Anil Kumar and Others v State of Kerala and The Sub Inspector of Police, Koipuram Police Station (CRL.M.C. No. 6375 of 2023)

# **`IN THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM`** # **`PRESENT`** ``` THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE P.V.KUNHIKRISHNAN FRIDAY, THE 29[TH] DAY OF SEPTEMBER 2023 / 7TH ASWINA, 1945 CRL.MC NO. 6375 OF 2023 ``` ## **`PETITIONERS/ACCUSED 1, 2 AND 3:`** ``` 1D. ANIL KUMAR AGED 59 YEARS, S/O. LATE P.R. DAMODARAN PILLAI, MANAGING DIRECTOR, PRD MINI NIDHI LIMITED, KURIYANOOR, THIRUVALLA, PATHANAMTHITTA-689550, RESIDING AT SREERAMA SADANAM, KURIYANOOR, KURIYANOOR P.O., THIRUVALLA, PATHANAMTHITTA, PIN - 689550 2DEEPA DIVAKARAN AGED 52 YEARS W/O. ANIL KUMAR, BOARD MEMBER, PRD MINI NIDHI LIMITED, KURIYANOOR, THIRUVALLA, PATHANAMTHITTA-689550, RESIDING AT SREERAMA SADANAM, KURIYANOOR, KURIYANOOR P.O., THIRUVALLA, PATHANAMTHITTA, PIN - 689550 3ANANTHA VISHNU @ ANANDHU VISHNU AGED 28 YEARS S/O. ANIL KUMAR, BOARD MEMBER, PRD MINI NIDHI LIMITED, KURIYANOOR, THIRUVALLA, PATHANAMTHITTA-689550, RESIDING AT SREERAMA SADANAM, KURIYANOOR, KURIYANOOR P.O., THIRUVALLA, PATHANAMTHITTA, PIN - 689550 BY ADVS. S.RAJEEV S V.VINAY(K/355/2009) M.S.ANEER(K/644/2013) SARATH K.P.(K/001467/2021) PRERITH PHILIP JOSEPH(K/000736/2015) ANILKUMAR C.R.(K/001190/2020) K.S.KIRAN KRISHNAN(K/3514/2022) ``` ## **`RESPONDENTS/STATE AND COMPLAINANT:`** ``` 1STATE OF KERALA REPRESENTED BY PUBLIC PROSECUTOR, HIGH COURT OF KERALA, PIN - 682031 2THE SUB INSPECTOR OF POLICE KOIPURAM POLICE STATION, PATHANAMTHITTA DISTRICT, PIN - 689531 ``` CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **2** ``` BY ADVS. DIRECTOR GENERAL OF PROSECUTION(AG-10) P.NARAYANAN, SENIOR G.P. AND ADDL.PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ``` ``` THIS CRIMINAL MISC. CASE HAVING COME UP FOR ADMISSION ON 29.09.2023, THE COURT ON THE SAME DAY PASSED THE FOLLOWING: ``` CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **3** ## **P.V.KUNHIKRISHNAN, J. -------------------------------Crl.M.C. No.6375 of 2023 ---------------------------------------------Dated this the 29[th] day of September, 2023** ## **ORDER** This Criminal Miscellaneous Case is filed to issue a direction to the 2[nd] respondent to issue notice under Section 41A of the Code of Criminal Procedure in all the crimes registered against the petitioners as the Managing Director and Directors of M/s. PRD Mini Nidhi Limited or otherwise, wherein the FIRs are already registered and where the arrest of the petitioners is not recorded and also with respect to any crimes which may be registered against the petitioners hereinafter. 2. The petitioners are accused Nos.1, 2 and 3 in more than 185 Crimes registered by Koipuram Police Station, Pathanamthitta District, for the offences punishable under Sections 409 and 420 read with SEction 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The offences punishable under Sections 3 and 5 of Banning of Unregulated Deposit Schemes Act, 2019 (BUDS CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **4** Act) are also alleged. It is the case of the petitioners that they are granted regular bail in 152 cases by this Court after undergoing incarceration from 9.11.2022 and the petitioners were released from jail on 4.8.2023. 3. The prosecution allegation against the 1[st] accused who is the Managing Director, accused Nos.2 to 4 who are the Board Members and the 5[th] accused who is the Manager of PRD Mini Nidhi Limited, without any licence or approval from the Reserve Bank of India for the collection of money/deposit from general public, made the defacto complainants believe that they are having licence and approval from the Reserve Bank of India for collecting money/deposit from the public and by offering higher rate of interest, collected various amounts from the defacto complainant and failed to return the deposit money or interest whereby the accused have cheated the defacto complainant and thus committed the above offences. 4. This Court as per Annexure-II order, was pleased to direct the Investigating Officer to record the arrest of the petitioners in all the cases already registered. Accordingly the petitioners were granted regular bail by this Court in 152 cases as evident by Annexure-III list is the submission. After CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **5** the release of the petitioners from prison, they came to know that several crimes are already registered against the petitioners wherein the arrest is not recorded and that they would be arrested in connection with the above crimes at the times of appearance before the Investigating Officer, which is one of the conditions imposed by this Court while granting bail. It is the case of the petitioners that if they are issued with a notice under Section 41A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, they can appear before the Investigating Officer or apply for pre-arrest bail from the competent court of law. Hence this criminal miscellaneous case is filed. 