.L.R. 517. (4) A.LR. 1961 M.P. 40. (5) A.LR. 1946 Nag. 16. '900 SUPREME COIJRT REPORTS [1969] i SCR. - In the Nagpur case _[Kisan/a/_ v. _Co-op.1·_ _Central Bank_ ( [1] )] the A plaintiff 1oint Hindu family were members of the co-Operative Bank and they were also treasurers of the Bank. It does not appear whether the treasurer had to be a member of the cooperative Bank or not. If he had to be a member then the conclusion of the Nagpur High Court in this case that the dispute between the Co-operative Bank and the plaintiffs relating to their B liability which arose out of their capacity as treasurers was rekrrablc to the Registrar seems to be correct. But if it was not necessary for the treasurer lo be a member then we arc doubtful whether the case was correctly decided. The Nagpur High Court was construing r. 26 of the Rules framed by the Provincial Government in exercise of the powers conferred on it by s. 43 of the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912. Rule 26 ran as follows C "Any dispute touching the business of a co-operative society between members or past members of the society or persons claiming through a member or past member, or between a member or past member or persons so claiming and the committee or any officer, shall be referred to the Registrar.'' The reasoning of the 'lagpur High Court docs not appeal to us. Even if the expression "business of a co-operative society" occurring in the Ruic is treated as not restricted to· the dealings with the members of the society only but to include business which the co-operative societies under the law arc empowered to transact, this does not mean that whenever a member enters into any transaction whatsoever with the society and a dispute arises out of that transaction then that dispute is a dispute between the societv and a member of the society within the meaning of r. 26. The High Court did not rest its conclusion on the words "or any ofliccr" occurring in r. 26, althou~h it referred to the meaning of the ·word "officer"'. Therefore, we need not consider whether the decision can be sustained on that part of the Rule. Jn our opinion. the view expressed by the Madras, Bombay and Kerala High Courts is preferahle to the view expressed by the !\ladhya Pradesh and the Nagpur High Courts. If this is the correct view, then was the lease or the tenancy rights obtained by the petitioners a right or title derived from a member as a member ? It seems to us that when the original owner executed the lease, he was not acting as a memlier but as a mortga~or in posst:ssion, and, therefore. the Bank's claim d6es not fa!! within s. 91 (I) (b) of the Act. This takes us to the point whether the Rent Act applies to the facts of this case and, accordingly, the jurisdiction of th; Reoistrar is ousted and it is only the Court of Small Causes which has jurisdiction to_ eject the petitioners. (I) A.t.R. 1946 Nag. t6. D E F G H #### • ##### .. A 'B D E F G H CO·OP. BANK _V._ DAL!CHAND _(Sikri, J.)_ 901 Th.~ scheme of !he various Rent Acts and the public policy underlying them are clear; the policy is to give protection to. ~e tenants. Various powers have been conferred on the authon!Ies under the Rent Acts to grant protection to the tenants against ejectment and other reliefs claimed by the landlords. Section 28 of !he Rent Act _inter alia_ provides : "28. ( 1) Notwithstanding anything contain.ed in any law and notwithstanding that by reason of . the amount of the claim or for any other reason, !he SUlt or proceeding would not, but for this provision, be within its jurisdiction, (a) in Greater Bombay, the Court of Small Causes, Bombay ....... . shall have jurisdiction to entertain and try any suit or proceeding· between a landlord and a ·tenant relating to the recovery of rent or possession of any premises to which any of the provisions of this Part apply and to decide any application made under this Act and to deal with any claim or question arising out of this Act or any of its provisions; and subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), no other court shall have jurisdiction to entertain any such suit, proceeding or application or to deal with such claim or question ... " This section, expressly bars the jurisdiction of other courts to entertain any suit, proceeding or application between a landlord and tenant relating to the recovery of possession of any premises, and confers jurisdiction on the Courts mentioned in s. 28 to entertain the matter pending before the nominee of the Registrar. But it is said that the Registrar is not a Court within the meaning of s. 28 of the Act. This Court held in _Thakur Jugal Kishore_ _Sinha_ v. _Sitamarhi Central Co-operative Bank Ltd._ (1) that the Assistant Registrar, Co-operative Societies, acting under s. 48 of the Bihar and Orissa Co-operative Societies Act, 1935, was functioning as a Court subordinate to the High Court for the purpose of s. 3 of !he Contempt of Courts Act, 1952. It was urged before us that the Registrar is also a Court for the purposes of s. 28 of the Rent _Act:_ We need not decide this question be cause it seems to us that the jurisdiction of the Registrar is ousted on broader considerations. Both s. 91 of the Act and s. 28 of the Rent Act start by excluding "anything contained in any other law." As observed by this Court in _Shri Ram Narain_ v. _The Simla Banking Industrial_ _Co._ _Ltd._ ( [2] ). "it is, therefore, desirable to detennine the over riding effect of one or the other of the relevant provisions in these - two acts. in a given cases, on much broader considerations of the (I) [1967] 3 S.C.R. 163. (2) (1956] S.C.R. 603·615. I Sup CJ/69-11 ' 902 SUPREME COURT REPOR rs (1969] I S.CR. purpose and policy underlying the two Acls and the clear intcndmcnt conveyed by the language of the relevant provisions therein.