Basant Kumar Sarkar and Others v Eagle Rolling Mills Ltd. and Others

##### o ::>.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 913 BA~A NT KUMAR SARKAR AND OTHERS _1961_ _I_ _v._ EAGLE ROLLING MILLS LTD. AND OTHERS #### (P. B.) GAJENDRAGADKAR, C.J., K. N. WANCHOO, J. c. SHAH, N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR AND S. M. SIKRI JJ.) _Employees State Insurance_ _Act_ _(XXXlV_ _of_ 1948)J'. 1(3) _Constitutional_ _validity--Central Government empowered to apply_ _provision1_ _of_ _Act_ _by_ _notification-If excessive delegation._ The appellants as workmen of respondent No. 1 in all the three respondent concerns were getting free medical benefits of a very high order in a well furnished hospital maintained by respondent No. 1. Respondent No. 3. the Union of India issued a notification under s. 1 (3) of the Employees State Insurance Act appointing 28th August. 1960 as the date on which some provisions of the Act should come into force. in certain areas of the State of Bihar and the area in which the i\ppellants were working came within the scope of the Act. In pursuance of the said notification, the Chief Executive Officer of Respondent No. 1 issued notices to the appellants that the me'dical benefits upto the extent admissible under the Act will cease to be provided to insurable persons from the appointed day and the medical benefits would thereafter be governed by the relevant provisions of the Act. The appellants in a writ petition to the High Court challenged the validity of s. 1 (3) of the Act and legality of the·notifications issued under it, _inter alia,_ on the ground that it contraveneli Art. 14 of the Constitution and suffers from the vice of excessive delegation. The High Court rejected the plea and dismissed the writ petitions. On appeal by special leave the appellants contende.d that s. 1 (3) of the Act suffers from excessive delegation and is, therefore. invalid. _Held:_ (i) S. 1(3) of the Act is not an illustration of delegated legislation at all, it can be described as coiiditional legislation. It purports to authorise the Central Government to establish a corporation for the a'dministration of the scheme of Employees' State Insurance by a notification. As to when the notification should be issued and in respect of what factories it should be issued, has been left to the dis .. cretion of the Central Government and that is precisely what is usually done by conditional legislation. _Queen_ v. _Burah,_ _5._ I.A. 178, relied on. (ii) Assuming there is an element of delegation, the plea is equally unsustainable. because there is enough guidance given by the relevant provisions of the Act and the very scheme of the Act itself. ·In the very nature of things, it would have been impossible for the legislature to decide in what areas and in respect of which factories the Employees' State Insurance Corporation shoufd be established. It is obvious that a scheme of this kind, though very beneficent, could not be introduced 34 -159 S.C.-58 _1961_ _,,_nt Kumar_ v. ..,,, _Rollin1_ lllilb _Qa/endragadkar_ ###### _c. J._ ##### 914 SUPREME COURT REPORTS in the whole of the country all at once. Such . beneficial measures **which** **need** **careful experimentation** **have** **sometimes** **to** **be** **adopted** **by** **stages** **and** **in** **different phases,** **and** **so, inevitably, the question of** extend~ ing the statutory benefits contemplated by the Act has to be left to **the discretion** **of** **the appropriate Government. That cannot amount** **to** **excessive delegation.** _Edward Mills Co. Ltd. Beawar_ v. _The State_ _of_ _Ajmer,_ [1955] I **S.C.R. 735,** _**Mis**_ _**Bhikusa**_ _**Yamasa**_ _**Kshatriya**_ **v.** _**Sangamner Ako/a Taluka**_ _**Bidi Kamgar Union,**_ **[1963]** **Supp,** **I S.C.R. 524** **and** _**Bhikusa Yamasa**_ _Kahtriva_ v. _Union_ _of_ _India,_ [1964] I S.C.R. 860 followed: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 721-723 uf 1962. Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated March 1, 1961, of the Patna High Court in Misc. Judicial Cases Nos. 1167, 1122 and 1235 of 1960. _N,._ 'c. _Chatteriee, Ra; Behari Singh_ and _Udai_ _Pratap_ _Singh,'_ for the appellants (in all the appeals). ' _I(_ _P._ _Singh, N._ _P._ _Singh_ and _I._ _N. Shroff,_ for the respondent No. 1 (in al! the appeals). _C._ _K._ _Daphtary, Attorney-General, N. S. Bindra,_ _V._ _D._ _Maha;an_ and _B._ _R._ G. _K. Achor,_ for respondents Nos. 2 and 3. February 26, 1964. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GAJENDRAGADKAR. C.J.