American Home Products Corporation v. Mac Labs.

264 A B c SEPTEMBER 30, 1985 [AMARENDRA NATH SEN AND D.P. MADON, JJ.] Trade Marks Act, 1940 (5 of 1940), ss.14(1) and 39(2) and Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 ( 43 of 1958), ss. 18, 46(l)(a)(b) and 48 - "Trade Mark" - What is - Registration of Valuable right on the proprietor whether conferred - Infringement of rights - Remedies - What are. Trade Marks Act, 1940 - s.14(1) - Trade matk 'Dristan' Registration of. AMERICAN ID1E **PRODUCTS** **CORPORATION** **V•** **MAC** **LABORATORIES** **PRIVATE** **LOOTED** **AND** **ANR.** Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 - s.46(l)(a)(b) "Trade !'lark" - Removal of from Register of Trade Marks - Two conditions precedent under cl.(a) must be cumulatively satisfied D - Burden of proving applicability of s.46(l)(a)(b) - On person seeking removal of trade mark - Distinction between els. (a) and (b) - What is - S.46(1) - Object of - Trafficking in trade mark What is - Ascertainment of bonafide intention to use trade mark Whether dependant on the facts and circumstances of each case Whether continuous chain of events even subsequent to the appliE cation for registration to be considered - Intention to use trade mark sought to be registered - Must be genuine and real at the date of application for registration - Whether the words "proposed to be used by hill'" in s .18 mean "proposed to be used by the proprietor, his agents and servants" - Effect of sub-s.(2) of s.48 on sub-s. (1) of s.18 - What is. F Trafficking in Trade Marks - What is. G Interpretation of Statutes: Deeming provision - Full effect to be given. **Construction leading** **to** **manifest** **absurdity,** **injustice,** **inconvenience or anomaly** **to** **be avoided.** **Precedents: Doctrine** **of** H English decisions - Can be referred to, but applicability **would depend** **upon** **context** **of** **Indian** **laws,** **legal** **procedure and** **practical** **realities** **of** **litigation** **in** **India.** AMEkICAN H.P.COF.PN. v. MAC LABS. 265 The appellsnt-American Home Products Corporation, is a Corporation incorporated in the United States of America. ·0ne of its activities is, the manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical products and drugs carried on through its division."Whitehall Laboratories". The appellant was dealing with the Ind1an Company - Geoffery Manners & Co. Ltd., through its subsidiary - Home Products International Ltd. Some time prior to 1956 it acquired 40% shareholding in the Indian Company. In 1956 it introduced an anti-iiystamin drug in the American market under the trade'"1llllrk 'Dristan'. It got the trade mark 'Dristan' registered as a distinctive trade mark in the Trade Marks Register in the United States and subsequently in several foreign countries. The appellant entered into a technical collaboration agreement with the Indian Company effective from Nov. l, 1957. Under this agreement the Indian Company received the formulae, manufacturing technology, and other assistance essential for the efficient manufacture in India of various products of the appellsnt. The appellant granted to the Indian Company; for the duration of the agreement an exclusive aud non-transferable licence to make and sell the "Licensed Products" in India under the nsme or marks of the appellant. The agreement inter alia further provided that rights of registered user will be extended to the Indian Company in respect of each "Licensed Product" by the appellant - proprietor of such trade mark. Pursuant to the collsboration agreement the Indian Company manufactured and marketed the products covered thereunder and got itself registered as the registered user in respect of the trade marks relsting to the goods of' which the appellant was the registered proprietor. On and from December 1957 it was decided that the Indian Company should introduce in the Indian market nine new drugs of the appellsnt including 'Dristan' tablets. On August 18, 1958, the appellant filed an application under s.14(1) of the Trade Marks Act 1940, in Form TM-I for registration :>f the trade mark 'Dristan' in class .5 claiming to be its proprietor and that the same was proposed to be used by it. The application wss advertised as required by the Trade Marks Rules 1942. No Notice of opposition to the registration of the trade mark was filed by any one and the trade mark 'Dristan' was registered on June 8, · 1959 by the Registrar of Trade Marks as trade mark No. 186511 in class 5. Thereafter, the Indian Company obtained a licence for the purchase of a machine for manufacturing of '.Driatan' tablets and installed the SSllie· A B c D E F G H 266 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. A B c D E F G H On October 18, 1961 another agreement was entered into between the Appellant and the Indian Compan;r for granting to the latter the non-exclusive r~t to use the trade mark 'Dristan [1 ] upon or in relation to the goods in respect of which the said trade mark was registered during the unexpired residue of the tem of the registration of the said' trade mark. Under this agreement the Indian Company agreed to become the registered user of the trade mark 'Dristan' and further agreed that the rights granted to it under the agreement would not be deemed. to entitle it to use the trade mark otherwise than as the registered user thereof. On October 22, 1961, the 'Dristan' tablets were first marketed in India by the Indian Company. On March 6, 19621 a joint application in Fom 'IM-28 was made by the appellant and the Indian Company for registering the Indian Company as a registere,d user of the trade mark 1Dristan 1 in respect of the goods for OD May 31, 1960, the first respondent - Mac Laboratories Private Ltd. - applied for registration of the trade mark 1Tristine 1 in claas 5. On Januaey 18, 1961, the appellant filed a notice of opposition to the registration of the mark 'Tristine' on the ground that it was deceptively similar to its trade mark 'Dristan'. The appellant [1 ] s opposition was not accepted by the Aaaistant Registrar of Trade Marks and by his order dt. March 27, 1962 1 he ordered the trade mark [1] Trist1.ne [1 ] to be registered in Part A of the Register of Trade Marks. The Appell.ant thereupon filed an appeal in the Bombay High Court which was allowed by a Single Judge on Feb. 5, 1963. The appeal filed by tne first respondent before a ·Division Bench was allowed with the directions that the respondent [1 ] s application be amended so as to read the trade mark 'Tristine [1 ] as 'Tristina [1 ] During the pendency of the application of the first respondent for registration of the trade mark 1Tristine' the Indian Company on Sept. 23, 1960 applied to the Central Govt. under s .11 of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951 for a licence to manufacture the tablet 'Dristan' which waa granted on January 19, 1961 for the manufacture of 'Dristan' tablets to the extent of 5 lakhs tablets per month with the conditions that "no, royalty would be payable" and that the products will be marketed with the trade mark already in use or without any trade mark. It also applied for an import licence for import of materials for manufacture of 'Dristan' tablets, and got approval for manufacture of 'Dristan' tablets. AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. 267 which it """ registered subject to certain conditions or restrictions. lbe application stated that the proposed permitted use was without limit of period subject to the right of the appellant registered proprietor to appiy for cancellation of the registered user forthwith after notice in writing to the Indian Company. lbe first respondent on April 10, 1961 filed with the lle,gistrar of the Trade Marks an application under ss.46 and 56 of the 1958 Act for rectifying the Register of Tracie Marks by removing therefrom the appellant's trade mark 'Dristan' on the grounds: (i) That the trade mark 1Dristan 1 is deceptively and confusingly similar to the trade mark [1] Bistan [1 ] already registered in class 5 and which has been used and is being used. (ii) That the trade mark 'Dristan' is deceptively similar to the trade mark 'Tristine' which the Applicants have lawfully been using since October 1960 in respect of their medicinsl preparation. (iii) That there has been no bons fide use of trade nark 'Dristan' in India in rei&tIOn to the goods for which it is registered by proprietor thereof for the time being upto date one month before the date of this application.• On May 5, 1961, the first respondent applied for amendment of the Rectification Application by substituting the submissions in support of the grounds taken earlier. The submissions so substituted were _:_ "(i) That the trade mark 'Driatan • was not distinctive nark and/or wAa not registerable trade mark under s.6 of the Trade Marks Act, 1940 (corresponding to s.9 of Act No.40 of 1958), except upon evidence of its distinctiveness and no such evidence was submitted to the Registrar before registration. (ii) That the said trade mark was registered in contravention of s.8 of the Trade Marks Act, 1940 (corresponding to a.11 of Act of 1958). A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 268 SUFREME COURl REPORlS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. (iii) That the said trade mark offends against the provisions of s.11 of the Act. (iv) That the trade mark 'Dristan' is not distiDCtive of the goods of the registered proprietors. (v) That the trade mark 'Dristan' was registered without any bona ~ intention on the part of the Applicants thst it would be used in relation to their medicinal preparation for symptomatic treatment of respiratory ailments by them and thst there has, in fact, been no bona fide uae in India of the said trade mark 'Dr1.stan' in relation to the said goods by the said proprietors upto a date one month before the date of this application." On December 7, 1964, the Registrar of Trade ~iarks dismissed the Rectification Application of the first Respondent holding· thst the Whitehsll Laboratories was a division of the appellant and not a separate ·legal entity and, therefore, the mark could not be registered in its name but only in the name of the appellant and accordingly ordered the entry in the Regj.ster relating to the Trade ~rk 'Dristan' to be varied by amending the registered proprietor's name to read as "American Home Products Corporation trading as Whitehall Laboratories." The appeal filed by the first respondent was allowed by the Single Judge holding (1) thst at the date of the making of the application for registration the appellant did not have a bona fide intention to uae the trade mark ·'Dristan' by itself, (2) that the appellant had not at any time used the said trade mark in relation to the goods in respect of which it was registered, (3) that the legal fiction created by s.48(2) of the 1958 Act came into play only after a trade mark was registered and that an intention to uae the trade mark through someone who would subsequently get himaelf registered as a registered user did not amount to an intention on the part of the applicant for registration to uiie the trade mark himaelf; and (4) that to accept the appellant's contention would amount to permitting trafficking in trade marks. In view of these conclusions the Single Judge did not decide the question whether trade mark 'Dristan' was deceptively and confusingly similar to the trade mark 'Bistan'. In the appeal filed by the appellant the Division BeDCh held that trade mark 'Dristan' was not deceptively and confusingly similar to the trade mark 'Bistan'. Dismissing the 11ppeal it, AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. 269 however, agreed with the ·view taken by the Single Judge in A respect of the construction which he hsd·placed upon ss.18 and 48 of the 1958 Act to come to the conclusion that the appellant had no bona fide intention to use itself the trade mark 'Dristan [1 ] and thatthe apjjellsnt had not at any time made use of the said trade **mark.** In the appeal to this Court on behalf of the appellant it · was contended: (1) the legal fiction created by sub-s.(2) of s.48 is, as expressly stated in that sub-section, for the purposes of s. 46 or for any other purpose for which such use is material under the 1958 Act or any other law. To confine this fiction to a case of an actual use of a trade mark by a registered user 'is to confine it only to use for the purposes of clause(b) of s.46(1) which is contrary to the purpose for which the fiction was created and, therefore, when s.18(1) of the 1958 Act (corresponding to s.14(1) of the 1940 ·Act) uses the words "proposed to be used", these words must be read as "prop0sed to be used by a proposed registered user". (2) To register a trade mark which is proposed to be used by a registered user does not per se SDX>unt to trafficking in trade marks and whether it does so or not must depend upon the facts and circU111Btanc"s of **each** **case.** ( 3) The reliance placed by the High Court - both by the Single Judge and the Di vision Bench - upon the 'PUSSY G6LOllll' Trade llarlr. Case (1967] R.P.c. 265, was unjustified and unwarranted inss111UCh as the provisions of the English Trade Marks Act, 1938, are radically different from those of the 1958 Act as also the 1940 Act and, therefore, that case has no relevance so far as the construction of s.18(1) read with s.48(2) of the 1958 Act is concerned. ( 4) The reliance placed bY the High Court (both bY the Single Judge and the Division Bench) upon the Shavaksha Committee Report and the Ayyanagar Report was equally misplaced as Parliament did not accept the recommendations with respect to registered users. B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 270 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. (5) The facts awl circumstances of the case show that the appellant had, at the date of the making of the application for registration, a bona fide intention to use the trade mark 'Dristan [1 ] through a registered **user.** (6) In any event, the appell.4nt itself had made bona ###### fide USe Of the trade mark [1] Dristan I Up tO a date one month before the date of the First Respondent's Application for Rectification. On behalf of the First Respondent following contentions were made. ( l) The words "proposed to be used" in s .18( l) of the 1958 Act s.14(1) of the 1940 Act mean "proposed to be used by the applicant for registration, his servants awl agents" and not by any person who is proposed to be got registered as a registered user awl, thetefore, the legal fiction enacted in s.48(2) cannot be imported into s.18(1). (2) A registered user can only come into being after a trade mark is registered. Therefore, as at the date of an application for registration of a trade mark, there cannot be any person in existence who is a registered user. The words "proposed to be used" cannot therefore posslbly mean "proposed to be used by a proposed registered user". (3) To permit a trade mark to be registered when the applicant himself does not propose to use it but proposes to use it through someone else who 1iOUld subsequently be registered as a registered user would be to permit trafficking in trade marka which i• contrary to the policy underlying the Trade Marks laws. (4) The only case which the 1958 Act permita the registration of a trade mark when the applicant for registration does not intend to use it himself but intends to use it through another is the one set out in s.45, namely, where the Registrar is satiafied that a company is about to be formed awl registered under the Companies Act, 1956, awl the applicant intenda to assign the trade mark to that company with a view to the use thereof by the company. AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. 271 (5) The 1958 Act is, as the 1940 Act was, based upon the English Trade Marks Act, 1938, and the decision in the 'PUSSY G61.0BE' Trade llarlt cue (supra) concludes this point against the appellant. (6) The Shsvaksba eo...ittee Report and the Ayyanagar Report show the legislstive intent not to allow a proposed use by a proposed registered user to be equated with a proposed use by the applicant for registration. ( 7) The appellant bad not at any relevant· time made use of the trade mark 'Dristan [1 ] (8) The appellant bad fradulently obtained registration of the trade mark [1] Dristan' by stating in the application for registration that it proposed to use the said trade mark itself and by not discloaing the fact that it proposed to use it through a proposed registered user. (9) The trade mark 'Dristan [1 ] was deceptively and confusingly similsr to the trade mark 'Bistan' and, therefore, it cannot be allowed to remain on the Register of Trade Marks. (10) to allow the trade mark 1Dristan' to remain on the Register of Trade Marks would be contrary to the policy of the Government of India. Allowing the appeal, HELD : ( l) The Judgment of the Di vision Bench of the Calcutta High Court appealed against is reversed and the order passed by it is set aside. Appeal No.165 of 1968 filed by the appellant before the Division Bench is allowed with costs and the judgment and order of the Single Judge of the High Court are reversed and set aside. _As_ a result, Appeal No. 61 of 1965 filed by the First Respondent before the Single Judge of the High Court is dismissed with costs and the order of the Registrar of Trade Marks, Calcutta, dismissing the First Respondent's Application for Rectification, No.CAL-17 is confirmed. [341 B-C] 2. Before a person can make an application under s.46(1) to tske off a trade mark from the Register he bas to be a "person A B c D E F G H #### r 272 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. A aggrieved". Undisputedly, the First Respondent was a "person aggreived" within the meaning of s.46(1). Section 46(1) provides for two cases in which a registered trade mark may be taken off the Registrar in respect of sny of the goods in respect of which it is registered. The first case is set out in cl.(a) of s.46(1) and the second in cl.{b) of that sub-section. Before cl.(a) can B become applicable two conditions are to be satisfied, nmnely, (l) that the trade mark was registered without sny bona fide intention on the part of the applicant for registration that !t should be used in relation to those goods by him, and ( 2) that there has, in fact, been no bona fide use of that trade mark in relation to those goods by sny proprietor thereof for the time being up to a date one month before the date of the application C under s.46(1). The only exception to the first condition is of a case to which the provisiorul of s.45 apply. Both the conditions in cl.(a) are clllllllative and not disjunctive. Clause (a), therefore, will not apply where even though there has been no bona fide intention on the part of the applicant for registration to use the trade mark but, in fact, there has been a bona fide use of the trade matk in relation to those goods by any D proprietor thereof for the time being up to a date one month before the date of the application under s.46(1). Similarly, cl. (a) will not apply where, though there had been a bona fide intention on the part of the applicant for registration to use the trade mark, in fact, there has been no bona fide use of the trade mark in relation to those goods by any proprietor thereof E for the time being up to a date one month before the date of the application under s.46(1). [311 G-ll; 312 A-E] 3, Clause (b) of s.46(1) applie• where for a continuous period of five years or longer from the date of the registration of the trade mark, there has been no bona fide use thereof in F relation to those goods in respect of which it is registered by any proprietor thereof for the time being. An exception to cl.(b) is created by s.46(3). Under s.46(3), the non-use of a trade mark, which is showu to have been due to special circumstances in the trade and not to any intention to abandon or not to use the trade mark in relation to the goods to which the application c; under s.46(1) relates, will not amount to non-use for the purpose ## of cl.(b). [312 F-il] . 4. The distinctio~ between cl.(a) and cl.(b) is that if the period specified in cl.(b) has elapsed and during that period there has been no bona fide use of the trade mark, the fact that H the registered proprietor had a bona fide intention to use the AMERICAN H.P.CQRPN. v. MAC LABS. 273 trade m&rk at the date of the application for registration becomes imllaterial and the trade oork is liable to be removed from the Register unless his case falls under s.46(3), while UDder cl. (a) where there had been a bona fide intention to use the trade mark in respect of which regf&tr .. tion was sought, merely because the trade mat:'< had not been used for a period shorter than five years from the date of its registration will not entitle any person to have that trade mark taken off the l!egister. [313 A-BJ (5) Under ·both these clauses the burden of proving that the facts which bring into play cl.(a) or cl.(b), as tbe case may be, exist is on the person who seeks to have the trade mark removed from the Register, Thus, where there hes been a non-user of the trade mark for a continuous period of five years and the application for taking off the trade mark from the Register hes been filed one month after the expiry of such period, the person seeking to have the trade mark removed from the l!egister hes only to prove such continuous non-user and hsa not to prove the la.ck of a bona fide intention on the part of the registered proprietor to use the trade merit at the date of the application for registration. Where, however, the non-user is for a perie<! of less than five years, the person seeking to remove the trade mark from the Register hes not only to prove non-user for the requisite period but hes also to prove that the applicant for registration of the trade mark had no bona fide intention to use the trade mark when the application for registration was made. [313 C-E] ·. (6) The definition of "trade mark" contained in cl.(v) of s.2(1) shows that a trade mark is a mark used or proposed to be used in relation to goods for the purpose of indicating or so ss to indicat~ a connection in the course of trade between the goods and some person having the right to use the mark. It is, therefore, not necessary for the purpose of registering a trade mark that those goods should be in existence at the date of the application for registration. If the position were that the mere non-user of a trade mark for the period mentioned in cl. (a) of s.46(1) would make a trade mark liable to be taken off the Register, it would result in great hardship and cause a large number of trade marks to be removed from the Register, because the moment one month hes elapsed, after the registration of a trade mark hes been ordered, a trade rival can make an application on the ground set out in cl.(a) of s.46(1) claiming that there has been no bona fide use of the trade mark up to a date one month before the date of his application. It is in order to prevent such harassment and absurd result that the two conditions specified in cl.(a) have been made cumulative. (313 F-ti; 314 A-CJ A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 274 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985) SUPP.3 s.c.R. (7) The object uwierlying s.46(1) is to prevent trafficking in trade marks. 'lbia is, in fact, the object underlying all trade mark laws. A trade mark is meant to distinguish the goods made by one person from those made by another. A trade mark, therefore, cannot exist in vacuo. It can only exist in connection with the goods in relation to which it is used or intended to be used. Its object is to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods and some person having the right to use the mark either with or without any indication of the identity of that person. When a person gets his trade mark registered, be acquires valuable rights by reaaon of such registration. Registration of his trade mark gives him the exclusive right to the use of the trade mark in connection with the goods in respect of which it is registered and if there is any invasion of this right by any other person using a mark which is the same or deceptively similar to his trade mark, be can protect his trade mark by an action for infringement in which he can obtain injunction, damages or an account of profits made by other person. In such an action, the registration of s trade mark is prima facie evidence on its validity. After the expiry of seven years from the date of the registration, a trade mark is to be valid in all respects except in the three cases set out in s.32. The proprietor of an unregistered trade mark whose mark is unsuthorisedly used by another cannot, however, use for the infringement of such trade mark. His only remedy lies in bringing a passing-off action, an inconvenient remedy as compared to an infringement action. [314 C-i!; 315 A-BJ 7(i) In a passing-off action the plaintiff will have to prove that his mark has by user acquired such reputation as to become distinctive of the plaintiff's goods so that if it is used in relation to any goods of the kind dealt with by the plaintiff, it will be undl'!rstood by the trade and public as meaning that the goods are the plaintiff's goods. (315 B-C] 7(11) In an infringement action, the plaintiff is not required to prove the reputation of his mark. Further, under s.37 a registered mark is assignable and transmissible either with or without goodwill of the business concerned while under s.38, an unregistered trade mark is not assignable or transmissible except in the three cases set out in s.38(2). [315 C-ll] (8) As the registration of a trade mark confers valuable rights upon the registered proprietor thereof, a person cannot be permitted to register a trade mark when he has not used it in relation to the goods in respect of which it sought to be registered or does not intend to use relation to such goods. [315 ~) AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. 