ANIL SACHAR & ANR. v. SHREE NATH SPINNERS P. LTD. & ORS. ETC.

A # [2011) 9 S.C.R. 328 ## ANIL SACHAR & ANR. _v._ B M/S SHREE NATH SPINNERS P. LTD. & ORS. ETC. (Criminal Appeals Nos. 1413-1414 of 2011) *JULY 19, 2011 AND AUGUST 17, 2011 [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA AND ANIL R. DAVE, JJ.] ## _Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881:_ c _ss. 138 and 139_ - _Presumption in favour of holder of_ - _cheque Cheques issued by one of the two sister concerns for dues towards the goods supplied to the other of the said concerns_ - _Dishonour of cheques_ - _Complaints_ - _Acquittal of accused on the ground that goods had been supplied to_ 0 _one company while cheques were issued by the other and_ - _there was no liability of the company issuing the cheques HELD: The complainants had established before the trial court that there was an understanding among the complainants and the accused that in consideration of supply_ E _of goods to one company, the other was to make the payment_ - _This understanding was on account of the fact that both the companies were sister concerns and their Directors were common_ - _In the circumstances, it has been proved that in consideration of supply of goods to one sister concern, the_ F _other had made the payment_ - _The tnal court ought to have considered provisions of s. 139 of the Act, which make it clear that there is_ a _presumption with regard to consideration when_ a _cheque has been issued by the drawer of the cheque_ - _Of course, the presumption refeffed to in s. 139 is rebuttable_ - G _In the instant case, no effort was made for rebuttal of the presumption and, therefore, the presumption must go in_ - _favour of the holder of the cheques Accused held guilty of_ - _the offence punishable u/s 138 On the date of hearing the_ * Conviction recorded on 19.7.2011 and sentences passed on. 17.8.2011. H 328 H ; ## ANIL SACHAR & ANR. _v._ SHREE NATH SPINNERS 329 P. LTD. & ORS. ETC. _accused on question of sentence, the records indicated that_ A _one of the accused had died_ - _Therefore, appeal as regards him stands abated_ - _In the circumstances, imposition of a fine of Rs.10,00,0001- on the other accused payable to the complainants as compensation would meet the ends of justice_ - _Ordered accordingly_ - _Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973_ B - _s.235(2)._ The appellants filed complaints against the respondents for offences punishable _uls_ 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 for dishonour of C cheques issued by respondent no. 3, as Director of M/s 'ATO' Ltd. towards the dues of M/S 'SNS' P. Ltd. It was the case of the complainants that both M/s SNS P. Ltd. and Mis ATO Ltd. were sister concerns with common directors and respondent no. 3 who signed the cheques as Director of Mis 'ATO' Ltd. was also the director of Mis D 'SNS' P. Ltd. One of the accused died pending trial. The trial court acquitted the accused holding that the goods had been supplied by the complainants to Mis 'SNS' P Ltd., but cheques had been issued by Mis 'ATO' Ltd. and not by 'SNS' P. Ltd. and as Mis 'SNS' P. Ltd. and Mis 'ATO' E Ltd. were two distinct entities, there was no liability of Ml s 'ATO" Ltd. and, therefore, dishonour of the cheques in question would not make the signatory of the cheques from the account of Mis 'ATO' Ltd. liable under the provisions of the Act. The appeals having been F dismissed by the High Court, the complainants filed the instant appeals. ## Recording the conviction, the Court HELD: 1.1. The complainants had established before G the trial court that there was an understanding among the complainants and the accused that in consideration of supply of goods to Mis. 'SNS' P. Ltd., Mis. 'ATO' Ltd. was to make the payment. This understanding was on account of the fact that both the companies were sister H 330 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A concerns and their Directors were common. In the circumstances, it has been proved that in consideration of supply of goods to M/s. 'SNS' P. Ltd., M/s. 'ATO' Ltd. had made the payment. These facts are very well reflected in the statement made in the complaints and in B the evidence by the complainants which have not been controverted. The trial court, therefore, was not right when it came to the conclusion that there was no reason for Mis. 'ATO' Ltd. to give the cheques to the complainants. [para 14] [336-F-H; 337-A-B] c _lndowind Energy Ltd. v. Wescare (India) Ltd. and Anr._ 2010 (5) SCR 284 = 2010 (5) SCC 306; and _Rahul Builders_ v. _Arihant Fertilizers_ & _Chemicals and Anr._ 2007 (11) - SCR 951 =2008(2) sec 321 relied on D 1.2 The trial court materially erred while coming to a conclusion that in criminal law no presumption can be raised with regard to consideration as no goods had been supplied by the complainants to M/s. 