5. Heard the learned counsel for the petitioners and the learned Public Prosecutor. 6. When this matter came up for consideration, the counsel for the petitioners submitted that in similar situation, this Court considered the issue in detail in the judgment dated 25.08.2023 in W.P.(Crl.) No.230/2023. The Public Prosecutor submitted that in those cases, the petitioners were in custody and the petitioners in this case are already released on bail. But even then, I am of the considered opinion that the dictum laid down by this Court in the above judgment is applicable in CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **6** this case also. The relevant portion of the judgment dated 25.08.2023 in W.P.(Crl.) No.230/2023 is extracted hereunder: “9. I have heard Sri.S.Sreekumar, the learned Senior Counsel instructed by Sri.Thomas P.Kuruvila, learned counsel for the petitioner as well as Sri.P.Narayanan, learned Public Prosecutor on behalf of the respondents. 10. The points that arise for consideration are (i) whether all the FIRs registered against the petitioner can be clubbed together (ii) whether a comprehensive bail can be directed to be granted in all cases registered against the petitioner, deeming his date of arrest as 13.01.2023 and (iii) any other reliefs. ## (i) **Whether all the FIRs registered against the petitioner can be clubbed together?** 11. In the instant case, 283 complaints are filed at different locations at different police stations in the State, all relating to separate and independent transactions. The nature of inducement, the quantum of the deposit, the place where the inducement was offered are all distinct, apart from the period for which the deposits were offered. The complainants are also different, and even the provisions of law applicable are also different in a few of the crimes. The complainants are also not parties to the writ petition. Therefore it would be prejudicial to the numerous depositors/complainants to club all those CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **7** FIRs as a single offence solely for the convenience of the accused or that of the agency. 12. In Abhishek Singh Chauhan’s case (supra), the Supreme Court directed clubbing all the FIRs registered in different States, treating the subsequently registered FIRs as statements under section 161 of Cr.P.C. The court also observed that if the accused has been granted bail in connection with the principal FIR, the bail so granted must enure in his favour until the court of competent jurisdiction cancels it, owing to supervening circumstances. The ratio of the said decision was sought to be applied to the crimes against the petitioner to club all the FIRs. 13. However, in a decision of a coordinate Bench of the Supreme Court in **Anubhav Mittal and Others v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Others** (2022 LiveLaw (SC) 980), after noticing that the cheating and connected offences in the said case had occurred at different parts of the country and each victim having a right to prosecute his complaint through the law enforcement agency, held that the accused cannot demand conduct of investigation only with respect to a particular offence. It was also observed that the accused, who had mobilized funds from different parts of the country, could not plead his inconvenience of having to defend the case in multiple jurisdictions. 14. Thus, two divergent judgments of coordinate Benches governing the issue were CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **8** brought to the notice of this Court. 15. In this context, it is apposite to refer to the decision of the Supreme Court in **Narendrajith Singh Sahani and Another v. Union of India and Others** [(2002) 2 SCC 210], while considering a similar issue it was observed as follows: “As regards the issue of a single-offence, we are afraid that the fact situation of the matters under consideration would not permit to lend any credence to such a submission. Each individual deposit agreement shall have to be treated as separate and individual transaction brought about by the allurement of the financial companies, since the parties are different, the amount of deposit is different as also the period for which the deposit was effected. It has all the characteristics of independent transactions and we do not see any compelling reason to hold it otherwise. The plea as raised also cannot have our concurrence.” 