•· We may mention that the two Acts which this Court had to deal with in that case were the Banking Companies Act, 1949 ( X of 1949) and the Displaced Persons (Debts Adjustment) Ac!, 1951 (LXXofl951). The preamble of the Rent Act states : "Whereas it is expedient to amend and consolidate the law relating to the control of rents and repairs of certain premises, of rates of hotels and lodging houses **and** **evictions."** c A B Section 4 of the Rent Act exempts certain premises from its operation but it does not exempt premises belonging to co-operative societies. It is common ground that the Rent Act applies to the premises in question. Section 11 of the Rent Act deals with the fixing of standard rent, and s. 12 provides that "a landlord shall not be entitled to the recovery of possession of any premises so Jong as the tenant pays, or is ready and willing to pay, the amount of the standard rent and permitted increases, if any, and observes and performs the other conditions of the tenancy, in so far as they are consistent with the provisions of this Act", and it lays down procedure for the filing of a suit for the recovery of possession by landlord and for other matters. Section 13 provides that a landlord may recover possession of any premises under certain conditions. Section 28 provides for jurisdiction of the Courts to deal with the suits and proceedings. Section 29 provides for appeals. If the matter is heard by the Registrar, none of these provisions would apply. We can hardly imagine that it was the intention of the legislature to deprive tenants in buildings owned by co-operative societies of the benefits given by the Rent Act. It seems to us that the Act was passed, in the main, to shorten litigation, lessen its costs and to provide a summary procedure for the determination of the disputes relating to the internal management of the societie,. But under the Rent Act a different social objective is intended to be achieved and for achieving that social objective it is necessary that a dispute between the landlord and the tenant should be dealt with by the Courts set up under the Rent Act and in accordance with the special provisions of the Rent Act. This social objective does not impinge on the objective underlying the Act. It seems to us that the two acts can be harmonised best by holding that in matters covered by the Rent Act. its provisions. rather than the provisions of the Act, should apply. In view of these considerations we are of the opinion that s. 9i o( the Act docs not affect the provisions of s. 28 of the• Rent Act. D E F G H ' ### . A **B** c **D** E F CO-OP. BANK _v._ DALICHAND _(Bachawat, I.)_ 903' We may now refer to the incidental points raised by the learned counsel for the appellant. In our opinion, the High Court has jurisdiction to go into the disputed questions of fact and to quash an interlocutory order even though some sort of alternative remedy exists under S- 154 of the Act. Section 154 of the Act _inter alia_ enables the State Government to call for and examine the record of any inquiry or the proceedings of any other matter of any officer subordinate to them. This remedy can hardly be treated as an alternative· remedy for the purposes of deciding the questions raised by the petitioners. It is not necessary to deal with the third point raised by the learned counsel for the Bank, namely, that the Registrar when making an order under s. 91(2) of the Act, is concerned only with the averments in the plaint. Even if it is so it does not disable the petitioners from raising the point that on the facts as presented by them the provisions of s. 91 of the Act did not apply to the dispute. In the result the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs to Respondents No. 1 and No. 2. **Bachawat** **J.** I agree that the dispute concerning the property purchased by the Society from one of its members is not a dispute touching the business of the Society. I also agree that the Court of Small Causes has exclusive jurisdiction under sec. 28 of the' Rent Act to entertain a proceeding by a landlord for ejectment of a tenant. A dispute concerning the ejectment of a tenant by a landlord is outside the purview of sec. 91 of the MaharashtraCo-operative Societies Act. It has also been argued that as the lease under which the contesting respondent is claiming was not executed by t~e owner i_n his capacity as a member of the Society,. there 1s no dispute between the Society and a person claimino thro~gh a member. On !his last question, I express no opinion~ Havmg regard to our findings on the other two points the appear must fail. I, therefore, agree to the order propos~d by my· learned brother. R.K.P.S. _Appeal dismissed:_ ###### •