'ATO' Ltd. The trial court ought to have considered provisions of s.139 E of the Act, which makes it clear that there is a presumption with regard to consideration when a cheque has been paid by the drawer of the cheque. In the instant case, Mis. 'ATO' Ltd. paid the cheque which had been duly signed by one of its Directors. The said person is also a Director in M/s. 'SNS' P. Ltd. and both are sister F concerns having common Directors. Extracts of books of accounts had been produced before the trial court so as to show that both the companies were having several transactions and they used to pay on behalf of each other G to other parties or their creditors. This fact strengthens the presumption to the effect that M/s. 'ATO' Ltd. had paid the cheques to the complainants, which had been signed by the Director, in consideration of goods supplies to M/ s 'SNS' P. Ltd. [paras 15 and 16] [337-E-H; 338-A-B] H 1.3 It is true that a limited company is a separate legal ANil SACHAR & ANR. _v._ SHREE NATH SPINNERS 331 P. LTD. & ORS. ETC. entity and its director.s are different legal persons. A However, in view of the provisions of s. 139 of the Act and the understanding which had been arrived at among the complainants and the accused, one can safely come to a conclusion that the cheques signed by respondent no. 3 had been given by Mis. 'ATO' Ltd. to the complainants B in discharge of a debt or a liability, which had been incurred by Mis 'SNS' P. Ltd. [para 17) [338-E-F] A _!CDS Ltd. v. Beena Shabeer and Anr._ 2002 (1) Suppl. SCR 488 = 2002(6) SCC 426; _K.K. Ahuja v. V.K. Vora and Anr._ 2009(10) SCC 48; _and K.N. Beena v. Muniyappan and_ C _Anr._ 2001 (4) Suppl. SCR 374 = 2001(8) SCC 458 - relied on. • 1.4 Looking to the facts of the case and law on the subject, this Court is of the view that all the four cheques D referred to in both the complaints are presumed to have been given for consideration. The presumption u/s 139 of the Act has not been rebutted by the accused and, therefore, the trial court wrongly acquitted the accused by taking a view that there was no consideration for E which the cheques were given by respondent no. 3 to the complainants. The said incorrect view was wrongly confirmed by the High Court. Thus, the accused especially ought to have been held guilty. Therefore, the accused in both the cases, are held guilty and convicted F of the offence punishable u/s 138 of the Act. The order of acquittal is set aside. [para 19-21] [340-A-E] D E 2.1 While hearing the accused on the question of sentence, as provided by s. 235(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 the records revealed that the accused-respondent no. 3 has died. Therefore, the appeal as against him stands abated. [para 1 of order] [340-G-H] G 2.2 Apart from the company, there is yet one more Director of the Company accused in the case, i.e. H ·- (2011] 9 S.C.R. 332 SUPREME COURT REPORTS A respondent no. 4. The Court heard the counsel appearing for the parties on the question of sentence. Considering the provisions of s.138 of the Act, imposition of fine of Rs. 10,00,000/· on the accused and payable to the complainants as compensation would meet the ends of B justice. The drafts amounting to Rs. 10,00,000/·, payable to the appellants/complainants, have been handed over to their counsel. [para 2-4 of order] [341-A·D] ## Case Law Reference: c D 2002 (1) Suppl. SCR 488 relied on para 10 2009(1 O) sec 48 relied on para 10 2001 (4) Suppl. SCR 374 relied on para 10 2010 (5) SCR 284 relied on para 12 2007 (11 ) SCR 951 relied on para 12 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1413-1414 of 2011. E From the Judgment & Order dated 16.12.2008 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in Crl. Appeal No. 379-MA & 381-MA of 2007. Nidesh Gupta, Tarun Gupta, S. Janani for the Appellants. F Manoj Swarup, Ankit Swarup, Ashok Anand, Shivendra Swaroop, Ajay Kumar, Devurat, Harish Pandey for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by G ANIL R. DAVE, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Being aggrieved by the common Judgment delivered in Criminal Appeal Nos.379-MA of 2007 and 381-MA of 2007 . H dated 16th December, 2008 by the High Court of Punjab and ~ __)-r_,A._ l< 1 • 'I" ,; ' _i_ ANIL SACHAR & ANR. _v._ SHREE NATH SPINNERS 333 P. LTD. & ORS. ETC. [ANIL R. DAVE, J.] Haryana at Chandigarh, the original complainan!s have filed A these appeals, By virtue of the aforestated judgment