275 **llatt:'a** case, (1898) 2 Cb.D 432, 436; s.c.15 R.P.C. 262, 266, (1898) 2 Cb. D. 432 at pages 439-442, sub **nmf111tt** **John** **Batt** **lo** **Co.** **-v.** **Dmmett** **and** **another,** (1899) A.C. 420; s.c. 16 R.P.C. 411 relied Ul'On• (9) To get a trade mark registered without any intention to use it in relation to any goods but merely to make money out of it by selling to others the rif,ht to use it would be trafficking in that trade mark. If there is no real trade connection between the proprietor of the mark and the licensee or his goods, there is room for the conclusion that the grant of the licence is a trafficking in the mark. It is a question of fact and degree in every case whether, a sufficient trade connection exists• [316 A-B; 317 A-BJ **Re** **Allleric:an** Greetinp Corp. 's Application, [1983) 2 All E.R. 609 & 619 [1984] l All E.R. 426, 433 relied upon. (10) The intention to use a trade ma_rk sought to be registered must be genuine and 1real and the fact that the mark was thought to be something which some day might be useful would not·amount to any definite and precise intention at the time of registration to use that trade mark. The intention to use the mark must exist at the date of the application for registration. Section 46(l)(a) expressly speaks of "bona fide intention on the part of the applicant for registration" which would mean "at the date when such applicant makes his application for registration.· [317 C-E) In re Ducter's trade **Mark** (1928) Ch.l 405, 409 referred to. (11) Intention is a state of mind. No person can make out - the state of mind or any other person. None the leas courts are often called upon for various purposes to determine the state of a person's mind. The courts can only do oo by deducting the existence of a particular state of mind from the facts of a case. [317 H; 318 A] (12) In the instant case, in order to ascertain the intention of the appellant at the date of filing of application for registration the facts could be smunarised with reference to three periods: (l) events which took place upto the date of the application for registration, namely, August 18, 1958, (2) events which happened between that date and the date of Application for Rectification, namely April 10, 1961 and (3) events which happened subsequently to April 10, 1961. [320 D-E) A (, D E F G H 276 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. A U(i) Prior to 1956, the appellant had acquired a substantial shareholding to the extent af 40 per cent in the Indian Company. In 1956 the appellant introduced 'Dr is tan' tablets in the American market and got the trade mark 'Dristan' registered in the United States of America and in several. other countries, A technical collaboration between the Appellant and the Indian B Company cmppenced froa Nov. 1, 1957, and an agreement in that behalf was signed on May 16, 1958. In pursuance of the said collaboration agreement the Indian Company manufactured and markets several produced of the appellant. The appellant got registered its trade marks J.n respect of such products and the Indian Company was registered as the registered user in respect of such trade marks. As early as December 1957, it was decided c that the Indian Company should introduce in the Indian market nine new products of the appellant including [1] Dristan' tablets, On August 18, 1958, the appellant filed an application for registration of the trade mark [1] Dristan' and the said trade mark was duly registered on June 8, 1959. [320 F-ti; 321 A] 12(11) During the period between August 18, 1958, and the D date of the First Respondent [1 ] a Application for Rectification, that is, April 10, 1961 the Indian Company applied for and obtained a licence for the purchase of a Stokes Triple Layer Machine for manufacturing 'Dristan' tablets and when the said machine was received installed it at its Ghatkoper factory. It also obtained from the appellant three units of 'Dristan' tablets E as samples and the manufacturing manual for the tablets. Further, it applied to the Central Government under s.11 of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951, for a licence to manufacture [1] Dristan' tablets which was granted to it. It also applied for and obtained a licence to import certain ingredients used in the manufacture of 'Dristan [1 ] tablets and imported such F ingredients. It further applied for and obtained from the Director, Drugs Control Administration, State of Maharashtra, permission to manufacture 'Dristan' tablets. The appellant also filed a notice of opposition to the First Respondent's Application for registration of their mark 'Tristine'. [321 Ii; 322A-CJ G 12(111) During the period subsequent to the First Respondent 1s Application for Rectification, that is subsequent to April 10, 1961, on October 18, 1961, the registered user agreement was entered into between the appellant and the Indian Company. On October 22, 1961 the 'Dristan' tablets were first marketed in India by the Indian Company. On March 6, 1962, the appellant ana H the Indian Company jointly made en application to register the Indian Company as a registered user of the trade mark 'Dristan'. [322 C-E] I AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. V• MAC LABS. 277 l2(iv) The facts set out sbove clesrly show that esch of them is sn integral link in a chain and that they cannot be divided into three separate periods. This continuous chain of events establishes beyond doubt that the appellant had an intention that the trade mark 1Dri.stan' should be used in relation to the tablets in question by the manufacture and sale of these tablets in India. [322 E-FJ (13) The appellant's application for registration of the trade mark 'Dristan' was made under s.14(1) of the 1940 Act and was registered under the Act. Under s.14(1) only a person claiming to be the proprietor of a trade mark "used or proposed to be used by him" could apply for registration of that trade mark. The provisions of s.18(1) of the 1958 Act are identical. [323 F-G) (14) If the 1940 Act did not contain a legal fiction similar to that enacted in s.48(2) of the 1958 Act, the appellant's case would fall to the ground because then at the dste of its application for registration of the said trade mark, its intention would be not to use it itself but to use it through another. 'll1e 1940 Act, however; also made provisions with respect to registered users and created a similar legal fiction in s.39(2) of that Act. [325 A-BJ (15) The only difference between s.39(2) of the 1940 Act and s.48(2) of the 1958 Act is that while under s.39(2) the legal fiction crested by it applies "for any purpose for which such use is material under this Act or any other Liw", under s.48(2) the legal fiction applies "for the purposes of s.46 or for any other purpose for which such use is material under this Act or any other law". The addition of the words "for the purposes of s.46" in s.48(2) does not make any difference but clarifies the scope of the said legal fiction. Clause (a) of s.46(1) refers both to bona fide intention on the part of the applicant for registratioD that the trade mark should be used in relation to those goods by him• as also to bons fide use of the trade mark in relation to those goods by liiiY" proprietor thereof for the time being". It cannot possibly be that wheo s.48(2) expressly provides that the permitted user of a trade mark by a registered user is to be deemed to be user by the proprietor of the trade mark for the purposes of s.46, the fiction is intended only to apply to the use of the trade mark referred to in the second condition of cl.(a) of s.46(1) and not to the use of that trade mark referred to in the first condition of cl.(a). Under s.18(1), V1 application for registration of a trade mark can only be made A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 278 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985J SUPP.3 s.c.R. by a person who claims to be the proprietor of tbat trade mark. Therefore, the words "applicant for registration" in cl.(a) of 8046(1) would mean "the person claiming to be the proprietor of the trade mark who is the applicant for registration of that trade mark", The first condition of cl.(a) would, therefore, reed "that the trade mark Wiiii registered without any bona fide intention on the part of the person claiming to be the proprietor of that trade mark 'Who has made the application for registration that it should be used in relation to those goods by him.• So read, there can be no difficulty in reeding the words "by him" alao **as** "by a registered user". Similarly, the legal fiction in s.48(2) can also be applied to s.18(1). S.18(1) in the light of the legal fiction would read as •any person claiming to be the proprietor of a trade mark w.ed or proposed to be used by him or by a registered user". By reason of the provisions of s.39(2) of the 1940 Act, s.14 of that Act should also be read in the S8r'I! way. [325 E-11; 326 A-DJ **lut** **lad** J)op1J1ngn Co. Ltd. v. Finsbury Borough Coomc11, (1952) A.C, 109 & State of Bmlbay V• Pandunng Vinayak Oiepbalker **and** Ore., [1953J s.c.a. 773 relied upon. (16) lbe purposes for which the fiction hes been enacted are set out in a.48(2). These purposes are the purposes of s.46 or for any other purposes for which such use is material under the 1958 Act or any other law. To confine the purpose only to a part of s.46 would be to substantially cut d0"'2 the operation of the legsl fiction. Tbe purpose for whlch the legal fiction is to be resorted to is to deem the permitted use of a trade mark, which means the use of the trade mark by a registered user thereof, to be the use by the proprietor of that trade mark. [327 A-BJ (17) Section 17(1) of the Engliah Trade Marks Act, 1938 (l & 2 Ge<>, 6, c.22) sets out who can apply for registtation of a trade mark and is in pari materia with s.18(1) of the 1958 Act. Under a.17(4), the refusal by a Registrar to register the trade mark is subject to appeal to the Board of Trade or to the Court at the option of the applicant. If the appeal is to the Court, there can be further appeal to the Court of Appeal and from there to the Houae of Lords. Section 26 provides for removal of a trade mark fraa the Register and is in pari materia with s.46 of the 1958 Act. Section 32 deals with rectifying the entries in the Register and is analogous to a.56 of the 1958 Act. [327 E-F) (18) Under s.87 of the Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Act, 1883 (46 & 47 Viet. c.57), any registered proprietor could grant licences to use the mark subject to any equity. l'be 1883 Act in AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. 279 so far as it related to trade marks was repealed by the Trade A Marks Act, 1905 (5 F.dw. 7 c.15). The 1905 Act did not, however, contain any power in the registered proprietor to grant licences. 'lhe English Act of 1938, however, introduced a system of official approval for licences to use a trade 11Brk particularly by providing for registering a person other than the proprietor of the trade mark as the registered user of the trade mark. [327 G-ii; B 328 A] (19) The High Court was unduly impressed by l'usay Galon! 'frllde Mark case and unnecessarily attached great importance to it. The High Court was justified in relying upon that case by referring to the case of Ashok a..mder llakhit Ltd., [1955] 2 C s.c.a. 252 but the High Court overlooked that in Ashok Chander llakhit's case the section of the 1940 Act which fell for interpretation was not in psri materia with the corresponding section of the English Act of 1938 which had been judicially interpreted by the courts in England. [332 E-G] 'I.be llegiatrar of Trade llarlul V• Asholt Chandra llakhit Ltd., [1955] 2 s.c.a. 252 referred to. (20) In the absence of any binding authority of an Indian Court on a particular point of law, English decisions in which D judgments were delivered by judges held in high repute can be E referred to as they are decisions of i:ourts of a country from which Indian jurisprudence and a large part of Indian law is derived, for they are authorities of high persusdve value to which the court may legitimately turn for assistance; but whether the rule laid down in any of these casea can be applied by Indian courts must, however, be judged in the context of Indian laws and legal procedure and the practical realities of litigation .in F India. [332 B; 333 A-BJ romaol v. 011 and llatural Gas c..dsston, [1984 J 1 s.c.a. 526, 549, 567; s.c. [1984] Supp. s.c.c. 263, 280, 295 referred to. (21) The relevant proviaioDB relating to registered users in the English Act and in the 1958 Act are materially different. '1'he English Act crest es two legal fictions. 'l'he first is contained in s .28(2) which relates to the permitted .use of a trade mark. That fiction is for the purpose of s.26 (which corresponds to section 46 of tbe 1958 Act) and for any other G purpose for which such use is material under the E.nslish Act or H at common law. The second is contained in s.29(2) and relatee to A B c D E F G H 280 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. intention on the part of an applicant for registration that a trade mark should be used by him. The second fiction is for the puq>oses of paragraph(a) of s.26(1) which corresponds to cl.(a) of s.46(1) of the 1958 Act. The 1958 Act, however, contains only one fiction. It is in s.48(2), which is in pari materia with s.28(2) of the English Act. The omission from the 1958 Act of a provision similar to that contained in s.29(2) of the English Act does not make any difference if one were to see s.(2) in its proper setting and context. The English Act does not prescribe, just as the 1958 Act does not, any period of time from the date of registration of a trade mark within which an application for registering of a person as a registered user of that trade mark should be made. Section 29(1) of the English Act, however, provides that an application for registration of a trade mark can be accooipanied by an application for the registration of a person as a registered user of that trade mark, and if the tribunal is satisfied that the proprietor of the trade m<lrk intends it to be used by that person in relation to those goods and is also 1111tisfied that person will be registered 118 a registered user thereof after the registration of the trade mark, it will not refuse to register the l:rade mark. The effect of s.29(1), therefore, is that an appliCJ•tion for registering a person as a registered user can be made simultaneously with the application for registering the trade mark and if both are found to be satisfactory, the application for registration would be granted and immediately thereafter the registration of the registered user would be al.loved. In such a case, the intention on the part of the applicant for registration that the trade mark should be used by the registered user thereof is to be deemed to be an intention to use that trade mark by the applicant for registration. This is a special provision applicable to a special case. The fiction crested by s.29(2) is also made applicable to the case of a corporation about to be constituted to which the applicant intends to assign the trade niark. There is no such fiction relating to intention expressly provided in the 1958 Act, nor is there any provision for simultaneously making an application for registration of a trade mark and "" application for registering a person as the registered user of that trade mark. The purpose for which the fiction waa crested by s.29(2) with respect to " registered user was to el:lminste all possibility of trafficking in a trade mark by a persoa getting himself registered as the proprietor of _a_ trade mark and thereafter going in search of SOi!le person who will use it as the registered user thereof. If the existence of the spec.1.al Hction crested by s.29(2) cuts down the full operation of the general fiction enacted in s. 28(2), it AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. 281 does not follow that the absence of such spE1cial fiction in the A. 1958 Act will also cut down the operation of the fiction in s, 48( 2) in the same way by limiting it to the actual use of a trade mark only, In the 1958 Act wherever the phrHe "used by him" occurs the fiction Will apply. In other words, the pennitted use of a trade mark ia, by the fiction. enacted in s.48(2), equated with "use by the registered proprietor". Conse- B quently wherever the word "use" occurs With all its permutations and c0111111tations, as for instance in phrases such as "proposed to be used by him" or "intended to be used by him", the fiction Will apply. Form Jio,'IM-2, which is the form prescribed for an application for registration of a trade mark prescribed by the Rnglish Trade Marks Bules, 1938, was substituted in 1982 811'! under the c substituted Form a new column is provided which requires details of an application wider s.29(1) to be given. The old Fonn No.'IM-2 did not contain this requirement nor does Form Tll-1 appended to the Trade and Merchandise Marita Rules, 1959. [333 B-1i; 334 A.-G] (22) Under the 1958 Act, an application for registration of D _a_ trade mark as also an application for registering a registered user are to be made to the Begistrar and it is the Begistrar who bas to grant both of them. The Begistrar would refuse the application if it appears to him thst the grant thereof · would tend to facilitate trafficking in a trade mark. This question is to be considered by tt.e Begistrar himself. The provisions of the E 1940 Act were the same but the provisions of the 1958 A.ct are radically different. Under the 1958 Act, though both the application for regist~ation of a trade mark and the application for registration of registered user are to be made to the Begistrar, the Registrar bas the power to grant the application for registration of the trade mark only. So far as the application for registering a person as a registered user is concerned, he has to F ~orward it together with his report to the Central Government and it is for the Central Govermnent to decide whether to permit such application to be granted or uot. In order to decide this, the Central Government has to take into account the matters set out in sub-s.(3) of s.49 and in rule 85 of the Trade Marks llules, 1959. The matters to be considered by the Central Government G include not only Tihether the pennitted use, if allowed, would amo-.int to trafficking in trade lll!lrks but also the interests of the general public and the developll>!!nt of any industry, trade or c<lllJDerce in India. After the Central Government has taken its decision, the Registrar is to dispose of the application in accordance with the directions issued by the Central Goverlllllent. Tlrus, Tihile under the English Act the authority to decide an H A B c D E F G Jl 282 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 S.C.R. application for registering a registered user is the 6"Jlle aa the authority for registering a trade mark, under the 1958 Act they are different and so are the considerations which are to be taken into account. [334 ll; 335 A-E] (23) Under the 1958 Act an application for registering a registered user can only be made 'after a trade mark is registered. If an intended use by a person who will be registered as a registered user is not to be included in the legal fiction created by section 48(2), it would make that fiction operate within a very narrow compass an alloost render the provisions relating to registered users meaning less. It is in very rare circumstances that a person will get a trade mark registered aa proposed to be used by himl3elf, use it in relation to the concerned goods, and thereafter permit :lt to be used by another aa a registered user. It is also not open to everyone who wants to register a trade mark to form a company to which after the trade mark is registered and the proposed company is incorporated, the trade mark w:!'ll be assigned. These things are not practical realities and Parliament could not have intended such absurd results. [335 F-l:l] (24) It is not necessary that the appellant should have got the trade mark registered with the intention that it will itself use the trade mark and in order to effectuate that intention the appellant should have set up a factory and manufactured and marketed the tablets 'DRISTAN' and then either assigned the trade mark to the Indian Company or to get the Indian Company registered aa the registered user of that trade mark. By reason of foreign exchange and industrial policies in India it is not possible for a foreign company to establish its own industry in India. It can only do so by entering into a collaboration with Indian entrepreneurs in which the foreign company would not be permitted to have more than 40 per cent shareholding and would be subject to other restrictions. Even if a foreign proprietor of a trade mark were to establish an industry of his own in India, it would be absurd to imagine that it would thereafter cease manufacturing the goods and allow someone else to do so. It is equally illogical that the appellant and the Indian Company should have jointly applied for registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN [1 ] - The appellant was already in collaboration with the Indian Caopany. lhere was no need for it to seek other collabora tors to establish a new company. To assign the trade mark to the Indian Caopany or to make jointly with the Indian Company an application for registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' would be to destroy the appellant's proprietorship in that trade mark. [336 A-DJ AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. 283 (25) It is a well-known principle of interpretation of A statutes that a construction should not be put upon a statutory provision which would lead to manifest absurdity of futility, palpable injustice, or absurd inconvenience or anomaly. While plsclng construction on s.48(2), the High Court did not apply this principle and failed to give to the legal fiction enacted by s.48(2) its full force arid effect. [336 E-F] B **'l!llSTlTCB'** **Trade** **Maxk** (1963) R.P.C. 183 and 'PVSSY **GAL<llE'** **Trade** **Haxlt,** (1967] R.P.c. 265 inapplicable. (see: II.. **Pentiah** **and** **Ors.** **v.** **Mnc!dala** **Veer81P81Jappa** **and** **Ors.)** (1961] 2 s.c.R. 295, 303 referred to. c _**Astm**_ **v.** **Harlee Manufacturing** **Caopany,** (1959-60) 103 c.1.R. 391 relied upon. (26) The Parliament did not accept the recommendation made in Sbavakasba Committee Report and Ayyanagar Report. These D Reports, therefore, cannot be referred to for ascertaining the intention of Parliament when enacting the relevant provisions of 1958 Act. [337 G) (27) In the instant case, the facts on the record show that only when it was decided to introduce 'DRISTAN' tablets in E the Indian market through tbe Indian Company that the appellant made its application to register the trade mark 'DRISTAN'. There was a close connection in the course of trade between the appellant and the Indian Company. The appellant owned 40 per cent of the shareholding in the Indian Canpany. It bad entered into a technical collaboration agreement with the Indian Company which provided for strict quality control and for formulae and F services to be provided by the appellant. The manufacture, marketing and advertising of all products under the agreement were to be under the control of the appellant. There was no royalty payable by the Indian Company to the appellant in respect of the use of the trade mark 'DRISTAN ' • In the event of the collaboration agreement being terminated by reason of the G happening of any of the events mentioned in the agreement, amongst which events was the shareholding of the appellant becoming less than 40 per cent, the Indian Company was to cease to be entitled to manufacture the tablets 'DRISTAN'. There was here, therefore, no question of any trafficking . in a trade mark. In these circumstances, the intention of the appellant to use the trade mark 'DRISTAN ' through the Indian Company which was subse- H quently to get itself registered as the registered user of the said trade mark cannot but be characterised as bona fide. [338 D-1!; 339 A) A c D E F G H 284 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. (28) The two corulitioUI! of cl.