16. The decision in Abhishek Singh Chauhan’s case (supra) does not lay down any principle of law that, in all circumstances, the different FIR’s can be clubbed together. Further, most of the crimes in the said decision had culminated in final reports, and many of the cases were pending in court, too. On the other hand, the judgment in **Anubhav Mittal’s case** (supra) strikes a different note. After holding that the convenience of the accused alone cannot be weighed by the court for deciding a proceeding of this nature, CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **9** it was observed in the latter decision that “The alleged cheating and connected offences have occurred at different parts of the country and each victim under the existing provisions of law has a right to prosecute his complaints against the petitioners through the law enforcement agency under normal circumstances having power to conduct investigation in the particular territory where complaint is lodged. It is apparent that the petitioners had mobilised funds from different parts of the country and now, on alleged default, cannot plead their inconvenience of having to defend their cases in multiple jurisdictions.” 17. In **Abhishek Singh Chauhan’s case** (supra), no principle of law has been declared that in every case, clubbing of FIRs ought to be done. The three Judge's Bench in **Narendrajith Singh Sahani’s case** (supra) and two Judge's Bench in **Anubhav Mittal’s case** (supra) have as pointed out earlier, struck a different note. In the latter two cases, the fact situations are also similar as in the present case. 18. Apart from the above, law does not contemplate such a clubbing of FIRs and hence, such a direction, that too, at this stage of the investigation, is not called for. In view of the above discussion, the relief for clubbing of FIRs is declined. ## (ii) **Whether a comprehensive bail can be** CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **10** ## **directed to be granted in all cases registered against the petitioner, deeming his date of arrest as 13.01.2023?** 19. The right of an accused to speedy trial, flowing from Article 21 encompasses all the stages, namely the stage of investigation, inquiry, trial, appeal, revision and retrial. However, the said right cannot be extended to persons who complain of infraction of Article 21 on the ground that he is unable to walk out of jail due to the repeated number of criminal cases being registered against him. A blanket or a comprehensive order granting bail in all cases registered and to be registered in the future, deeming his date of arrest as 13.01.2023, is not a methodology contemplated under law. Hence, the prayer for a comprehensive bail is also declined. ## (iii) **Any other reliefs.** 20. Since multiple crimes are registered, petitioner has alleged that there is an attempt to deny his liberty by avoiding arrest in many cases for long periods. Petitioner also alleged that once bail is granted in one crime, the police records his arrest in another crime registered much earlier and repeats this process, resulting in denying the possibility of his release on bail at any time in the near future. 21. The circumstances of the case reveal that the allegation noted in the preceding paragraph is credible. Despite the petitioner remaining in custody CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **11** continuously from 13.01.2023, his arrest has not been recorded even in those cases that were registered more than a month ago. The inconvenience of the agency to record arrest cannot be an acceptable reason to deny the liberty of an individual. A purposeful attempt to deny the liberty of the petitioner by delaying the recording of his arrest can amount to an unfair investigation violating Article 21 of the Constitution of India. 22. The Constitution mandates, under Article 21, that the procedure in a criminal investigation and trial must be fair, just and reasonable and not fanciful or oppressive. The assurance of a fair trial is the imperious command springing from Article 21. The said Constitutional provision pervades over every provision of law in our country. The Supreme Court had in **Vinubhai Haribhai Malaviya and Others v. State of Gujarat and Another,** [(2019) 17 SCC 1] observed that 'the hovering omnipresence of Article 21 over every provision of Cr.P.C cannot be lost sight of'. Thus, the interpretation of the provisions of Cr.P.C must of necessity, ensure adherence to Article 21, in both letter and spirit. Similarly, In **Vinay Tyagi v. Irshad alias Deepak and Others** [(2013) 5 SCC 762], the Court held that an accused has a right to have a just and fair investigation, apart from trial, and it is the responsibility and duty of the court to ensure that the investigation is fair and does not hamper the CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **12** freedom of an individual. 