and order, the High Court has confirmed the Orders dated 4th May, 2007 passed in Criminal Complaint Nos. 46 and 99 of 1999 by the · Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Ludhiana whereby the accused in the aforestated complaints had been acquitted of the charges B levelled against them. 3. The facts leading to the present litigation fn a nut shell are as under: 4. On 23rd February, 1999,, Respondent no.4 - Munish c Jain, a Director of M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. had given in all four cheques for different amounts to Anil Sachar, partner of M/s. Rati Woolen Mills who are appellant Nos. 1 and 2 respectively . According to the case of the complainants, the said cheques were given to M/s. Rati Woolen Mills, of which appellant no.1 D is a partner, in consideration of supply of goods to M/s. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. 5. The aforestated cheques, which had been given by Munish Jain as Director of M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd., had not E been honoured and due to dishonour of the said cheques, the complainant, namely, Anil Sachar, as a partner of Mis. Rati Woolen Mills had issued notice as required under the provisions of Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'). In spite of the said notice, F the complainant was not paid the amount covered under the aforestated cheques and, therefore, complaints had been filed against the present respondents. _·>.....,_ 6. The case of the present respondents before the trial court as well as before the High Court was that the dispute was G of a civil nature and with an obliqu.e motive it was given a colour of criminal litigation. The said reply had been given especially in view of the fact that the complaint had also been filed making out a case against the accused under the provisions of Sections 406 & 420 of the Indian Penal Code. H (2011] 9 S.C.R. 334 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ... \. A 7. The case of the complainants was that M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. is a sister concern of Mis. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. and the aforestated cheques were given by Munish Jain towards dues of M/s. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. as a Director of M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. After considering the B[evidence ][adduced ][and ][the ][arguments ][made ][before ][the ][trial ] court, the trial court acquitted the accused for the reason that the goods had been supplied by the complainants to M/s. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. and the cheques had not been given by M/s. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. but they had been given c[by ][M/s. ][AT. ][Overseas ][Ltd. ][As ][M/s. ][Shree ][Nath ][Spinners ][Pvt. ] Ltd. and M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. are two different legal entities and as there was nothing on record to show that the cheques were given by M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. in consideration of goods supplied by the complainants to Mis. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. D[Ltd., ][the ][conclusion ][was ][that ][there ][was ][no ][liability ][of ][M/s. ][A.T. ] Overseas Ltd. and, therefore, dishonour of the aforestated cheques would not make signatory of the cheques from the account of Mis. A.T. Overseas Ltd. liable under the provisions of the Act. A E E 8. Being aggrieved by the orders passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Ludhiana, dated 4th May, 2007, criminal appeals were filed before the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh, but the said appeals have been dismissed and, therefore, the original complainants have F approached this Court by way of these appeals. • _1_ .. 9. It may be noted here that during the pendency of the proceedings, Mohinder Jain, accused/respondent no.3 expired and, therefore, deleted from the array of parties. G 10. Mr. Nidhesh Gupta, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the complainants mainly submitted that the learned Judicial Magistrate as well as the High Court committed an error by acquitting the accused simply because the goods had been supplied to Mis. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. whereas the H cheques were given by M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. He submitted '-"' f • ~ J. _, _4->_ .. ANIL SACHAR & ANR. _v._ SHREE NATH SPINNERS 335 P. LTD. & ORS. ETC. [ANIL R. DAVE, J.] that both the concerns, referred to hereinabove, are sister A concerns having common Directors and, therefore, the courts below ought to have lifted the corporate veil so as to find out the realities. He also submitted that Munish Jain, who had signed the aforesaid cheques was Director in both the sister concerns viz. M/s. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. and Mis. AT. B Overseas Ltd. Moreover, he submitted that once the cheques had been issued by the accused, as per provisions of Section 139 of the Act, burden was on the accused to show that there was no consideration. So as to substantiate his aforestated submission, the learned counsel relied upon the Judgments c delivered by this Court in /COS _Ltd. v. Beena Shabeer and Anr._ [2002(6) SCC 426], _K.K. Ahuja v. V.K. Vora and Anr.,_ [2009(10) SCC 48] and _K.N. Beena v. Muniyappan and Anr._ r2001 (8) sec 458J. · .,. D 11. For the aforestated reasons, the learned counsel strenuously submitted that the High Court had erred in confirming the orders of acquittal because upon lifting the corporate veil, the correct position could have been revealed and the correct position according to the learned counsel was that the cheques had been given by a sister concern, namely, E M/s. AT. Overseas Ltd. in consideration of the goods supplied to Mis Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. The learned counsel also drew our attention to the fact that there were several inter se transactions between the above-named two sister concerns and, therefore, the courts below ought to have believed that the F payment had been made by one company for another company and the courts below ought to have believed that there was a consideration behind issuance of the aforestated two cheques. He also draw our attention to the relevant evidence which was , adduced by the complainants to establish the aforestated facts. G E 12. On the other hand, the learned counsel appearing for the respondents supported the reasons recorded by the courts below while acquitting the accused. He mainly submitted that the cheques had been issued by Mis. A.T. Overseas Ltd. to H 336 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A whom no goods had been supplied by the complainants and, therefore, there was no consideration. In absence of any consideration, according to the learned counsel, the accused could not have been held guilty and, therefore, the courts below rightly acquitted the respondents. The learned counsel relied B[upon the judgments delivered in ] _[lndowind Energy ][Ltd. ][v. ] Wescare (India) Ltd. and Anr._ [2010(5) SCC 306] and in _Rahul Builders v. Arihant Fertilizers_ & _Chemicals and Anr._ [2008(2) sec 321]. According to him, even if two companies are having common Directors, both companies would remain different c[legal entities ][and, ][therefore, the submission made ][on ][behalf of ] the appellants that both the companies are sister concerns and, therefore, one company should be made liable for the dues of another company cannot be sustained. He further submitted that there was nothing to substantiate the submission that M/s. D[A.T. Overseas Ltd. had made payment ][in ][consideration ][of ] goods supplied to M/s. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. He, therefore, submitted that the appeals be dismissed. ...... :.., .., 13. Upon hearing the learned C( •unsel appearing for the parties and upon perusal of the record pertaining to the cases E and the impugned judgment delivered by the High Court confirming the order passed by the trial court and upon considering the judgments cited by the learned counsel, we are of the view that the decision rendered by the courts below cannot be sustained. F 14. Upon perusal of the record, we find that the complainants had established before the trial court that there was an understanding among the complainants and the accused that in consideration of supply of goods to M/s. Shree G[Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd., Mis. A.T. Overseas ][Ltd. ][was to make ] the payment. The aforestated understanding was on account of the fact that directors in both the aforestated companies were common and the aforestated companies were sister concerns. In the circumstances, it can be very well said and it has been proved that in consideration of supply of goods to M/s. Shree H ; '....,, __,i..k_ " _1·_ ~ J. . -~ ANIL SACHAR & ANR. _v._ SHREE NATH SPINNERS 337 P. LTD. & ORS. ETC. [ANIL R. DAVE, J.] Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd., M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. had made the payment. In view of the above fact, in our opinion, the trial court was not right when it came to the conclusion that there was no reason for M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. to give the cheques to the complainants. The aforestated facts are very well reflected in the statement made in the complaint and in the evidence by the complainant which have not been controverted. Paras 2 and 3 of the complaint are reproduced herein below: A B "2. That the accused had business dealings with the complainant and supply of the goods which duly supplied c by my client vide separate bills from time to time which was duly acknowledged by the accused no. 5 Varun Jain director of the accused no. 1. ... 3. That in order to discharge the liability of making the payment, the accused issued following two cheques in favour of the complainant through their sister concern _MIS_ A.T. Overseas Ltd. i.e. Accused No. 1 and the cheques were duly signed by Mr. Munish Jain one of its directors" D 15. The trial court materially erred while coming to a E conclusion that in criminal law no presumption can be raised with regard to consideration as no goods had been supplied by the complainants to M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd .. The trial court ought to have considered provisions of Section 139 of the Act, which reads as under:- F "139. Presumption in favour of holder - It shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the holder of a cheque received the cheque of the nature referred to in Section 138 for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability." G 16. According to the provisions of the aforestated section, there is a presumption with regard to consideration when a cheque has been paid by the drawer of the cheque. In the instant case, M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. paid the cheque which H 338 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. ... A had been duly signed by one of its Directors, namely, Munish Jain. Munish Jain is also a Director in Mis. Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd .. As stated hereinabove, both are sister concerns having common Directors. Extracts of books of accounts had been produced before the trial court so as to B[show ][that ][both ][the ][companies ][were ][having ][several ][transactions ] and the companies used to pay on behalf of each other to other parties or their creditors. The above fact strengthens the presumption to the effect that M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. had paid the cheques to the complainants, which had been signed by c[Munish ][Jain, ][in ][consideration ][of ][goods ][supplies ][to ][M/s ][Shree ] Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. Of course, the presumption referred to in Section 139 is rebuttable. In the instant case, no effort was made by Munish Jain or any of the Directors of M/s. A.T. Overseas Ltd. for rebuttal of the aforestated presumption and, D[therefore, ][the ][presumption ][must ][go ][in ][favour ][of ][the ][holder of ] the cheques. Unfortunately, the trial court did not consider the above facts and came to the conclusion that there was no consideration for the cheques which had been given by Mis. A.T. Overseas Ltd. to the complainams. E 17. It is true that a limited company is a separate legal entity and its directors are different legal persons. In spite of the aforestated legal position, in view of the provisions of Section 139 of the Act and the understanding which had been arrived at among the complainants and the accused, one can F safely come to a conclusion that the cheques signed by Munish Jain had been given by Mis. A.T. Overseas ltd. to the complainants in discharge of a debt or a liability, which had been incurred by Mis Shree Nath Spinners Pvt. Ltd. 18. We may also refer to the judgment delivered by this G Court in the case of /CDS _Ltd._ (supra). In the said judgment this Court has referred to the nature of liability which is incurred by the one who is a drawer of the cheque. If the cheque is given towards any liability or debt which might have been incurred H[even ][by ][someone ][else, ][the ][person ][who ][is ][a drawer of ][the ] , '""' . ANIL SACHAR & ANR. _v._ SHREE NATH SPINNERS 339 P. LTD. & ORS. ETC. [ANIL R. DAVE, J.] -- _Jo_,. ~ _1_ ~ ~ _)_ cheque can be made liable under Section 138 of the Act. The A relevant observation made in the aforestated judgment is as under: "The words "any cheque" and "other liability" occurring in Section 138 are the two key expressions which stand as B clarifying the legislative intent so as to bring the factual context within the ambit of the provisions of the statute. These expressions leave no manner of doubt that for whatever reason it may be, the liability under Section 138 cannot be avoided in the event the