(d) of s-46(1) are cumulative and since the first eowlition has not been satisfied in this case, it is unuecessary to consider the question whether the appellant had in addition to having a bona fide intention to use the trade mark 'Dristan' had also used""Tt: within a period of one month before the date of Application for Rectification. [339 A-C] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2159 of 1970. From the Judgment and Decree dated 16.12.69 of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal No. 165 of 1968. F.s. Nariman, J,I. Mehta, Michal Fysh, T.M.. Ansari, v. Tulzapurkar, C.M.. Maniar, Ai,hok Sagar, Aditia Narayan, Alok Vidyalankar and D.N. Misra for the Appellant. Dr. v. Gouri Shankar, K.L. Hathi, Manoj Arora, Nareudrabhai Zaveri, M.s. M.alati Jhaveri and Vijay F. Shah for Respondent No.l. Ex-parte for Respondent No. 2. T.U. Mehta and V. Dave for Intervener. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MADON, J, This Appeal has been filed pursuant to a certifi cat~ granted by the Cslcutt.a High Court against its judgment and order dated December 16, 1969, in Appeal No. 165 of 1968. The certificate has been given by the High Court under sub-clauses (a) and (c) of clause (1) of Article 133 prior to the substitution of that clause by a new clause (1) by the Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 1972. The grounds on which the certificate has been i;iven are (1) that the value of the subjectmatter in dispute in the court of the first instance and still in dispute on appeal was and is not less than Rs.20,000 and that as the judgment in appeal was one of affirmance, the appeal involves a substantial question of law, and (ii) that the case was a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court. The High Court obserbed: "The appeal raises a question of great importance in Trade Marks Law, that is to say whether a proprietor AMERICAN l!.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.J 285 of a trade mark who intends to use it solely by a registered user is entitled to registration of his trade mark, under Se~. 18 of ti1e Trade Marks Act, t.r to put i.t differently, do the words 'proposed to be used by him' in Sec. 18 mean 'proposed to be used by the proprietor, his agents and servants' only •••• The case also involves the question of conotruction of sub-section (2) of Sec. 48 and consideration of the effect of that sub-section en sub-section (1) of Sec. 18 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958," The questions so posed by the l!igh Court resolve themselves into the following two questions : (1) Whether a proprietor of a trade mark who intends to use it solely by a registered user is entitled to registration of his trade mark under section 18 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 ? (2) Whether by reason of the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 48 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, the words "proposed to be used by him" in .sub-section (1) of section 18 of the said Act mean "proposed to be used by the proprietor, his agents and **servants** **only" or** **do** **they** **also** **include** **a proposed** **user** by someone who will get hiruself registered under section 48(1) of the said Act as a registered user? The l!igh Court further observed : "The matter is of considerable importance to foreign **proprietors** **of** **trade** **marks,** **to** **registered** **users** **of** trade marks in general and to the Industry and Commerce at large." Before embarking on a discussion of the above questions it will be convenient to relate first the facts which have given rise to this Appeal. The Appellant, American l!ome Products Corporation, is a multi-national corporation incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in the United States of An.erica. One of the activities of the appellant is the manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical products and drugs. The division of the Appellant A c D E F G A B c D E F G H 286 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. which at all relevant times carried on and still carries on this activity is called the ''.Whitehall Laboratories". Geoffrey Manners & Co. Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "the Indian Company") is a company registered as a public limited company under the Indian Companies Act, 1913, and is a public company within the meaning of the Companies. Act, 1956. Home Products International Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Appellant and at all material times represented the Appellant in its dealings with foreign distributors, licencees and subsidiaries. In the present case the said Home Products International Limited had carried or correspondence on behalf of the Appellant with the Indian Company. International Chemical Company Limited is another wholly owned subsidiary of the Appellant. Some time prior to 1956, the Appellant acquired a substantial shareholding to the extent of 40 per cent in the Indian Company. In 1956 the Appellant introduced an anti-hystamin drug in the American market under the trade mark 'DRISTAN' for the treatment of respiratory ailments in the form of a decongestent tablet for symptomatic relief for cold and congestion. The Appellant got the trade mark 'DRISTAN' registered as a distinctive trade mark in the Trade Marks Register in the United States and subsequently thereto between 1957 to 1961 in about 39 other foreign countries. These countries included Great Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, France, Holland and other **countries** **in** **the Continent** **of** **Europe,** **Canada,** **Mexico,** **and** **several** countries in south America, Asia and Africa. By an agreement signed on May 16, 1958, effective from November 1, 1957, the Appellant entered into a technical collaboration agreement with the Indian Company. The recitals of ' the said agreement are material and may be reproduced. They read as follows " WHEREAS, American Home Products Corporation directly or thrnugh its wholly owned subsidiaries is one of the **leading** **American manufacturers** **of** **drugs,** **pharmaceuti-** **cals,** **biologicals,** **vaccines,** **antibiotics,** **nutritionals** **and** **medicinal** **preparations** **and** **conducts** **continuously** **active** **reserach** **in** **its** **various** **1.aboratories** **for** **the** **discovery** **of** **new** **and** **improvement** **of** **existing** **therapeutic** **products,** **and** **WHEREAS,** **American** **B.ome** Products Corporation is prepared to provide Geoffrey Manoers on the terms and **condi.tions** of this Agreement the formulae and manufacturing technology and other **assistance** AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. (MADON, J.] 287 essential for the efficient manufacture in India of A various American Home Products Corporation .products, and WHEREAS, Geoffrey Manners has access to and use of lands and buildings and has the experience, facilities, equipment and personnel needed or desired B for successful production, sale and distribution of the aforementioned products in India." The said agreement related to two classes of products, namely, "Whitehall Products" and "Weyth Products". We are concerned in this Appeal with Whitehall Products. The term "Whitehall c Products" was defined in the said agreement as meaning "all formulations owned by or whose sales are promoted under the direction of Whitehall Laboratories Division of American Home Products Corporation or International Chemical company Limited which are manufactured and sold under the name or trade marks of Whitehall Laboratories Division of American Home Products D Corporation or International Chemical Company Limited and packaged in form for sale and distribution by the trade to the **ultimate** **consumer".** **The** **term** **"Ucensed** **Products" was** **defined** **in** the said agreement as meaning "those Whitehall Products whose import, manufacture, sale or distribution in India by Geoffrey Manners are licensed under and pursuant to the terms of this E Agreement. These shall include those identified in Schedule a annexed hereto and made a part hereof." Schedule A to the said **agreement** **set** **out** **four** **products,** **namely,** **'Anacin',** **'Kolynos'** Dental Cream, 'Bi&1llag', and 'Anne French' Cleansing Milk. 'DRISTAN' was thus not mentioned in the said Schedule A. Under the said agreement, the Appellant agreed to furnish or cause to be furnished to the Indian Company the manufacturing technology F and other assistance essential for the efficient manufacture by the Indian Company of inter alia the Licensed Products and further agreed that qualified employees of the Indian Company may visit the laboratories, plants and facilities of the Appellant to observe and learn for the period required to obtafo the necessary working knowledge, the methods and equipment for the production G of the Licensed Products and that qualified members of the appellant would be assigned to discuss such method and equipment with such qualified employees of the Indian Company during the period of their visits. The Indian company likewise agreed that qualified employees of the appellant may visit the laboratories, plants and facilities of the Indian Company in order to observe and examine the methods being employed and the equipment being H A B c D E F G H 288 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. used for the Licensed Products. The Appellant further agreed to supply to the Indian <'.ompany a written description of each process utilized for the production of Licensed Products including flowsheets of processes, necessary test methods and basic specifications for apparatus and equipment utilized in production and that thereafter the Appellant and the Indian Company should furnish each other with all significant information which either of them developed and was free to disclose concerning improvements in the processes and in the equipment, raw materials and intermediates used therein. It was further agreed that before making any offer to a third party or contracting any •~onnnitment with a third party for the purpose of manufacture and sale in India of any Whitehall Products, the Appellant would offer to the Indian Company, upon the terms and conditions set out in the said agreement, "the right to manufacture, sell and/or distribute" such products in India. In the event of such off er being accepted by the Indian Company in respect of any Whitehall product, such product would be deemed a Licensed Product for the purposes of the said agreement. During the period 0f the said agreement, the Indian Company agreed not to manufacture, distribute or sell any new products whose **production** **or** **sale** **would compete** **with** **the** **production** **and** **sale** **of** the Licensed Products except with the prior consent thereto in writing obtained from the Appellant, and the Appellant granted to the Indian Company for the duration of the said agreement an exclusive and non-transferable license to make and sell the Licensed Product:• in India under the name or marks which for these purposes the Appellant would design or cause to be designed for such products. Clause (a) of Article IV of the said agreement inter alia provided that "Rights of registered user will be extended to Geoffrey Manners in respect of each Licensed Product by the proprietor of such trade mark". Further, under the said agreement the Appellant was to furnish to the Indian Company the manufacturing technology applicable to each Licensed'Product and to provide reasonable engineering and technical assistance and instructions to those representatives of the Indian Company who **were** **to** **direct** **or supervise the manufacture** **of** **such products** **and** who would visit the Appellant's plants for such assistance and instructions. The advertising expenditures, plar.s and budgets for each fiscal year with respect to each Licensed Products was to be determined annually and approved by the Appellant and the selection, appointment of all advertising agencies by the Indian Company for promoting the sale and distribution of the Licensed Products was to have the previous agreement in writing of the Appellant. The said agreement also set out in detail the various AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.] 289 services which were to be rendered by the Appellant to the Indian Company. The said agreement was to continue in force for an indefinite period of time subject to its sooner termination in the event of any of the eventualities set out in the said agreement taking place, one of them being that of the Appellant ceasing to be the owner of at least 40 per cent of the issued and outstanding share capital of the Indian Company. The said agreement contained a secrecy clause and upon the termination of the said agreement, the Indian Company had to return to the Appellant all manufacturing technology received by it from the Appellant and not to make any use of it thereafter. In pursuance of the said collaboration agreement the Indian Company manufactured and marketed the products covered thereunder and got itself registered as the registered user in respect of the trade marks relating to the said goods of which the Appellant was the registered proprietor. The correspondence on the record shows that on and from December 1957 it was decided that the Indian Company should introduce in the Indian market nine new products of the Appellant including 'DRISTAN' tablets. On August 18, 1958, the Appellant filed an _I_ application under section 14(1) of the Trade Marks Act, 1940 (Act No. V of 1940) in the prescribed form TM-I for registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' in class 5 (which includes pharmaceutical substances) as a medicinal preparation for treatment of respiratory ailments claiming to be the proprietor of the said mark by whom the said mark was proposed to be used. The said application was advertised as required by the Trade Marks Rules, 1942. No aotice of opposition to the registration of the said trade mark was filed by anyone and the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was re&istered by the Registrar of Trade Marks, Bombay, as Trade Mark No. 186511 Ln class 5 on June 8, 1959. With effect from November 25, 1959, the Trade Marks Act, 1940, was repealed and replaced by the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 (Act No. 43 of 1958). Thereafter the Indian Company applied for and obtained a licence for the purchase of a Stokes Triple Layer Machine which could produce two-layered tablets, the intention being to use this machine for the purpose of manufacturing 'DRISTAN' tablets. The Indian Company intimated this fact to the Appellant asking it to supply urgently the manufacturing manual for 'DRISTAN' tablets. The Indian Company also wrote to the Appellant asking it **to** **supply** **free** **of** **cost** **three** **units** **(comprising** **twenty** **four** tablets in all) of 'DRISTAN' tablets as samples. The manufacturing manual as also the samples were duly sent by the <\.ppellant to the Indian Company. A B c D E F G H 290 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SDPP.3 s.c.R. A On May 31, 1960, Mac Laboratories Private Limited, the First Respondent in this Appeal, applied for registration of the trade mark 'TRISTINE' in class 5 in respect of its medicinal preparation for symptomatic treatment of respiratory ailments. On January 18, 1961, the Appellant filed a notice of opposition to the registration of the said mark 'TRISTINE' on the ground that B it was deceptively similar to its trade mark 'DRISTAN', The Appellant's opposition was not accepted by the Assistant Registrar of Trade Marks, Bombay, and by his order dated March 27, 1962, he ordered the trade mark 'TRISTINE' to be registered in Part A of the Register of Trade Marks. The Appellant thereupon filed an appeal in the Bombay High Court which was allowed by a learned Single Judge of that High Court on February 5, 1963. The c First Respondent thereupon filed an appeal before a Division Bench of the said High Court and the Division Bench on April 19, 1968, allowed the said appeal but directed that the Respondent's application be amended so as to read the trade mark 'TRIS7INE' as 'TRISTINA I. In the meantime, while the First Respondent [1 ] s application D for registration of the trade mark 'TRISTINE' was pentling, the Indian Company applied on September 23, 1960, to the Central Government under section 11 of the Industries (Developnent and Regulation) Act, 1951, for a licence to manufacture the tablets 'DRISTAN'. In the said application, the Indian Company stated : E "No Royalty payment is involved. This new product will be marketed under the trade mark 'DRISTAN' which belongs to American Home Products Corporation, New York who own 40% of the Company's capital and whose products are manufactured and distributed by us in **India."** .. F G H The Indian Company installed the said Stokes machine at its Ghatkopar factory on October 5, 1960 and also informed the appellant that as the said machine was installed, the Indian Company would be working on experimental batches of 'DRISTAN' tablets after completing a few formalities with the Government. It also wrote to the said Home Products International I..irll.ted requesting it for a sample of 200 gms of Phenindamine Tartarate u.s.P., one of the ingredients used in the n:a.~ufacture of 'DRISTAN' tablets. The Indian Company also applied for an import licence for import of Phenylophrine Hydrocloride and Phenindamirre Tartarate to the value of Rs. 6,000 and Rs. 12,000 c.i.f, Bombay respectively for the purpose of initial production of 'DRISTA..~' AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.] 291 tablets. The licence under the Industries (Developm'!llt and A Regulation) Act, 1951 was granted to the Indian Company on January 19, 1961, for the manufacture of 'DRISTAN' tablets to the extent of five lakhs tablets per month. Two of the conditions of the said licence were that "no royalty would be payable" and that "the product Will b.e marketed With the trade mark already in use or Without any trade mark"·. A further condition was that no B special concession in regard to the import of basic raw materials and ingredients would be sought in relaxation of the general policy in force from time to time. On January 23, 1961, the Indian Company applied to the Director, Drugs control Administration, State of Maharashtra, for permission to manufacture 'DRISTAN' tablets. The said application was approved by the Drugs C Controller on February 10, 1961. Meanwhile, on January 18, 1961, the Appellant had filed a notice of opposition to the application for registration of the mark 'TRISTINE'. As a counterblast to the said notice of opposition, the First Respondent on April 10, 1961, filed With the Registrar of Trade Marks, Calcutta, an application, being Application No. Cal-17, for rectifying the D Register of Trade Marks by removing therefrom the l\ppellant' s trade mark 'DRISTAN'. On May 5, 1961, the first Respondent applied for amendment of the said Recitif ication Application by substituting the paragraph containing the submissions in support of the grounds taken therein by a new paragraph. This application **for** **am'endment** **was** **allowed.** **E** On October 18, 1961, an agreement was entered into between the Appellant and the Indian Company for granting to the Indian Company the non-exclusive right to use the trade mark 'DRISTAN' upon or in relation to the goods in respect of which the said trade mark was registered during the unexpired residue of the term of the registration of the said trade mark and during all F extensions of the same subject to the determination of the said agreement as provided therein. By the said agreement, the Indian Company agreed to become the registered user of the said trade mark 'DRISTAN' and further agreed that the rights granted to it under the said agreement would not be deemed to entitle it to use the said trade mark otherWise than as the registered user G thereof. Clauses 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the said agreement provided as follows "3. The Indian Company shall follow the formulae and specifications prescribed and supplied by the American Company. The Indian Company will conform to the **teclulical** **advice** **tendered,** **will** **use** **the** **quality** **H** A 292 B c D E F G SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. control n.ethods prescribed by or on behalf of the American Company in the course of manufacture of the goods and will not place upon the market any goods which do not attain to the standard of quality fixed by the American Company. 4. To ensure maintenance of standards, the Indian Company will submit to the American Company or to laboratories designated by the American Company for test purposes batch samples of the goods manufactured and also permit duly authorised representatives of the American Company to examine and inspect the Indian Company's installations and manufacturing processes **and** **control** **methods used** **in** **the** **manufacture** **of** **the** said goods on the premises of the Indian Company at any time. 5. The Indian Company convenants that it will not use the said Trade Mark in any manner whatsoever which may jeopardize the significance, distinctiveness or validity of the said Trade r.ark and the Indian Company will **take** **all** **steps** **within** **its** **power** **to** **protect** **and** **defend** or assist in protecting defendiI!b the right of the American Company in and to the said Trade Mark. 6. All use of the said Trade Mark by the Indian Company shall clearly show its ownership by the American Company and its use by the Indian Company only by permission of the American Company. The Indian Company therefore will apply and use the said Trade Nark only in such form and manner as the American Company may from time to time direct and all labels, containers, packing, pamphlets, advertising and the like shall show the said Trade Mark in manner, design and use as the American Company so directs and with the prior approval in writing of the American Company. **7.** **There** **is** **no** **royalty** **or** **other** **relllUileration** **payable** by the Indian Company to the American Company for the proposed permitted use of the said Trade Nark." H The said agreement provided that in the event of any breach or default by the Indian Company of any of the conditions contained in the said agreement, the appellant would have the right to prohibit forthwith further use by the IndiaJ Crnupany of the trade AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.] 293 mark 'DRISTAN'. The said agreement was to remain in force until determined by either party by ninety days' notice in writing and in the event of such termination the Indian Company was to discontinue all further use of the said trade mark and to deliver to the Appellant the manufacturing techonology relating to the said tablets 'DRISTAN' including formulae, raw materials, finishing materials and packing materials supplied by or on / behalf of the Appellant and to hold at the disposition of the Appellant or its authorized representative all stocks of finished goods ready for transfer to any party or parties to whom the Appellant or its authorized representative may direct delivery against payment of any accrued or unpaid manufacturing charges with respect to the .same. On October 22, 1961, the 'DRISTAN' tablets were first marketed in India by Indian Company. On March 6, 1962, a joint application in Form 'IM-28 was made by the Appellant and the Indian Company for registering the Indian Company as a registered user of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' in respect of the goods for which it was registered subject to the following conditions or restrictions set out in the said application : "The Trade Mark is to be used by the registered user in relation to the goods only so long as the goods are manufactured in accordance with the formulae and specifications prescribed and supplied by the registered proprietor, only so long as the registered user conforms to the technical advice tendered and uses the quality control methods prescribed by or on behalf of the registered proprietor in the course of manufacture of the goods and only so long as the registered proprietor has a right to inspect, on the premises of the registered user, the goods, the installations, manufacturing processes and control methods used in the manufacture of the goods and is supplied on request with samples of the goods." In the said application it was stated that the prop~sed permitted use was without limit of period subject to the right of the registered proprietor-, namely the Appellant, to apply for cancellation of the registered user forthwith after giving ninety days notice in writing to the Indian Company. The said application was accompanied by an affidavit of Kenneth A. Bonham, the Executive Vice President of the Appellant, affinned on October 18, 1961, that the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was not till then used in India. In A B c D E F G H 294 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985) SUPP.3 s.c.a. A view of the said rectification proceedings, the said application for registering the Indian Company as registered user of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was not processed but kept pending until the final decision of the Rectification Application made by the First Kespondent. B On December 7, 1964, the Registrar of Trade Marks, Calcutta, dismissed with costs the First Respondent's Rectification Application. The First Respondent thereupon filed an appeal in the Calcutta High Court, being Appeal No.61 of 1965, making the Second Respondent before us thP. Registrar of Trade Marks, Calcutta, the Second Respondent thereto. A learned single Judge of the said High Court by his judgment delivered on May 10, 13 C and 14, 1968, reported as **Mac** **laboratories** **Private** **Ltd.