C.C.E. v. BALLARPUR INDUSTRIES

COLLECTOR OF CENTRAL EXCISE, NEW DELHI. _v._ BALLARPUR INDUSTRIES LTD .. SEPTEMBER 29, 1989 [M.N. VENKATACHALIAH, N.D. OJHA AND J.S. VERMA, JJ.] _Central Excises_ _&_ _Salt Act, 1944/ Central Excise Rules,_ _1944:_ _Sec-_ _tions 2(f),_ _J_ _and item 68 in First Schedule-Notification No. ·105/82-CE_ _dated 28.2.1982/Rule 8-Manufacture of paper/paper-boards-Use of_ _Sodium Sulphate in the process-Whether used as_ _raw material-Enti-_ _tlement to proforma credits of duty paid._ _Words_ _&_ _Phrases: "Raw Material"-Meaning of._ - Respondent has been using Sodium Sulphate in the process of manufacture of paper and paper-boards, and by virtue of Notification No. 105/82-CE dated 28.2.1982 claimed proforma-credits. The Superintendent of Central Excise declined tbe claim on the ground that Sodium Sulphate was burnt up in the process of manufacture and was not retained in the paper, and therefore, could not be considered as raw material in the manufacture of paper. He also issued a show cause notice for the recovery of proforma-credits already availed of by the respondent. On appeal, however, the Assistant Collector set aside the show cause notice holding that Sodium Sulphate was an essential raw material in the manufacture of paper and as such attracted the benefit of the notification. But, the Collector of Central Excise (Appeals) set aside the order of the Assistant Collector and remitted it back to him for readjudication. Respondent challenged this order before the Customs, Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal. Adopting the reasoning in its earlier decision in _Seshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd._ v. _Collector_ _of Central Excise,_ (1985] 22 ELT 163, the Tribunal allowed the appeal and restored the order of the Assistant Collector. This appeal under Section 35-L(b) of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 is against the Tribunal's order. On behalf of the Appellant, it was contended that the word "raw material" connotes something more than what is 'used' in the manufacture and requires that goods to become "raw material" must either in their original or altered form, endure as a composite element of the end product. 323 A B # c D E F G H 324 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] Supp. l S.C.R. _A_ The Respondent contended that Sodium Sulphate was an essential chemical ingredient in the chemistry of paper technology and the fact that the ingredient was actually burnt up or sublimated in the process; and did not retain its identity in the end product, will not detract from its being a raw material. B Dismissing the appeal, # c HELD: I. I. The Tribunal was right in its conclusion that Sodium Sulphate was used in the manufacture of paper as "RawMaterial" .within the meaning of the Notification No. 105/82/CE dated 28.2.1982. [333A] 1.2. The expression "Raw-Material" is not a defined term. The meaning to he given to it is the ordinary and well-accepted connotation in the common parlance of those who deal with the matter. The ingredients used in the chemical technology of manufacture of any endproduct might comprise, amongst others, of those which may retain D their dominant individual identity and character throughout the pro cess and also in the end-product; those which, as a result of interaction with other chemicals or ingredients, might themselves undergo chemical or qualitative changes and in such altered form find themselves in the end-product; those which, like catalytic agents, while influencing and accelerating the chemical reaction, however, may themselves E remain uninfluenced and unaltered and remain independent of and outside the end-products and those, as here, which might be burnt-up or consumed in the chemical reactions. It could be that the ingredient should be so essential for the chemical processes culminating in the emergence of the desired end-product, that having regard to its impor tance in the indispensability for the process, it could he said that its very F consumption on burning-up is its quality and value as raw-material. In such a case, the relevant test is not its absence in the end-product, but the dependance of the end-product for its essential presence at the delivery end of the process. The ingredient goes into the making of the end-product in the sense that without its absence, the presence of the end-product, as such, is rendered impossible. This quality should G coalesce with