23. If the accused in a case is required by the investigating officer to be arrested, delaying the recording of arrest under one pretext or the other, cannot be allowed, in cases where the accused is already in custody for other crimes. Necessary steps will have to be initiated with promptitude to question the accused and to arrest him if required. An arrest can be recorded after obtaining a production warrant or other measures as contemplated under law. The delay in recording the arrest, despite the knowledge that the accused is already in custody, intrudes on his rights. Delay in recording arrest for a long period of time can be assumed to be a conscious attempt to infract the right to liberty. 24. In the statement filed on 3-08-2023, the Investigating Officer mentioned that out of 263 cases being investigated by the Crime Branch against the petitioner, arrest has been recorded only in 185 cases. Of the 78 cases in which arrest has not been recorded, only a handful of them were registered in the month of July 2023, and the rest were registered as early as in June 2023. The inconvenience of the investigating agency is projected as one of the reasons for the delay in recording arrest. If the arrest is recorded properly, the petitioner would have the liberty to apply for bail. If a delay in recording the arrest occurs, the incarceration of the petitioner can continue for long. Misuse of the powers of arrest CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **13** is possible in such an instance. 25. Therefore, it is imperative that the investigating agency proceeds to record the arrest of the petitioner immediately on being aware of the fact that he is already in custody, or at least within a reasonable time of registration of the crime. Delayed recording of arrest can be a calculated method for the continued incarceration of an accused in certain situations. This Court reminds itself that long periods of incarceration can amount to conviction without punishment, which is the antithesis of due procedure and infracts the liberty of the individual guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. 26. The power of arrest cannot be misused by the police, and the liberty of an individual, which is the most cherished concept, has to be assiduously protected. Two decisions of significance are to referred to at this juncture. In **Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar and Another** [(2014) 8 SCC 273], the Supreme Court had held that in all cases where the offences are punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend upto seven years, the police officers shall not arrest the accused unneccessarily and detention shall not be authorised mechanically. A police officer, before arrest, has to be first satisfied that the person had committed the offence and that the arrest is necessary for one or more of the purposes envisaged by section 41(1)(a) to (e) of CrPC. Thus, he has to be satisfied that the arrest is CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **14** necessary to prevent the commission of any further offence, or for a proper investigation, or to prevent the disappearance of or tampering with the evidence, or to prevent attempts to dissuade witnesses from giving evidence or from disclosing facts to the Court or to the Police Officer; or his presence in the court, whenever required, cannot be ensured. The Police Officer effecting the arrest has to state the specific reasons in writing while making the arrest, which must be verified by the Magistrate to ensure satisfaction of the conditions precedent for such an arrest. The Supreme Court had observed that authorising detention beyond 24 hours is a solemn function and ought not to be done in a routine, casual and cavalier manner as is often done. 27. Similarly, in **Satender Kumar Antil v. Centrl Bureau of Investigation and Another** [(2022) 10 SCC 51], the Court had held that the investigating officers are duty bound to comply with the mandate of sections 41 and 41A of Cr.P.C and non-compliance would entitle the accused to bail. 28. The above decisions provide a balance between the needs of the investigating agency and the rights of the individual. In the instant case, petitioner has already been in custody for the last more than seven months, his passport has already been surrendered as admitted by the Prosecutor, all his properties have already been attached under the BUDS Act, the documents in his possession and over CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **15** which he had dominion have already been seized. Though the crimes are all different, the allegations are generally similar in nature. Thus, the requirements of section 41 of Cr.P.C, for future crimes with allegations of a similar nature are mostly satisfied. Hence, the benefit of section 41A Cr.P.C ought to be accorded to the petitioner. Of course, in cases where the allegations are different or if the investigating officer requires the arrest of the petitioner for specific reasons in a particular