-The short question which arises in these appeals by special leave is whether section 1 ( 3) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 (No. 34 of 1948) (hereinafter called the Act) is invalid. By their writ petitions filed before the Patna High Court, the .ippellants who are the workmen of the three respondent .,;oncerns, the Eagle Rolling Mills Ltd., the Kumardhubi Engineering Works Ltd., and Kumardhubi Fire Clay ane1 Silica Works Ltd., respectively, alleged that the impugned 8ection has contravened Art. 14 of the Constitution, and suffers from the vice of excessive delegation, and as such ts invalid. These employers were impleaded as respondent No. 1. respectively in the three writ petitions. The High Court has rejected the plea and the writ petitions filed by \ 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 915 the appellants have accordingly been dismissed. It is against this decision of the High Court that the appellants have come to this Court and have impleaded the three employers respectively. The three appeals proceed on similar facts and raise an identical question of law and have, therefore, been heard together. It appears that respondents No. 1 in all the three appeals are under the management of _Mfs._ Bird & Co. Ltd., through a General M.mager, and the appellants are their workmen. As such workmen, the appellants were getting satisfactory medical benefits of a very high order free of any charge. Respondent No. 1 in each appeal maintained a wellfurnished hospital with provision for 60 permanent beds for the workmen, their families and their dependents. The main grievance made by the appellants is that as a result of s. 1 ( 3) of the Act, the appellants have now to be content with medical benefits of a less satisfactory nature. That is why they challenged the validity of the impugned section and contest the propriety and legality of the notification issued under it. To these writ petitions as well as to the appeals, the Employees' State Insurance Corporation and the Union of India have been impleaded as respondents 2 and 3 respectively. On the 22nd August, 1960, respondent No. 3 issued a notification under section 1, sub-section ( 3) appointing the 28th August, 1960 as the date on which some provisions of the Act should come into force in certain areas of the State of Bihar. By this notification, the area in which the appellants are working came within the scope of tne Act. In pursuance of the said notification, the Chief Executive Officer of respondent No. 1 informed the appellants on the 25th August, 1960 that the medical benefits including indoor and outdoor treatment upto the extent admissible under the Act will cease to be provided to insurable perso11~ from the appointed day. A notice in that behalf was duly issued and published by the said Officer. Similar notices were issued indicating to the appellants that medical benefit• ## .r.• would thereafter be governed by the relevant provisions of the Act and not by the arrangements which had been made _196'_ _B,unm_ _**Kra111r**_ Y. _&tit_ _**J!olU..**_ _M/116_ _Gajendra[llUIJ;ar_ _c._ _J._ ##### 916 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] _1961_ earlier by respondent No. 1 in that behalf. That', in brief, _B,..ant Kumar_ is $.e genesis of the present writ petitions and the nature T • of the dispute between the parties. ..,,, _Rolling_ _1961_ _B,..ant Kumar_ _Milli_ _Go/endragadkar_ _c._ /. The first point which Mr. Chatterjee has raised before us is that s. 1 (3) of the Act suffers from excessive delegation and is, therefore, invalid. In order to consider the validity of this argument, it is necessary to read section l, sub-section (3) : "The Act shall come into force on such date or dates as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act and for different States or for different parts thereof'. The · argument is that the power given to the Central Government to apply the provisions of the Act by notification, confers on the Central Government absolute discretion, the exercise of which is not guided by any legislative provision and is, therefore, invalid. The Act does not prescribe any considerations in the light of which the Central Government can proceed to act under s. 1( 3) and such uncanalised power conferred on the Central Government must be treated as invalid. We are not impressed by this argument. Section 1 ( 3) is really not an illustration of delegated legislation 11t all; it is what can be,properly described as conditional legislation. The Act has prescribed a self-contained code in regard to the insurance of the employees covered by it; several remedial measures which the Legislature thought it necessary to enforce in regard to such workmen have beep specifically dealt with and appropriate provisions have been made to. carry out the policy of the Act as laid down in its relevant sections. Section 3 ( 1) of the Act purports to authoris.: the Centr11! Government to establish a Corporation for the administration of the scheme of Employees' State Insurance by a notification. In other words, when the notification should be issued and in respect of what factories it should be issued, has been left # to the discretion of the Central Government and that is •a precisely what is usually done by conditional legislation. 