the requirement that its utilisation is in the manufacturing process as distinct from the manufacturing apparatus. [331F-H; 332A-CJ ( _Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax, Board of Revenue_ v. _Thomas_ _Stephen_ _&_ _Co. Ltd.,_ JT 19881 SC 631, distinguished. H _Seshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd._ v. _Collector of Central Excise,_ C.C.E. _v._ BALLARPUR INDUSTRIES 325 [ 1985] 22 ELT 163; _Collector_ _of Central Excise_ v. _Eastend Paper In·_ _dustries Ltd.,_ [1989] 43 ELT 201 SC; _Collector_ _of Central Excise,_ _Nagpur_ v. _Ballarpur Industries Ltd., Chandrapur,_ [1983] ELT 1263 and _Collector_ _of Central Excise, Bhubaneshwar_ v. _Titaghur Paper_ _Mills,_ [1985] 21EL-T901, referred to. 2. lt cannot be gainsaid that Sodium Sulphate used was anterior to and at one stage removed from the actual manufacture of paper. Section 2(1) -of the Act defines 'manufacture' and it takes within it all ancillary and incidental purposes. Where any particular process, is so integrally connected with the ultimate production of goods that, but for that process, manufacture or processing of goods would be commercially inexpedient, articles required in that process, would fall within the expression 'in the manufacture of goods'. [332F-G, 3310) _Collector_ _of Central Excise_ v. _Eastend Paper Industries Ltd.,_ [1989] 4j ELT 201 SC, followed. A B # c 3. It is not always possible to draw a line of strict demarcation D between what can be said to be 'goods' merely used in the manufacture and what constitute goods used as "Raw-Material" for that purpose. ln the infinite variety of ways in which these problems present themselves it is neither necessary nor wise to enunciate principles of any general validity intended to cover all cases. The matter must rest upon the facts of each case Though in many cases it might be difficult to draw a line of JO demarcation, it is easy to discern on which side of the boarder-line a particular case falls. l333B-CJ _Pragmatism and Theory_ _in_ _English Law,_ page 75, _Hamlyn_ _Lectures_ of 1987; _Attorney General_ v. _Brighton_ _&_ _Hove Co-operative_ _Association,_ [1900] l Ch. 276; _Mayor of South Port_ v. _Morris,_ [1893] I F Q.B. 359, relied on. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2882 of 1989. From the Judgment and Order dated 2.12.1988 of the Customs, G, Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal, New Delhi in Appeal No. E/1351of1988-C. C. Shirappa Adv. General for State of Karnataka, A.K. Ganguli, K. Swami and Mrs. Sushma Suri, Advs. with them for the Appellant. H 326 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] Supp. 1 S.C.R. A Soli J. Sorabji, O.P. Malhotra, Ms. Indu Malhotra, Ms. Auesha Zaidi and Mrs. Nisha Bagchi for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VENKATACHALIAH, J. This appeal, under Section 35-L(b) of B the Central Excise and Salt Act,_ 1944, arises out of and is directed against the Order No. E/1351/88-C dated 2.12.1988, by the Customs, Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal, (Tribunal) New Delhi, allowing the appeal preferred by the Respondent and holding that Respondent was entitled to certain proforma credits of the duty paid on "Sodium Sulphate" used in the manufacture of paper and paperC boards in which respondent is engaged. The short point for consideration in this appeal is whether the Respondent-Manufacturer,-The Ballarpur Industries Ltd.,-was entitled to the benefit of Central Government's Notification No. 105/ 82-CE dated 28.2.1982 a question which in tum, depends on whether D Sodium Sulphate could be said to have been used as "Raw-Material" in the manufacture of 'paper' and 'paper-board'. In the proceedings before the authorities, the dispute initially concerned six other inputs. But the controversy before us was limited, as it should rightly be, only to Sodium Sulphate inasmuch as even in the appeal before the Collector (Appeals), the department's grievance, apparently, was conE fined to the Proforma-Credits of duty earlier paid on Sodium Sulphate [See Col. 6 of the Assistant Collector's Memorandum Appeal dated 15. 7.1987 before_the Collector (Appea_ls)J. 2. Respondent is a manufacturer of paper and paper-boards in the processes relating to which "Sodium Sulphate" is used "in the F chemical recovery cycle of Sodium Sulphate which forms an essential constituent of Sulphate cookin& liquor used in the digestion operation.''