** **v.** **American** **lilllDe** **Products Corporation** **and** **Anr.** A.I.a. 1969 Cal. 342, allowed the said appeal with costs and set aside the order of the Registrar of Trade Marks. Thereupon, the Appellant filed a further appeal, being Appeal No. 165 of 1968. A Division Bench of the said High Court by its judgment and order dated December 16, 1969, reported as **American** **lbDe** **Products** **Corpn.** **v.** **Mac** D **Laboratories** **Private** **Ltd.** **and** **Anr.** (1970-71) 75 c.w.N. 118, s.c., [1984] Fleet Street Reports 215, dismissed the said appeal with no order as to costs. It is against this judgment and order that the present Appeal by certificate has been filed. In order to appreciate what was held by the Registrar of E Trade Marks and the learned Single Judge and the Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court and to test the correctness of the **rival** **submissions advanced before** **us,** **it** **is** **now** **necessary** _**to**_ refer to the relevant statutory provisions. The first legislation in India relating to trade marks was F the Trade Marks Act, 1940 (Act No. V of 1940), hereinafter referred to as "the 1940 Act". The 1940 Act was repealed and replaced with effect from November 25, 1959, by the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 (Act No. 43 of 1958), hereinafter referred to as "the 1958 Act". Section 2 of the 1958 Act is the definition section. Clause (v) of section 2(1) defines the **G** **expression** **"trade** **mark"** **inter** **alia** **as** **meaning** **"a** **mark** **used** **or** proposed to be used in relation to goods for the purpose of **indicating** **or** **so** **as** **to** **indicate** **a** **connection** **in** **the** **course** **of** trade between the goods and some person having the right, either **as proprietor or** **as** **registered** **user,** **to** **use the** **mark** **whether** **with** or without any indication of the identity of that person". The H definition of the expression "trade mark" contained in clause (1) AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.] 295 of section 2 of the 1940 Act was the same as the portion of A clause (v) of section 2(1), of th2 1958 Act reproduced above. Under clause (b) of section 2(2) any reference to the use of a mark in relation to the goods is to be construed as "a reference to the use of the mark upon, or in any physical or in any other relation whatsoever, to such goods". Clauses ( q), ( r) and ( s) of section 2(1) define the expressions "registered propritor", B **"registered** **trade** **mark"** **and** **"registered** **user".** **They** **read** **as** follows : "(q) 'registered proprietor', in relation to a trade mark, means the person for the time being entered in the register as proprietor of the trade mark; C (r) 'registered trade mark' means a trade mark which is actually on the register; (s) 'registered user' means a person who is for the time being registered as such under section 49". D Clause (x) of section 2(1) defines the expression "tribunal" as **meaning** **"the** **Registrar** **or,** **as** **the** **case** **may** **be,** **the** **High** **C.Ourt,** before which the proceeding concerned is pending". The other definition which is relevant for our purpose is E that of the expression "permitted use" contained in clause (m) of section 2(1). That definition is as follows : "(m) 'permitted use', in relation to a registered **trade** **mark,** **means** **the use** **of** **a trade** **mark** (i) by a registered user of the trade mark in relation F **to** **goods** (a) with which he is connected in the course of trade; and (b) in respect of which the trade mark remains G **registered** **for** **the** **time being; and** (c) for which he is registered as registered user; and (ii) which complies with any conditions or **restrictions** **to** **which** **the** **registration** **of** **the** **trade** **mark** **is** **subject".** H 296 SUPREME COURI REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. A Section 6 provides for the maintenance of a record called the Register of Trade Marks in which all registered trade marks are to be entered. Under section 7(1), the Register is to be divided into two perts called respectively Part A and Part l!. Under section 7(2), the Register or Trade Marks existing at the commencement of the 1958 Act is to be incorporated with and to B form part of Part A of the Register. The Appellant's trade mark 'DIUSTAN' having been registered under the 1940 Act, it became part of Part A of the Register of Trade Marks under the 1958 Act. Under section 136(2), a registration made under the 1940 Act is, if in force at the commencement of the 1958. Act, to continue in force and have effect as if made under the corresponding provision of the 1958 Act. Sub-section (l) of section 9 of the 1958 C Act, which corresponds to sub-section (1) of section 6 of the 1940 Act sets out the requisites for registration cf a trade mark. Under it a trade mark is not to be registered in Part A of the Register unless it contains or consists of at least one of the essential particulars set out in that sub-section. One of the essential particulars set out in section 9(1) is "one or more **invented words".** D Sub-section (1) and (4) of section 18 provide as follows E F G H "18. Application for llegi.stration. (l) Any person claiming to be the proprietor of a trade mark used or proposed to be used by him, who is desirous of registering it, shall apply in writing to the Registrar in the prescribed manner for the registration of his trade mark either in Part A or in Part B of the Register. x x x x x x (4) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Registrar may refuse the application or may accept Jt **absolutely** **or** **subject** **to** **such amendments,** **modifica-** tions, conditions or limitations, if any as he may think fit," The Appellant's application for registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was made under section 14(1) of the 1940 Act which provided as follows : "14. Application for registration. AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. (MADON, J.] 297 ( l) Any person claiming to be the proprietor of a 'trade mark used or proposed to be used by him who is A desirous of registering it shall apply in writing to the Registrar in the prescribed manner, and subject to the provisions of this Act, the Regi5trat may refuse the application or may accept it absolutely or subject to such all!endments, modifications, conditions or limitations, if any, as he may think fit." B It is pertinent to note that both under section 14(1) of the 1940 Act anc;I section 18(1) of the 1958 Act, an application for registration must be a person claiming to be the proprietor of a trade mark used or proposed to be used by him. Therefore, unless it is the case of an applicant for registration that he is the C proprietor of a trade mark which has been used by him or which is pfoposed to be used by him, he is not entitled to registration. Admittedly, in this case the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was not at any time used by the Appellant in India at the date when it made its application for registration on August 18, 1958, nor did it claim in its application that the said trade mark had been so used by D it. wbat was stated in the said application was that the said **trade** **mark** **was proposed** **to** **be** **used** **by** **it.** **Once an** **application** **for** registration is made and accepted by the Registrar, the Registrar has to cause the application to be advertised and within three months from the date of the advertisement, any person may lodge with the Registrar a notice of opposition in writing to the E registration of such mark. A copy of such notice of opposition is to be served upon the applicant. These provisions made in sections 20 and 21 of the 1958 Act correspond to section 15 of the 1940 Act. Under section 23(1), if the application has not been opposed "'!d the time for giving the notice of opposition has expired or if the application has been opposed and the opposition has. been decided in favour of the applicant, the Registrar is F "unless the Central Government otherwise directs" to register the said trade mark in Part A or Part B of the Register, as the case may be. The trade mark when registered is to be registered as of the date of the making of the application for registration and such date is to be deemed to be the date of registration. A similar provisions existed in section 16 of the 1940 Act. No G notice of opposition to the registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was ever lodged by anyone, and accordingly it was ordered to be registered by the Registrar of Trade Marks. In view of the provisions of section 16 of the 1940 Act, the said trade mark 'DRISTAN' was to be deemed for the purposes of the 1940 Act to be registered from the date of the application for its H A B c D E F G H 298 SUPREME CO{)R1: REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. registration, namely, from ~ust 18, 1958, and even after the coming intc force of the 1958 Act to be deemed to be registered from the same date for the purposes of the 1958 Act. Under section 25 of the 1958 Act, which corresponds _to_ section 18 of the 1940 Act, the registration of a trade mark is to be for a period of seven years, but can be renewed from time to time on application made by the registered proprietor of the trade mark in the prescribed manner and! within the prescribed period and subject to the payment of the prescribed fee. The renewal of the registration of a trade mark is to be for a period of seven years from the date of expiration of the original registration or the **last** **renewal** **of** **registration,** ~s **the case** **may** **be.** The registration of a trade mark confers very valuable rights upon the registered proprietor of that trade mark. Under section 27(1) of the 1958 Act, no person can institute any proceeding to prevent, or to recover damages for, the infringement of an unregistered trade mark. However, his right of action against any person for passins off goods as the goods of another person or the remedies in r:espect thereof is not affected by reason of the fact that his trade mark is an unregistered one. Under section 28(1) of the 1958 Act, subject to other provisions of the Act, the registration of a trade mark, if valid, gives to the registered proprietor of the trade mark the exclusive right to the use of the trade mark in relation to the goods in respect of which the trade mark is tegistered and to obtain relief in respect of that a company is about to be formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956, and that the applicant intends to assign the trade mark to that company with a view to the use thereof in relation to those goods by the company. (2) Th!' tribunal may, in a.case to which sub-section (1) applies, require the applicant to give security for the costs of any proceedings relative to any opposition or appeal, and in default of such security being duly given may treat the application as abandoned. ( 3) Where in a case to which sub-section ( 1) applies, a trade mark in respect of any goods is registered in the name of an applicant who relies on intention to assign the trade mark to a company, then, unless within such period as may be prescribed, or within such further period not exceeding six months as the Registrar may, on application being made to him in the prescribed manner, allow, the company has been registered as the proprietor of the trade marks in respect of those goods, the registration AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.] 299 shall ceased to have effect in respect thereof at the expiration of that period, and the Registrar shall amend the register A accordingly." An important section for the purpose of the present Appeal is section 46 which provides for removal of a registered trade mark from the Register. The infringement of the trade mark in the manner provided by the 1958 Act. A similar provision was to be . B found in section 21(1) of the 1940 Act. Section 29 of the 1958 Act defines what constitutes infringement of a trade mark while section 30 sets out the acts which do not constitute an infringement of the right to the use of a registered trade mark. Under section 36, a registered proprietor of a trade mark has the power t~ assign the trade mark. Under section 37, a trade mark is C assignable and transmissible whether with or without the goodwill of the business concerned and that in respect either of all the goods in respect of which the trade mark is registered or of some only of those goods. Under section 38, an unregistered trade mark is not assignable or transmissible except in the cases set out in sub-section (2) of that section. D Section 45 provides as follows "45 **Proposed** **use** **of** **trade** **mark** **by** **ccmpa11y** **to** **be** **formed.-** (1) No application for the registration of a trade mark in respect of any goods shall be refused, nor shall permission for such registration be withheld, on the ground only that it appears that the applicant does not use or propose to use the trade mark, if the Registrar is satisfied material provisions of section E 46 are as follows : F "46. **llemoval'** **frm** **register** **and** **imposition** **of** **limitatioDB** **on** **grouod** **of** **oon-use.-** (1) Subject to the provisions of section 47, a registered trade mark may be taken off the register in G respect of any of the goods in respect of which it is registered on application made in the prescribed manner to a High Court or to the Registrar by any person aggrieved on the ground either (a) that the trade 'mark was registered without any bona fide intention on the part of the applicant for H A B c D E F G H 300 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. registration that it should be used in relation to those goods by him or, in a case to which the provisions of section 45 apply, by the company concerned, and that there has, in fact, been no bona fide use of the trade mark in relation to those goods by any proprietor. thereof for the time being up to a date one month before the date of the application; or (b) that up to a date one month before the date of the application, a continuous period of five years or longer had elapsed during which the trade mark was registered and during which there was no bona fide use thereof in relation to those goods by any proprietor thereof for the time being: Provided that, except where the applicant has been permitted under sub-section (3) of section 12 to register an identical or nearly resembling trade mark in respect of the goods in question or where the tribunal is of opinion that he might properly be permitted so to register such a trade mark, the tribunal may refuse an application under clause (a) or clause (b) in relation to any goods, if it is shown that there has been, before the relevant date or during the relevant period, as the case may be, bona fide use of the trade mark by any proprietor thereof for the time being in relation to goods of the same description, being goods in respect of which the trade mark is registered. ~ x x x x x (3) An application shall not be entitled to rely for the purpose of clause (b) of sub-section (l) or for **the** **purposes** **of** **sub-section** **(2)** **on any non-use** **of** **a** trade mark which is shown to have been due to special **circ\.DUStances** **in** **the trade** **and** **not** **to** **any** **intention** **to** abandon or not to use the trade mark in relation to the goods to which the application relates." The First Respondent's said application for rectification was made both under section 46 and 56 of the 1958 Act. Under section 56(2), any person aggrieved by any entry made in the Register of Trade Marks without sufficient cause or by any entry wrongly remaining on the Register may apply in the prescribed AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. (MADON, J.] 301 manner to a High Court or to the Registrar, and the tribunal may make such order for making, expunging or varying the entry as it may think fit. Under section 56(4), this power can also •be exercised by the High Court or the Registrar of its own motion after giving notice to the parties concerned and after giving them an opportunity of being heard. This power includes the power to cancel or vary the registration of a trade mark. Against such an order made by the Registrar rectifying, cancell!Lng or removi·ng a trade mark from the Register of Trade Marks., an appeal lies under section 109 to a Single .Judge of the High Court and against an order made by the Single Judge of the High Court, a further appeal lies to a Bench of the High Court. What is now required to be set out is section 48 .of the 1958 Act, the interpretation of which is crucial for the purpose of deciding this Appeal, for that section provides for registration of a registered user and the effect of such registration. Section 48 provides as follows "48. Registered users. (1) Subject to the provisions of section 49, a person other than the registered proprietor of a trade mark may be registered as the registered user thereof in respect of any or all of the goods in respect of which the trade mark is registered otherwise than as a **defP.nsive** **trade** **mark;** **but** **the** **Central** **Government may,** by rules made in this behalf, provide that no application for registration as such shall be entertained unless the agreement between the parties complies with the. conditions laid down in the rules for preventing trafficking in trade marks. (2) The permitted use of a trade mark shall be deemed t.o be use by the proprietor thereof, and shall be **deemed** **not** **to** **be** **use** **by** **a person** **other.** **than** **the** **proprietor,** **for** **the** **purposes** **of** **section** **46 or** **for** **any** **other** **purpose** **for** **which such** **use** **is** **material** **under** this Act or any other law." **Section** **49** **prescribes** **the** **procedure** **for** **registration** **of** **a** **registered** **user** **and** **is** **in** **the** **following** **terms** "49. Application for registration as **registered** user. A .II c D E F G H 302 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. (1) Where it is proposed that a person should be registered as a registered user of a trade mark, the registered proprietor and the proposed registered user shall jointly apply in writing to the Registrar in the prescribed manner, and every such application shall be accompanied by (i) the agreement in writing or a duly authenticated copy thereof, entered into between the registered proprietor and the proposed registered user wi.th respect to the permitted use of the trade mark; and (ii) an affidavit made by the registered proprietor or by some person authorised to the satisfaction of the Registrar to act on his behalf, (a) giving particulars of the relationship, existing or proposed, between the proprietor and the proposed registered user, including particulars showing the degree of control by the proprietor over the permitted use which their relationship will confer and whether it is a term of their relationship that the proposed registered user shall be the sole registered user or that there shall be any other restriction as to persons for whose registration as registered users application may be made; (b) stating the goods in respect of which registration is proposed; (c) stating the conditions or restrictions, if any, proposed with respect to the characteristics of the goods, to the mode or place of permitted use, or to **any another matter;** (d) stating whether the permitted use is to be for a period or without limit of period, and, if for a period, the duration thereof; and (iii) such further documents or other evidence as may be required by the Registrar or as may be prescribed. (2) When the requirements of sub-section (1) have been complied with to his satisfaction, the Registrar shall forward the application together with his report and all the relevant documents to the Central Government. A B c D E F G H AMERICAN H.P.CORPN· v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J,j 303 (3) On receipt of an application under sub-section A (2), the Central Government, having regard to all the **circumstances** **of** **the case** **and** **to the** **1nterests** **of** **the** general public, and the development of any industry, trade or connnerce in India, may direct the Registrar (a) to refuse the application; or B (b) to accept application either absolutely or subject to any conditions, restrictions or limitations which the Central Government may think proper to impose; Provided that no direction for refusing the appli - c cation or for its acceptance conditionally shall be made unless the applicant has been given an opportunity of being heard. (4) The Registrar shall dispose of the application ln accordance with the directions issued by the Central D Government under sub-section (3). (5) The Central Government and the Registrar shall, if so requested by the applicant, take steps for securing that Information given for the purpose of an appli**cation** **Ut-ider** **this** **section** **(other** **than** **matters** **entered** **E** in the register) is not disclosed to rivals in trade. (6) The Registrar shall issue notice in the prescribed **manner** **of** **the** **registration** **of** **a person** **as .a** **registered** **user,** **to** **other** **registered** **users** **of** **the** **trade** **mark,** **if** any." F **As** **we** **have** **seen,** **before** **a person can be** **registered** **as** **a** **registered** **user** **of** **a** **registered** **trade mark,** **the** **registered** **user's** **agreement between** **the** **parties** **is** **to** **comply** **with** **the** **conditions** laid down in the Rules for preventing trafficking in trade marks. Section 133 confers upon the Central Government, by notification published in the Official Gazette and subject to the condition of G **previous** **publication,** **the** **power** **to** **make.** **rules** **to** **carry** **out** **the** purposes of the 1958 Act. Under section 134, all rules so made are to be laid for not less than thirty days before each House of **Parliament** **as** **soon** **as** **may** **be** **after** **they** **are** **made** **and** **are** **to** **be** **subject** **to** **such** **modifications** **as** **Parliament** **may** **make** **in** **the** **session** **in** **which** **they** **are** **so** **laid** **or** **the** **session** **immediately** H 304 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985J SUPP.3 s.c.R. A following. In exercise of this power the Central Government has made the Trade and Merchandise Marks Rules, 1959. Chapter V of these Rules coflsisting of Rules 82 to 93 relates to registered users. Under Rule 82, an application for registering a person as a registerea user is to be made in Form TH-28 jointly by the proposed registered user and the registered proprietor of the B trade mark and is to be accompanied inter alia by the agreement in writing or a duly authenticated copy thereof entered into between the registered proprietor and the proposed registered user with respect to the permitted use of the trade mark. Rule 85 is in the following terms : c D E "85. **Consideration** **by** **the** **Central Goverooent.