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 917 What Lord Selbome said about the powers conferred on the Lieutenant-Governor by virtue of the relevant provisions <if Act 22 of 1869 in _Queen_ v. _Burah('),_ can be said with equal justification about the powers conferred on the Central Government by s. 1 ( 3). Said Lord· Selborne in that case : _19M_ _**/Ja!a ...**_ _**t**_ _**Kumar**_ ###### Eagle "· Rollln, _Milli_ _Gajendragadkar_ _C._ _I._ "Their Lordships think that it is a fallacy to speak of the powers thus conferred upon the Lieuten ant-Governor (large as they 1H1doubtedly are) as if, when they were exercised, the efficacy of the acts done under them would be due to any other legislative authority than that of the Governor-General in Council. Their whole operation is directly and immediately under and by virtue of this Act (XXII of 1869) itself. The proper Legislature has exercised its judgment as to place, person, laws, powers; and the result of that judgment has been to legislate conditionally as to all these things. The conditions having been fulfilled, the legislation is now absolute''. That 1s the first answer to the plea raised by Mr. Chatterjee. Assuming that there is an element of deleg11tion, the plea is equally unsustainable, because there is enough guidance given by the relevant provisions of the Act and the very scheme of the Act it11elf. The preamble to the Act shows that it was passed because the legislature thought it expedient to provide for certain benefits to employee! in case of sickness, maternity and employment injury and to make provision for certain other matters in relation thereto. So, the policy of the Act is unambiguous and clear. The material definillons of "ben$fil Qeriod'', "P-mployee", "factory", "insured person'', "sickness'', "wages" and other terms contained in s. 2 give a clear idea as to the nature of the factories to which the Act is intended to be applied, the class of ~ersons for whose benefit it has been passed and the nature of the benefit which is intended to be conferred on them. Chapter II of the Act deals with the (I) _5_ J.A. 178 at p. 195. _1961_ _a-Ill_ ... _Kumar_ _"'1fl•_ _Ro/lint_ _Milli_ - _0./endragadkar_ ###### _c. J._ ##### 918 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1g64] Corporation, Standing Committee and Medical Benefit Council and their constitution; Chapter Ill deals with the problem of finance and audit; Chapter IV makes provisions for contribution both by the employees and the employer, and Chapter V prescribes the benefits which have to be conferred on the workmen; it also gives ·general provisions in respect of those benefits. Chapter V-A deals with transi tory provisions; Chapter VI deals with the adjudication of disputes and claims; and Chapter VII prescribes penalties. Chapter VIII which is the last Chapter, deals with miscellaneous matters. In the very nature of things, it would have been impossible for the legislature to decide in what areas and in respect of which factories the Empioyees' State Insurance Corporation should be estal.Jiished. It is obvious that a scheme of this kind, though very beneficient, could not be introduced in the whole of the country all at once. Such beneficial measures which need careful experimentation have sometimes to be adopted by stages and in different phases, and so, inevitably, the question of extending the statutory benefits contemplated by the Act has to be left to the discretion of the appropriate Government. "Appropriate Government" under s. 2 (1) means in respect of establishments under the control of the Central Government or a railway administration or a major iport or a mine or oilfield, the Central Government, and in ali other cases, the State Government. Thus, it is clear that when extending the Act to different establishments, the relevant Government is given the power to constitute a Corporation for the administration of the scheme of Employees' State Insurance. The course adopted by modern legislatures in dealing with Wtllfare schemes has uniformly conformed to the same pauem. The legislature evolves a scheme of socio-economic welfar.,, makes elaborate provisions in respect of it and leaves it to the Government concerned to decide when, how and in what manner the scheme should be introduced. That, in our opinion, cannot amount to excessive delegation. The question of excessive delegation