. The notification dated 28.2.1982 under which the credit is claimed reads: ### 0 H "In exercise of the power conferred by sub-rule ( 1) of rule 8 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, and in supersession "f the Notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue) No. 178/77-Central Excise, Dated 18 June, 1977, the Central Government hereby exempts all excisable goods (hereinafter referred as "the said goods") on which the duty of excise is leviable and in the manufacture of which _any goods falling_ w1d~r C.C.E. _v._ BALLARPUR INDUSTRIES IYENKATACHALJAH, J.J 327 ### Item No. 68 of the First Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) (hereinafter referred as "the inputs") _have been used as raw material or component parts_ (hereinafter referred to as "the inputs") from so much of the duty of excise leviable thereon as is equivalent to the duty of excise already paid _on the ''lnputs"._ (Emphasis Supplied) The Superintendent of Central Excise, Range-2, Yamunanagar, declined the Proforma-Credit to the duty paid on "Sodium Sulphate" on the ground that Sodium Sulphate "was burnt-up in the process of manufacture and was not retained in the paper" and that, therefore, it could not be considered "Raw-Material" in the manufacture of paper. Accordingly, he caused a notice dated 18.1.1983 to be issued requiring respondent to show cause why the amounts of Proforma-Credit availed of by the respondent for the period between 28.2.1982 and 31.10.1982 should not be recovered. The reason why "Sodium Sulphate" could not be held to be a "raw material" in the manufacture of paper was set out in the notice thus: A B # c D " ..... The Proforma Credit claimed and granted in respect of the above mentioned items from 28.2.82 to 31.10.82 is not admissible _because these Chemicals are bum_ _out and do .not remain in.the finished product._ The amount of proforma credit availed is, therefore, liable to be E **recovered** ..... " (Emphasis supplied) However, the Assistant Collector of Central Excise, Ambala, by his order dated 27.6.1986 took a different view and held that Sodium Sulphate, even as the other inputs referred to in the said notice" was an F essential raw material in the manufacture of paper and attracted ·the benefit of the notification. The show cause notice dated 18.1.1983 was, - accordingly, set aside. But, the Collector of Central Excise (Appeals) set-aside the order of the Assistant Collector and remitted the matter to Assistant G Collector for a readjudication. The respondent-manufacturer challenged this order before the Tribunal. The Tribunal upheld the con - .tention of the Respondent-Manufacturer, set-aside the order of the Collector (Appeals) and restored the order of the Assistant Collector. The Tribunal adopted the reasoning in its earlier decision in _Seshasa-_ _yee Paper and Boards Ltd._ v. _Collector_ _of Central Excise,_ (1985] 22 H A B ## c _D_ F p G H 328 SUPREME COURT REPORTS rt989] Supp. 1 S.C.R. ELT 163 in which the Tribunal had held: " ..... the term "raw material" has to be interpreted in the circumstances of each case in the absence of any acceptable or useful definition of the term either in theuictionary or in ### the technical literature ..... " " ..... sodium sulphide lye, Sodium Sulphate, Daicol (Gaur Gums) and Fluo solid lime used for the bleaching of pulp schould be considered as raw materials in the manufacture of paper; they serve a distinct and definitive purpose in the normal and recognised process of manufacture of paper and are essential for the process of manufac**ture** ..... " In this appeal, the Collector challenges the correctness of the decision of the Tribunal. 3. We have heard Sri A.K. Ganguly, learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant and Sri Soli Sorabjee, learned Senior Counsel for the Respondent-Manufacturer. The thrust of Sri Ganguly's arguments is that the amplitude of the expression "Raw-material" in the Notification has to be ascertained with reference to and in the context of the purpose in substituting that expression in place of the words obtaining in the earlier Notification No. 79/CE dated 4.6.1979, in which credit was given to duty paid on "goods" which have been "used" in the manufacture of excisable goods. Sri Ganguly says that the Tribunal has, virtually and in effect, ignored the essential and important distinction between goods being "useiJ" in the manufacture on the one hand and "goods" used as "Raw-Material" on the other, ignoring the