-** **The** **Central Government,** **on** **receipt** **of** **an** **application** **for** **registration** **as** **registered** **user** **forwarded to** **it** **by** the Registrar under sub-section (2) of section 49, shall, if satisfied that the application and the accompanying doc\.Ullents comply with the provisions of the Act and the rules, consider whether the application should be allowed having regard to the matters specified in sub-section (3) of that section, and in doing so may take into account all or any of the following matters : (1) whether the permitted use if allowed would contravene the policy of the Act which is to prevent **trafficking** **in** **trade** **marks;** (2) whether the registered proprietor has registered **the trade** **mark** **without** **any** **bona** **fide** **intention** **to** **use** **it** **in** **relation** **to** **his** **goods** **in** **the** **course** **of** **trade or** F solely or mainly for the purpose of permitting others **to** **use** **it** **under agreements** **for** **registered** **user;** **and** (3) whether the registered proprietor has acquired **title** **to** **the** **trade** **mark** **by** **assignment** **without** **any** bona fide intention to use it in relation to his goods **G** **in** **the** **course** **of** **trade or** **solely . or mainly** **for** **the** **purpose** **of** **permitting** **others** **to** **use** **it** **under** **agree-** **ments** **for** **registered** **user.** Explanation I. - For considering the bona fides of the registration of the trade mark under clause (2) regard shall be H had inter alia to _**\a).**_ **whether tlle goods** **for** **which** **the** **trade** **mark** **is** **A** **registered** **are** **similar** **to** **or** **are** **different** **from** **the** **g:oods** **in** **which the** **registered** **proprietor** **h:3.s** **been** trading or dealing before the registration of the **mark;** ( b) whether the registered proprietor has ever used ll the mark in question in relation to his 11oods l.n the course of trade before the date of the agreement for **registered** **user,** **and** **ii** **1>0 1** **the** **amount** **aud** **duration** **of** **such** us~r; (c) whether the terms as to royalty and other C rt!lllu11eratlor. payable by the proposed registered user and reasonat>le taking into account the expenses which the registered proprietor LS likely to incur in exercising control over the permitted use. ~xplanation n. - r'or considering the bona. fidcs of the J) acquisl~.(oa of title undel· clause (3) regara sha.L.L b~ had, besid.is the matters set· out in Explanation I to tho foll~wint> funher matter, n£llllely, whether the rei;istered proprietor hua oot<Lined assignment of other registere<l trade uiarks and 1f so, wt1«ther he has dealt with such other 11lilrks by way of assignment **or** **registered** **user."** **C** Three 11rowids were taken in the First Respondent's Appll.c;;tiou for tw.ccification. lt will focilicate an understundiug of the contl'oversy between the partJ.es if we were to reproduce these ~rounds. **'fhey** **Jr0** : "(i) .That the said tr11de mark 'ilRlSTM' ia d~ceptively F and confcsi1110lY silllilar t:o the trade wark 'llISTAli' registered wider No. 122391 in class 5 (advertised in l'.M. Journal No. 47) in the nawe of Messrs Prof, Gajjar's Standard Chemical Works Ltd., of Bombay. The said trade mark 'BISTAN' has been used and is beillll usec! by ics said proprietors in respect of their G medicinal preparation since several years past. (ii) That the Registered Proprietor of the said trade mark 'DRISTAN' alleged in the said opposition No. Bom. 76 that the sa:Ld trade mark 'ORISTAN' is deceptively similar to the said trade mark ' TRISl'INE' which the II A B 306 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. Applicants have lawfully been using since October 1960 in respect of their medicinal preparation. (iii) That there has been no bonafide use of the said trade mark 'DRISTAN' in India in relation to the goods for which it is registered by any proprietor thereof for the time being upto date one month before **the** **date** **of** **this** **application."** **The** **second ground mentioned above** **was** **taken** **in** **order** **make** **out** that the First Respondent was _a_ "person aggrieved" for the purposes of section 46 and 56(2) of the 1958 Act. The Appellant had contested this position but this particular controversy does not survive for it is no more in dispute that the First **C** **Respondent** **was** **person aggrieved.** ' lJ F H The submissions set out in the said Application for Rectification in support of the above three grounds were substituted by fresh submissions by an amendment as mentioned **earlier.** **These submissions** **define** **the** **scope** **of** **the** **controversy** **between the** **parties.** **The** **submissions** **so** **substituted** **were** "(i) That the said trade mark 'DRISTAN' was not **distinctive** **mark** **and/or** **was** **not** **registerable** **trade** mark under Sec.6 of the Trade Marks Act, 1940 (corresponding to Section 9 of Act No. 40 of 1958), **except** **upon** **evidence** **of** **its** **distinctiveness** **and** **no** such evidence was submitted to the Registrar before **registration.** (ii) ·That the said trade mark was registered in contravention of Section 8 of the Trade Marko Act, 1940 (corresponding to Section 11 of the present Act, of 1958). **(iii)** **That** **the** **said** **trade** **mark** **offends** **against** **the** provisions of Section 11 of the Act. (iv) That the said trade mark **distinctive** **of** **the** **goods** **of** **proprietors.** 'DRISTAN' is not the registered (v) That the said trade mark 'DRISTAN' was registered **without** **any** **bonafide** **intention** **on** **the** **part** **of** **the** Applicants for registration that it should be used in AMERICAN H.P.<XlRPN. v. MAC LABS. (MADON, J.] 307 relation to their medicinal preparation for sympto- A matic treatment of respiratory ailments by them and that there has, in fact, been no bona fide use in India of the said trade mark 'DRISTAN' in relation to the sai~ goods by the said proprietors upto a date one month before the date of this application." All the above submissions were rejected by the Registrar. In coming to the conclusion that the Appellant had the bona fide intention to use the trade mark 'DRISTAN' the Registrar relied upon the decision of Lloyd-Jacob, J,, in the case of **'llOSTI'l'Cll'** **Trade** **Hark,** (1963) R.P.c. 183. Accordingly, the Registrar dis B missed the said Rectification Application. During the course of C the proceedings, a carton of 'DRISTAN' tablets was filed along with an affidavit made on bahalf of the First Respondent. The legend upon the said carton read as follows : "MADE IN INDIA BY ; GEOFFREY MANNERS & CO. LIMITED, Magnet House, Doughall Road, Bombay for the Proprie- D tors Whitehall Laboratories, New York, N.Y., U.S.A." The Registrar held that Whitehall Laboratories was not a separate legal entity and, therefore, the mark could not be registered in its name but only in the name of the Appellant of which it formed a part and accordingly the Registrar ordered the entry in the E Register relating to the Trade Mark 'DRISTAN' to be varied by **amending** **the** **registered** **proprietor's** **name** **to** **read** **as** **"American** **Home** **Products Corporation ( a** **corporation** **organised** **under** **the** laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America) trading as Whitehall Laboratories". In the appeal filed by the First Respondent against the order of the Registrar the learned single Judge held that at the date of the making of the application for F registration the Appellant did not have a bona fide intention to use the trade mark 'DRISTAN', by itself. In coming to this conclusion the learned Single Judge relied upon the decision of the lloard of Trade in England in the case of **'PUSSY** **GALORE'** **Trade** **Mark,** (1967) R.P.C. 265, 1954 (hereinafter referred to as the "Shavaksha Committee Report"), and the Report of Mr. Justice G Rajagopala Ayyangar on Trade Marks Law Revision, 1955 (hereinafter referred to as "the Ayyangar Report"). The learned Single Judge further held that the Appellant had not at any time used the said trade mark in relation to the goods in respect of which **it was** **registered.** **According** **to** **the** **learned** **Single** **Judge,** **the** legal fiction created by section 48(2) of the 1958 Act came H A Jl c D F G 308 SllPliliME' COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.a. ' intv play only after a trade mark was registered and that an intention to use a trade mark through someone who would subsequently get himself registered as a registered user did not amount to an intention on the part of the applicant for rei;istratlon to use the trade mark himself. The learned Single Judge held that to accept the Appellant's said contention would amount to permitting trafficking in trade marks. In view of the conclusion he had reached/ the learned Single Judge did not decide the question whether trade mark 'DRISTAN' was deceptively and confusingly siwllar to the trade mark 'BISTAN'. The learned Single Judge accordingly allowed the said appeal. In further appeal the Division Bench rejected the contention that the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was deceptively and confusingly similRr to the trade mark 'BISTAN'. It, however, confirmed the judgment of the learned Single Judge in respect of the construction which he had placed upon section 18 and 48 of the 1958 Act in order to come to the conclusion that the Appellant had no bona fide intention to use itself the trade mark 'DRIS'.I:AN' and that the Appellant had not at any time made use of the said trade mark. It accordingly dis:n.1.ssed the Appellant' a further appeal, The main judlj!UE!nt of the Division 8e11Ch was delivered by s.K. Mukherjee, J., with whom A.K. Mukherjee, J,, agreed and at the conclusion of his judgment s.K. Mukherjee, J,, pointed out the l)ardship whicli the construction placed by the Division Bench upon section 18 and 48 of the 1958 Act would lead to. These observations are (at page 143) "It is neither good sense nor good policy to be plus royaliste que le roi, to be· lllOre of a royalist than the king h1maelf. A legal situation which permits use of a registered Lrade mark by. a registered user but disqualifies the proprietor from registering his mark if he intends to use it only through a registered user even when a user is available who is ready and willing to be registered on terms which are unexceptionable, 18 a situation fraught vi.th tllree-'quartera irony aod the rest U11C011Scious bwour. It is not for the Courts of Law to provide relief where relief should ?e provided by the le8islature by ignorlns a conscious departure the statute has made, strain its constl'uction and assume powers which LOore properly belong to the legislature." (llmphasl.s su,,plfod.) AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LAJ!S, (MADON, J.] 309 A proper construction of the relevant sections of the 1958 Act A shows that the<e is neither any cause for sardonic merriment nor any need to shed tears. The subnltssions made at the hearing of this Appeal by Mr. F.S. Nariman, learned counsel for the Appellant, may be. thus summarized : B l. The legal fiction created by sub-section (2) of section **48** **is,** **as expressly** **stated** **in** **that** **sutrsection,** **for the purposes** of section 46 or for any other purpose for which such use is material under the 1958 Act or any other law. To confine this fiction to a case of an actual use of a trade mark by a C **registered** **user** **is** **to** **confine** **it** **onl.Y** **to** **11se** **for** **the** **purposes** **of** clause (b) of section 46(1) which is contrary to the purpose tor **which** **the** **said** **fiction** ~as **created** **ana,·** **therefore,** **when** **section** 18(1) of the 1958 Act (corresponding to section 14(1) of the 1940 **Act)** **uses** **the words "proposed** **to** **be used",** **these** **words must be** resd as "proposed to be used by a proposed registered user." D 2. To register a trade mark which is proposed to be used by **a** **registered** **user** **does** **not** **,per** **se** **amount** **to** **traffic.king** **in** **trade** **marks** **and** **whether** **it** **does** **so** **or** **not must depend upon** **the** **facts** **and** **circtn:nStances** **of** **each** **case.** 3. The reliance placed by the High Court, both by the learned single Judge and Division Bench upon the 'PUSSY GM.ORE' **Trade** **Mark** **r.aae** **was** **unjustified** **and** **unwarranted inasmuch** **as** **the** provisions of the. English Act, namely, the Trade Marks Act, 1938, are radically different from those of the 1958 Act as also the **1940 Act and,** **therefore,** **that** **case** **has** **no** **relevance** **so** **far** **as** E the construction of section l~(l) read with section 48(2) of the F 1958 Act is concerned. 4. The reliance placed by the High Court (both by the learned single Judge and the Division Bench) upon the Shavaksha Comwittee Report and the Ayyangar Report was equally misplaced as **Parliament** **did** **not** **accept** **the** **recommendations** **with** **respect** **to** **G** **registered** **users** **made** **in** **either** **of** **these** **reports.** **5.** **The** **facts** **and** **circumstances** **of** **the** **case** **show** **that** **the** appellant had at the date of the making of the application for **registration** **a bona** **fide** **intention** **to** **use** **the** **trade** **mark** **'DRISTAN'** **through a** **registered** **user.** H A B c D E F G H 310 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] SUPP.3 S.C.R. 6. In any event, the Appellant itself had made bona fide use of the said trade mark up to a date one month before the date of the First Respondent's Application for Rectification. The submissions made by Dr. Gauri Shankar, learned Counsel for the First Respondent, were as follows : 1. The words "proposed to be used" in section 18(1) of the 1958 Act and section 14(1) of the 1940 Act mean "proposed to be used by the applicant for registration, his servants and agents" and not by any person who is proposed to be got registered as a registered user and, therefore, the legal fiction enacted in section 48(2) cannot be iQlported into section 18(1). 2. A registered user can only come into being after a trade mark is registered. Therefore, as at the date of an application for registration of a trade mark, there cannot be any person in existence who is a registered user, the words "proposed to be used" cannot possibly mean "proposed to be used by a proposed registered user". 3. To permit a trade mark to be registered when the applicant himself does not propose to use it but proposes to use it through someone else who would subsequently be registered as a registered user would be to permit trafficking in trade marks which is contrary to the policy underlying the Trade Marks laws. 4. The only case in which the 1958 Act permits the registration of a trade mark when the applicant for registration does not intend to use it himself but intends to use in through another is the one set out in section 45, namely, where the Registrar is satisfied that a company is about to be formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956, and the appiicant intends to assign the trade mark to that company with a view to the use thereof by the Company. 5. The 1958 Act is, as the 1940 Act was, based upon the English Trade Marks Act, 1938, and the decision in the **'PUSSY** GALORE• Trade **Mark** Case concludes this point against the Appellant. 6. The Shavaksha Committee Report and the Ayyangar Report show the legislative intent not to allow a proposed use by a proposed registered user to be equated with a proposed use by the applicant for registration. AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. V• MAC LABS. [MADON, J ·] 311 7. The Appellant had net at any relevant time made use of A the trade mark 'DRISTAN' 8. The Appellant had fradulently obtained registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' by stating in the application for registration that it proposed to use the said trade mark itself and by not disclosing the fact that it proposed to use it through B **a proposed** **registered** **user.** 9, The trade mark 'DRISTAN' was deceptively and confusingly similar to the trade mark 'BISTAN' and, therefore, it cannot be/ allowed to remain on the Register of Trade Marks. 10. To allow the trade mark 'DRISTAN' to remain on the Register of Trade Marks would be contrary to the policy of the Government of India. We will now test the correctness of these rival submissions. c D The first Respondent's Application for Rectification was stated to be made under section 46 and 56 of the 1958 Act and Rule 94 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Rules, 1959. Rule 94 is irrelevant because it merely prescribes in which form an application for rectification of or for varying or expunging any entry in the Register of Trade Marks is to be made and by what E documents such an application is to be accompanied. Under section 56 an entry wrongly remaining on the Register of Trade Marks is liable to be expunged therefrom. An entry relating to a mark the use of which would be likely to deceive or cause confusion, would be an entry wrongly remaining on the Register and, therefore, liable to be expunged therefrom. The principal challenge of the First Respondent to the trade mark 'DRISTAN' remaining on the Register was under clause (a) of section 46(1). The main question before us, therefore, is whether the entry in the Register relating to the said trade mark falls within the mischief of the said clause (a); for if it does, it is F liable to be taken off the Register. The relevant provisions of G **section** **46** **have already been** **set** **out above. Before a person can** made an application under section 46(1) to take off a trade mark from the Register he has to be a "person aggrieved". It is now no **more** **disputed** **that** **the** **First** **Respondent was a "person** **aggrieved"** within the meaning of section 46(1). Section 46(1) provides for two cases in which a registered trade mark may be taken off the Register in respect of any of the goods in respect of which it is H 312 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. registered. The first case is set OJUt iri clause (a) cf section _t,_ 46(1) and the second in clause (b) of that sub-section. There are. two conditions to be satisfied before clause (a) can become applicable. These conditions are : 1. that the trade mark was registered without any bona fide intention on the parl of the a?p.licant for re;;istrationthatit R should be used in relation to those ~oods by him, and 2. that there has, in fact, been no bona fide use of that - trade mark in relation to those goods by any propcietor thereof for the time being up to a date one month before the date of the application under section 46(1). c The only exception to the first condition set out above is of a case to which the provisions of section 45 apply, that is, if the trade mark of which registration is sought _is_ proposed to be used by a company which is about to be formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956, and to which the applicant intends to assign **the** **trade** **mark. Both** **the** **conditions** **set** **out** **in** **clause** **(a)** **are** cumulative and not di.sjuncitve. Clause (a), therefore, will not tl apply where even though there had been no bona fide intent ion on the part of the applicant for registration to use the trade mark but, in fact, there has been a bona fide use of the trade mark in relation to those goods by any proprietor thereof for the time being up to a date one month before the date of the application under section 46(1). Similarly, clause (a) will not apply where, E though there had been a bona fide intention on the part of the **applicant** **for** **registration** **to** **use the trade** **mark,** **in** **fact,** **there** has been no bona fide use of the trade mark in relation to those goods by any proprietor thereof for the time being up to a date one month before the date of the application under section 46(1). F Clause (b) of section 46(1) applies where for a continuous period of five years or longer from the date of the registration **of** **the** **trade** **mark,** **there** **has** **been** **no bona** **fide** **use** **thereof** **in** **relation** **to** **those** **goods** **in** **respect** **of** **which** **it** **is** **registered** **by** any proprietor thereof for the time being. An exception to clause (b) is created by sec•ion 46(3). Under section 46(3), the non-use **G** **of** **a** **trade mark, which** **is** **shown** **to** **have been due** **to** **special** **circumstances** **in** **the** **trade** **and** **not** **to** **any** **intention** **to** **abandon** **or** **not** **to** **use the trade** **mark** **in** **relation** **to** **the goods to which the** application under section 46(1) relates, will not amount to non-use for the purpose of clause (b). AMERICA>'i H.P.CORPN • .v. MAC LABS. [MAIJON, .J.] 313 The distinction between clause (a) and clause (b) is that if the pe~iod specified in clause (b) has elapsdd and during that period there has been no bona fide use of the trade mark, the fact that the registered proprietor had a bona fide intention to use. the trade mark at the date of the application for registration becomes immaterial and the trade mark is liable to be remo.ved from the Register unless his case falls under section 46(3), while under clause (a) where there had been a bona fide intention to use the trade mark in respect of which registration was sought, merely because the trade mark had not been used for a period shorter than five years from the date of its registration will not entitle any person to. have that trade mark taken off the Register. Under both these clauses the burden of pro.ving that the facts which bring into play clause (a) or clause (b), as the case may be, exists is on the person who seeks to ha.ve the trade mark **removed** **from** **the Register.** **Thus,** **where** **there has been a non-user** of the trade mark for a continuous period of five years and the application for taking off the trade mark from the Register has been filed one month after the expiry of such period, the person seeking to have the trade mark removed fmm the Register has only **to** **proVe** **sush** **continuous nou-user** **and** **has** **not** **to** **pt'ove** **the** **lack** of a bona fide intention on the part of the registered proprietor to use the trade mark at the date of the application for **registration.** **Where, however,** **the** **non-user** **is** **for** **a** **period** **of** **less** **than** **five** **years,** **the person seeking to** **remove** **the trade** **mark** **from** **.the N.egister** **has** **not only** **to** **prove non-user** **for** **the** requisite period but has also to prove that the applicant for registration of the trade mark had no bona fide intention to use the trade mark when the application ~or registration was made. The reason why the two conditions specified in clause (a) are made cumulative is obvious. As the definitio'b of "trade mark" contained in clause (v) of section 2(1) shows, a trade mark is a - **mark** **used** **or** **proposed** **to** **be used** **in** **relation** **to** **goods f.lr 'the** **purpose** **of** **indicating** **or** **so** **as** **to** **indicate** **a** **connection** **in** **the** **course** **of** **trade** **between** **the** **goods** **and** **some** **person having** **the** **right** **to** **use** **the** **mark.** **It** **is,** **therefore,** **not** **necessary** **for** **the** purpose of registering a trade mark that those goods should be in existence at the date of the application for registration. A **person** **who** **intends** **to** **manufacture goods** **or** **has** **made** **preparations** **for** **the** **manufacture** **of** **goods** **but** **the** **manufacture has** **not** **commenced** **and,** **therefore,** **goods have** **not** **been marketed** **is** **none** **the** **less** **entitled** **to** **get** **the** **trade** **mark** **which** **the** **proposes** **to** **use** A B c D E F G H 314 SUPREME COURT RF.PORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. A in relation to those goods registered. In the present day world of commerce and industry, a manufacturing industry can neither be commenced nor established overnight. There are innumerable preparatory steps required to be taken and formalities to be complied with before the manufacture of goods can start and the B manufactured goods marketed. The processes must of necessity take time. If the position were that the mere non-user of a trade mark for the period mentioned in clause (a) of section 46(1) would make a trade mark liable to be taken off the Register, it would result in great hardship and cause a large number of trade marks to be removed from the Register, because the moment one month has elapsed after the registration of a trade mark has been ordered, c a trade rival can make an application on the ground set out in clause (a) of section 46(1) claiming that there has been no bona fide use of the trade mark up to a date one month before the date of his application. It is in order to prevent such harassment and absured result that the two conditions specified in clause (a) have been made cumulative. D E F G H The object underlying section 46(1) is to prevent trafficking in trade marks. This is, in fact, the object underlying all trade mark laws. A trade mark is meant to distinguish the goods made by one person from those made by another. A trade mark, **therefore, cannot** **exist** **in** **vacuo.