cheque stands returned c by the banker unpaid. Any contra-:.interpretation would defeat the intent of the legislature. The High Court got carried away by the ii::sue of guarantee and guarantor's liability and thus has overlooked the true intent and purport of Section 138 of the Act. D ~ The language, however, has been rather specific as regard the intent of the legislature. The commencement of the section stands with the words "where any cheque". The above noted three words are of extreme significance, in particular, by reason of the user of the word "any" - the first three words suggest that in fact for whatever reason if a cheque is drawn on an account maintained by him with a banker in favour of another person for the discharge of any debt or other liability, the highlighted words if read with the first three words at the commencement of Section 138, leave no manner of doubt that for whatever reason it may be, the liability under this provision cannot be avoided in the event the same stands returned by the banker unpaid. The legislature has been careful enough to record not only discharge in whole or in part of any debt but the same includes other liability as well. This aspect of the matter has not been appreciated by the High Court, neither been dealt with or even referred to in the impugned judgment." E F G H • ' SUPREME COURT REPORTS 340 [2011] 9 S.C.R. , • ... ~. A 19. Looking to the facts of the case and law on the subject, we are of the view that all the four cheques referred to in both the complaints are presumed to have been given for consideration. The presumption under Section 139 of the Act has not been rebutted by the accused and, therefore, we are B[of ][the ][view ][that ][the ][trial ][court ][wrongly ][acquitted ][the ][accused ] by taking a view that there was no r:onsideration for which the cheques were given by Munish Jain to the complainants. The aforesaid incorrect view was wrongly confirmed by the High Court. We, therefore, set aside the acquittal order and convict c[accused ][Munish ][Jain ][under ][Section ][138 ][of ][the ][Act. ] A 20. In view of the aforestated facts and legal position, in our opinion, the accused ought to have been held guilty, especially accused no. 4, Munish Jain who had signed all the cheques for _Mis_ A.T. Overseas Ltd. We, therefore, hold Munish Jain, accused no. 4 and respondent no. 4 herein, in both the cases guilty of the offence under Section 138 of the Act. D J 21. Accused Munish Jain was acquitted by the trial court and the High Court has confirmed the acquittal, which is being E set aside by this Court by allowing these appeals. In the · circumstances, as per the provisions of Section 235(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code, this Court will have to give an opportunity of being heard to him on the question of sentence. We, therefore, adjourn the case to 2-8-2011 for hearing the F accused Manish Jain on the question of sentence. If on that day he fails to appear before this Court, we shall hear his counsel on the question of sentence. ## **ORDER** ## G 1. We have heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties on the question of sentence. Having gone through the records, we find that Mr. Munish Jain, against whom the notice was issued on the question of sentence had died. Accordingly, so far he is concerned, the matter stands abated. H } ' ANIL SACHAR & ANR. _v._ SHREE NATH SPINNERS 341 P. LTD. & ORS. ETC . ..<.~ 2. There is yet one more accused in the case, apart from A the company, who was also impleaded as a party in the present proceedings. The said Director of the company is Mr. Varun Jain. 3. We have heard the learned counsel appearing for the 8 parties on the question of sentence. Considering the provisions of Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, we consider that imposition of fine of an amount of Rs. 10,00,000/- (Rupees ten lacs only) would meet the ends of justice in the present case. Considering the facts and circumstances of the case, we, c therefore, impose a fine of Rs. 10,00,000/- (Rupees ten lacs only) on the respondent payable to the appellants/complainants by way of compensation. .. 4. At this stage, the counsel appearing for the respondent has handed over drafts amounting to Rs. 10,00,000/- payable D to the appellants/complainants, to the counsel appearing for the appellants/complainants, who receives the said amount which is imposed as fine and payable to the appellants. Fine having been paid and received the litigation to an end. 5. In that view of the matter, nothing further survives in these[E ] appeals, which stand disposed of. R.P. Appeals disposed of. < _J_