conscious change intended by the substitution of the expression "RawMaterial" in the later notification dated 28.2.1982 which was clearly intended to cut-down the benefit. Sri Ganguly referred to the following observations of this Court in _Collector of Central Excise_ v. _Eastend_ _Paper Industries Ltd.,_ [1989] 43 ELT201 SC: In _J.K. Cotton Spinning and Weaving Mills Co. Ltd._ v. _Sales Tax Officer,_ [ 1965] 16 STC 563 SC, this Court while construing the expression 'in the manufacture or processing of goods for sale' in the context of Sales Tax Law, though the concept is different under the Excise Law, has held _that_ _manufacture of goods should normally encompass the entire_ C.C.E. _v._ BALLARPUR INDUSTR!ES. IVENKATACHALIAH, J.] 329 _prQcess carried on by the dealer· of converting raw materials_ A _into finished goods_ ..... " (P. 204) (Emphasis Supplied) and contended that the import of the word "Raw-Material", judicially accepted, connotes something more than what is 'used' in the manufacture and requires that goods to become "Raw-Material" must, either in their original or altered form, endure as a composite element of the end-product. Sri. Ganguly submitted that the technical literature and evidence in the case as to the part played by Sodium Sulphate in the chemical technolody of paper making suggested two things: First, that Sodium Sulphate was utilised in the preparation of an anterior, intermediate product at the stage of 'digestion' of the pulp and did not, therefore, strictly belong to the process of manufacture of paper itself; and, Secondly, that Sodium Sulphate did not go directly into and find a place in the finished product and did not, therefore, qualify for being "Raw-Material" in the manufacture of paper. Learned Counsel said that no satisfactory answer to the question raised in the appeal could be afforded unless a clear line of demarcation between the material merely used in the manufacture of paper on the one hand and material used as "Raw-Material" on the othe.r is drawn. Sri Ganguly sought to substantiate this distiction in the present case with reference to certain observations of this Court in _Deputy_ _Commissioner of Sales Tax, Board of Revenue_ v. _Thomas Stephen_ & _Co., Ltd.,_ JT 1988 (1) SC 631. One of the questions there was whether cashew-shells used in the kiln by the dealer who was ·a manufacturer of tiles, terra-cotta-ware and ceramic-items wern exigible to purchase-fax under Section 5A (l)(a) of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, 1963,-on the ground that the dealer had "consumed such goods in the ### manufacture of other goods ..... " The Tribunal had held that cashew-shells had been used only as fuel in the kiln for the manufacture of tiles and that, therefore, the condition of 5A (l)(a) of the Act was not satisfied, there having been no consumption of cashew-shells in the manufacture of the ceramic goods. B # c D ### E F This Court held: G "The cashew shells in the instant case, had been used as fuel in the kiln. The cashew shells did not get transformed into the end product. These have not been used as raw-materials in the manufacture of the goods. These have been used only as an aid in the manufacture of the goods b)' H 330 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] Supp. 1 S.C.R. the assessee. _Consumption must be in the manufacture_ _as_ _raw-material or of other components which go into the mak-_ _ing of the end product_ to come within the mischief of the section. Cashew shells do not tend to the niaking of the end product. Goods used for ancillary purposes like fuel in the process of the manufacture, do not fall within section 5A(l)(a) of the Act. Cashew shells, therefore, do not at### tract levy of tax under the said section ..... " (p. 634) (Emphasis Supplied) _A_ B Sri Ganguly says that "Sodi~m Sulphate" in the present case C must, like the cashew-shells, be held to have been used as an aid in the manufacture of paper and for ancillary purposes like fuel and not as "Raw-Material in the manufacture of paper. - 4. Sri Sorabjee, for the Respondent, sought to maintain that Sodium Sulphate was an essential chemical ingredient in the chemistry D of paper technology and that the fact that the ingredient was actually burnt-up or sublimated in the process and did not retain its identity in the end-product, will not, necessarily, detract from its being a "RawMaterial". The relevant test is how essential is the ingredient in the