case, he must have the liberty to do so, provided the conditions laid down in **Arnesh Kumar and Satender Kumar Antil** are scrupulously complied with. 29. At the same time, the power of arrest vested with the investigating agency in appropriate cases cannot be trenched upon. A balance will have to be struck between the principles of liberty and the power of arrest as contemplated under the Cr.P.C. Therefore, in cases where the allegations are different from the crimes already registered or if the investigating officer requires the arrest of the petitioner for specific reasons in a particular case, he must have the liberty to do so, provided the conditions laid down in **Arnesh Kumar and Satinder Kumar Antil** are scrupulously complied with. 30. Thus, to balance the rights of the petitioner as well as that of the investigating agency and the CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **16** complainants, certain directions are required to be issued regarding the arrest of the petitioner. Those directions are specified in the concluding paragraph as (iii) to (v) and are peculiar to the circumstances arising in the instant case. 31. In conclusion, (i). All the F.I.R’s registered against the petitioner cannot be clubbed together to form a single crime. (ii). A comprehensive order of bail is not a procedure contemplated by law to cover all crimes registered and to be registered in the future, deeming the date of arrest in the initial crime as the date of arrest in all such crimes. (iii). As the petitioner has been in custody since 13-01-2023, delayed recording of his arrest in the crimes already registered infringes his right to life and liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. (iv). In all crimes already registered against the petitioner as on this date, his arrest shall be recorded within an outer period of ten days from today. (v). In all crimes registered hereafter alleging offences and circumstances of a similar nature as those of the crimes already registered, the procedure contemplated under section 41A Cr.P.C.shall be followed, subject to the exception carved out under clause (vi) below. CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **17** (vi). If circumstances exist where the investigating officer requires the arrest of the petitioner in crimes to be registered hereafter, the directions in **Arnesh Kumar’s case and in Satender Kumar Antils** ' case, and the provisions of section 41(1)(ii) Cr.P.C shall scrupulously be complied with. Further, the Magistrate concerned shall scrutinize the need for any detention in such cases with the seriousness it deserves and not in a routine manner. Thus, W.P.(Crl.) No.230 of 2023 is dismissed, while W.P.(Crl.) No.381 of 2023 is disposed of as above.” 7. I think the grievance of the petitioners is also almost similar. Therefore, same relief can be given to the petitioners also. Therefore, criminal miscellaneous case is disposed of in the following manner: 1. In all crimes registered hereafter alleging offences with circumstances of a similar nature as those of the crimes already registered, and the cases in which arrest is not recorded, the procedure contemplated under section 41A Cr.P.C. shall be followed, subject to the exception carved out under clause (2) below. CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **18** 2. If circumstances exist where the investigating officer requires the arrest of the petitioners in crimes to be registered hereafter, the directions in **Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar and Another** [(2014) 8 SCC 273] and **Satender Kumar Antil v. Centrl Bureau of Investigation and Another** [(2022) 10 SCC 51], and the provisions of Section 41(1)(ii) Cr.P.C shall scrupulously be complied with. Further, the Magistrate concerned shall scrutinize the need for any detention in such cases with the seriousness it deserves and not in a routine manner. JV sd/- **P.V.KUNHIKRISHNAN JUDGE** CrlM.C..No.6375/2023 **19** ## **`APPENDIX OF CRL.MC 6375/2023`** ``` PETITIONER ANNEXURES ``` ``` Annexure -ITRUE COPY OF THE FIR IN CRIME NO. 1090/2022 OF KOIPURAM POLICE STATION Annexure -IITRUE COPY OF THE ORDER DATED 13.4.2023 IN W.P.(CRL.) 294/2023 OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT Annexure -IIILIST SHOWING THE DETAILS OF THE CRIME NUMBER AS WELL AS THE BAIL APPLICATION FILED BEFORE THIS HONOURABLE COURT BY THE PETITIONERS ``` ``` Annexure -IVTRUE COPY OF THE ORDER DATED 2.8.2023 OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT IN BAIL APPLICATION NO. 6391/2023 Annexure -VTRUE COPY OF THE ORDER DATED 4.7.2023 IN CRL.M.C. 4757/2023 OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT Annexure -VITRUE COPY OF THE JUDGMENT IN SATINDER SINGH BHASIN VS. GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF DELHI AND OTHERS REPORTED IN 2019 KHC 7106 ```