** **It** **can only** **exist** **in** **connection** with the goods in relation to which it is used or intended to be used. Its object is to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods and some person having the right to use the mark either with or without any indication of the identity of that person. Clause (v) of section 2(1) which defines the expression "trade mark" makes this abundantly clear. Trade marks became important after the Industrial Revolution as distinguishinggoodsmadeby one person from those made by another; and soon **the** **need** **was** **felt** **to** **protect** **traders** **against** **those** **who** **were** unauthorizedly using their marks ana accordingly registration of trade marks was introduced in England by the Trade Marks Registration Act, 1875, which was soon replaced by more detailed **and** **advanced** **legislation.** **When** **a person** **gets** **his** **trade** **mark** registered, he acquires valuable rights by reason of such registration. Registration of his trade mark gives him the exclusive right to the use of the trade mark in connection with the goods in respect of which it is registered and if there is any invasion of this right by any other person using a mark which is the same or deceptively similar to his trade mark, he can protect his trade mark by an action for infringement in which he can obtain injunction, damages or an account of profits made AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. (MADON, J.] 315 **by** **the** **other** **person.** **In** **such an** **action,** **the** **registration** **of** **a** trade mark is prima facie evidence of its validity. After the **expiry** **of** **seven** **years** **from** **the** **date** **of** **the** **registration** **a** **trade** mark is to be valid in all respects except in the three cases s~t out in section 3~. The proprietor of an unregistered trade mark A **whose** **mark** **is** **unauthorisedly used** **by** **another cannot, however, sue** **B** for the infringement of such trade mark. His only remedy lies in bringing a passing-off action, an inconvenient remedy as compared to an infringement action. In a passing-off action the plaintiff will have to prove that his mark has by uaer acquired such reputation as to become distinctive of the plaintiff's goods so that if it is used in relation to any goods of the kind dealt c with by the plaintiff_, it will be uriderstood by the trade and public as meaning that the goods are the plaintiff's goods. In an infringement action, the plaintiff is not required to prove the reputation of his mark. Further, under section 37 a registered mark is assignable and transmissible either with or without goodwill of the buainess concerned while under section 38, an D unregistered trade mark is not assignable or transmissible except in the three cases set out in section 38(2). As the registration of a trade mark confers such valuable rights upon the registered proprietor thereof, a person cannot be permitted to register a trade mark when he has not used it in E relation to the goods in respect of which it is sought to be registered or does not intend to use it in relation to such goods. The reason for not permitting such trade marks to be registered was thus stated by Romer, J., in **1n** **re** **the llegistered** **Trade-illlrks** **of** **John** **Batt** **&** **Co.** **and** **In** **re** **carter• s** **Applicatioo** **for** **a** **Trade-Hark:,** (1898) 2 Ch. D. 432, 436, s.c. 15 R.P.C. 262, 266. " ••• one cannot help seeing the evils that may result from allowing trade-1Wlrks to be registered broadcast, if I may use the expression, there being no real intention of using them, or only an intention possibly of using them in respect of a few articles. The F **inconvenience** **it** **occasions,** **the** **cost** **it** **occasions,** **is** **G** very large, and beyond that I cannot help seeing that **it** **-.Id** **lead** **in** **SC111e** **cases** **to** **absolute** **oppression,** **and** **to** **persoos** **using** **the** **positioo** **they** **have obtained** **as** **registered** **<Miers** **of** **trade** **marks** **(which** **are** **not** **really** **booa** **fide** **trade marks)** **for** **the** **purpose** **of** **trafficldng** **in** **tbea** **and** **using** **t1- as** **a** **.....,_** **to** **obtain** **money** **from subsequent persoos** **vbo** **-y want** **to** H **use** **bona** **fide** **trade** **mazks** **in** **respect** **of** **SC111e** **classes** **in** **respect** **of** **which** **they** **find** **those** **bogus** **trade-marks** **registered.•** (Emphasis supplied) A 1 c D E F G H 316 SUU:)J. C:CLR'J hlf'iJh1:, The judgn.ent of l.:on.er, J., in Batt 's Case was confi rn,ed by the Court of Appeal, ('0%) 2 Ch.L. 432 at pa,,es 439-442, aud by the houoe of Lords sub nominee John Batt & co. v. LUDnett and Amo. (1&99) A.G. 420; 5.C. 16 R.P.C. 411. To get a tLade n.ark rt!t:,istered without any intention to use it in relation to any &oods but rr.erely to make n,oney out of it ty selling tc others the rit,ht 'to use _it_ would be trafficking in that trad€ n.ark. In Re American C.reetint,s Corp. 's Application, [ 19&3] 2 All. E.k. 6G9, 619, Lillon, L. J., said in the Court of Appeal : "1raf1ickin& in a trade n.ark has fron, the outset been one of the cardinal sins of traci.e 11;ark lav1. l)ut there is no statutory definition o.f traffickint,i and one may suspect that, as wi.th usur)' in tht hiddle AE,es, though it is known to be a aeadly sin, it has become less and less clear, as econon.ic cireurr,stances ha\re developed, wt:at the sin rtctually con,prehendr. 1rafficking musl involv~ trading in or dealing with the t~Ade mark for money or money's worth, but. it is not al1 dealin5 wj th a trade rr.ark [or money thut is objectionaLle, since it has alv.'ays b€en accepted that it i.s peru,issible to sell _a._ trad2 niark together with the f>OOdwill of the business in tht course of which the trade rr.a.rk has '!Jeen used." (Err.phasis supplied.) In the sarr,e case, Lord F..ri.ghtmen in the house of Lords, [1984] 1 All E.R. 426, 433, summed up the position in la" thus: _''fl-iy_ Lords, although as a n.atter of ordinary English, trafficking in trade marks n.i.5ht mean the buying and selling of trade marks, it seerr.s otvious that it is to have a n.ore specialised rueanint:, in a trade mark context. I have no quarrel with the definitions suggested by the assistant registrar and by Sir Lenys Buckley, but perhaps one further atten...pt on my part rray not be out of place. The courts have to 5rope for some means of delineating the forbidden territory, and different niodes of expression _may_ heli: to indicate boundaries which are not and cannot be rr.arked out with absolute precision. To my mind, trafficking in a trade AU.RICI>~ !i.LCvhl'~. v. MC LA1S. [MALCt,, J.] 317 **n.zirk** **cvotext** **conveys** **the** **notion** **of** **dealing** **in** **a ti.'ade** **o.ark** **primarily** _**as**_ **.::i** **commodity** **in** **its** **own** **ri!$ht** **and** not prinaril; for the pur~ose of ind~ntifyini, or **rror:.oting** **rr...erchandise** **ip.** **which the i.ii.:oprietor** **of** **the** **ruark** **i..s** **interested.** **If** **ther1,;.** **is** **no** **real** **trade** A **connection** **between** **the** proi:-ri~tot **of** **tl1i!** **n..ark** **and** **the** **B** licensee or hie. !;OOds, there is roou. for the conclusion that the grant · of the. licence is a trafticidn1; in the mark. lt is a question of fact and **deb1·ee** **ir.** **every** **case** **whether** **a.** **sufficient** **trade** **connection** **exists.** we have no hesitation in acceptini; the n.eardn;; eive·., to the expression '"traffickini; in a trade mark'" by Lillon, LJ., and Lord Brightman. The intention to use a trade mark soubht .to be registered must be, tnereiore, genuine. and real and as po:!.nted out by Tomlin, J., Jn In **re ducker's** **Trade** !ia~k., (1>28) Ch. L 405, 409, the fact that the wark ;,as thought to be son;ethin~ which scu.e day might be useful would 11ot ai..cunt to any deUni te and precise **intention** **at the t.in.e** **of** **registration** **to** **use.** **that** **niB.rk.-** **The** intention to use the mark must exist at the date of tbe application for re!;istration and such intention must Le gem1ine and bona fide. In fact, ser.tiou 46(l)(a) expressly si,eaks of "bona fide intention on the part of the a!'plJ.cant for registration" 1.l>ich would n.ean '"at the ciate when sue\. ni;pl.1.cant makes his aHlic<.tioc for regJ.stratiun.'" **We** **will** **tlO"'-'** ad<lr'.:'~S **ourselves to the** **c.i.ue&tion** ~liether **t.hc** facts which brin~ into play clause (a) of section 46(1) exist i.n the present case.· What. io first rt:quire<l to be nscertained for this purpose io whether the Appellant had any intention that the trade mark 'LRIS1M' should be u•ed fo lndJ a in relation to the concerned f.OOds. Assundn& the Ai-Pellant h~d such an intentJ.on, the next question which will fall to be deteruJ.r,ed is whether this intention was an intention on the part of the Appellant to use the saJ.d trade 1LBrk itself or to use it throuf,h a re1;istered user and if the intention was to use it throuf.h a resi.st.ered user, whether clause (a) of section 46(1) would be attracted. 1he third question will be whether such intention on tl1e eart of the Appellant was a bona fide one. **Intention** **is** **a** sta~e **of** **mind.** **ho person can** **uiake** **out** **the** state of mind _of_ another person. ~one the less courts are often L I:. l G h 318 SUPREME COURT REPORTS l1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. A called upon for various purposes to determine the state of a person's mind. The Courts can only do so by deducting the existence of a particular state of mind from the facts of a case. Section 14 cf the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, provides as follows: B c D F G H "14. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, or bodily feeliDg. Facts showing the existence of any state of mind, such as intention, knowledge, good faith, negligence, rashness, ill-will or good-will towards any particular person, or showing the existence of any state of body or bodily feeling, are relevant, when the existence of any such state of mind or body or bodily feeling is in **issue** **or** **relevant.** ~tion 1. A fact relevant as showing the **existence** **of** **a** **relevant** **state** **of** **mind** **must** **show** **that** **the** **state** **of** **mind** **exists,** **not** **generally,** **but** **in** **reference** **to** **the** **particular** **matter** **in** **question.** x x x x The second Explanation to that section is not material for out purpose. It was submitted by Dr. Gauri Shankar, learned Counsel for the First Respondent, that in order to ascertain what the **Appellant's** **intention** **was,** **the** **Court can** **only** **look** **at** **events** **previous** **to** **the** **relevant** **date,** **namely,** **the** **date** **of** **the** application for registration made by the Appellant, that is, August 18, 1958, and not to any events subsequent thereto. **Whether** **subsequent** **events** **are** **relevant** **or not would depend** **upon** **the** **facts** **and** **circumstances** **of** **each** **case** **and** **the** **question** **at** issue therein. In Srinivas Mall Barirollya and Anr. v. Emperor, A.I.R. 1947 P.C. 135, Appellant No. 1, a Salt Agent for the District Magistrate, was inter alia charged with having abetted Appellant No.2, who had been appointed by him, in selling salt to licensed retail dealers to whom allocations of specific **quantities** **of** **salt** **had been** **made** **by** **the** **Central** **Government, on** three specified dates at a price exceeding the maximum price which had been fixed by the Distict Magistrate. Appellant No.l was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment under Rule 81(4) of the Defence of India Rules, 1939, relating to the control of **prices.** **In** **additi.on** **to** **the** **evidence** **of** **the** **three** **dealers** **to** **whom** AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. (MADON, J.] 319 the salt was sold, nine other dealers who had bought salt from Appellant No. l and had to deal with Appellant No.2 and had obtained salt from him at a price exceeding the fixed maximt..UU price, were also called in evid~nce as prosecution witnesses. The transactions with the other nine dealers took place not only A during and shortly before the dates on which the offences were B committed but also after the period covered by the dates of the offences. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council held (at page 139) The evidence was relevant to the charge of abetting, because it showed an intention to aid the C con:mission of the offence and an intentional omission to put a stop to an illegal practice, which, it need hardly be added, was an 'illegal omission'. The e.vidence was thus admissible to prove intention under s. 14ll Evidence Act." (Emphasis supplied.) D !lr. Gauri Shankar then submittied that in any event facts subsequent to the date of the First Respondent's Application for Rectification, namely, April 10, 1961, could not be looked at by the Court. We are equally unable to agree. As we have pointed out E earlier t '.<ihere a trade mark has been registered on the ground that the applicant for registration proposes to use such trade Ulark, a trade rival in order to cause vexation and harassment to the registered proprietor can file his application immediately after the expiry of one mvnth from the date of the order registering the trade mark. As pointed out by us, where a trade mark is proposed to be used, the manufacture and marketing of F goods in relation to which such trade mark is proposed to be used must of necessity take time; and not to look at events subsequent to the date of the Application for Rectification would result in great injustice. It was next submitted by Dr. Gauri Shankar that for the G purpose of ascertaining the intention of the Appellant, the Court cannot look at the technical collaboration agreement and the registered user agreement inasmuch as neither these agreements nor copies thereof :were produced before the High Court but copies thereof were produced for the first tLne during the course of the hearing of this Appeal. This argument also cannot be accepted. Both these agreements have been referred to in the H affidavits f ileci before the Registrar and the High Court and also A B c D F G H 320 SUPREME COU!tr REPORTS [L98Sj SUPP.3 s.c.R. dealt with by the Registrnr, the learned Sir,~.le Judi;~ and the **Uivision** **Hench** **in** **their** **respective judgments. In** **this** **connection,** **it** **will** **not** **be** **out** **of** **place** **to** **set** **out** **here** **the** **c1rcu.1ndtances** **i.n** which copias of these agreements came to be produc~d before thi; Court. During the course of the h·earitl;I. of the Appeal, we calle<l upon learnea Counsel for the Appellant to file before us copies of the application for registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' and the application for registering the Indian Company as the registered user of the said trada mark. The original file relating to the trade mark 'DR.ISTAfl' was before the Registrar when he heard tlte ~"irat Respcndent [1 ] s Application for Rectification and also before the High Court when the 1Mtter was heard by the Lear.ned Single Judge and the Division Bench. Copies, **however, of** th~ **said** **two** **applications** **were** **not** **on** **the record,** **and** **we** **wanned** **to** **ascert.:3in** **for** **ourselves** **what** **was** **stated** **in** **those** applications. At that ti!lle learned Counsel. for the first Respondent r,ot up alld requested us that the Appellant •hould al:;o be asked to produce copies of th" said two agreetnents and accordingly we directed the Appellant to f il.e copies of tho&e tw agreP.ments aloo, which tt di.d. It is because the intention of the Appellant at the date ot filing the application for registration is to be ascertain"d frolll tne facts existillll in this case that we have related them at some length in the earlier part of our judgment. We will now SUlllluarize these facts with refereni:e to three periods : (L) events which took place up to the date of the application for registration, namely, Au&ust 18, 1958, (:.:) eventa which happon"d between that date. and the elate of the Application Luc l\ectification, m•aely, Api:il lu, L96l, amt _\3)_ events wlucil happened subsequent to April LU-, L 96 J., So far ad the period up to August J.ll, 1958, is concerned, prior to L956, the Appellant had acquired a substantial shareholding to the extent of 40 per cent in the Indian Company. In 1956 the Appellant introduced 'DKISTAN' tablets In the American market and got the trade mark 'DRISTAN' regist~red J.n the United States of America and in several other countries. .~ technical collaboration between the Appellant and the Indian Company collllllenced from NoveU1ber l, L957, and an agreeramt _!.u_ that behalf was signed on May L6, 1958. In pursuance of the aaid collaboration agreement the Indiarl Company wanufactured and marketed se"eral prod•JCts of the Appellant. The Appd Lant got. registered its trade marks in respect of such products and the Indian Compar,y was registered as the re~ist~red user in reap~ct AMJ::RICAN lf.P.COKPN. v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.J 321 **of** **such** **trade** **marks.** **·As** **early** **as** **December 1957,** **it** **was decided.** that the Indian ·company should introduce in the Indian market. nine new products of the Appellant Including 'DRISTAN' tablets. On August 18, 1958, the Appellant filed an application for registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' and the said trade mark _A_ was duly registered on June 8, 1959. B **Dr .•** **Gauri.** **shankar, however, submitted** **that** **the** **collaboration** **agreement** **was** **irreleVant because** **1** **DRISTAN'** **tablets** **were not** mentioned in Schedule A to the said agreement, and, therefore, the intention to introduce 'DRISTAN' tablets in the Indian market and the facts relating thereto did not have anything to do with c the said collaboration agreement. In this behalf, Dr. Gauri Shanl<ar relied upon the definition of 'Licensed Products' given in the said agreement. This submission is wholly .without foundation. That definition related to Whitehall Products in **respect** **of** **whose marketing, manufacture,** **sale** **or** **distribution** **l.n** India, the Indian Company was to be licensed under and pursuant to the terns of the said collaboration agreement and it further stated that "these shall **ioclude** those identified in Schedule Annexed hereto and made a part hereto". It is true that Schedule A to the said agreement does not mention 'DRISTAN' tablets but the products set out in Achedule A are not exhaustive of the Licensed Products to ·which· the said collaboration agreeiaent related .and this is made clear by the use of the word "incwde" with reference to the products identified in Sehedule A· There l.s no dispute that 'llRISTAN' tablets are Whitehall Products. The. division of the Appellant, which at all relevant times carried on and still carries on the activity of manufacturi~ and aiarketing pharmaceutical products, is called the Whitehall laboratories and it was for this reason that the ·Registrar ordered the entry **relating** **to** **the** **trade** **mark** **'DRISTAN'** **to** **be** **amended.** **so** **as** **to** **show** i;he Appellant trading as "Whitehall Laboratories. The definit:ioo **of** **''Licensed Products"** **in** **the** **said** **collaboration** **agreement** -comprehended not only the Whitehall Products set out in Sched11le **A** **to** **the** **collaboration** **agreement but** **also** **other** **products** **in** respect of which the Indian Company would be licensed for import, **manufacture,** **sale** **or** **distribution** **in** **India** **under** **the** **terms** **of** **the** **said** **agreement.** **The** **correspondence between** **the** **parties** **leaves** **no** doubt that the manufacture and of the 'DRISTAN tablets by t:l!e Indian CompaI>y in India was to be under the said collaboration **agreement.** D **So** **far** **as** **the** **second** **period** **is** concerned~ namely~ **that** **H** **between August** **lti,** **1958,** **e1.nd** **the** **date** **of** **the** **firs·t** **l<ec.ponde:mt's** 322 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] 5UFP.3 s.c.R. Application for Rectification, that is, April 10, 1961, during **that** **period** **tl1e** **Indian** **Ccn.pany** **applied** **for** **and** **obtained** **a** **licence** for the purchase ·of a Stockes 1riple La)er ~.achine for **manufacturin5** **'CRI51AN'** **tablets** **and** **li.ihen** **the** **said** **n.B.chine** **\!las** **received** **installed** **it** **at** **its** **Ghatkopar** **factory.** **It** **also.obtained** **from** **the** **ApJ'ellant** **three** **units** **of** **'L1'.151M'** **tablets** **as** **samples** and the ~nufacturing inanual for the said tablets. Eurther, it aplied to the Central Government .under section 11 of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1551, for a licence ·to manufacture 'tRIS1Al.' tablets ~hich was branted to it. It also **applied ·rar** **and** **otained** **a** **licence** **to** !~port **Certain** **ingredients** **used -in-the** **tr.a"nufacture** **of** **'LRIS'IM'** **tablets** **and in..ported** **such** ingredients. It further applied for and obtained from the **Director,** **Lrut.s** **Control** **Adndnistration,** **State** **of** **?-.aharashtra,** permission to manufacture 'tRISTAN' tatlets. lhe Appellant also filed a notice of opposition to the Hrst Respondent's Application for registration of their n.atk '1RIS1l~E'. During the third period, naILel), the period subsequent to the,First Respondent's Appiication for Rectification, that is, sub~equent to April 10; 1961, on Cctoter 18, 1961, the said **registered** **u·ser _ agreen.ent** **lo/as** enter~ **intO** **betloleen** **the** **Appellant** and the Indian Company. On. October 22, 1561, the 'DRISTIM' tablets "ere first marketed in India b) the lndian Company. On March 6, 1962,.the Appellant and the Indian Curupany jointly made an application to .reiister the Indian Corupany as a registered user of the trade mark 'J;RISTM'. \ ,, , A. B c D E \. **The** **facts** **set** **out** **above** **clearly** **show** **that** **each** **of** **them** **is** **an** integral link in a chain and that they cannot te divided into three separete periocis as contended by J:r. Gauri Shankar. This **continuous** **chain** **of** **events** **establishes** **t.eyond doubt** **that** **the** Appellant had an intention thatthe trade mark 'DRISTAN' should _ **be** **used** **in** **relation** **tO** **the** **tablets** **in <iuesti.on** **by** **the** **n.anufacture** and sale of these tablets in India. **'ibis** **brings** **us** **to** **the** **question** **to.:hether** **the** **intention** **of** **the** Appellant co n.arket and manufacture 1Df..IS1Al.' tablets in India **G** **was** **to** **do** **sv** **itself** **or** **to** **do** _rso_ **thrcut:,h a** **registered** **user.** _**Y.x.**_ !iariruan, learned Counstl for the A~pellant submitted that as the intention of the. Appellant "as to n.arket 'DiU51All' tablets in **India,** **it** **could** **translate** **that** **intention** **into** **action** **either** **l:iy** getting it n.anufactureo and marketed b)I a rtgist.:red user in India. or by exportini, the tablets to India and H the impf)rt B , . AMERICAN H.P.CORPN· v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.] 323 policy did not permit this to be done, it could export the tablets to India when the import policy was relaxed. This **argument** **is** **contrary** **to** **the** **facts** **on** **the** **record** **and must** **be** **rejected.