has been frequently considered by this Court and the approach to be adopted #### in dealing with it is no longer in doubt. In the Edward 1 _Mills_ _Co._ _Ltd., Beawar and Others_ v. _The State_ _of Aimer_ #####,· 6 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 919 _and Another('),_ this Court repelled the challenge to tnc validity of s. 27 of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (No. XI of 1948), whereby power had been given to the appropriate Government to add to either part of the schedule any employment in respect of which it was of opinion that minimum wages shall be fixed by giving notification -in a particular manner, and it was provided that on the issue of the notification, the scheme shall, in its application to the State, be deemed to be amended accordingly. In dealing with this problem, this Court observed that there was an element of delegation implied in the provisions of s. 27, for the legislature, in a sense, authorised another body specified by it to do something which it might do itself; but it was held that such delegation was not unwarranted and unconstitutional and it did not exceed the limits of permissible delegation. To the same effect are the recent decisions of this Court in _M_ / _s._ _Bhikusa Y amasa Kshatriya_ _and Another_ v. _Sangamner Ako/a Taluka Bidi Kamgar_ _Union and Others(_ _[2]_ _),_ and _Bhikusa Yamasa_ K~hatriya _(P)_ _Ltd._ v. _Union of India and Another(')._ Therefore, we must hold that the impugned section 1 (3) of the Act is not shown to be constitutionally invalid. Before we part with these appeals, there is one more point to which reference must be made. We have already mentioned that after the notification was issued under s. 1 ( 3) by respondent No. 3 appointing August 28, 1960 as the date on which some of the provisions of the Act should come into force in certain areas of the State of Bihar, the Chief Executive Officer of respondent No. 1 issued notices giving effect to the State Government's notification and intimating to the appellants that by reai.on of the said notification, the medical benefits whicli were be 'ing given to them in the past would be received by tl.•:n under the relevant provisions of the Act. It wa.1 11rl :id by the appellants before the High Court that these notices were invalid and should be struck down. The ar1 ument which was urged in support of this contention wa~ that espondent (1)[19551 I S.C.R. 735. (2) [19631 Supp. I S.C.R. ~24. (3) [1964] I S.C.R. 860. _1964_ _**Ba.sant**_ _**Kimi#**_ v. _Eagl• Roi/inf_ _Mi/Lr_ _Gajtndrag..0.-_ _C._ /, _19M_ _**Ba1ant**_ _**Kumar**_ v. _**llark**_ _RoWng_ _Mills_ _**Gaiendragadkar**_ c. _J._ _1964_ _February 26_ 920 SUPREME COURT REPORTS No. 1 in all the three appeals were not entitled to curtail the benefits provided to the appellants by them and that the said benefits were not similar either qualitatively or quantitatively to the benefits under the Scheme which had been brought into force under the Act. The High Court has held that the question as to whether the notices and circulars issued by respondent No. 1 were invalid, could not be considered under Art. 226 of the Constitution; that is a matter which can be appropriately raised in the form of a dispute by the appellants under s. 10 of the Industrial Disputes Act. It is true that the powers conferred on the High Courts under Art. 226 are very wide, but it is not suggested by Mr. Chatterjee that even these powers can take in within their sweep industrial disputes of the kind which this contention seeks to raise. Therefore, without expressing any opinion on the merits of the contention, we would contirm the finding of the High Court that the proper remedy which is available to the appellants to ventilate their grievances in respect of the said notices and circulars is to take recourse to s. 10 of the Industrial Disputes Act, or seek relief, if possible, under sections 74 and 75 of the Act. The result is, the appeals fail and are dismiBsed. There would be no order as to costs. _A ppea/s_ _dismissed._ SHIV PRASAD CHUNILAL JAIN _v._ THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA (K. SUBBA RAO, RAGHUBAR DAYAL AND J. R. MUDHOLKAR JJ.) _**Criminal Trial-Whether the person must be physically present at the**_ _**1.1ctual**_ _**commission**_ _**of**_ _**the**_ _**crime-Acts**_ _**done by several person.t**_ _**in**_ _**1u11,'1erance**_ _**of common intention-Essence of-lndia11 Penal Code,**_ !KllO ( _4S_ _of_ 1860), •· 34. In a trial by jury the appellants were jointly charged along **witlt** **accused** **No. 1** **with** **an** **offence** **punishable** **under** **ss.** **471** **and** **467** **read** with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The first charge was that in