manufacture. Learned counsel said that in the complexity of the chain of chemical reactions in the manufacturing_process, undue emphasis E on the search for the identity of any individual chemical ingredienj 'in the final product would be artificial and unrealistic. Sri Sorabjee submitted that authoritative scientific treatises on the paper technology recognise that "Sodium Sulphate" is an essential raw material. Sri Sorabjee referred to the publication of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations under the caption "Guide for f Planning Pulp and Paper Enterprises" in which the following statement occurs: G H, "Fot any pulp and paper enterprise a variety of nonfibrous raw materials are required: water, fuel, power and paper-making chemicals and, for pulp mills, pulping ### and bleaching chemicals ..... " (p.270) "The sulphate (kraft) pulping process, now the most common pulping process for both wood and nonwood fibrous raw materials, requires the purchase of salteake (sodium sulphate) and limes tome (calcium carbonate). De C.C.E. _v._ BALLARPUR INDUSTRIES !VENKATACHALIAH, J.J 331 pending on the efficiency of the recovery system, about 40 to 80 kilogrammes of salteake and 25 kilogrammes of limestone are needed per ton of pulp. These chemicals are converted in the chemical recovery and causticizing systems to give sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide, which are the active chemicals in the pulping liquor." (p. 275) Sri Sorabjee subn;titted that the Tribunal had consistently taken this view in several cases and that the department not having carried those matters up in appeal must be held to have accepted the correctness of that view. As instances in point, Learned Counsel referred to two decisions, in _Collector_ _of Central Excise, Nagpur_ v. _Ballarpur_ _Industries Ltd., Chandrapur,_ [1983] ELT 1263 and in _Collector of Central_ _Excise, Bhubaneswarv. Titaghur Paper Mills,_ [1985] 21ELT901. Adverting to appellant's contention that use of Sodium Sulphate was at a stage of preparation of the Pulp which is a stage anterior to the actual manufacture of paper, Sri Sorabjee submitted that, apart from the fallacy inherent in the attempt to dissect an otherwise integrated process of manufacture, the definition of 'manufacture' in Section 2(f) of the 'Act' which takes with in it all ancillary and incidental processes, should secure to render the contention insubstantial. 5. The question, in the ultimate analysis, is whether the input of Sodium Sulphate in the manufacture of paper would cease to be a "Raw-Material" by reason alone of the fact that in the course of the chemical reactions this ingredient is consumed and burnt-up. The expression "Raw-Material" is not a defined term. The meaning to be given to it is the ordinary and well-accepted connotation in the commoll parlance of those who deal with the matter. A B ## c D E F The ingredients used in the chemical technology of manufacture of any end-product might comprise, amongst others, of those which may retain their dominant individual identity and character through out the process and also in the end-product; those which as a result of interaction with other chemicals or ingredients, might themselves . G undergo chemical or qualitiative changes and in such altered form find ' themselves in the end-product; those which, like catalytic agents, while influencing and accelerating the chemical reactions, however, may themselves remain uninfluenced and unaltered and remain independent of and outside the end-products and those, as here, which might be burnt-up or consumed in the chemical reactions. The ques: H. A B # c D E F G H **332** SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] Supp. 1 S.C.R. tion in the present case is whether the ingredients of the last mentioned class qualify themselves as and are eligible to be called "RawMaterial" for the end-product. One of the valid tests, in our opinion, could be that the ingredient should be so essential for the chemical processes culminating in the emergence of the desired end-product, that having regard to its importance in and indispensability for the process, it could be said that its very consumption on burning-up is its quality and value as raw-material. In such a case, the relevant test is not its absence in the, end product, but the dependance of the endproduct for its essential presence at the delivery and of the process. The ingredient goes into the making of the end-product in the sense that without its absence the presence of the end-product, as such, is rendered impossible. This quality should coalesce with the requirement that its utilisation is in the manufacturing process as distinct from the manufacturing apparatus. 