** **A** **person's** **iiltention** **is** **shown** **by** **the** **facts** **of** **a** **case** and not by statements made at the Bar. The facts of this case clearly establish that the Appellant's intention in applying for registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was to use it in relation to goods to be manufactured and marketed by the Indian Company and that for this -purpose the Indian Company would get **itself** **registered** **as** **the** **registered** **user** **of** **-the** **said** **trade** **mark.** Further, in the affidavit sworn on April 13, 1962, by S. Waldron, Vice-~resident of the Appellant, it is categorically stated as follows : "It was intended that the product bearing the 'DRISTAN' trade mark be introduced in India through Geoffrey Manners & Co. Ltd. should ·be registered as registered user in India of the trade mark 'DRISTAN'. For this . reason all applications to Government authorities and Drug Control authorities were made by Geoffrey Manners & Co. Ltd. In implementation of the intention to appoint Geoffrey Manners & Co. Ltd. as **registered** **users** **of** **the** **trade** **mark** **.'DRISTAN',** preparations were undertaken to appoint Geoffrey **MaIUlers** **&** **Co.** **Ltd.** **as** **registered** **users** **and** **these** **culminated** **into** **execution** **of** registe~ed **user** **agreement** between the Registered Proprietors and Geoffrey Manners & Co. Ltd. which has been dated the 18th **October, 1961".** In view of this sworn statement made on behalf of the Appellant it is not open to Counsel to submit that the proposed use by the Appellant could also have been by exporting 'DRISTAN' tablets to India. The Appellant's application for registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was made under section 14(1) of the 1940 A.ct and was registered under that Act. Under the said section 14(1), oaly **a person** **claiming** **to** **be** **the** **proprietor** **of** **a** **trade** **mark** **"usea** **or** ~r<)posed to be used by him" could apply for registration of that trade mark. The provisions of section 18(1) of the 1958 Act are Identical. This brings us to the crucial question Whether the **words "proposed** **to** **be** **used** **by** **him"** **would** **include** **"proposed** **to** **be** . **used through a** **registered** **proprietor".** **In** **other** **words,** **the** **question** **is** **whether a proposed** **user** **by** **a** **registered** **user** **of** **a** **trade** **mark** **can be equated** **with** **a proposed** **user** **by** **the** **proprietor** **of** **the** **trade mark.** A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 324 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 S.C.R. On behalf of the Appellant it was submitted by Mr. Nariman that the two phrases "proposed to be used by him" and "proposed to be used by a registered user" must be equated by reason of the statutory legal fiction created by section 48(2) of the 1958 Act which corresponds to section 39(2) of the 1940 Act. According to Mr. Nariman, unless the legal ficti.on enacted in section 48(2) applied also to the provisions of s«ction 18( l), it would have a very limited operation and can apply only so hr as the second condition of clause (a) of section 46(1) and clause (b) .of that sub-section are concerned, which, according to him, would render nugatory the words "or for any other purpose for which such use is material under this Act or any other law" occurring in section 48(2). Dr. Gauri Shankar on behalf of the First Respondent, however submitted that both under the 1940 Act and the 1958 Act a registered user is not the same person as the proprietor of a registered trade mark for a registered user can only be some person other than the proprietor of the trade mark and that no registered user can come into being unless and until a trade mark has been registered and theredter an application for registration as the registered usei: thereof has been made and granted. He also submitted that the legal fiction enacted in . section 48(2) of the 1958 Act and section 39(2) of the 1940 Act cannot for this reason apply to the provisions of section 18(1) or to the first condition of clause (a) of section 46(1) of the 1958 Act and, therefore, the Appellant was not entitled to seek the protection of the said legal fiction. According to Dr. Gauri Shankar, if the proprietor of a trade mark intended to use it through another, he could only do it by having re•wrt to section 45 of the 1958 Act, which corresponds to section 36 of the 1940 Act, by getting it registered for the purpose of assigning it to a company to be formed and reg:(.stered under the Companies Act, 1956. In Dr. Gauri Shankar's submission the only three ways in which, therefore, the trade mark 'DRISTAN' could have been used in India were for the A?pellant to have resort to section 45 by floating a company to which, when incorporated, the trade mark would be assigned or by manufact\'ring the tablets 'DRISTAN' itself in India and thereafter by assigning it to the Indian Company or by Jointly applying along with the Indian Company to have the Indian company regist~red as the registered user of the said trade mark. The Appellant's application for registration of the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was made under the 1940 Act and its registration was also ordered under that Act. The application for registering AMERICAN H.P.CQRPN. v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.] 325 the Indian company as the registered user was, however, made under the 1958 Act. If the 1940 Act did not contain a legal fiction similar to that enacted in section 48(2) of the 1958 Act,. the Appellant [1 ] s case Would fall to the ground because then at the date of its application for registration of the said trade mark, A its intention would be not to use.it itself but to use it through B another. The 1940 Act, however, also made provisions with respect to registered users and created a similar legsl fiction in section 39(2) of the Act. Section 39 of the 1940 Act provided as follows : "39. l!egistered users.- C (1) A person other thah the proprietor of a trade mark may be registered as a registered user thereof in respect of all or any of the goods in respect of which it is registered (otherwise than as a defensive trade mark) and either with or without conditions or D restrictions. (2) The permitted use of a trade mark shall be deemed to be use by the proprietor thereof, and shall be deemed not to be use by a person other than the proprietor, for any purpose for which such use is E material under this Act or any other law." The only difference between section 39(2) of the 1940 Act and section 48(2) of the 1958 Act is that wllile under section 39(2) the legal fiction created by it applies "fer any pt1rpose for which such use is material under this Act or any other law", under section 48(2) the legal fiction applies "for the purposes F of section 46 or for any other purpose for which such use is ruaterial under this Act or any other law". The addition of the words "for the purposes of section 46" in section 48(2) not only does not make any difference but clarifies the scope of the said legal fiction. As we have seen, clause (a) of section 46(1) refers both to "bona fide intention on the part of the applicant G for registration that it (that is, the trade mark) should be used in relation to those goods by him" as also to "bona fide use of the trade mark in relation to those goods oy any proprietor thereof for the time being." It cannot possibly be that when section 48(2) expressly provides that the permitted user of a trade mark by a registered user is to be deemed to be user by the proprietor of the trade mark for the purposes of section 46, the H fiction is intended only to apply to the use of the trade mark 326 SUPREME COURT REPORlS [1965] SLtP.3 s.c.R. A referred to in the second conaition of clause (a) of section 46(1) and not to the use of that trade n.ark referred to in the first condition of the said clause (a). ender section 18(1), an application for registration of a trade n.ark can only be ni.ade by a person who clain.s to be the proprietor of that tracle mark. Therefore, the "1{)rds "applicant for registration" in clause (a) B of section 46(1) "'ould mean "the person claiming to be the proprietor of the tracie mark who is the apylicant for registration of that trade mark". The fir&t condition of clause (a) would, therefore, read "that the trade niark was ret:,istered without any bona fide intention on the i;;art of the i:-erson claimin!;_ to be the proprietor of that trade mark who has Thade the application for registration that it should be used in relation to those C goods by him". So read, there can be no difficulty in reading the words "by him" also as ''by a registered user". Sifuilarly, we see no difficult; in arplyini, the legal fiction in section 48(2) to section 1&(1). Section l&(l) in the lit,ht of the said legal fiction would read :_js "any person clain.ing to be the rroprietot of a trade n.ark '1sed or proposed to te used by hin1 or by a registered user". E.y reason of the provisions of i:.ection 39(2) of the D 1940 Act, section 14(1) of that Act should also te read in the same way. L F G H In celebrated passa1;e Lord Asquith of 1ishopstor.e in East End Dwellin&S Co. Ld. v. Finsbury llorOU{)i C.Ouncil (1952) A.c. 109, said (at page 132) : " If you are tidden to treat an iTLaginary state of affiars as real, you 1L.ust surely, unless prohibited from doing so, also irr.af;ine as real the consequences and incidents which, if tt1e IJUtative state of affairs had in fact existed, n1ust invitatly have flowed from or accon.panied it." In the State of Lombay v. Panduran& Vinayak Chaphall.ar and Others [19)3j S.C.K.773, this Court held (at page 778) while approving the above passage of Lord Asquith : "When a statute enacts that sorr,ethin& shall be deemed to have been done, \Vhich in fact and truth was not done, the court is entitled and bound to ascertain for what purposes and between what persons the statutory fiction is to be resorted to and full effect must be given to the statutory fiction and it should be carried to its logic conclusion." AMERICAN H.P.GORPN. v. MAC LA.llS. (MADON, J.] 327 The purposes for which the said fiction has been enacted are set out in section 48(2). These purposes are the purposes of section 46 or for any other purpose for which such use is material under the 1958 Act or any other law. To confine the purpose only to a part of section 46 would be to substantially cut down the operation of the legal fiction. The purpose for which the legal fiction is to be resorted to is to deem the permitted use of a trade mark, which means the use of the trade mark by a registered user thereof, to be the use by the proprietor of that trade mark. Having regard to the purposes for which the fiction in section 48(2) was created and the persons between whom it is to be resorted to, namely, the proprietor of the trade mark and the registered user thereof, and giving to such fiction its full effect and carrying it to its logical conclusion, no other interpretation can be placed upon the relevant portions of section 18(1) and of clause (a) of section 46(1) than the one which we have given. In reaching the conclusion which they did, the learned Single Judge and the Di vision Bench of the High court relied heavily upon the PUSSY GALORE' Trade Mark Case. In order to understand what was held in that case it is necessary first to refer to some of the provisions of the English Trade Marks Act, 1938 (1 & 2 Geo. 6, c. 22), as the 1958 Act is based largely upon the provisions of the English Act though with certain important differences. Section 17(1) of the English Act sets out who can apply for registration of a trade mark and is in pari materia with section 18(1) of the 1958 Act. Under section 17(4), the refusal by a Registrar to register the trade mark is subject to appeal to the Board of Trade or to the court at the option of the applicant. If the appeal is to the court, there can be further appeal to the Court of Appeal and from there to the House of Lords, Section 26 provides for removal of a trade mark from the Register and is in pari materia with section 46 of the 1958 act. Section 32 deals with rectifying the entries in the Register and is analogous to section 56 of the 1958 Act. Under section 'd7 of the Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Act, 1883 (46 & 47 Viet. c. 57), any registered proprietor could grant licences to use the mark subject to any equity. The 1883 Act in so far as it related to trade marks was repealed by the Trade Marks Act, 1905 (5 Edw. 7 c. 15). The 1905 Act did not, however, contain any power in the registered proprietor to grant licences. The English Act of 1938, however, introduced a system of official approval for licences _to_ use a trade mark A B c D E F G H B c _[;_ E E G H 328 (l~ES] SLFP.3 &.C.R. particularly _by_ providint, for re6istering a rerson other than the proprietor of the trade mark as the ref_istered user of the trade mark. It will be useful to set out the provisions cf the En6 1 ish Act of 193C relating to reE,istered usE:rs in ordtr to focus our attention on the differences between the English Act and the 155& Act with resyect to registered users. Sub-sections (1), (2) and (4) to (6) of section 28 provide as follol<s "2&. Registered users. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a person other than the proi.:rietor of a trade ·n:.a.rk u.ay be re5istered as a registered user thereof in respect of all or any of the t,OOdS in respect of which it is re5istered (otherwise. than as a defensive trade rr.ark) and either with or without conditions or restrictions. The use of a trade mark by a re:g,istered user thereof in relation to goods with t•;hich he is connected in the course of trade and in respect of which for the tin:e l:.eing the trade niarh. rerr.ains re5istered and he is registered as a registered user, beinb use such as to corr.i-ily with any conditions or restrictions to which liis registration is subject, is in this Act referred to as the 'IJermitteci use' thereof. _(L)_ The pern.iitted use of a trade niark shall be deemed to Le use 1)' the 1,roprietor thereof, ano shall be deemed not to be use by a yerson other than the r.-roprietor, for the purpose of section twenty six of this Act anri for any other puri;oses for wliich such use is niaterial under this Act or at comihOO lav.•. ( 4) Where it is proposeci that a per sun should be registered as a ret,istered user of a traae mark, the propreitor and the proposed reE:,istered user n.ust apply in writing to the Registrar in the prescribed rr,anner and n.ust furnish him with a statutory cieclaration nia.de by the proyrietor, or Ly sonic person aL1thorised to act on his behalf and approved Ly tl1e hegistrar (a) !;,ivin!:, i;articulars of the relatiousl1i1•, existing or proF-osed, between the proprietor anci tlie proposed AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. [NADON, J.] 329 **regi8tered** **user,** **including** **particulars** **showing** **the** degree of control by the proprietor over the permitted use which their relationship will confer and whether it is a term of their relationship that the proposed registered user shall be the sole registered user or that there shall be any other restriction as to **persons** **for** **whose** **registration** **as** **registered** **users** application may be made; (b) stating the goods in respect of which registration **is** **proposed;** (c) stating any conditions or restrictions proposed **with** **respect** **to** **the** **characteristics** **of** **the** **goods,** **to** **the** **mode** **or** **place** **of** **pennitted** **use,** **or** **to** **any** **other** **matter,** **and** (d) stating whether the permitted use is to be foe a **period** **or** **wi_thout** **limit** **of** period~ **and** **if** **for** **a** **period,** **the** **duration _thereof;** **and** **with** **such** **further** **documents,** **information** **or** **evidence** **as** **may** **be required under** **the** **rules** **or** **by** **the** **Registrar.** (5) When the requirements of the last foregoing **subsection** **have been compled** **with,** **if** **the** **Registrar,** **after** **considering** **the** **information** **furnished** **to** **him** **under** **that** **sub-section,** **is** **satisfied** **that** **in** **all** **the** **circumstances** **the** **use** **of** **the** **trade** **mark** **in** **relation** **to** **the** **proposed goods** **or** **a.ny** **of** **them** **by** **the** **proposed** **registered** **user** **subject** **to** **any** **conditions** **or** **restricti.ons** **which** **the** **Registrar** **thinks** **proper would** **not** **be** **contrary** **to** **the** **public** **interest,** **the** **Registrar** **may** **register** **the** **proposed** **registered** **user** **as** **a** **registered** **user** **in** **respect** **of** **the** **goods** **as** **to** **which he** **is** **so** **satisfied** **subject** **as** **aforesaid.** ( 6) The Registrar shall refuse an application under **the** **foregoing** **provisions** **of** **his** **section** **if** **it** **appears** **to** **him** **that** **the** **grant** **thereof** **would tend** **to** **facilitate** **trafficking** **in** **a trade mark."** Sub-section (1) and (2) of section 29 provide as follows : "29. Proposed use of trade mark by corporation to be **constituted,** **etc.** A B D E F G H 330 - SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. (1) No application for the registration of a trade mark in respect of· any goods shall be refused, nor shall. permission for such registration be withheld, on - . the ground only that it appears that the applicant 1 **does** **not** **use** **or** **propose** **to** **use** **the** **trade** **mark,** **(a)** **if** **the** **tribunal** **is.satisfied** **that** **a** **body** **corPorate** - is about to . be constituted, am! that the applicant intends to assign the trade mark to the corporation with a view to the use thereof . in relation to those goods by the corporation; or .A B. c D _(_ ##### ' (b) if the application is accompanied by an applica**tion** **for** **the** **registration** **of** **a person· as** **a** **registered** user of the trade mark, and the tribunal is satisfied that the proprietor intends it to be used by that person in relation to.those goods and the tribunal is also satisfied that that person will be registered as a registered user thereof illlmediately after the registration of the trade mark. (2). The provisions· of section twenty-six of this Act shall. have effect, in relation to a t~ade mark registered under the power conferred by the foregoing sub-section, as if for the refereqce, in paragraph (a) of sub-section (1) of that section, to intention on the part of an applicant for registration that a trade mark shculd be used by him there were substituted a reference to Intention on his part that lt should be **used .bY** **the** **corporation** **or** **registered** **user** **concerned.'"** E"-,, In the 'l'USSY GAIDRE' Trade Harlt Case a ·company filed ,,forty-six applications for registering different trade marks in respect of goods falling under - seventeen d tf fer.ent classes. An official objection was raised that, owing to the very large and **diverse** **range** **of** **goods -.covered' by** **the** **several** **applic.ations,** **the** Registrar was .not satisfied that the applicant company had lt.•elf G the necessary intention ·to use the marks applied for. All the **marks** **sought** **to** **be** **registered** **.related** **to** **novels** **written** **by** **the** . late Ian Fleming. Thirty-nine of the said application• rel,.ted to **marks 'James** **Bond** **SeCret.** **Agent'** **and** **'007** **Secret** **Agent',** **Jaraes** '--.Jlond being the hero of those novels and 1007' beini; his oHic!al cod~ **number. Tile remaining** **seven** **appitcations** **were** **in** **respect** **6f** ~ H - the mark . 'PUSSY GALORE'.· fussy Ga tore was a character f~l.url 111', **in** **Ian** **Fleming's** **novel** **'Godfinger',** **being'a** **feinale** **with** **S04'ncwhat** Af'iERICJ\N \i.F.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. [MOON, J.] 331 **unorthodox fuorals** **and** **a** **name** **which would appear** **to** **be an obscene** **pun** **in** **very** **questionable** **taste.** **The** **Registrar** **heard one** **of** **the** said applications which related to the trade mark 'FUSSY GALORE'. **The** **other** **relevant** **facts** **appear** **in** **the** **decision** **of** **the** **Registrar.** The relevant passage is as follows (at page 266) : " The mark in suit and the others to which I have **referred** **all** **contain** **references** **either** **directly** **or** indirectly to the well~known fictional character James Bond and ~ir. Bevan explained that the applicant **company** **were** **closely** **connected** **with** **the** **deviser** **of** that character, the late Mr. Ian Fleming and that his **wido'W** **has** **some** **interest** **in** **the** **company.** **Mr.** **Bevan** further explained that at the time the various applications were filed ·the applicants did not propose to use the mark themselves but were 'firmly of the intention to seek others who would put the mark to **use** **either** **as** **registered** **users** **or as** **licensees.** **The** **application** **was** **not however accollipanied** **by** **application** to register users as !Specified in section 29(l)(b). **hr.** **Devan** **stated** **that** **it** **was a** **convenient** **commercial** **practice** **to** **operate** **throUf.h** regi~tcred **users** **but** **the** **latter** **mit,ht** **not** **be** **agreeable** **so** **to** **act** **until** th~ **mark** **was** **registered.** **He** **submitted** **that** **the** **requirements** **ot** **the** **Act** **as** **to** **intention** **to** **use** **are** **satisfied** **ir.** **these** **contiitions.** •· The Registrar took the view that the English Act of 1938 required **that,** **to** **qualify** **as** **an** **applicant,** **the** **proprietor** **of** **the** **niark** **must** **either** **possess** **the** **intention** **to** **use** **the** **mark** **hinself** **at** **the** **time** of application or have applied under the conditions of clause (a) or clause (b) of section 29(1). The Registrar accordingly refused the application. The applicant appealed to the Board of Trade and the appeal was heard by G.W. Tookey, Esq., <,.c., who dismissed **the** **appeal.** **The** **relevant** **passages** **frolli** **the** **judgTuent** **of** **the** **Board** of Trade are as follows (at pages 269 and 27C) : '' **having** **carefully** **considered** **the** **relevant** **sections** **of** **the** **Act,** **I** **conclude** **that** **the** **Registrar's** **decision** **is** **riE,ht.** **In** **my** **view,** **section** **17 has** **the** **lind ted** **meaning** attributed to it by the Registrar. There is. no **difficulty** **about** **the** **case** **of** **servants** **and** **agents,** **because** **although** **various** **executive** **acts** **may** **be** performed by them on behalf of their principal who is **the** **applicant** **for** **the** **mark,** **the** **use** **of** **the** **mark** A B c D F Ii A B c D E 332 SUPRE.rJE COURT REPORTS [1985] SLPP.3 s.c.R. vis-a-vis the public is by the applicant and no one **else.** _**As**_ **regards** **registered** **users,** **when** **section** **17** **was** framed by the legislature, the effect of the introduction into trade mark law for the first time of registered user provisions must have. been borne in mind. It would be obvious from the provisions of section 28, and also from the definition of 'trade mark' in section 68, that actual use of a trade mark might be exclusively by a registered user and not by the proprietor at all •••• I agree with the Registrar that section 28 is dealing with matters which arise after registration, and has no such bearing upon the interpretation of section 17 and 29 as the applicants have contended. As above indicated, my view is that section 29 states the only cases in which an intended use, ex hypothesi not a use by the applicant, can be regarded as justifying dispensation from the requirements of section 17. What happens after registration calls for different consideration both as regards the use of marks in accordance with the provisions of the Act and as **regards** **the** **consequences** **of** **use** othe~ise **than** **in** accordance with the provisions of that Act." In our opinion, the High Court was unduly impressed by this case and unnecessarily attached great importance to it. The High Court justified its reliance upon that case by ref erring to the following passage from the jµdgment of this Court in The Registrar of 'Irade Marks v. Ashok chandra Iiakbit Ltd. [1955] 2 F S.C.R. 252. (at pages 259-60) : "As the law of Trade Marks adopted in our Act merely ·reproduces the English Law with only slight **modifications,** **a** **reference** **to** **the** **judicial** **decisions** on the corresponding section of the English Act is G apposite and must be helpful." What the High Court overlooked was that in Ashok Chandra Rakhit's Case the section of the 1940 Act which fell for interpretation **was** **in** **pari materia with the corresponding** **section** **of** **the** **English** Act of 1938 which had been judicially interpreted by the courts H in England. As pointed out by this Court in Forasol v. Oil and Natural Gas Caunission [1984] 1 s.c.R. 5£6, 549, 567; s.c. (1984) Supp. s.c.c. 263, 280, _Z95,_ in the absence of any binding AMERICAN H.P.CORPN. v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J.] 333 authority of an Indian Court on a particular point of law, English decisions in which judgments were delivered by judges held in high repute can be referred to as they are decisions of courts of a country from which Indian Jurisprudence and a large part of our law is derived, for they are uuthorities of high presuasive value to which the court may legitimately turr. for assistance; but whether the rule laid down in any of these cases can be applied by our courts must, however, be judged in the context of cur own laws and legal procedure and the practical realities of litigation in our country. The relevant provisions relating to registered users in the English Act and in the 1958 Act are materially different. The English Act creates two legal fictions. The first is contained in .section 28(2) which relates to the permitted use of a trade mark. That fiction is for the purpose of section .26 (which corresponds to section 46 of the 1958 Act) and for any other purpose for which such use is material under the English Act or at common law. The second is contained in section 29(2) and relates to intention on the part of an applicant for registration that a trade mark should be used by him. The second fiction is for the purposes of paragraph (a) of section 26(1) which corresponds to clause (a) of secion 46(1) of the 1958 Act. The 1958 Act, however, contains only one fiction. It is .in section 48(2), which is in pari materia with section 28(2) of the English Act. In our opinion, the omission from the 1958 Act of a provision ·Similar to that contained in section 29(2) of the English Act does not make any difference if one were to see the said section 29(2) in its proper setting and conte~t. The English Act does not prescribe, just as the 1958 Act does not, any period of time from the date of registration of a trade mark within which an application for registering a person as a registered user of that trade mark should be made. Section 29(1) of the English Act, however, provides that an application for registration of a trade mark can be accompanied by an application for the registration of a person as a registered user of that trade mark, and if the tribunal is satisfied that the proprietor of the trade mark intends it to be used by that person in relation to those goods and is also satisfied that that person will be registered as a registered user thereof after the registration of the trade mark, it will not refuse to register the trade mark. The effect of section 29(1), therefore, is that an application for registering a person as a registered user can be made simulataneously with the application for registerilll;; the trade mark and if both are found to be satisfactory, the application for registration would be granted and A .B c D E F G H 334 SUPREME roURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. A immediately thereafter the registration of the registered user wuld be allowed. In such a case; the intention on the part of the applicant for registration.that the trade mark should be used by the registered user thereof is to be deemed to be an intention to use tr.at trade mark by the appl1ca11t for registraB tion. lhis is a .special provision applicable to a special case. The fictl.on created by section 29(2} is also !llade applicable to the· case· of• a. corporation abo-Jt to be constituted to which the applicant intends to assign the trade mark. There is no such **fiction** **re1ating** to.inte~tion **express1y,provided** **in.the** **1958** **Act.·** nor is .there any provision for simultaneously making an application .for .. registration of a trade mark and an application· for C registering a person as· the registered user of the trade mark. It appears to us that the purpose for which fiction ~-as created by section 29(2) with respect.to a registered user was to eliminate all possibility of trafficking in a trade mark by a person getting himself registered as th~ proprietor of a trade mark and tr.ereafter going io search of some person who will use it as the registered user thereof. Assuming thai: the existence of the D · special fiction. created by section Z9 (2) cut's dow:i the full operation' of the general fiction enacted in section 28(2). it does not follow that the absence of such special fiction in the 1958 Act will. also cut down· the operation· of the fiction in section 4U(2) in the. sa:ne way by limiting it to the .actual use of a trade mark only. A• pointed out earlier, in the 1958 Act E ·In wherever other,words,. the phrase the "used 0pP.tmitted by hlru" use occurs of a the trade fiction mark will is,' by apply. the ·In other,words,. the 0pP.tmitted use of a trade mark is,' by the fiction enacted in section 4b(2), equated with "use by the regis, **tered** **f·roprietor".** **Co·asequentlY:** **wherever** **the** **word "use"** **accurs** ·with- all its permutations and c01lll1llltations, . as for instance in '' phrases such as .. proposed to be used by him" or .. intended to be , F used by him", the fiction will apply. At this stage, it is perti'·· neot to note that form No. rn-2, which is the form prescribed for '· an application for registration of ·a trade mark prescribed by the Eilglish Trade _:_ Marks Rules, 1938, wo.s substitut<ad in 1982 and under · the substituted Form a new column is provided which requires details of an ·application under section 29(1) to be G given~ The old Form No. TH-2 rlid not contain this requirement nor does form rn-1 ap)!ended to the 'fr~de and Merchandise Marks Rules, 195S. There is another v!tal point of distinction between thP. provisions of the. tni;lish kt and.those of the 1958 Act relating to re&lst~red users. U11~er the 1958 Act, an application foi:; regLsttation of a ·trade mark as also an application for # --------------------------------------- AMERICAN·H.P.CORPN. v. MA.:: LABS. [MADON, J.j 335 registering a registered user are to be made to the Registrar and it is the Registrar who has to grant both of them. The Registrar would refuse the application if it appears to him that the grant thereof would t~nd to facilitate trafficking . in a trade mark. Thfs question• is to be considered by the Registrar himself. The - provisions of the 1940 Act were the ~ame but the provisions of the 1958 Act are radically different. Under the 1958 Act, though .both the application for registration of a trade mark and the application-for registration of a registered user are to be made to the Registrar, the Registrar has the power to grant the application for registration of the trade mark only. So far as the **application- for** **registeiihg."** **a** **person** **as** **a** **registered** **user** **is** **concerned,** **he** **has** **to** **forward** **it** **together** **with** **his** **report** **to** **the** Central Government and it is for the Central Government to decide whether to permit 8uch application to be granted or not. In order to decice this, the Central Government has to take into account the matters set out_ in sub-section ·(3) of section 49 and in rule BS of the. Trade Marks Rules, 1959. The mattere to, be considered by the Central Government include not onl~ whether the permitted use, if allowed, would amount to trafficking in trade marks but also the interests of the gen~ral public and the development of any industry, trade or commerce in India. After the Central · Government has taken its decision, the Registrar is to dispose of the application in accordance with the directions issued by the Central Government. Thus, while under the English Act the autho< ity to decide an application for registering a registered user is . the same as the authority for registering a trade mark, under the 1958 Act they are different and so are the considerations which **are** **to** **be taken** **into** **account.** Under the 1958 Act an application for registering a registered user can only be made after a trade mark is registered; If an intended use by a person who will be registered user is not to be Included in the legal . fiction created by section 4ll(2) it \JOuld Make that fiction operate within a very **narrow compass, and** **almost** **render,** **the** **provisions** **relating** **to** **registered** **users** **m.ea·ntngless.** **I::** **ts** **in** **very** **r:ire cir.:!umstances** that a person· will get " .trade .mark regist11red as prGposed to l:>e **used** **by** **himself,** **use** **it** **in** **relatia11** **to** **the** **conc:.erned** **goods,** **and** . **therecifter** **permit** **it** **to** **be** **used** **by** **another** a~ _**a**_ **registere.d** **user:·** A B c D E F G **It** **is** **also** **not** **open** **to** **everyolle** **who** **t{ant:s** **to** **resister** **a** **trade** **mark** **to** **form a company** **to· lithit.h** **after** **the** **tTade** **(r\ark** **is** **registered** **and** **the · prvposed** **C.O(llpa:iy** **is** **ioc.orporated,** **th-=** **trade** mark will be assigned. Y.1ese t'\ii11&s are not pr&Ctlcal n~itles and Parliament could not have intended such almlt'J rQSults. The 336 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. A ' argument of Dr. Gauri Shankar that the Appellant should have got the trade mark registered with the intentlon that it will itself use the trade mark and in order to effectuate that intention the Appellant should have set up a factory and manufactured and marketed the tablets 'DRISTAN' and then either assigned the trade li mark to the Indian Company or to get the Indian Company registered as the registered user of that trade mark is illogical. By reason of our foreign exchange and industrial policies it is not possible for a foreign company to establish its own industry in India. It can only do so by entering into a collaboration with Indian entrepreneurs in which the foreign company would not be permitted to have more than 40 per cent c shareholding and would be subject to other restrictions. Even assuming that a foreign proprietor of a trade mark ;;ere to be establish an industry of his own in India, it would be absurd to imagin that it would thereafter cease manufacturing the goods and allow someone else to do so. Equally illogical is the argument of Dr. r.auri Shankar that the Appellant and the Indian Company should have jointly applied for registration of the trade mark - 'DRISTAN'. The Appellant was already in collaboration with the Indian Company. There was no need for it to seek other collaborators to establish a new company. To assign the trade mark to the Indian Company or to make jointly with the Indian Company an application for registration of the trade mark 1DKISTAN' would be to destroy the Appellant's proprietorship in E that trade mark. lt is well-known principle of interpretation of statutes that a construction should not be put upon a statutory provision which would lead to manifest absurdity or futility, palpable inJUS tice, or absurd inconvenience or anomaly. (see: **M.** **Pentiah** **aod** **Ors.** **V•** **HiKlda!a** **Veeramallappa** **and** Ors. [196lj 2 $.C.R. 295, 303. The Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court F saw the absurdity, inconvenience and hardship resulting from the construction which was placed by it upon section 48(2), as is shown by the passages from its judgment reproduced earlier. It, however, forget the above principle of construction and failed to give to the legal fiction enacted by section 48(2) its full force and effect. G The 'PUSSY GALORE' Trade **Mark** Csse was a decision of the Board of Trade and not of any English Court. As against that case, we have the decision of the High Court of Australia in **Ast:on** **v.** **Harlee Manufacturing** **Caapany,** (1959-60) 103 C.L.R. 391, on which Fullagar, J,, held (at pages 402-3) : H "I would only add that the 'registered user' provisions of the Trade Marks Act were introduced in AMERICAN h.P.CORPN. V• MAC I.ABS. (YiADON, J.] 337 194fs, and an intention to take advantage of those provisions would, in _Tll'J_ opinion, be a sufficient **'intention** **to** **use'."** So far as· the 'EOSTITOI' Trade Mark Case relied upon by the - ·Registrar is concerned, it baa no relevance to the question which we have to decide. It turned upon its own facts.and what was held 1n that case was that the provisions of section 28 of· the English ,Act are riot mandatory but permissive. The High Court also took the assistance of the Shavaksha Comnittee Report and the Ayyangar Report to enable it to place the construction which it did upon section 48(2). 1'ben it was intended to revise the 1940 Act, the Government of India set up **in** **1953** **that** **lrade** **¥..arks** **enquiry** **Committee** **under** **the.** Chairmanship~ of _Yrr._ K.s. Shavaksha, the then, Registrar of 'Irade Marks• The Report . of the .. Shavaksha COILtllittee t.as made. in 1954. The Government thereafter appointed 11.r; Alagiriswami, who had acted as the Secretary of the Comnittee, as Special Officer to consider the· Shavaksha COILtllittee '-Report, and he made . his own - reconmendations. 'Ihe Government, ··therefore, felt that the Shavaksha ComrrJ.ttee Report and the recommendations made by the Special Officer should be further examined by a judicial authority and it accordingly appointed Mr. Justice Rajagopala ,Ayyangar to examine the matter. Both the learned Single Judge and the Li vision Bench were of. the ' opinion that the ·reconmendation made in the Ayyangar Report were accepted by the Government. 'Ibis is, _:_ however, not correct. 'Ihe Shavaksha Conmittee had reconmended the insertion of a provision similar to clause (b) of section 29(1) of .the English Act in section 36 of the 1940 Act which corresponds to section 45,of the. 1958 Act. The Ayyangar Report did not accept this recomn.endation but - had ##### recommended the addition of a provision. to the effect that a registered proprietor should not .be entitled to permit use by a registered user ·unless such proprietor had used the .mark in relation to goods in the course of trade for a period of at least two years_before the date of the application for registration of a registered user •. Parliament did not accept the reconmendation made in either of these Reports. These Reports, therefore, cannot be referred to for ascertaining the intention of Parliament when enacting the relevant provisions of the 1958 Act. 'P'rom what we have said above, we must not be understood to mean ·that a person, who does not intend to use a trade mark · himself can get it registered at)d when faced with an application A B c D E F G A B c D E F G 338 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] SUPP.3 s.c.R. under clause (a) of section 46(1) to have that trade mark removed, turn round and say that he intended to use it through some person who was proposed to be got registered as a registered user. This would clearly amount to trafficking in a trade mark. 'PUSSY GAUJRE' Trade Mark Case could easily have been decided on the ground that the applications for registration made therein, if granted, would amount to trafficking in trade marka. This has been pointed out in Halsbury's Laws of England, Fourth Edition, Volume 48, in footnote 6 to paragraph 30 at page 25. In our opinion, to enable the proprietor of a trade mark who has got it registered on the ground that he intends to use the trade mark to avail himself of the fiction created by section 48(2), he must have had in mind at the date of his application for registration some person to whom he intends to allow the use of the trade mark as a registered user. This would eliminate all chances of trafficking in a trade mark. If an applicant for registration did not have at the date of his application for registration a particular registered user in view, he cannot be said to have had a bona fide intention to use th£ trade mark and in such an event he cannot resist an application made under clause (a) of section 46(1) of the 1958 Act. Turning now to the present Appeal, the facts on the record show that only when it was decided to introduce 'DRISTAN' tablets in the Indian market through the Indian Company that the Appellant made its application to register the trade mark **'DKISTAN'.** **There** **was** **a** **close** **connection** **in** **the course** **of** **trade** between the Appellant and the Indian Company. The Appellant owned 40 per cent of the shareholding in the Indian Company. It had entered 1nto a technical co1laboration agreement with the Indian Company which provided for strict quality control and for formulae and services to be provided by the Appellant. The manufacture, marketing and advertising of all products under the said agreement were to be under the control of the Appellant. There was no royalty payable by the Indian Company to the Appellant in respect of the use of the trade mark 'DRISTAN'. In the event of the collaboration agreement being terminated by **reason** **of** **the** **happening** **of** **any** **of** **the** **events** **mentioned** **in** **the** said agreement, amongst which events was the shareholding of the Appellant becoming less than 40 per cent, the Indian Company was **to** **cease** **to** **be** **entitled** **to** **manufacture** **the** **tablets** **'DRISTAN'** **or** **to** **use** **its** **formula** **or** **to** **use** **tfl.e** **trade** **mark** **'DRISTAN'.** **There was** **here,** **therefore,** **no** **question** **of** **any** **trafficking** **in** **a trade mark.** **In** **these** **circumstances,** **the** **intention** **of** **the** **Appellant** **to** **use** **the** AMERICAN H.P.CQRPN, v. MAC LABS. [MADON, J •] 339 trade mark 'DRISTAN' through the Indian Company which was subsequently to get itself registered as the registered user of the said trade mark calU1ot but be characterized as ~ fide. Mr. Nariman, learned Counsel for the Appellant, also urged that in addition to having a bona fide intention to use the trade mark 'DRISTAN', the Appellant had also used it within a period of one month before the date of the Application for Rectification. For this purpose, learned Counsel relied upon the samples sent by the Appellant to the Indian Company. In the view which we have taken that the two conditions of clause (a) of section 46(1) are cumulative and that the first condition has not been satisfied in this case, we find it UlU1eceasary to consider this point. It was also submitted by Dr. Gauri Shankar, learned Counsel for the First Respondent that the Appellant was not entitled to retain the trade mark 1DRISTAN' on ·the register because it had obtained its registration by making a false statement in its application for registration inasmuch as it had not stated in the said application that the said trade mark was proposed to be used by a registered user but instead stated that it was to be used by the Appellant who claimed to be the proprietor thereof. This point was not raised at any time before the Registrar or the High Court and it is not open to the First Respondent to take this point for the first time in this Appeal by certificate. Apart from that, there is no substance in this point. Form 1M-l appended to the Trade and Merchandise Marks Rules, 1959, does not contain any column similar to the column in the new Form No. TM-2 appended to the English Trade Marks Rules, 1938. The relevant portion of Form TM-1 is as follows : " Application is hereby made for registration in Part A(a)/B of the register of the accompanying trade mark **in** **class** **(b)** •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• **in** **respect** **of** **(c)•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••** **in** **the** **name(s)** **of** **(d)•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••** **whose** **address** **is** **(e)** .••..••••..••••••••.•••••••••,-.. **who** claim(s) to be the proprietor(s) thereof (and by whom the said mark is proposed to be used) (f) or (and by whom and his ( thefr) predecessor( a) in title (g) the **said** **mark** **has been continuously used** **since** ••••••••••• **•••.•• 19 ••••••••••• )** **in** **respect** **of** **the** **said** **goods(h)."** The Appellant, therefore, caru10t be said to have practised any deception in stating in its application that it intended to use A B c D E F G H A 340 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985) SUPP.3 s.c.R. the trade mark itself. In our opinion, it would be better if the Central Government were to amend Form Til-1 to require the applicant to . state whether he proposes to use the trade mark himself or through a registered proprietor and if so, to state the particulars of the.proposed registered user. B It was ~t sought to be ·argued by Dr. Gauri Shankar that the trade mark 'DRISTAN' was deceptively and confusingly similar 'to the trade mark 'BISTAN' of which the registered proprietor is M/s. Prof. Gajjar's Standard Chemical Wroks Ltd. This is not one of the questions upon which the certificate was granted by the High. Court,and it is not open to the First Respondent to take c this point in this Appeal. In any event, this point too is without any substance. It was rejected by the Registrar. The learned single Judge did not deal with it. Though the Uivision Bench was.of the opinion that it.was not-necessary to decide that **questi.on,.** **it** **recorded** **the** **facts** **relating** **thereto** **whl.ch** **wou1d** justify the rejection of that contention. These facts are that though the proprietor of the said trade mark 'BISTAN' had made an D affidavit supporting the First Respondent in. the proceedings for rectification of the Register it had not either opposed the registration of the trade mark . 'DRISTAN' nor had it at any time alleged, apart from the said affidavit, that there would be any confusion_ or deception by the use of the trade mark 'DRISTAN', In the written' sul:missions filed by the First p_.;spondent E after the hearing before us was concluded it was contended that the Court's discretion should be exercised against the trade mark 'DRISTAN' remaining on the Register inasmuch as to allow it so to - ·continue would be ·contrary to the policy of the - Central Government with respect to . brand names belonging to foreign, F companies· and also because two of the ingredients used in the '·<. - formula for the manufacture of . 'DRISTAN' tablets were banned by ·-..... .... the authorities. In support· of this contention copies of some 'circulars and notifications were. filed along with the written· submissions •. This point was not at any time ·taken before the . Registrar or the High Court' nor does the certificate granted by G· the High court cover it. It is not fair to produce copies of any ' circular or notification .. along' with written sul:missions after oral ; .arguments have · closed . because the other . side has. no opportunity to . meet this case. For ought we know, after some ingredients in the composition of the 'DRISTAN' tablets were banned, the manufacturers may have changed the formula, We are I I H not ciincerned in this Appeal with this question. The application for registering the Indian Company as the registered user of the AMERICAN HoPoCORPN. Vo MAC LABS. [MADON, J.] 341 A said trade mark is atill pending and when the Central Govemment comes to consider that application, it will decide the matter for itself, After all, the best guardian of the policy of the Central Government is the Central Government itself and not a private limited company,, namely, Hae Laboratories Private Lilllited, the First Respondent before us, which has a vital interest in having B the trade mark 'DRISTAN' removed from the Register. For the reasons given above, this Appeal must succeed and is allowed and the judgment of the Division Bench of the Calcutta High court appealed against is reversed and the order passed by it is set aside. Consequently, Appeal No. 165 of 1968 filed by c the Appellant before the Di vision Bench of the Calcutta High Court is allowed with costs and the judgment of the learned Single Judge of that High Court and the order passed by him are reversed and set aside. As a result Appeal No. 61 of 1965 filed by the First Respondent before the learned Single Judge of the Calcutta High Court is dismissed with costs and the order of the Registrar of Trade Marks, Calcutta, dismissing the First Respondent's Application for Rectification No. CAL-17 with costs is confirmed. The First Respondent will pay to the Appellant the costs of E this Appeal. **A.P.J.** Appeal allowed.