6. The decision of this Court in _Deputy Commissioner of Sales_ ' _Tax, Board of Revenue_ v. _Thomas Stephen_ _&_ _Co._ _Ltd.,_ relied upon by Sri Ganguly, does not really advance the appellant's case. The observations therein to the effect that "consumption must be in the manufacture of raw material or of other component which go into the making of end-product" were made to emphasise the distinction between the "fuel" used for the kiln to impart the heat-treatment to ceramics and what actually went into the manufacutre of such ceramics. The observations, correctly apprehended, do not lend themselves to the understanding that for something to qualify itself as "Raw-Material" it must necessarily and in all cases go into, and be found, in the end-product. 7. We also find no substance in the contention of Sri Ganguly that the process in whch the Sodium Sulphate was used, was anterior to and at one stage removed from the actual manufacture of paper. Sri Sorabjee's answer to this contention is, in our view, appropriate. That apart the following observations in _Collector_ _of_ _Central Excise_ v. _Eastend Paper Industries Ltd.,_ cited by Sri Ganguly himself is a complete answer: " Where any particular process, this Court further emphasised, is so integrally connected with the ultimate production of goods that, but for that process, manufacture or processing of goods would be commercially inexpedient, articles required in that process, would fall within the **expression 'in the manufacture of goods'** ..... " C.C.E. _v._ BALLARPUR INDUSTRIES [VENKATACHALIAH, J.) 333 8. On a consideration of the matter, we are persuaded to the view that the Tribunal was right in its conclusion that Sodium Sulphate was used in the manufacture of paper as "Raw-Material' within the meaning of the Notification No. 105/82-CE dated 28.2.1982. 9. Now a word about Sri Ganguly's insistence on drawing a line of strict demarcation between what can be said to be 'goods' merely "used" in the manufacture and what constitute goods used as "RawMaterial" for the purpose. We are afraid, in the infinite variety of ways in which these problems present themselves it is neither necessary nor wise to enunciate principles of any general validity intended to. cover all cases. The matter must rest upon the facts of each case. Though in many cases it might be difficult to draw a line of demarcation, it is easy to discern on which side of the border-line a particular case falls. Sri Ganguly's insistence, however, serves to recall the pertinent observtions of an eminent author on the point. It was said: " ..... A common form of argument used by counsel in legal cases is to suggest that if the court decides in favour of the opposing counsel's arguments, it will become necessary to draw lines which may be very difficult or impossible to draw. "Where will you draw the line"? Is, of course, a question which must be faced by a legislator who is actually proposing to lay down lines for all future cases, but it is not a question which needs in general to be faced by common law courts who proceed in slow stages, moving from case to **case** ..... '' [See: _"Pragmatism and Theory_ _in_ _English Law:;_ page 75; Hamlyn Lectures of 1987] The learned author recalls Lord Lindley's "robust answer" to the question: Where will you draw the line?· "Nothing is more common in life than to be unable to draw the line between two things. Who can draw the line between plants and animals? And yet who has any difficulty in saying that aJ:Loak-tree is a plant and not an animal?" A B ## c D E F G [See: _Att. Gen_ v. _Brighton_ _&_ _Hove Co-operative Assoc.,_ H [ 1900] 1 Ch. 276 at p. 282] 334 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] Supp. 1 S.C.R. A Again, Lord Coleridge in _Mayor of Southportv. Morris,_ [1893] 1 Q.B. 359 at 361 said: B "The Attorney-General has asked where we are to draw the line. The answer is that it is not necessary to draw it at any precise point. It is enough for us to say that the present case is on the right side of any line that could reasonably be **drawn."** 10. In the result for the foregoing reasons, we find no merit in this appeal which is, accordingly, dismissed. ### C G.N. Appeal dismissed.